1
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Cui Q, Liu Z, Bai G. Friend or foe: The role of stress granule in neurodegenerative disease. Neuron 2024; 112:2464-2485. [PMID: 38744273 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Stress granules (SGs) are dynamic membraneless organelles that form in response to cellular stress. SGs are predominantly composed of RNA and RNA-binding proteins that assemble through liquid-liquid phase separation. Although the formation of SGs is considered a transient and protective response to cellular stress, their dysregulation or persistence may contribute to various neurodegenerative diseases. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of SG physiology and pathology. It covers the formation, composition, regulation, and functions of SGs, along with their crosstalk with other membrane-bound and membraneless organelles. Furthermore, this review discusses the dual roles of SGs as both friends and foes in neurodegenerative diseases and explores potential therapeutic approaches targeting SGs. The challenges and future perspectives in this field are also highlighted. A more profound comprehension of the intricate relationship between SGs and neurodegenerative diseases could inspire the development of innovative therapeutic interventions against these devastating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinqin Cui
- Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital and School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Nanhu Brain-Computer Interface Institute, Hangzhou 311100, China.
| | - Zongyu Liu
- Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital and School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ge Bai
- Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital and School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Nanhu Brain-Computer Interface Institute, Hangzhou 311100, China; Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311121, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Institute of Fundamental and Transdisciplinary Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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2
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Lindamood HL, Liu TM, Read TA, Vitriol EA. Using ALS to understand profilin 1's diverse roles in cellular physiology. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2024. [PMID: 39056295 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Profilin is an actin monomer-binding protein whose role in actin polymerization has been studied for nearly 50 years. While its principal biochemical features are now well understood, many questions remain about how profilin controls diverse processes within the cell. Dysregulation of profilin has been implicated in a broad range of human diseases, including neurodegeneration, inflammatory disorders, cardiac disease, and cancer. For example, mutations in the profilin 1 gene (PFN1) can cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), although the precise mechanisms that drive neurodegeneration remain unclear. While initial work suggested proteostasis and actin cytoskeleton defects as the main pathological pathways, multiple novel functions for PFN1 have since been discovered that may also contribute to ALS, including the regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport, stress granules, mitochondria, and microtubules. Here, we will review these newly discovered roles for PFN1, speculate on their contribution to ALS, and discuss how defects in actin can contribute to these processes. By understanding profilin 1's involvement in ALS pathogenesis, we hope to gain insight into this functionally complex protein with significant influence over cellular physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halli L Lindamood
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tatiana M Liu
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tracy-Ann Read
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Eric A Vitriol
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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3
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Min JH, Sarlus H, Harris RA. Copper toxicity and deficiency: the vicious cycle at the core of protein aggregation in ALS. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1408159. [PMID: 39050823 PMCID: PMC11267976 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1408159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of ALS involves many signs of a disruption in copper homeostasis, with both excess free levels and functional deficiency likely occurring simultaneously. This is crucial, as many important physiological functions are performed by cuproenzymes. While it is unsurprising that many ALS symptoms are related to signs of copper deficiency, resulting in vascular, antioxidant system and mitochondrial oxidative respiration deficiencies, there are also signs of copper toxicity such as ROS generation and enhanced protein aggregation. We discuss how copper also plays a key role in proteostasis and interacts either directly or indirectly with many of the key aggregate-prone proteins implicated in ALS, such as TDP-43, C9ORF72, SOD1 and FUS as well as the effect of their aggregation on copper homeostasis. We suggest that loss of cuproprotein function is at the core of ALS pathology, a condition that is driven by a combination of unbound copper and ROS that can either initiate and/or accelerate protein aggregation. This could trigger a positive feedback cycle whereby protein aggregates trigger the aggregation of other proteins in a chain reaction that eventually captures elements of the proteostatic mechanisms in place to counteract them. The end result is an abundance of aggregated non-functional cuproproteins and chaperones alongside depleted intracellular copper stores, resulting in a general lack of cuproenzyme function. We then discuss the possible aetiology of ALS and illustrate how strong risk factors including environmental toxins such as BMAA and heavy metals can functionally behave to promote protein aggregation and disturb copper metabolism that likely drives this vicious cycle in sporadic ALS. From this synthesis, we propose restoration of copper balance using copper delivery agents in combination with chaperones/chaperone mimetics, perhaps in conjunction with the neuroprotective amino acid serine, as a promising strategy in the treatment of this incurable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hong Min
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital at Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
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4
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Xin J, Huang S, Wen J, Li Y, Li A, Satyanarayanan SK, Yao X, Su H. Drug Screening and Validation Targeting TDP-43 Proteinopathy for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Aging Dis 2024:AD.2024.0440. [PMID: 38739934 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2024.0440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) stands as a rare, yet severely debilitating disorder marked by the deterioration of motor neurons (MNs) within the brain and spinal cord, which is accompanied by degenerated corticobulbar/corticospinal tracts and denervation in skeletal muscles. Despite ongoing research efforts, ALS remains incurable, attributed to its intricate pathogenic mechanisms. A notable feature in the pathology of ALS is the prevalence of TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) proteinopathy, detected in approximately 97% of ALS cases, underscoring its significance in the disease's progression. As a result, strategies targeting the aberrant TDP-43 protein have garnered attention as a potential avenue for ALS therapy. This review delves into the existing drug screening systems aimed at TDP-43 proteinopathy and the models employed for drug efficacy validation. It also explores the hurdles encountered in the quest to develop potent medications against TDP-43 proteinopathy, offering insights into the intricacies of drug discovery and development for ALS. Through this comprehensive analysis, the review sheds light on the critical aspects of identifying and advancing therapeutic solutions for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Sen Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases; National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Yunhao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Ang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Senthil Kumaran Satyanarayanan
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoli Yao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases; National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huanxing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
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5
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Min JH, Sarlus H, Harris RA. Glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine prevents copper- and zinc-induced protein aggregation and central nervous system cell death in vitro. Metallomics 2024; 16:mfae019. [PMID: 38599632 PMCID: PMC11135135 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfae019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Common features of neurodegenerative diseases are oxidative and inflammatory imbalances as well as the misfolding of proteins. An excess of free metal ions can be pathological and contribute to cell death, but only copper and zinc strongly promote protein aggregation. Herein we demonstrate that the endogenous copper-binding tripeptide glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine (GHK) has the ability to bind to and reduce copper redox activity and to prevent copper- and zinc-induced cell death in vitro. In addition, GHK prevents copper- and zinc-induced bovine serum albumin aggregation and reverses aggregation through resolubilizing the protein. We further demonstrate the enhanced toxicity of copper during inflammation and the ability of GHK to attenuate this toxicity. Finally, we investigated the effects of copper on enhancing paraquat toxicity and report a protective effect of GHK. We therefore conclude that GHK has potential as a cytoprotective compound with regard to copper and zinc toxicity, with positive effects on protein solubility and aggregation that warrant further investigation in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hong Min
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Heela Sarlus
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert A Harris
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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6
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Fang M, Liu Y, Huang C, Fan S. Targeting stress granules in neurodegenerative diseases: A focus on biological function and dynamics disorders. Biofactors 2024; 50:422-438. [PMID: 37966813 DOI: 10.1002/biof.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Stress granules (SGs) are membraneless organelles formed by eukaryotic cells in response to stress to promote cell survival through their pleiotropic cytoprotective effects. SGs recruit a variety of components to enhance their physiological function, and play a critical role in the propagation of pathological proteins, a key factor in neurodegeneration. Recent advances indicate that SG dynamic disorders exacerbate neuronal susceptibility to stress in neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) including Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), Huntington's disease (HD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Here, we outline the biological functions of SGs, highlight SG dynamic disorders in NDs, and emphasize therapeutic approaches for enhancing SG dynamics to provide new insights into ND intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglv Fang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengjie Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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7
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Jagaraj CJ, Shadfar S, Kashani SA, Saravanabavan S, Farzana F, Atkin JD. Molecular hallmarks of ageing in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:111. [PMID: 38430277 PMCID: PMC10908642 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05164-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal, severely debilitating and rapidly progressing disorder affecting motor neurons in the brain, brainstem, and spinal cord. Unfortunately, there are few effective treatments, thus there remains a critical need to find novel interventions that can mitigate against its effects. Whilst the aetiology of ALS remains unclear, ageing is the major risk factor. Ageing is a slowly progressive process marked by functional decline of an organism over its lifespan. However, it remains unclear how ageing promotes the risk of ALS. At the molecular and cellular level there are specific hallmarks characteristic of normal ageing. These hallmarks are highly inter-related and overlap significantly with each other. Moreover, whilst ageing is a normal process, there are striking similarities at the molecular level between these factors and neurodegeneration in ALS. Nine ageing hallmarks were originally proposed: genomic instability, loss of telomeres, senescence, epigenetic modifications, dysregulated nutrient sensing, loss of proteostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, stem cell exhaustion, and altered inter-cellular communication. However, these were recently (2023) expanded to include dysregulation of autophagy, inflammation and dysbiosis. Hence, given the latest updates to these hallmarks, and their close association to disease processes in ALS, a new examination of their relationship to pathophysiology is warranted. In this review, we describe possible mechanisms by which normal ageing impacts on neurodegenerative mechanisms implicated in ALS, and new therapeutic interventions that may arise from this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Jones Jagaraj
- MND Research Centre, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, 75 Talavera Road, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Sina Shadfar
- MND Research Centre, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, 75 Talavera Road, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Sara Assar Kashani
- MND Research Centre, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, 75 Talavera Road, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Sayanthooran Saravanabavan
- MND Research Centre, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, 75 Talavera Road, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Fabiha Farzana
- MND Research Centre, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, 75 Talavera Road, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Julie D Atkin
- MND Research Centre, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, 75 Talavera Road, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia.
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8
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Mori F, Yasui H, Miki Y, Kon T, Arai A, Kurotaki H, Tomiyama M, Wakabayashi K. Colocalization of TDP-43 and stress granules at the early stage of TDP-43 aggregation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Brain Pathol 2024; 34:e13215. [PMID: 37793650 PMCID: PMC10901621 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
TDP-43 aggregates (skeins and round inclusions [RIs]) are frequent histopathological features of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We have shown that diffuse punctate cytoplasmic staining (DPCS) is the earliest pathologic manifestation of TDP-43 in ALS, corresponding to nonfibrillar TDP-43 located in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Previous in vitro studies have suggested that TDP-43 inclusions may be derived from stress granules (SGs). Therefore, we investigated the involvement of SGs in the formation of TDP-43 inclusions. Formalin-fixed spinal cords of six ALS patients with a disease duration of less than 1 year (short duration), eight patients with a disease duration of 2-5 years (standard duration), and five normal controls were subjected to histopathological examination using antibodies against an SG marker, HuR. In normal controls, the cytoplasm of anterior horn cells was diffusely HuR-positive. In short-duration and standard-duration ALS, the number of HuR-positive anterior horn cells was significantly decreased relative to the controls. DPCS and RIs were more frequent in short-duration ALS than in standard-duration ALS. The majority of DPCS areas and a small proportion of RIs, but not skeins, were positive for HuR. Immunoelectron microscopy showed that ribosome-like granular structures in DPCS areas and RIs were labeled with anti-HuR, whereas skeins were not. These findings suggest that colocalization of TDP-43 and SGs occurs at the early stage of TDP-43 aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Mori
- Department of NeuropathologyInstitute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of MedicineHirosakiJapan
| | - Hina Yasui
- Department of NeuropathologyInstitute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of MedicineHirosakiJapan
| | - Yasuo Miki
- Department of NeuropathologyInstitute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of MedicineHirosakiJapan
| | - Tomoya Kon
- Department of NeurologyInstitute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of MedicineHirosakiJapan
| | - Akira Arai
- Department of NeurologyAomori Prefectural Central HospitalAomoriJapan
| | | | - Masahiko Tomiyama
- Department of NeurologyInstitute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of MedicineHirosakiJapan
| | - Koichi Wakabayashi
- Department of NeuropathologyInstitute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of MedicineHirosakiJapan
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9
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Candelise N, Caissutti D, Zenuni H, Nesci V, Scaricamazza S, Salvatori I, Spinello Z, Mattei V, Garofalo T, Ferri A, Valle C, Misasi R. Different Chronic Stress Paradigms Converge on Endogenous TDP43 Cleavage and Aggregation. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:6346-6361. [PMID: 37450246 PMCID: PMC10533643 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03455-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The TAR-DNA binding protein (TDP43) is a nuclear protein whose cytoplasmic inclusions are hallmarks of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Acute stress in cells causes TDP43 mobilization to the cytoplasm and its aggregation through different routes. Although acute stress elicits a strong phenotype, is far from recapitulating the years-long aggregation process. We applied different chronic stress protocols and described TDP43 aggregation in a human neuroblastoma cell line by combining solubility assays, thioflavin-based microscopy and flow cytometry. This approach allowed us to detect, for the first time to our knowledge in vitro, the formation of 25 kDa C-terminal fragment of TDP43, a pathogenic hallmark of ALS. Our results indicate that chronic stress, compared to the more common acute stress paradigm, better recapitulates the cell biology of TDP43 proteinopathies. Moreover, we optimized a protocol for the detection of bona fide prions in living cells, suggesting that TDP43 may form amyloids as a stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niccolò Candelise
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University La Sapienza, 00185, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Caissutti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University La Sapienza, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Henri Zenuni
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata" University of Rome, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Nesci
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179, Rome, Italy
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata" University of Rome, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Illari Salvatori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University La Sapienza, 00185, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | - Zaira Spinello
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University La Sapienza, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mattei
- Biomedicine and Advanced Technologies Rieti Center, Sabina Universitas, 02100, Rieti, Italy
| | - Tina Garofalo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University La Sapienza, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Ferri
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179, Rome, Italy
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiana Valle
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179, Rome, Italy.
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Roberta Misasi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University La Sapienza, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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10
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Zeballos C MA, Moore HJ, Smith TJ, Powell JE, Ahsan NS, Zhang S, Gaj T. Mitigating a TDP-43 proteinopathy by targeting ataxin-2 using RNA-targeting CRISPR effector proteins. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6492. [PMID: 37838698 PMCID: PMC10576788 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42147-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The TDP-43 proteinopathies, which include amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia, are a devastating group of neurodegenerative disorders that are characterized by the mislocalization and aggregation of TDP-43. Here we demonstrate that RNA-targeting CRISPR effector proteins, a programmable class of gene silencing agents that includes the Cas13 family of enzymes and Cas7-11, can be used to mitigate TDP-43 pathology when programmed to target ataxin-2, a modifier of TDP-43-associated toxicity. In addition to inhibiting the aggregation and transit of TDP-43 to stress granules, we find that the in vivo delivery of an ataxin-2-targeting Cas13 system to a mouse model of TDP-43 proteinopathy improved functional deficits, extended survival, and reduced the severity of neuropathological hallmarks. Further, we benchmark RNA-targeting CRISPR platforms against ataxin-2 and find that high-fidelity forms of Cas13 possess improved transcriptome-wide specificity compared to Cas7-11 and a first-generation effector. Our results demonstrate the potential of CRISPR technology for TDP-43 proteinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alejandra Zeballos C
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Hayden J Moore
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Tyler J Smith
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Jackson E Powell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Najah S Ahsan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Sijia Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Thomas Gaj
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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11
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Zeballos C MA, Moore HJ, Smith TJ, Powell JE, Ahsan NS, Zhang S, Gaj T. Mitigating a TDP-43 proteinopathy by targeting ataxin-2 using RNA-targeting CRISPR effector proteins. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.07.536072. [PMID: 37066174 PMCID: PMC10104115 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.07.536072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
The TDP-43 proteinopathies, which include amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia, are a devastating group of neurodegenerative disorders that are characterized by the mislocalization and aggregation of TDP-43. Here we demonstrate that RNA-targeting CRISPR effector proteins, a programmable class of gene silencing agents that includes the Cas13 family of enzymes and Cas7-11, can be used to mitigate TDP-43 pathology when programmed to target ataxin-2, a modifier of TDP-43-associated toxicity. In addition to inhibiting the aggregation and transit of TDP-43 to stress granules, we find that the in vivo delivery of an ataxin-2-targeting Cas13 system to a mouse model of TDP-43 proteinopathy improved functional deficits, extended survival, and reduced the severity of neuropathological hallmarks. Further, we benchmark RNA-targeting CRISPR platforms against ataxin-2 and find that high-fidelity forms of Cas13 possess improved transcriptome-wide specificity compared to Cas7-11 and a first-generation effector. Our results demonstrate the potential of CRISPR technology for TDP-43 proteinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Alejandra Zeballos C
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Hayden J. Moore
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Tyler J. Smith
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jackson E. Powell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Najah S. Ahsan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Sijia Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Thomas Gaj
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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12
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Li F, Chen Y, Tang Y, Liu X, Wei G. Dissecting the Effect of ALS Mutation G335D on the Early Aggregation of the TDP-43 Amyloidogenic Core Peptide: Helix-to-β-Sheet Transition and Conformational Shift. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:3579-3590. [PMID: 37218694 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The aggregation of TAR DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43) into fibrillary deposits is associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The 311-360 fragment of TDP-43 (TDP-43311-360), the amyloidogenic core region, can spontaneously aggregate into fibrils, and the ALS-associated mutation G335D has an enhanced effect on TDP-43311-360 fibrillization. However, the molecular mechanism underlying G335D-enhanced aggregation at atomic level remains largely unknown. By utilizing all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) and replica exchange with solute tempering 2 (REST2) simulations, we investigated influences of G335D on the dimerization (the first step of aggregation) and conformational ensemble of the TDP-43311-360 peptide. Our simulations show that G335D mutation increases inter-peptide interactions, especially inter-peptide hydrogen-bonding interactions in which the mutant site has a relatively large contribution, and enhances the dimerization of TDP-43311-360 peptides. The α-helix regions in the NMR-resolved conformation of the TDP-43311-360 monomer (321-330 and 335-343) play an essential role in the formation of the dimer. G335D mutation induces helix unfolding and promotes α-to-β conversion. G335D mutation alters the conformational distribution of TDP-43311-360 dimers and causes population shift from helix-rich to β-sheet-rich conformations, which facilitates the fibrillization of the TDP-43311-360 peptide. Our MD and REST2 simulation results suggest that the 321-330 region is of paramount importance to α-to-β transition and could be the initiation site for TDP-43311-360 fibrillization. Our work reveals the mechanism underlying the enhanced aggregation propensity of the G335D TDP-43311-360 peptide, which provides atomistic insights into the G335D mutation-caused pathogenicity of TDP-43 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangying Li
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory for Computational Physical Sciences (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujie Chen
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory for Computational Physical Sciences (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiming Tang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory for Computational Physical Sciences (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianshi Liu
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory for Computational Physical Sciences (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghong Wei
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory for Computational Physical Sciences (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
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13
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Hou XN, Tang C. The pros and cons of ubiquitination on the formation of protein condensates. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2023; 55:1084-1098. [PMID: 37294105 PMCID: PMC10423694 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2023096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination, a post-translational modification that attaches one or more ubiquitin (Ub) molecules to another protein, plays a crucial role in the phase-separation processes. Ubiquitination can modulate the formation of membrane-less organelles in two ways. First, a scaffold protein drives phase separation, and Ub is recruited to the condensates. Second, Ub actively phase-separates through the interactions with other proteins. Thus, the role of ubiquitination and the resulting polyUb chains ranges from bystanders to active participants in phase separation. Moreover, long polyUb chains may be the primary driving force for phase separation. We further discuss that the different roles can be determined by the lengths and linkages of polyUb chains which provide preorganized and multivalent binding platforms for other client proteins. Together, ubiquitination adds a new layer of regulation for the flow of material and information upon cellular compartmentalization of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ni Hou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesCollege of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
| | - Chun Tang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesCollege of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
- Center for Quantitate BiologyPKU-Tsinghua Center for Life ScienceAcademy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
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14
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Li G, Wang K, Zuo K, Shi G, Cai Q, Huang M. TDP-43 is a potential marker of dopaminergic neuronal damage caused by atrazine exposure. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 255:114780. [PMID: 36933483 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Atrazine (ATR) is one of the herbicides widely used worldwide. Meanwhile, it is an environmental endocrine disruptor that can cross the blood-brain barrier and cause damage to the endocrine-nervous system, especially by affecting the normal secretion of dopamine (DA). Regrettably, effector markers and cascade response mechanisms in damaged dopaminergic neurons induced by ATR exposure remain elusive. In this paper, we focus on investigating aggregation and position change of transactive response DNA-binding protein-43 (TDP-43) after ATR exposure, and illustrating whether TDP-43 can serve as a potential marker of mitochondrial dysfunction which causes damage to dopaminergic neurons. In our study, we used rat adrenal pheochromocytoma cell line 12 (PC12) to establish an in vitro model of dopaminergic neurons. After PC12 was intervened by ATR, we found reduced DA cycling and DA levels, and that TDP-43 aggregated continuously in the cytoplasm and then translocated to mitochondria. Furthermore, the studies we have performed showed that the translocation can cause mitochondrial dysfunction through activating the unfolded mitochondrial protein response (UPRmt), ultimately causing damage to dopaminergic neuron. The research we have done suggests that TDP-43 can serve as a potential effector marker of dopaminergic neuron damaged caused by ATR exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Li
- School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, No.1160, Shengli Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, No.1160, Shengli Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Kaidong Wang
- School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, No.1160, Shengli Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, No.1160, Shengli Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Kai Zuo
- School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, No.1160, Shengli Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, No.1160, Shengli Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Ge Shi
- School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, No.1160, Shengli Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, No.1160, Shengli Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Qian Cai
- School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, No.1160, Shengli Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, No.1160, Shengli Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China.
| | - Min Huang
- School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, No.1160, Shengli Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, No.1160, Shengli Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China.
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15
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Molecular Investigations of Protein Aggregation in the Pathogenesis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010704. [PMID: 36614144 PMCID: PMC9820914 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by selective loss of lower and upper motor neurons (MNs) in the brain and spinal cord, resulting in paralysis and eventually death due to respiratory insufficiency. Although the fundamental physiological mechanisms underlying ALS are not completely understood, the key neuropathological hallmarks of ALS pathology are the aggregation and accumulation of ubiquitinated protein inclusions within the cytoplasm of degenerating MNs. Herein, we discuss recent insights into the molecular mechanisms that lead to the accumulation of protein aggregates in ALS. This will contribute to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease and may open novel avenues for the development of therapeutic strategies.
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16
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Versluys L, Ervilha Pereira P, Schuermans N, De Paepe B, De Bleecker JL, Bogaert E, Dermaut B. Expanding the TDP-43 Proteinopathy Pathway From Neurons to Muscle: Physiological and Pathophysiological Functions. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:815765. [PMID: 35185458 PMCID: PMC8851062 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.815765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
TAR DNA-binding protein 43, mostly referred to as TDP-43 (encoded by the TARDBP gene) is strongly linked to the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). From the identification of TDP-43 positive aggregates in the brains and spinal cords of ALS/FTD patients, to a genetic link between TARBDP mutations and the development of TDP-43 pathology in ALS, there is strong evidence indicating that TDP-43 plays a pivotal role in the process of neuronal degeneration. What this role is, however, remains to be determined with evidence ranging from gain of toxic properties through the formation of cytotoxic aggregates, to an inability to perform its normal functions due to nuclear depletion. To add to an already complex subject, recent studies highlight a role for TDP-43 in muscle physiology and disease. We here review the biophysical, biochemical, cellular and tissue-specific properties of TDP-43 in the context of neurodegeneration and have a look at the nascent stream of evidence that positions TDP-43 in a myogenic context. By integrating the neurogenic and myogenic pathological roles of TDP-43 we provide a more comprehensive and encompassing view of the role and mechanisms associated with TDP-43 across the various cell types of the motor system, all the way from brain to limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Versluys
- Department Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pedro Ervilha Pereira
- Department Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nika Schuermans
- Department Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Boel De Paepe
- Department of Neurology and Neuromuscular Reference Center, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Head and Skin, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan L. De Bleecker
- Department of Neurology and Neuromuscular Reference Center, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Head and Skin, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elke Bogaert
- Department Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart Dermaut
- Department Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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17
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TDP-43 pathology: from noxious assembly to therapeutic removal. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 211:102229. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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18
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Louka A, Bagnoli S, Rupert J, Esapa B, Tartaglia GG, Cellerino A, Pastore A, Terzibasi Tozzini E. New lessons on TDP-43 from old N. furzeri killifish. Aging Cell 2022; 21:e13517. [PMID: 34939315 PMCID: PMC8761016 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are fatal and incurable neurodegenerative diseases linked to the pathological aggregation of the TDP-43 protein. This is an essential DNA/RNA-binding protein involved in transcription regulation, pre-RNA processing, and RNA transport. Having suitable animal models to study the mechanisms of TDP-43 aggregation is crucial to develop treatments against disease. We have previously demonstrated that the killifish Nothobranchius furzeri offers the advantage of being the shortest-lived vertebrate with a clear aging phenotype. Here, we show that the two N. furzeri paralogs of TDP-43 share high sequence homology with the human protein and recapitulate its cellular and biophysical behavior. During aging, N. furzeri TDP-43 spontaneously forms insoluble intracellular aggregates with amyloid characteristics and colocalizes with stress granules. Our results propose this organism as a valuable new model of TDP-43-related pathologies making it a powerful tool for the study of disease mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Louka
- Department of Clinical and Basic NeuroscienceKing's College LondonUK‐DRI Centre at the Maurice Wohl InstituteLondonUK
| | | | - Jakob Rupert
- Department of Clinical and Basic NeuroscienceKing's College LondonUK‐DRI Centre at the Maurice Wohl InstituteLondonUK
- Universita' di Roma “La Sapienza”RomeItaly
| | - Benjamin Esapa
- Department of Clinical and Basic NeuroscienceKing's College LondonUK‐DRI Centre at the Maurice Wohl InstituteLondonUK
| | | | - Alessandro Cellerino
- Bio@SNSScuola Normale SuperiorePisaItaly
- Leibniz Institute on AgingFritz Lipmann InstituteJenaGermany
| | - Annalisa Pastore
- Department of Clinical and Basic NeuroscienceKing's College LondonUK‐DRI Centre at the Maurice Wohl InstituteLondonUK
- European Synchrotron Radiation FacilityGrenobleFrance
| | - Eva Terzibasi Tozzini
- Bio@SNSScuola Normale SuperiorePisaItaly
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn (SZN)NaplesItaly
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19
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Meneses A, Koga S, O’Leary J, Dickson DW, Bu G, Zhao N. TDP-43 Pathology in Alzheimer’s Disease. Mol Neurodegener 2021; 16:84. [PMID: 34930382 PMCID: PMC8691026 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00503-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Transactive response DNA binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43) is an intranuclear protein encoded by the TARDBP gene that is involved in RNA splicing, trafficking, stabilization, and thus, the regulation of gene expression. Cytoplasmic inclusion bodies containing phosphorylated and truncated forms of TDP-43 are hallmarks of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and a subset of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). Additionally, TDP-43 inclusions have been found in up to 57% of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) cases, most often in a limbic distribution, with or without hippocampal sclerosis. In some cases, TDP-43 deposits are also found in neurons with neurofibrillary tangles. AD patients with TDP-43 pathology have increased severity of cognitive impairment compared to those without TDP-43 pathology. Furthermore, the most common genetic risk factor for AD, apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4), is associated with increased frequency of TDP-43 pathology. These findings provide strong evidence that TDP-43 pathology is an integral part of multiple neurodegenerative conditions, including AD. Here, we review the biology and pathobiology of TDP-43 with a focus on its role in AD. We emphasize the need for studies on the mechanisms that lead to TDP-43 pathology, especially in the setting of age-related disorders such as AD.
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20
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Patni D, Jha SK. Protonation-Deprotonation Switch Controls the Amyloid-like Misfolding of Nucleic-Acid-Binding Domains of TDP-43. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:8383-8394. [PMID: 34318672 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c03262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient starvation stress acidifies the cytosol and leads to the formation of large protein assemblies and misfolded aggregates. However, how starvation stress is sensed at the molecular level and leads to protein misfolding is poorly understood. TDP-43 is a vital protein, which, under stress-like conditions, associates with stress granule proteins via its functional nucleic-acid-binding domains (TDP-43tRRM) and misfolds to form aberrant aggregates. Here, we show that the monomeric N form of TDP-43tRRM forms a misfolded amyloid-like protein assembly, β form, in a pH-dependent manner and identified the critical protein side-chain residue whose protonation triggers its misfolding. We systematically mutated the three buried ionizable residues, D105, H166, and H256, to neutral amino acids to block the pH-dependent protonation-deprotonation titration of their side chain and studied their effect on the N-to-β transition. We observed that D105A and H256Q resembled TDP-43tRRM in their pH-dependent misfolding behavior. However, H166Q retains the N-like secondary structure under low-pH conditions and does not show pH-dependent misfolding to the β form. These results indicate that H166 is the critical side-chain residue whose protonation triggers the misfolding of TDP-43tRRM and shed light on how stress-induced misfolding of proteins during neurodegeneration could begin from site-specific triggers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Patni
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Jha
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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21
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Mechanisms of TDP-43 Proteinopathy Onset and Propagation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116004. [PMID: 34199367 PMCID: PMC8199531 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
TDP-43 is an RNA-binding protein that has been robustly linked to the pathogenesis of a number of neurodegenerative disorders, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. While mutations in the TARDBP gene that codes for the protein have been identified as causing disease in a small subset of patients, TDP-43 proteinopathy is present in the majority of cases regardless of mutation status. This raises key questions regarding the mechanisms by which TDP-43 proteinopathy arises and spreads throughout the central nervous system. Numerous studies have explored the role of a variety of cellular functions on the disease process, and nucleocytoplasmic transport, protein homeostasis, RNA interactions and cellular stress have all risen to the forefront as possible contributors to the initiation of TDP-43 pathogenesis. There is also a small but growing body of evidence suggesting that aggregation-prone TDP-43 can recruit physiological TDP-43, and be transmitted intercellularly, providing a mechanism whereby small-scale proteinopathy spreads from cell to cell, reflecting the spread of clinical symptoms observed in patients. This review will discuss the potential role of the aforementioned cellular functions in TDP-43 pathogenesis, and explore how aberrant pathology may spread, and result in a feed-forward cascade effect, leading to robust TDP-43 proteinopathy and disease.
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22
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Liu EA, Mori E, Hamasaki F, Lieberman AP. TDP-43 proteinopathy occurs independently of autophagic substrate accumulation and underlies nuclear defects in Niemann-Pick C disease. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2021; 47:1019-1032. [PMID: 34048071 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions of TAR-DNA binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43) are a pathological hallmark of diverse neurodegenerative disorders, yet the processes that mediate their formation and their functional significance remain incompletely understood. Both dysfunction in autophagy and neuroinflammation have been linked to TDP-43 mislocalisation. Here, we investigate TDP-43 proteinopathy in Niemann-Pick type C disease (NPC), an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease (LSD) distinguished by the accumulation of unesterified cholesterol within late endosomes and lysosomes. NPC is characterised by neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation and multifocal disruption of the autophagy pathway. METHODS We utilised immunohistochemistry, confocal microscopy, electron microscopy and biochemical and gene expression studies to characterise TDP-43 pathology and autophagic substrate accumulation in Npc1-deficient mice. RESULTS In the NPC brain, cytoplasmic TDP-43 mislocalisation was independent of autophagic substrate accumulation. These pathologies occurred in distinct neuronal subtypes, as brainstem cholinergic neurons were more susceptible to TDP-43 mislocalisation, whereas glutamatergic neurons exhibited hallmarks of autophagic dysfunction. Furthermore, TDP-43 mislocalisation did not co-localise with markers of stress granules or progress to ubiquitinated aggregates over months in vivo, indicating a stable, early stage in the aggregation process. Neither microgliosis nor neuroinflammation were sufficient to drive TDP-43 proteinopathy in the NPC brain. Notably, cytoplasmic TDP-43 co-localised with the nuclear import factor importin α, and TDP-43 mislocalised neurons demonstrated nuclear membrane abnormalities and disruption of nucleocytoplasmic transport. CONCLUSION Our findings highlight the relationship between LSDs and TDP-43 proteinopathy, define its functional importance in NPC by triggering nuclear dysfunction, and expand the spectrum of TDP-43 pathology in the diseased brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine A Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Erika Mori
- Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | | | - Andrew P Lieberman
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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23
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Malcova I, Senohrabkova L, Novakova L, Hasek J. eIF3a Destabilization and TDP-43 Alter Dynamics of Heat-Induced Stress Granules. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105164. [PMID: 34068231 PMCID: PMC8153170 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress granules (SGs) are membrane-less assemblies arising upon various stresses in eukaryotic cells. They sequester mRNAs and proteins from stressful conditions and modulate gene expression to enable cells to resume translation and growth after stress relief. SGs containing the translation initiation factor eIF3a/Rpg1 arise in yeast cells upon robust heat shock (HS) at 46 °C only. We demonstrate that the destabilization of Rpg1 within the PCI domain in the Rpg1-3 variant leads to SGs assembly already at moderate HS at 42 °C. These are bona fide SGs arising upon translation arrest containing mRNAs, which are components of the translation machinery, and associating with P-bodies. HS SGs associate with endoplasmatic reticulum and mitochondria and their contact sites ERMES. Although Rpg1-3-labeled SGs arise at a lower temperature, their disassembly is delayed after HS at 46 °C. Remarkably, the delayed disassembly of HS SGs after the robust HS is reversed by TDP-43, which is a human protein connected with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. TDP-43 colocalizes with HS SGs in yeast cells and facilitates cell regrowth after the stress relief. Based on our results, we propose yeast HS SGs labeled by Rpg1 and its variants as a novel model system to study functions of TDP-43 in stress granules disassembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Malcova
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.S.); (L.N.); (J.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-241062769
| | - Lenka Senohrabkova
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.S.); (L.N.); (J.H.)
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Katerinska 42, 12108 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Novakova
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.S.); (L.N.); (J.H.)
| | - Jiri Hasek
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.S.); (L.N.); (J.H.)
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24
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Role of Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Antioxidant Metalloenzymes and Therapeutic Strategies. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11030437. [PMID: 33809730 PMCID: PMC8002298 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) affects motor neurons in the cerebral cortex, brainstem and spinal cord and leads to death due to respiratory failure within three to five years. Although the clinical symptoms of this disease were first described in 1869 and it is the most common motor neuron disease and the most common neurodegenerative disease in middle-aged individuals, the exact etiopathogenesis of ALS remains unclear and it remains incurable. However, free oxygen radicals (i.e., molecules containing one or more free electrons) are known to contribute to the pathogenesis of this disease as they very readily bind intracellular structures, leading to functional impairment. Antioxidant enzymes, which are often metalloenzymes, inactivate free oxygen radicals by converting them into a less harmful substance. One of the most important antioxidant enzymes is Cu2+Zn2+ superoxide dismutase (SOD1), which is mutated in 20% of cases of the familial form of ALS (fALS) and up to 7% of sporadic ALS (sALS) cases. In addition, the proper functioning of catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) is essential for antioxidant protection. In this review article, we focus on the mechanisms through which these enzymes are involved in the antioxidant response to oxidative stress and thus the pathogenesis of ALS and their potential as therapeutic targets.
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25
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Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Lobar Degenerations: Similarities in Genetic Background. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11030509. [PMID: 33805659 PMCID: PMC7998502 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11030509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating, uniformly lethal progressive degenerative disorder of motor neurons that overlaps with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) clinically, morphologically, and genetically. Although many distinct mutations in various genes are known to cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, it remains poorly understood how they selectively impact motor neuron biology and whether they converge on common pathways to cause neuronal degeneration. Many of the gene mutations are in proteins that share similar functions. They can be grouped into those associated with cell axon dynamics and those associated with cellular phagocytic machinery, namely protein aggregation and metabolism, apoptosis, and intracellular nucleic acid transport. Analysis of pathways implicated by mutant ALS genes has provided new insights into the pathogenesis of both familial forms of ALS (fALS) and sporadic forms (sALS), although, regrettably, this has not yet yielded definitive treatments. Many genes play an important role, with TARDBP, SQSTM1, VCP, FUS, TBK1, CHCHD10, and most importantly, C9orf72 being critical genetic players in these neurological disorders. In this mini-review, we will focus on the molecular mechanisms of these two diseases.
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Nikseresht S, Hilton JB, Kysenius K, Liddell JR, Crouch PJ. Copper-ATSM as a Treatment for ALS: Support from Mutant SOD1 Models and Beyond. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:E271. [PMID: 33158182 PMCID: PMC7694234 DOI: 10.3390/life10110271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier permeant, copper-containing compound, CuII(atsm), has successfully progressed from fundamental research outcomes in the laboratory through to phase 2/3 clinical assessment in patients with the highly aggressive and fatal neurodegenerative condition of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The most compelling outcomes to date to indicate potential for disease-modification have come from pre-clinical studies utilising mouse models that involve transgenic expression of mutated superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1). Mutant SOD1 mice provide a very robust mammalian model of ALS with high validity, but mutations in SOD1 account for only a small percentage of ALS cases in the clinic, with the preponderant amount of cases being sporadic and of unknown aetiology. As per other putative drugs for ALS developed and tested primarily in mutant SOD1 mice, this raises important questions about the pertinence of CuII(atsm) to broader clinical translation. This review highlights some of the challenges associated with the clinical translation of new treatment options for ALS. It then provides a brief account of pre-clinical outcomes for CuII(atsm) in SOD1 mouse models of ALS, followed by an outline of additional studies which report positive outcomes for CuII(atsm) when assessed in cell and mouse models of neurodegeneration which do not involve mutant SOD1. Clinical evidence for CuII(atsm) selectively targeting affected regions of the CNS in patients is also presented. Overall, this review summarises the existing evidence which indicates why clinical relevance of CuII(atsm) likely extends beyond the context of cases of ALS caused by mutant SOD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Nikseresht
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (S.N.); (J.B.H.); (J.R.L.)
| | - James B.W. Hilton
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (S.N.); (J.B.H.); (J.R.L.)
| | - Kai Kysenius
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Jeffrey R. Liddell
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (S.N.); (J.B.H.); (J.R.L.)
| | - Peter J. Crouch
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia;
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Fernandes N, Nero L, Lyons SM, Ivanov P, Mittelmeier TM, Bolger TA, Buchan JR. Stress Granule Assembly Can Facilitate but Is Not Required for TDP-43 Cytoplasmic Aggregation. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10101367. [PMID: 32992901 PMCID: PMC7650667 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress granules (SGs) are hypothesized to facilitate TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) cytoplasmic mislocalization and aggregation, which may underly amyotrophic lateral sclerosis pathology. However, much data for this hypothesis is indirect. Additionally, whether P-bodies (PBs; related mRNA-protein granules) affect TDP-43 phenotypes is unclear. Here, we determine that induction of TDP-43 expression in yeast results in the accumulation of SG-like foci that in >90% of cases become the sites where TDP-43 cytoplasmic foci first appear. Later, TDP-43 foci associate less with SGs and more with PBs, though independent TDP-43 foci also accumulate. However, depleting or over-expressing yeast SG and PB proteins reveals no consistent trend between SG or PB assembly and TDP-43 foci formation, toxicity or protein abundance. In human cells, immunostaining endogenous TDP-43 with different TDP-43 antibodies reveals distinct localization and aggregation behaviors. Following acute arsenite stress, all phospho-TDP-43 foci colocalize with SGs. Interestingly, in SG assembly mutant cells (G3BP1/2ΔΔ), TDP-43 is enriched in nucleoli. Finally, formation of TDP-43 cytoplasmic foci following low-dose chronic arsenite stress is impaired, but not completely blocked, in G3BP1/2ΔΔ cells. Collectively, our data suggest that SG and PB assembly may facilitate TDP-43 cytoplasmic localization and aggregation but are likely not essential for these events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Fernandes
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (N.F.); (L.N.); (T.M.M.); (T.A.B.)
| | - Luke Nero
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (N.F.); (L.N.); (T.M.M.); (T.A.B.)
| | - Shawn M. Lyons
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (S.M.L.); (P.I.)
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunity and Inflammation, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pavel Ivanov
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (S.M.L.); (P.I.)
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunity and Inflammation, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Telsa M. Mittelmeier
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (N.F.); (L.N.); (T.M.M.); (T.A.B.)
| | - Timothy A. Bolger
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (N.F.); (L.N.); (T.M.M.); (T.A.B.)
| | - J. Ross Buchan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (N.F.); (L.N.); (T.M.M.); (T.A.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-520-626-1881
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Ivanova MV, Chekanova EO, Belugin BV, Dolzhikova IV, Tutykhina IL, Zakharova MN. Exosomal Angiogenin as a Potential Biomarker in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. NEUROCHEM J+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712420030058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wobst HJ, Mack KL, Brown DG, Brandon NJ, Shorter J. The clinical trial landscape in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-Past, present, and future. Med Res Rev 2020; 40:1352-1384. [PMID: 32043626 PMCID: PMC7417284 DOI: 10.1002/med.21661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease marked by progressive loss of muscle function. It is the most common adult-onset form of motor neuron disease, affecting about 16 000 people in the United States alone. The average survival is about 3 years. Only two interventional drugs, the antiglutamatergic small-molecule riluzole and the more recent antioxidant edaravone, have been approved for the treatment of ALS to date. Therapeutic strategies under investigation in clinical trials cover a range of different modalities and targets, and more than 70 different drugs have been tested in the clinic to date. Here, we summarize and classify interventional therapeutic strategies based on their molecular targets and phenotypic effects. We also discuss possible reasons for the failure of clinical trials in ALS and highlight emerging preclinical strategies that could provide a breakthrough in the battle against this relentless disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike J Wobst
- Neuroscience, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Korrie L Mack
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Merck & Co, Inc, Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Dean G Brown
- Hit Discovery, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nicholas J Brandon
- Neuroscience, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - James Shorter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Collins M, Li Y, Bowser R. RBM45 associates with nuclear stress bodies and forms nuclear inclusions during chronic cellular stress and in neurodegenerative diseases. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:91. [PMID: 32586379 PMCID: PMC7318465 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-00965-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The RNA binding protein (RBP) RBM45 forms nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions in neurons and glia in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 proteinopathy (FTLD-TDP), and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The normal functions of RBM45 are poorly understood, as are the mechanisms by which it forms inclusions in disease. To better understand the normal and pathological functions of RBM45, we evaluated whether the protein functions via association with several membraneless organelles and whether such an association could promote the formation of nuclear RBM45 inclusions. Under basal conditions, RBM45 is diffusely distributed throughout the nucleus and does not localize to membraneless organelles, including nuclear speckles, Cajal bodies, or nuclear gems. During cellular stress, however, nuclear RBM45 undergoes a reversible, RNA-binding dependent incorporation into nuclear stress bodies (NSBs). Chronic stress leads to the persistent association of RBM45 with NSBs and the irreversible accumulation of nuclear RBM45 inclusions. We also quantified the cell type- and disease-specific patterns of RBM45 pathology in ALS, FTLD-TDP, and AD. RBM45 nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions are found in both neurons and glia in ALS, FTLD-TDP, and AD but are absent in non-neurologic disease controls. Across neurodegenerative diseases, RBM45 nuclear inclusion pathology occurs more frequently than cytoplasmic RBM45 inclusion pathology and exhibits cell type-specific variation. Collectively, our results define new stress-associated functions of RBM45, a mechanism for nuclear RBM45 inclusion formation, a role for NSBs in the pathogenesis of ALS, FTLD-TDP, and AD, and further underscore the importance of protein self-association to both the normal and pathological functions of RBPs in these diseases.
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Frydrýšková K, Mašek T, Pospíšek M. Changing faces of stress: Impact of heat and arsenite treatment on the composition of stress granules. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2020; 11:e1596. [PMID: 32362075 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Stress granules (SGs), hallmarks of the cellular adaptation to stress, promote survival, conserve cellular energy, and are fully dissolved upon the cessation of stress treatment. Different stresses can initiate the assembly of SGs, but arsenite and heat are the best studied of these stresses. The composition of SGs and posttranslational modifications of SG proteins differ depending on the type and severity of the stress insult, methodology used, cell line, and presence of overexpressed and tagged proteins. A group of 18 proteins showing differential localization to SGs in heat- and arsenite-stressed mammalian cell lines is described. Upon severe and prolonged stress, physiological SGs transform into more solid protein aggregates that are no longer reversible and do not contain mRNA. Similar pathological inclusions are hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases. SGs induced by heat stress are less dynamic than SGs induced by arsenite and contain a set of unique proteins and linkage-specific polyubiquitinated proteins. The same types of ubiquitin linkages have been found to contribute to the development of neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson disease, Alzheimer disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We propose heat stress-induced SGs as a possible model of an intermediate stage along the transition from dynamic, fully reversible arsenite stress-induced SGs toward aberrant SGs, the hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases. Stress- and methodology-specific differences in the compositions of SGs and the transition of SGs to aberrant protein aggregates are discussed. This article is categorized under: RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > RNA-Protein Complexes RNA Export and Localization > RNA Localization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Martin Pospíšek
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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Cao X, Jin X, Liu B. The involvement of stress granules in aging and aging-associated diseases. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13136. [PMID: 32170904 PMCID: PMC7189987 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress granules (SGs) are nonmembrane assemblies formed in cells in response to stress conditions. SGs mainly contain untranslated mRNA and a variety of proteins. RNAs and scaffold proteins with intrinsically disordered regions or RNA-binding domains are essential for the assembly of SGs, and multivalent macromolecular interactions among these components are thought to be the driving forces for SG assembly. The SG assembly process includes regulation through post-translational modification and involvement of the cytoskeletal system. During aging, many intracellular bioprocesses become disrupted by factors such as cellular environmental changes, mitochondrial dysfunction, and decline in the protein quality control system. Such changes could lead to the formation of aberrant SGs, as well as alterations in their maintenance, disassembly, and clearance. These aberrant SGs might in turn promote aging and aging-associated diseases. In this paper, we first review the latest progress on the molecular mechanisms underlying SG assembly and SG functioning under stress conditions. Then, we provide a detailed discussion of the relevance of SGs to aging and aging-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuling Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture School of Forestry and Biotechnology Zhejiang A&F University Hangzhou China
| | - Xuejiao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture School of Forestry and Biotechnology Zhejiang A&F University Hangzhou China
| | - Beidong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture School of Forestry and Biotechnology Zhejiang A&F University Hangzhou China
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology University of Gothenburg Goteborg Sweden
- Center for Large‐scale Cell‐based Screening Faculty of Science University of Gothenburg Goteborg Sweden
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Romano N, Catalani A, Lattante S, Belardo A, Proietti S, Bertini L, Silvestri F, Catalani E, Cervia D, Zolla L, Sabatelli M, Welshhans K, Ceci M. ALS skin fibroblasts reveal oxidative stress and ERK1/2-mediated cytoplasmic localization of TDP-43. Cell Signal 2020; 70:109591. [PMID: 32126264 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The main hallmark of many forms of familiar and sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a reduction in nuclear TDP-43 protein and its inclusion in cytoplasmic aggregates in motor neurons. In order to understand which cellular and molecular mechanisms underlie the mislocalization of TDP-43, we examined human skin fibroblasts from two individuals with familial ALS, both with mutations in TDP-43, and two individuals with sporadic ALS, both without TDP-43 mutations or mutations in other ALS related genes. We found that all ALS fibroblasts had a partially cytoplasmic localization of TDP-43 and had reduced cell metabolism as compared to fibroblasts from apparently healthy individuals. ALS fibroblasts showed an increase in global protein synthesis and an increase in 4E-BP1 and rpS6 phosphorylation, which is indicative of mTORC1 activity. We also observed a decrease in glutathione (GSH), which suggests that oxidative stress is elevated in ALS. ERK1/2 activity regulated the extent of oxidative stress and the localization of TDP-43 in the cytoplasm in all ALS fibroblasts. Lastly, ALS fibroblasts showed reduced stress granule formation in response to H2O2 stress. In conclusion, these findings identify specific cellular and molecular defects in ALS fibroblasts, thus providing insight into potential mechanisms that may also occur in degenerating motor neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicla Romano
- Department of Ecological and Biological Science (DEB), University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Alessia Catalani
- Department of Molecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Via Santa Chiara, 27 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Serena Lattante
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Unità Operativa Complessa di Genetica Medica, 00168 Roma, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Istituto di Medicina Genomica, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Antonio Belardo
- Department of Ecological and Biological Science (DEB), University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Silvia Proietti
- Department of Ecological and Biological Science (DEB), University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Laura Bertini
- Department of Ecological and Biological Science (DEB), University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Federica Silvestri
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Catalani
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Davide Cervia
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Lello Zolla
- Department of Science and Technology for Agriculture, Forestry, Nature and Energy, University of Tuscia (DAFNE), 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Mario Sabatelli
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, UOC Neurologia, Dipartimento Scienze dell'invecchiamento, neurologiche, ortopediche e della testa-collo, 00168 Roma, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Istituto di Neurologia, Centro Clinico NEMO, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Kristy Welshhans
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences and Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44236, USA
| | - Marcello Ceci
- Department of Ecological and Biological Science (DEB), University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
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Luotti S, Pasetto L, Porcu L, Torri V, Elezgarai SR, Pantalone S, Filareti M, Corbo M, Lunetta C, Mora G, Bonetto V. Diagnostic and prognostic values of PBMC proteins in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 139:104815. [PMID: 32087285 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal motor neuron disease for which there are no validated biomarkers. Previous exploratory studies have identified a panel of candidate protein biomarkers in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) that include peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A (PPIA), heat shock cognate protein 71 kDa (HSC70), heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2/B1 (hnRNPA2B1) and TDP-43. It has also been found that PPIA plays a key role in the assembly and dynamics of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes and interacts with TDP-43. Its absence accelerates disease progression in a SOD1 mouse model of ALS, and low levels of PPIA in PBMCs are associated with early-onset ALS. However, the diagnostic and prognostic values of PPIA and the other candidate protein biomarkers have not been established. We analyzed the PBMC proteins in a well-characterized cohort of ALS patients (n=93), healthy individuals (n=104) and disease controls (n=111). We used a highly controlled sample processing procedure that implies two-step differential detergent fractionation. We found that the levels of the selected PBMC proteins in the soluble and insoluble fraction, combined, have a high discriminatory power for distinguishing ALS from controls, with PPIA, hnRNPA2B1 and TDP-43 being the proteins most closely associated with ALS. We also found a shift toward increased protein partitioning in the insoluble fraction in ALS and this correlated with a worse disease phenotype. In particular, low PPIA soluble levels were associated with six months earlier death. In conclusion, PPIA is a disease modifier with prognostic potential. PBMC proteins indicative of alterations in protein and RNA homeostasis are promising biomarkers of ALS, for diagnosis, prognosis and patient stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Luotti
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Pasetto
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Porcu
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Valter Torri
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Saioa R Elezgarai
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Serena Pantalone
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Melania Filareti
- Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences, Casa Cura Policlinico (CCP), Milano, Italy
| | - Massimo Corbo
- Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences, Casa Cura Policlinico (CCP), Milano, Italy
| | - Christian Lunetta
- NEuroMuscular Omnicentre (NEMO), Serena Onlus Foundation, Milano, Italy
| | - Gabriele Mora
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Valentina Bonetto
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy.
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Zhuo XF, Wang J, Zhang J, Jiang LL, Hu HY, Lu JX. Solid-State NMR Reveals the Structural Transformation of the TDP-43 Amyloidogenic Region upon Fibrillation. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:3412-3421. [PMID: 32003979 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
TDP-43 is a primary pathological hallmark protein of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal lobar degeneration, which may exist in the form of amyloid inclusions in the cells of patients. In addition to serving as a biomarker for these diseases, TDP-43 can also directly trigger neurodegeneration. We previously determined the amyloidogenic core region of TDP-43 (residues 311-360) and showed by solution NMR that this region includes two α-helices [(321-330) and (335-343)] in solution. We suggested that the helix-to-sheet structural transformation initiates TDP-43 aggregation. In the present study, X-ray diffraction shows that TDP-43 (311-360) aggregates adopt a cross-β structure. Thioredoxin (Trx)-fused TDP-43 (311-360) can undergo liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) before fibrillation, suggesting that phase separation is an intermediate step before amyloid formation. Solid-state NMR (SSNMR), carried out to elucidate the structural changes of TDP-43 (311-360) at the atomic level, indicates five β-strands of the amyloids formed, with the major two β-strands contributed by the first helical region in the solution structure. The NMR evidence is also in support of the fibril having a parallel in-register conformation, implying a mechanism in which the helix-helix interactions in LLPS are converted into β-strand parallel lateral association upon fibrillation. Our studies have assigned many key interresidue interactions that contribute to the stability of the fibril, including F316 with I318 and Q327 and W334 with A325, A326, A329, and S332. SSNMR with 1H detection reveals a unique close interaction between the indole Nε1-Hε1 of W334 and the side-chain carbonyl of Q343. This interaction could be a very important factor in initiating TDP-43 (311-360) folding/misfolding in LLPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Zhuo
- School of Life Science and Technology , ShanghaiTech University , Shanghai 201210 , People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science , Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200031 , People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology , ShanghaiTech University , Shanghai 201210 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology , ShanghaiTech University , Shanghai 201210 , People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science , Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200031 , People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Lei-Lei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science , Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200031 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Yu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science , Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200031 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Xia Lu
- School of Life Science and Technology , ShanghaiTech University , Shanghai 201210 , People's Republic of China
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Lei Y, Zhang ZF, Lei RX, Wang S, Zhuang Y, Liu AC, Wu Y, Chen J, Tang JC, Pan MX, Liu R, Liao WJ, Feng YG, Wan Q, Zheng M. DJ-1 Suppresses Cytoplasmic TDP-43 Aggregation in Oxidative Stress-Induced Cell Injury. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 66:1001-1014. [PMID: 30372676 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
DJ-1 (also called PARK7) is a multifunctional redox-sensitive protein that is protective against oxidative stress-induced cell death. TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) is a major protein component of pathological inclusions in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. Reducing aberrant aggregation of TDP-43 is a potential approach to prevent cell death. To investigate whether DJ-1 might inhibit TDP-43 aggregation to exert a protective effect in oxidative stress-induced injury, we tested the protein level and subcellular localization of TDP-43 and DJ-1 in SH-SY5Y cells transfected with wild-type DJ-1, DJ-1 mutant (L166P) cDNA, or DJ-1 siRNA. We show that oxidative stress induced by paraquat leads to the formation of cytosolic TDP-43 aggregation in SH-SY5Y cells. DJ-1 overexpression decreases paraquat-induced cytoplasmic accumulation of TDP-43 in SH-SY5Y cells and protects against paraquat-induced cell death. Transfection of DJ-1 L166P mutant or DJ-1 siRNA leads to increased cytosolic aggregation of TDP-43 in paraquat-treated SH-SY5Y cells and promotes cell death. These data suggest that DJ-1 may protect against oxidative stress-induced cell death through the suppression of cytoplasmic TDP-43 aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lei
- Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Feng Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, China.,Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Rui-Xue Lei
- Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Shu Wang
- Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Zhuang
- Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - An-Chun Liu
- Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun-Chun Tang
- Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Meng-Xian Pan
- Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei-Jing Liao
- Center for Brain Clinic, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu-Gong Feng
- Research Institute of Neuroregeneration & Neurorehabilitation, and Department of Neurosurgery, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qi Wan
- Research Institute of Neuroregeneration & Neurorehabilitation, and Department of Neurosurgery, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mei Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Beijing University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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Cook C, Petrucelli L. Genetic Convergence Brings Clarity to the Enigmatic Red Line in ALS. Neuron 2019; 101:1057-1069. [PMID: 30897357 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an aggressive neurodegenerative disorder that orchestrates an attack on the motor nervous system that is unrelenting. Recent discoveries into the pathogenic consequences of repeat expansions in C9ORF72, which are the most common genetic cause of ALS, combined with the identification of new genetic mutations are providing novel insight into the underlying mechanism(s) that cause ALS. In particular, the myriad of functions linked to ALS-associated genes have collectively implicated four main pathways in disease pathogenesis, including RNA metabolism and translational biology; protein quality control; cytoskeletal integrity and trafficking; and mitochondrial function and transport. Through the identification of common disease mechanisms on which multiple ALS genes converge, key targets for potential therapeutic intervention are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Cook
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Neurobiology of Disease Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Leonard Petrucelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Neurobiology of Disease Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
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38
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Duggan M, Torkzaban B, Ahooyi TM, Khalili K, Gordon J. Age-related neurodegenerative diseases. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:3131-3141. [PMID: 31556109 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Converging evidence indicates the dysregulation of unique cytosolic compartments called stress granules (SGs) might facilitate the accumulation of toxic protein aggregates that underlie many age-related neurodegenerative pathologies (ANPs). SG dynamics are particularly susceptible to the cellular conditions that are commonly induced by aging, including the elevation in reactive oxygen species and increased concentration of aggregate-prone proteins. In turn, the persistent formation of these compartments is hypothesized to serve as a seed for subsequent protein aggregation. Notably, the protein quality control (PQC) machinery responsible for inhibiting persistent SGs (e.g., Hsc70-BAG3) can become compromised with age, suggesting that the modulation of such PQC mechanisms could reliably inhibit pathological processes of ANPs. As exemplified in the context of accelerated aging syndromes (i.e., Hutchinson-Gilford progeria), PQC enhancement is emerging as a potential therapeutic strategy, indicating similar techniques might be applied to ANPs. Collectively, these recent findings advance our understanding of how the processes that might facilitate protein aggregation are particularly susceptible to aging conditions, and present investigators with an opportunity to develop novel targets for ANPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Duggan
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Bahareh Torkzaban
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Taha Mohseni Ahooyi
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kamel Khalili
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jennifer Gordon
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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39
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Fang MY, Markmiller S, Vu AQ, Javaherian A, Dowdle WE, Jolivet P, Bushway PJ, Castello NA, Baral A, Chan MY, Linsley JW, Linsley D, Mercola M, Finkbeiner S, Lecuyer E, Lewcock JW, Yeo GW. Small-Molecule Modulation of TDP-43 Recruitment to Stress Granules Prevents Persistent TDP-43 Accumulation in ALS/FTD. Neuron 2019; 103:802-819.e11. [PMID: 31272829 PMCID: PMC6728177 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stress granules (SGs) form during cellular stress and are implicated in neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia (ALS/FTD). To yield insights into the role of SGs in pathophysiology, we performed a high-content screen to identify small molecules that alter SG properties in proliferative cells and human iPSC-derived motor neurons (iPS-MNs). One major class of active molecules contained extended planar aromatic moieties, suggesting a potential to intercalate in nucleic acids. Accordingly, we show that several hit compounds can prevent the RNA-dependent recruitment of the ALS-associated RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) TDP-43, FUS, and HNRNPA2B1 into SGs. We further demonstrate that transient SG formation contributes to persistent accumulation of TDP-43 into cytoplasmic puncta and that our hit compounds can reduce this accumulation in iPS-MNs from ALS patients. We propose that compounds with planar moieties represent a promising starting point to develop small-molecule therapeutics for treating ALS/FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Y Fang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sebastian Markmiller
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Anthony Q Vu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | | | - Philippe Jolivet
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Paul J Bushway
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | | | | | | | | | - Drew Linsley
- Brown University, Department of Cognitive, Linguistic and Psychological Sciences, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Mark Mercola
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Steven Finkbeiner
- Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research and DaedalusBio, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Departments of Neurology and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Eric Lecuyer
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada; Département de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada; Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada
| | | | - Gene W Yeo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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40
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Birsa N, Bentham MP, Fratta P. Cytoplasmic functions of TDP-43 and FUS and their role in ALS. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 99:193-201. [PMID: 31132467 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
TAR DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43) and fused in sarcoma (FUS) are RNA binding proteins (RBPs) primarily located in the nucleus, and involved in numerous aspects of RNA metabolism. Both proteins can be found to be depleted from the nucleus and accumulated in cytoplasmic inclusions in two major neurodegenerative conditions, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. Recent evidences suggest that, in addition to their nuclear functions, both TDP-43 and FUS are involved in multiple processes in the cytoplasm, including mRNA stability and transport, translation, the stress response, mitochondrial function and autophagy regulation. Here, we review the most recent advances in understanding their functions in the cytoplasm and how these are affected in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicol Birsa
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | - Matthew Peter Bentham
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Pietro Fratta
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK; MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
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41
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RNA Granules and Their Role in Neurodegenerative Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1203:195-245. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-31434-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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42
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Alrafiah AR. From Mouse Models to Human Disease: An Approach for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. In Vivo 2018; 32:983-998. [PMID: 30150420 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal adult-onset neurodegenerative disorder. There are several genetic mutations that lead to ALS development, such as chromosome 9 hexanucleotide repeat 72 (C9ORF72), transactive response DNA-binding protein (TARDBP), superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) and fused in sarcoma (FUS). ALS is associated with disrupted gene homeostasis causing aberrant RNA processing or toxic pathology. Several animal models of ALS disease have been developed to understand whether TARDBP-mediated neurodegeneration results from a gain or a loss of function of the protein, however, none exactly mimic the pathophysiology and the phenotype of human ALS. Here, the pathophysiology of specific ALS-linked gene mutations is discussed. Furthermore, some of the generated mouse models, as well as the similarities and differences between these models, are comprehensively reviewed. Further refinement of mouse models will likely aid the development of a better form of model that mimics human ALS. However, disrupted gene homeostasis that causes mutation can result in an ALS-like syndrome, increasing concerns about whether neurodegeneration and other effects in these models are due to the mutation or to gene overexpression. Research on the pleiotropic role of different proteins present in motor neurons is also summarized. The development of better mouse models that closely mimic human ALS will help identify potential therapeutic targets for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziza Rashed Alrafiah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Research Unit, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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43
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Pillai M, Jha SK. The Folding and Aggregation Energy Landscapes of Tethered RRM Domains of Human TDP-43 Are Coupled via a Metastable Molten Globule-like Oligomer. Biochemistry 2018; 58:608-620. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b01013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Pillai
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Jha
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India
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44
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Sun Y, Medina Cruz A, Hadley KC, Galant NJ, Law R, Vernon RM, Morris VK, Robertson J, Chakrabartty A. Physiologically Important Electrolytes as Regulators of TDP-43 Aggregation and Droplet-Phase Behavior. Biochemistry 2018; 58:590-607. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Sun
- University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, TMDT 4-305, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Alison Medina Cruz
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, TMDT 4-305, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Kevin C. Hadley
- University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, TMDT 4-305, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Natalie J. Galant
- University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, TMDT 4-305, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Ryan Law
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, TMDT 4-305, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Robert M. Vernon
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Vanessa K. Morris
- University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, TMDT 4-305, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Ilam, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Janice Robertson
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Avijit Chakrabartty
- University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, TMDT 4-305, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, TMDT 4-305, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, TMDT 4-305, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
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45
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Ravanidis S, Kattan FG, Doxakis E. Unraveling the Pathways to Neuronal Homeostasis and Disease: Mechanistic Insights into the Role of RNA-Binding Proteins and Associated Factors. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082280. [PMID: 30081499 PMCID: PMC6121432 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The timing, dosage and location of gene expression are fundamental determinants of brain architectural complexity. In neurons, this is, primarily, achieved by specific sets of trans-acting RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and their associated factors that bind to specific cis elements throughout the RNA sequence to regulate splicing, polyadenylation, stability, transport and localized translation at both axons and dendrites. Not surprisingly, misregulation of RBP expression or disruption of its function due to mutations or sequestration into nuclear or cytoplasmic inclusions have been linked to the pathogenesis of several neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders such as fragile-X syndrome, autism spectrum disorders, spinal muscular atrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. This review discusses the roles of Pumilio, Staufen, IGF2BP, FMRP, Sam68, CPEB, NOVA, ELAVL, SMN, TDP43, FUS, TAF15, and TIA1/TIAR in RNA metabolism by analyzing their specific molecular and cellular function, the neurological symptoms associated with their perturbation, and their axodendritic transport/localization along with their target mRNAs as part of larger macromolecular complexes termed ribonucleoprotein (RNP) granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stylianos Ravanidis
- Basic Sciences Division I, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece.
| | - Fedon-Giasin Kattan
- Basic Sciences Division I, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece.
| | - Epaminondas Doxakis
- Basic Sciences Division I, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece.
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46
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Vogt MA, Ehsaei Z, Knuckles P, Higginbottom A, Helmbrecht MS, Kunath T, Eggan K, Williams LA, Shaw PJ, Wurst W, Floss T, Huber AB, Taylor V. TDP-43 induces p53-mediated cell death of cortical progenitors and immature neurons. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8097. [PMID: 29802307 PMCID: PMC5970242 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26397-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) is a key player in neurodegenerative diseases including frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Accumulation of TDP-43 is associated with neuronal death in the brain. How increased and disease-causing mutant forms of TDP-43 induce cell death remains unclear. Here we addressed the role of TDP-43 during neural development and show that reduced TDP-43 causes defects in neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation but not cell death. However, overexpression of wild type and TDP-43A315T proteins induce p53-dependent apoptosis of neural stem/progenitors and human induced pluripotent cell (iPS)-derived immature cortical neurons. We show that TDP-43 induces expression of the proapoptotic BH3-only genes Bbc3 and Bax, and that p53 inhibition rescues TDP-43 induced cell death of embryonic mouse, and human cortical neurons, including those derived from TDP-43G298S ALS patient iPS cells. Hence, an increase in wild type and mutant TDP-43 induces p53-dependent cell death in neural progenitors developing neurons and this can be rescued. These findings may have important implications for accumulated or mutant TDP-43 induced neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam A Vogt
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058, Basel, Switzerland.,Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 17, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Zahra Ehsaei
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philip Knuckles
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Higginbottom
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, 385A Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK
| | | | - Tilo Kunath
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Kevin Eggan
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Luis A Williams
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Pamela J Shaw
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, 385A Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Floss
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrea B Huber
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,ETH Zurich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Verdon Taylor
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058, Basel, Switzerland.
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47
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Shenouda M, Zhang AB, Weichert A, Robertson J. Mechanisms Associated with TDP-43 Neurotoxicity in ALS/FTLD. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2018; 20:239-263. [PMID: 29916022 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-89689-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of TDP-43 as a major disease protein in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) was first made in 2006. Prior to 2006 there were only 11 publications related to TDP-43, now there are over 2000, indicating the importance of TDP-43 to unraveling the complex molecular mechanisms that underpin the pathogenesis of ALS/FTLD. Subsequent to this discovery, TDP-43 pathology was also found in other neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, the significance of which is still in the early stages of exploration. TDP-43 is a predominantly nuclear DNA/RNA-binding protein, one of a number of RNA-binding proteins that are now known to be linked with ALS/FTLD, including Fused in Sarcoma (FUS), heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (hnRNP A1), and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2/B1 (hnRNP A2/B1). However, what sets TDP-43 apart is the vast number of cases in which TDP-43 pathology is present, providing a point of convergence, the understanding of which could lead to broadly applicable therapeutics. Here we will focus on TDP-43 in ALS/FTLD, its nuclear and cytoplasmic functions, and consequences should these functions go awry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Shenouda
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Ashley B Zhang
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Anna Weichert
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Janice Robertson
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada.
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48
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Fernandes N, Eshleman N, Buchan JR. Stress Granules and ALS: A Case of Causation or Correlation? ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2018; 20:173-212. [PMID: 29916020 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-89689-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by cytoplasmic protein aggregates within motor neurons. These aggregates are linked to ALS pathogenesis. Recent evidence has suggested that stress granules may aid the formation of ALS protein aggregates. Here, we summarize current understanding of stress granules, focusing on assembly and clearance. We also assess the evidence linking alterations in stress granule formation and dynamics to ALS protein aggregates and disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Fernandes
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Nichole Eshleman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - J Ross Buchan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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49
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Abstract
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) homeostasis is dynamically modulated in response to changing physiological conditions. Tight regulation of RNA abundance through both transcription and degradation determines the amount, timing, and location of protein translation. This balance is of particular importance in neurons, which are among the most metabolically active and morphologically complex cells in the body. As a result, any disruptions in RNA degradation can have dramatic consequences for neuronal health. In this chapter, we will first discuss mechanisms of RNA stabilization and decay. We will then explore how the disruption of these pathways can lead to neurodegenerative disease.
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Liu G, Coyne AN, Pei F, Vaughan S, Chaung M, Zarnescu DC, Buchan JR. Endocytosis regulates TDP-43 toxicity and turnover. Nat Commun 2017; 8:2092. [PMID: 29233983 PMCID: PMC5727062 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal motor neuron degenerative disease. ALS-affected motor neurons exhibit aberrant localization of a nuclear RNA binding protein, TDP-43, into cytoplasmic aggregates, which contributes to pathology via unclear mechanisms. Here, we demonstrate that TDP-43 turnover and toxicity depend in part upon the endocytosis pathway. TDP-43 inhibits endocytosis, and co-localizes strongly with endocytic proteins, including in ALS patient tissue. Impairing endocytosis increases TDP-43 toxicity, aggregation, and protein levels, whereas enhancing endocytosis reverses these phenotypes. Locomotor dysfunction in a TDP-43 ALS fly model is also exacerbated and suppressed by impairment and enhancement of endocytic function, respectively. Thus, endocytosis dysfunction may be an underlying cause of ALS pathology. Impaired turnover of TDP-43 by impaired autophagy or proteasomal function have been suggested to be the cause of TDP-43 accumulation, a hallmark of ALS. Here the authors demonstrate that endocytosis is also important for regulating TDP-43 turnover and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangbo Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Alyssa N Coyne
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Fen Pei
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Spencer Vaughan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Matthew Chaung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Daniela C Zarnescu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.,Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - J Ross Buchan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
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