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Smith TJ, Giles RN, Koutmou KS. Anticodon stem-loop tRNA modifications influence codon decoding and frame maintenance during translation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2024; 154:105-113. [PMID: 37385829 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
RNAs are central to protein synthesis, with ribosomal RNA, transfer RNAs and messenger RNAs comprising the core components of the translation machinery. In addition to the four canonical bases (uracil, cytosine, adenine, and guanine) these RNAs contain an array of enzymatically incorporated chemical modifications. Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are responsible for ferrying amino acids to the ribosome, and are among the most abundant and highly modified RNAs in the cell across all domains of life. On average, tRNA molecules contain 13 post-transcriptionally modified nucleosides that stabilize their structure and enhance function. There is an extensive chemical diversity of tRNA modifications, with over 90 distinct varieties of modifications reported within tRNA sequences. Some modifications are crucial for tRNAs to adopt their L-shaped tertiary structure, while others promote tRNA interactions with components of the protein synthesis machinery. In particular, modifications in the anticodon stem-loop (ASL), located near the site of tRNA:mRNA interaction, can play key roles in ensuring protein homeostasis and accurate translation. There is an abundance of evidence indicating the importance of ASL modifications for cellular health, and in vitro biochemical and biophysical studies suggest that individual ASL modifications can differentially influence discrete steps in the translation pathway. This review examines the molecular level consequences of tRNA ASL modifications in mRNA codon recognition and reading frame maintenance to ensure the rapid and accurate translation of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Smith
- University of Michigan, Department of Chemistry, 930 N University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Rachel N Giles
- University of Michigan, Department of Chemistry, 930 N University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kristin S Koutmou
- University of Michigan, Department of Chemistry, 930 N University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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2
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Jones JD, Franco MK, Tardu M, Smith TJ, Snyder LR, Eyler DE, Polikanov Y, Kennedy RT, Niederer RO, Koutmou KS. Conserved 5-methyluridine tRNA modification modulates ribosome translocation. bioRxiv 2023:2023.11.12.566704. [PMID: 37986750 PMCID: PMC10659410 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.12.566704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
While the centrality of post-transcriptional modifications to RNA biology has long been acknowledged, the function of the vast majority of modified sites remains to be discovered. Illustrative of this, there is not yet a discrete biological role assigned for one the most highly conserved modifications, 5-methyluridine at position 54 in tRNAs (m 5 U54). Here, we uncover contributions of m 5 U54 to both tRNA maturation and protein synthesis. Our mass spectrometry analyses demonstrate that cells lacking the enzyme that installs m 5 U in the T-loop (TrmA in E. coli , Trm2 in S. cerevisiae ) exhibit altered tRNA modifications patterns. Furthermore, m 5 U54 deficient tRNAs are desensitized to small molecules that prevent translocation in vitro. This finding is consistent with our observations that, relative to wild-type cells, trm2 Δ cell growth and transcriptome-wide gene expression are less perturbed by translocation inhibitors. Together our data suggest a model in which m 5 U54 acts as an important modulator of tRNA maturation and translocation of the ribosome during protein synthesis.
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3
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Zeballos C MA, Moore HJ, Smith TJ, Powell JE, Ahsan NS, Zhang S, Gaj T. Mitigating a TDP-43 proteinopathy by targeting ataxin-2 using RNA-targeting CRISPR effector proteins. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6492. [PMID: 37838698 PMCID: PMC10576788 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42147-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The TDP-43 proteinopathies, which include amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia, are a devastating group of neurodegenerative disorders that are characterized by the mislocalization and aggregation of TDP-43. Here we demonstrate that RNA-targeting CRISPR effector proteins, a programmable class of gene silencing agents that includes the Cas13 family of enzymes and Cas7-11, can be used to mitigate TDP-43 pathology when programmed to target ataxin-2, a modifier of TDP-43-associated toxicity. In addition to inhibiting the aggregation and transit of TDP-43 to stress granules, we find that the in vivo delivery of an ataxin-2-targeting Cas13 system to a mouse model of TDP-43 proteinopathy improved functional deficits, extended survival, and reduced the severity of neuropathological hallmarks. Further, we benchmark RNA-targeting CRISPR platforms against ataxin-2 and find that high-fidelity forms of Cas13 possess improved transcriptome-wide specificity compared to Cas7-11 and a first-generation effector. Our results demonstrate the potential of CRISPR technology for TDP-43 proteinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alejandra Zeballos C
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Hayden J Moore
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Tyler J Smith
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Jackson E Powell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Najah S Ahsan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Sijia Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Thomas Gaj
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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4
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Zeballos C MA, Moore HJ, Smith TJ, Powell JE, Ahsan NS, Zhang S, Gaj T. Mitigating a TDP-43 proteinopathy by targeting ataxin-2 using RNA-targeting CRISPR effector proteins. bioRxiv 2023:2023.04.07.536072. [PMID: 37066174 PMCID: PMC10104115 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.07.536072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
The TDP-43 proteinopathies, which include amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia, are a devastating group of neurodegenerative disorders that are characterized by the mislocalization and aggregation of TDP-43. Here we demonstrate that RNA-targeting CRISPR effector proteins, a programmable class of gene silencing agents that includes the Cas13 family of enzymes and Cas7-11, can be used to mitigate TDP-43 pathology when programmed to target ataxin-2, a modifier of TDP-43-associated toxicity. In addition to inhibiting the aggregation and transit of TDP-43 to stress granules, we find that the in vivo delivery of an ataxin-2-targeting Cas13 system to a mouse model of TDP-43 proteinopathy improved functional deficits, extended survival, and reduced the severity of neuropathological hallmarks. Further, we benchmark RNA-targeting CRISPR platforms against ataxin-2 and find that high-fidelity forms of Cas13 possess improved transcriptome-wide specificity compared to Cas7-11 and a first-generation effector. Our results demonstrate the potential of CRISPR technology for TDP-43 proteinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Alejandra Zeballos C
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Hayden J. Moore
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Tyler J. Smith
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jackson E. Powell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Najah S. Ahsan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Sijia Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Thomas Gaj
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Meyer-Schuman R, Marte S, Smith TJ, Feely SME, Kennerson M, Nicholson G, Shy ME, Koutmou KS, Antonellis A. A humanized yeast model reveals dominant-negative properties of neuropathy-associated alanyl-tRNA synthetase mutations. Hum Mol Genet 2023; 32:2177-2191. [PMID: 37010095 PMCID: PMC10281750 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddad054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) are essential enzymes that ligate tRNA molecules to cognate amino acids. Heterozygosity for missense variants or small in-frame deletions in six ARS genes causes dominant axonal peripheral neuropathy. These pathogenic variants reduce enzyme activity without significantly decreasing protein levels and reside in genes encoding homo-dimeric enzymes. These observations raise the possibility that neuropathy-associated ARS variants exert a dominant-negative effect, reducing overall ARS activity below a threshold required for peripheral nerve function. To test such variants for dominant-negative properties, we developed a humanized yeast assay to co-express pathogenic human alanyl-tRNA synthetase (AARS1) mutations with wild-type human AARS1. We show that multiple loss-of-function AARS1 mutations impair yeast growth through an interaction with wild-type AARS1, but that reducing this interaction rescues yeast growth. This suggests that neuropathy-associated AARS1 variants exert a dominant-negative effect, which supports a common, loss-of-function mechanism for ARS-mediated dominant peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Meyer-Schuman
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sheila Marte
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Tyler J Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shawna M E Feely
- Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Marina Kennerson
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2139, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Concord General Repatriation Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2139, Australia
| | - Garth Nicholson
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2139, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Concord General Repatriation Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2139, Australia
| | - Mike E Shy
- Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Kristin S Koutmou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Anthony Antonellis
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Jones JD, Franco MK, Smith TJ, Snyder LR, Anders AG, Ruotolo BT, Kennedy RT, Koutmou KS. Methylated guanosine and uridine modifications in S. cerevisiae mRNAs modulate translation elongation. RSC Chem Biol 2023; 4:363-378. [PMID: 37181630 PMCID: PMC10170649 DOI: 10.1039/d2cb00229a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical modifications to protein encoding messenger RNAs (mRNAs) influence their localization, translation, and stability within cells. Over 15 different types of mRNA modifications have been observed by sequencing and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) approaches. While LC-MS/MS is arguably the most essential tool available for studying analogous protein post-translational modifications, the high-throughput discovery and quantitative characterization of mRNA modifications by LC-MS/MS has been hampered by the difficulty of obtaining sufficient quantities of pure mRNA and limited sensitivities for modified nucleosides. We have overcome these challenges by improving the mRNA purification and LC-MS/MS pipelines. The methodologies we developed result in no detectable non-coding RNA modifications signals in our purified mRNA samples, quantify 50 ribonucleosides in a single analysis, and provide the lowest limit of detection reported for ribonucleoside modification LC-MS/MS analyses. These advancements enabled the detection and quantification of 13 S. cerevisiae mRNA ribonucleoside modifications and reveal the presence of four new S. cerevisiae mRNA modifications at low to moderate levels (1-methyguanosine, N2-methylguanosine, N2,N2-dimethylguanosine, and 5-methyluridine). We identified four enzymes that incorporate these modifications into S. cerevisiae mRNAs (Trm10, Trm11, Trm1, and Trm2, respectively), though our results suggest that guanosine and uridine nucleobases are also non-enzymatically methylated at low levels. Regardless of whether they are incorporated in a programmed manner or as the result of RNA damage, we reasoned that the ribosome will encounter the modifications that we detect in cells. To evaluate this possibility, we used a reconstituted translation system to investigate the consequences of modifications on translation elongation. Our findings demonstrate that the introduction of 1-methyguanosine, N2-methylguanosine and 5-methyluridine into mRNA codons impedes amino acid addition in a position dependent manner. This work expands the repertoire of nucleoside modifications that the ribosome must decode in S. cerevisiae. Additionally, it highlights the challenge of predicting the effect of discrete modified mRNA sites on translation de novo because individual modifications influence translation differently depending on mRNA sequence context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N University Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA +1-734-764-5650
| | - Monika K Franco
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, 930 N University Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Tyler J Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N University Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA +1-734-764-5650
| | - Laura R Snyder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N University Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA +1-734-764-5650
| | - Anna G Anders
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N University Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA +1-734-764-5650
| | - Brandon T Ruotolo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N University Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA +1-734-764-5650
| | - Robert T Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N University Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA +1-734-764-5650
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, 930 N University Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Kristin S Koutmou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N University Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA +1-734-764-5650
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, 930 N University Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
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Capper-Parkin KL, Nichol T, Smith TJ, Lacey MM, Forbes S. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic synergism of biocides and quorum-sensing inhibitors against uropathogenic Escherichiacoli. J Hosp Infect 2023; 134:138-146. [PMID: 36801429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are a primary cause of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs), often forming mature recalcitrant biofilms on the catheter surface. Anti-infective catheter coatings containing single biocides have been developed but display limited antimicrobial activity due to the selection of biocide-resistant bacterial populations. Furthermore, biocides often display cytotoxicity at concentrations required to eradicate biofilms, limiting their antiseptic potential. Quorum-sensing inhibitors (QSIs) provide a novel anti-infective approach to disrupt biofilm formation on the catheter surface and help prevent CAUTIs. AIM To evaluate the combinatorial impact of biocides and QSIs at bacteriostatic, bactericidal and biofilm eradication concentrations in parallel to assessing cytotoxicity in a bladder smooth muscle (BSM) cell line. METHODS Checkerboard assays were performed to determine fractional inhibitory, bactericidal, and biofilm eradication concentrations of test combinations in UPEC and combined cytotoxic effects in BSM cells. FINDINGS Synergistic antimicrobial activity was observed between polyhexamethylene biguanide, benzalkonium chloride or silver nitrate in combination with either cinnamaldehyde or furanone-C30 against UPEC biofilms. However, furanone-C30 was cytotoxic at concentrations below those required even for bacteriostatic activity. A dose-dependent cytotoxicity profile was observed for cinnamaldehyde when in combination with BAC, PHMB or silver nitrate. Both PHMB and silver nitrate displayed combined bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity below the half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50). Triclosan in combination with both QSIs displayed antagonistic activity in both UPEC and BSM cells. CONCLUSION PHMB and silver in combination with cinnamaldehyde display synergistic antimicrobial activity in UPEC at non-cytotoxic concentrations, suggesting potential as anti-infective catheter-coating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Capper-Parkin
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - T Nichol
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - T J Smith
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - M M Lacey
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - S Forbes
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK.
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Kirkwood JM, Strawderman MH, Ernstoff MS, Smith TJ, Borden EC, Blum RH. Interferon Alfa-2b Adjuvant Therapy of High-Risk Resected Cutaneous Melanoma: The Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Trial EST 1684. J Clin Oncol 2023; 41:425-435. [PMID: 36649675 DOI: 10.1200/jco.22.02264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Interferon alfa-2b (IFN alpha-2b) exhibits antitumor activity in metastatic melanoma and on this basis has been evaluated as an adjuvant therapy following surgery for deep primary (T4) or regionally metastatic (N1) melanoma. METHODS A randomized controlled study of IFN alpha-2b (Schering-Plough, Kenilworth, NJ) administered at maximum-tolerated doses of 20 MU/m2/d intravenously (i.v.) for 1 month and 10 MU/m2 three times per week subcutaneously (SC) for 48 weeks versus observation, was conducted by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) in 287 patients. RESULTS A significant prolongation of relapse-free survival (P = .0023, one-sided) and prolongation of overall survival (P = .0237, one-sided) was observed with IFN alpha-2b therapy in this trial, which is now mature with a median follow-up time of 6.9 years. The impact of treatment on relapse rate is most pronounced early during the treatment interval. The overall benefit of treatment in this trial was analyzed stratified by tumor burden and the presence or absence of microscopic nonpalpable and palpable regional lymph node metastasis. The benefit of therapy with IFN alpha-2b was greatest among node-positive strata. Toxicity of IFN alpha-2b required dose modification in the majority of patients, but treatment at > or = 80% of the scheduled dose was feasible in the majority of patients through the IV phase of treatment, and for more than 3 months of SC maintenance therapy. Discontinuation of treatment due to toxicity was infrequent after the fourth month of therapy. CONCLUSION IFN alpha-2b prolongs the relapse-free interval and overall survival of high-risk resected melanoma patients. The increment in median disease-free survival (from 1 to 1.7 years) and overall survival (from 2.8 to 3.8 years) that results from this therapy is associated with a 42% improvement in the fraction of patients who are continuously disease-free after treatment with IFN (from 26% to 37%) in comparison to observation. IFN alpha-2b is the first agent to show a significant benefit in relapse-free and overall survival of high-risk melanoma patients in a randomized controlled trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Kirkwood
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2582, USA
| | - M H Strawderman
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2582, USA
| | - M S Ernstoff
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2582, USA
| | - T J Smith
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2582, USA
| | - E C Borden
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2582, USA
| | - R H Blum
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2582, USA
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Smith TJ. Letter to the editor regarding Bartalena et al. 2022. J Endocrinol Invest 2022; 45:1601-1602. [PMID: 35648366 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-022-01828-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T J Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Brehm Tower, 1000 Wall Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE Our understanding of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO, A.K.A Graves' orbitopathy, thyroid eye disease) has advanced substantially, since one of us (TJS) wrote the 2010 update on TAO, appearing in this journal. METHODS PubMed was searched for relevant articles. RESULTS Recent insights have resulted from important studies conducted by many different laboratory groups around the World. A clearer understanding of autoimmune diseases in general and TAO specifically emerged from the use of improved research methodologies. Several key concepts have matured over the past decade. Among them, those arising from the refinement of mouse models of TAO, early stage investigation into restoring immune tolerance in Graves' disease, and a hard-won acknowledgement that the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) might play a critical role in the development of TAO, stand out as important. The therapeutic inhibition of IGF-IR has blossomed into an effective and safe medical treatment. Teprotumumab, a β-arrestin biased agonist monoclonal antibody inhibitor of IGF-IR has been studied in two multicenter, double-masked, placebo-controlled clinical trials demonstrated both effectiveness and a promising safety profile in moderate-to-severe, active TAO. Those studies led to the approval by the US FDA of teprotumumab, currently marketed as Tepezza for TAO. We have also learned far more about the putative role that CD34+ fibrocytes and their derivatives, CD34+ orbital fibroblasts, play in TAO. CONCLUSION The past decade has been filled with substantial scientific advances that should provide the necessary springboard for continually accelerating discovery over the next 10 years and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Neag
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, Brehm Tower, 1000 Wall Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
- Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - T J Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, Brehm Tower, 1000 Wall Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA.
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Monroe JG, Smith TJ, Koutmou KS. Investigating the consequences of mRNA modifications on protein synthesis using in vitro translation assays. Methods Enzymol 2021; 658:379-406. [PMID: 34517955 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2021.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The ribosome translates the information stored in the genetic code into functional proteins. In this process messenger RNAs (mRNAs) serve as templates for the ribosome, ensuring that amino acids are linked together in the correct order. Chemical modifications to mRNA nucleosides have the potential to influence the rate and accuracy of protein synthesis. Here, we present an in vitro Escherichia coli translation system utilizing highly purified components to directly investigate the impact of mRNA modifications on the speed and accuracy of the ribosome. This system can be used to gain insights into how individual chemical modifications influence translation on the molecular level. While the fully reconstituted system described in this chapter requires a lengthy time investment to prepare experimental materials, it is highly verstaile and enables the systematic assessment of how single variables influence protein synthesis by the ribosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy G Monroe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Tyler J Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Kristin S Koutmou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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Smith TJ, Campbell PC, Dowhan GV, Jordan NM, Johnston MD, Cuneo ME, Laity GR, McBride RD. Additively manufactured electrodes for plasma and power-flow studies in high-power transmission lines on the 1-MA MAIZE facility. Rev Sci Instrum 2021; 92:053550. [PMID: 34243342 DOI: 10.1063/5.0043856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Power-flow studies on the 30-MA, 100-ns Z facility at Sandia National Laboratories have shown that plasmas in the facility's magnetically insulated transmission lines (MITLs) and double post-hole convolute can result in a loss of current delivered to the load. To study power-flow physics on the 1-MA, 100-ns MAIZE facility at the University of Michigan, planar MITL loads and planar post-hole convolute loads have been developed that extend into the lines of sight for various imaging diagnostics on MAIZE. These loads use 3D-printed dielectric support structures lined with thin foils of either aluminum or stainless steel. The metal foils serve as the current-carrying power-flow surfaces, which generate plasma during the current pulse. The foil thickness (50 µm) and widths (11.5-16 mm) are selected to ensure a sufficient linear current density (0.5-0.7 MA/cm) for plasma formation. Laser backlighting (532 nm) and visible-light self-emission imaging capture the overall plasma evolution in the anode-cathode gaps, including the gap closure velocities (1-4 cm/μs).
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Smith
- Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - P C Campbell
- Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - G V Dowhan
- Applied Physics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - N M Jordan
- Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - M D Johnston
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M E Cuneo
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G R Laity
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - R D McBride
- Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Henly EL, Norris K, Rawson K, Zoulias N, Jaques L, Chirila PG, Parkin KL, Kadirvel M, Whiteoak C, Lacey MM, Smith TJ, Forbes S. Impact of long-term quorum sensing inhibition on uropathogenic Escherichia coli. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 76:909-919. [PMID: 33406232 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quorum sensing is an extracellular bacterial communication system used in the density-dependent regulation of gene expression and development of biofilms. Biofilm formation has been implicated in the establishment of catheter-associated urinary tract infections and therefore quorum sensing inhibitors (QSIs) have been suggested as anti-biofilm catheter coating agents. The long-term effects of QSIs in uropathogens is, however, not clearly understood. OBJECTIVES We evaluated the effects of repeated exposure to the QSIs cinnamaldehyde, (Z)-4-bromo-5(bromomethylene)-2(5H)-furanone-C30 (furanone-C30) and 4-fluoro-5-hydroxypentane-2,3-dione (F-DPD) on antimicrobial susceptibility, biofilm formation and relative pathogenicity in eight uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) isolates. METHODS MICs, MBCs and minimum biofilm eradication concentrations and antibiotic susceptibility were determined. Biofilm formation was quantified using crystal violet. Relative pathogenicity was assessed in a Galleria mellonella model. To correlate changes in phenotype to gene expression, transcriptomic profiles were created through RNA sequencing and variant analysis of genomes was performed in strain EC958. RESULTS Cinnamaldehyde and furanone-C30 led to increases in susceptibility in planktonic and biofilm-associated UPEC. Relative pathogenicity increased after cinnamaldehyde exposure (4/8 isolates), decreased after furanone-C30 exposure (6/8 isolates) and varied after F-DPD exposure (one increased and one decreased). A total of 9/96 cases of putative antibiotic cross-resistance were generated. Exposure to cinnamaldehyde or F-DPD reduced expression of genes associated with locomotion, whilst cinnamaldehyde caused an increase in genes encoding fimbrial and afimbrial-like adhesins. Furanone-C30 caused a reduction in genes involved in cellular biosynthetic processes, likely though impaired ribonucleoprotein assembly. CONCLUSIONS The multiple phenotypic adaptations induced during QSI exposure in UPEC should be considered when selecting an anti-infective catheter coating agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Henly
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - K Norris
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - K Rawson
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - N Zoulias
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - L Jaques
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - P G Chirila
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - K L Parkin
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - M Kadirvel
- Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - C Whiteoak
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - M M Lacey
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - T J Smith
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - S Forbes
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
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Smith TJ, Siddiqi A, Forte SA, Judice A, Sculco PK, Vigdorchik JM, Schwarzkopf R, Springer BD. Periprosthetic Fractures Through Tracking Pin Sites Following Computer Navigated and Robotic Total and Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review. JBJS Rev 2021; 9:e20.00091. [PMID: 33502139 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.rvw.20.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Use of computer-assisted navigation (CAN) and robotic-assisted (RA) surgery in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) both necessitate the use of tracking pins rigidly fixed to the femur and tibia. Although periprosthetic fractures through tracking pin sites are rare, there is a paucity of literature on this potential complication. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to perform a systematic review of the current literature to assess the incidence and clinical outcomes of periprosthetic fractures through tracking pin sites following CAN and RA TKA and UKA. METHODS A systematic review was performed following PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines using the PubMed, MEDLINE, and Cochrane databases in April 2020. Studies were assessed for the presence of pin site fractures, fracture characteristics, and clinical outcomes. RESULTS Seventeen clinical studies (5 case series, 1 cohort study, and 11 case reports) involving 29 pin-related fractures were included for review. The overall incidence ranged from 0.06% to 4.8%. The mean time from index arthroplasty to fracture was 9.5 weeks (range, 0 to 40 weeks). The majority of fractures occurred in the femoral diaphysis (59%). Nineteen fractures (66%) were displaced and 10 (34%) were nondisplaced or occult. The majority of cases were atraumatic in nature or involved minor trauma and were typically preceded by persistent leg pain. A transcortical pin trajectory, large pin diameter (>4 mm), diaphyseal fixation, multiple placement attempts, and the use of non-self-drilling, non-self-tapping pins were the most commonly reported risk factors for pin-related periprosthetic fractures following CAN or RA TKA. CONCLUSIONS Surgeons should maintain a high index of suspicion for pin-related fractures in patients with ongoing leg or thigh pain after CAN or RA TKA in order to avoid fracture displacement and additional morbidity. As CAN and RA TKA have unique complication risks, the debate regarding the value of technology-assisted TKA and its cost-effectiveness continues. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Smith
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ahmed Siddiqi
- Department of Orthopedics, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Salvador A Forte
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Anthony Judice
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter K Sculco
- Department of Orthopedics, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY
| | | | - Ran Schwarzkopf
- Department of Orthopedics, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Bryan D Springer
- Department of Orthopedics, Atrium Musculoskeletal Institute, OrthoCarolina Hip and Knee Center, Charlotte, North Carolina
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15
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Smith TJ, Hess SY. Infantile thiamine deficiency in South and Southeast Asia: An age-old problem needing new solutions. NUTR BULL 2021; 46:12-25. [PMID: 33776582 PMCID: PMC7986856 DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Infantile beriberi, a potentially fatal disorder caused by thiamine deficiency, is often viewed as a disease confined to history in regions of the world with predominant white rice consumption. Recent case reports have, however, highlighted the persistence of thiamine deficiency as a cause of infant mortality in South and Southeast Asia. Low infant thiamine status and incidence of beriberi is attributable to maternal thiamine deficiency and insufficient breast milk thiamine. Poor dietary diversity, food preparation and cooking practices and traditional post‐partum food restrictions likely play a role in these high‐risk regions. Given the contribution of thiamine deficiency to infant mortality and emerging evidence of long‐lasting neurodevelopmental deficits of severe and even subclinical deficiency in early life, public health strategies to prevent thiamine deficiency are urgently needed. However, efforts are hampered by uncertainties surrounding the identification and assessment of thiamine deficiency, due to the broad non‐specific clinical manifestations, commonly referred to as thiamine deficiency disorders (TDD), that overlap with other conditions resulting in frequent misdiagnosis and missed treatment opportunities, and secondly the lack of readily available and agreed upon biomarker analysis and cut‐off thresholds. This review will discuss the key challenges and limitations in the current understanding of TDD and explore how ongoing initiatives plan to fill persistent knowledge gaps, namely in the development of a standardised case definition to help more accurately diagnose and treat TDD in low‐resource settings. Given more attention and ensuring greater recognition of TDD will support the design and implementation of treatment and prevention programmes, and ensure beriberi can truly be considered ‘the forgotten disease of Asia’.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Smith
- Institute for Global Nutrition University of California Davis Davis CA USA
| | - S Y Hess
- Institute for Global Nutrition University of California Davis Davis CA USA
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16
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Smith TJ, Gowd AK, Kunkel J, Kaplin L, Waterman BR. Superior Capsular Reconstruction Provides Sufficient Biomechanical Outcomes for Massive, Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears: A Systematic Review. Arthroscopy 2021; 37:402-410. [PMID: 32950647 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To critically review the literature reporting biomechanical outcomes of superior capsular reconstruction (SCR) for the treatment of massive and/or irreparable rotator cuff tears. METHODS A systematic review was performed following PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses) guidelines using the PubMed, MEDLINE, and Cochrane Library databases in August 2020. Cadaveric studies were assessed for glenohumeral translation, subacromial contact pressure, and superior humeral translation comparing SCR with an intact cuff with reference to a torn control state. RESULTS A total of 15 studies (142 shoulders) were included in our data analysis. SCR showed improvements in superior humeral translation, subacromial contact force, and glenohumeral contact force when biomechanically compared with the massive and/or irreparably torn rotator cuff. No statistically significant differences were found between SCR and the intact rotator cuff regarding superior humeral translation (standard mean difference [SMD], 2.09 mm vs 2.50 mm; P = .54) or subacromial contact force (SMD, 2.85 mPa vs 2.83 mPa; P = .99). Significant differences were observed between SCR and the intact cuff for glenohumeral contact force only, in favor of the intact cuff (SMD, 1.73 N vs 5.45 N; P = .03). CONCLUSIONS SCR may largely restore static restraints to superior humeral translation in irreparable rotator cuff tears, although active glenohumeral compression is diminished relative to the intact rotator cuff. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Investigating the biomechanical outcomes of SCR will help surgeons better understand the effectiveness of this treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Smith
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Anirudh K Gowd
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, U.S.A
| | - John Kunkel
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Lisa Kaplin
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, U.S.A
| | - Brian R Waterman
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, U.S.A..
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17
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Smith TJ, Gowd AK, Kunkel J, Kaplin L, Hubbard JB, Coates KE, Graves BR, Waterman BR. Clinical Outcomes of Superior Capsular Reconstruction for Massive, Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears: A Systematic Review Comparing Acellular Dermal Allograft and Autograft Fascia Lata. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil 2020; 3:e257-e268. [PMID: 33615273 PMCID: PMC7879184 DOI: 10.1016/j.asmr.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate clinical outcomes after superior capsular reconstruction (SCR) for the treatment of massive and/or irreparable rotator cuff tears treated with either allograft or autograft. Methods Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, in April 2020 a systematic review was performed using PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases. Clinical studies were assessed for patient-reported outcomes and range of motion, comparing dermal allografts to fascia lata autografts, with a minimum follow-up of 12 months. Results A total of 16 clinical studies involving 598 patients (606 shoulders) were included for data analysis, with a weighted mean follow-up of 36.9 months (range 12 to 60). Visual analogue scale (VAS) pain scores decreased from 4.0 to 6.9 mm preoperatively to 0 to 2.5 mm postoperatively. American Shoulder & Elbow Surgeons score increased from 20.3 to 54.5 preoperatively to 73.7 to 97.0 postoperatively. Forward flexion increased from 27.0° to 142.7° preoperatively to 134.5° to 167.0° postoperatively. External rotation increased from 13.2° to 41.0° preoperatively to 30.0° to 59.0° postoperatively. Acromiohumeral distance increased from 3.4 to 7.1 mm preoperatively to 6.0 to 9.7 mm postoperatively. The total rates of complications, graft failure, and revision surgery were 5.6%, 13.9%, and 6.9%, respectively. Conclusions Irrespective of tissue source, SCR serves as a reasonable joint-preserving option for massive, irreparable rotator cuff tears, with favorable short- to midterm improvements in patient-reported outcomes and range of motion. Level of Evidence IV, systematic review of level III and IV studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J. Smith
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Anirudh K. Gowd
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Division of Sports Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, U.S.A
| | - John Kunkel
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Lisa Kaplin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Division of Sports Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, U.S.A
| | - John B. Hubbard
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Division of Sports Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, U.S.A
| | - Kevin E. Coates
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Division of Sports Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, U.S.A
| | - Benjamin R. Graves
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Division of Sports Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, U.S.A
| | - Brian R. Waterman
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Division of Sports Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, U.S.A
- Address correspondence to Brian R. Waterman, MD, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1070, U.S.A.
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Abstract
CASE A 33-year-old man presented with a closed distal humerus fracture after a fall from scaffolding. Computed tomography demonstrated intra-articular gas, despite the lack of arthrotomy, open fracture, or skin defects. The "vacuum phenomenon" (VP), or the presence of intra-articular gas in closed injuries, has primarily been described in the axial skeleton. To our knowledge, there are no reports in fractures of the elbow. CONCLUSION The incidence of the VP is under-reported and represents a lack of physician awareness. The VP should remain a diagnosis of exclusion; however, physicians should be aware of this phenomenon to prevent unnecessary patient harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Smith
- 1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 2Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Cooper University Hospital, Camden, New Jersey
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19
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Challa S, Smith TJ. Isolation of a methane-oxidizing bacterium that bioremediates hexavalent chromium from a formerly industrialized Suburban River. Lett Appl Microbiol 2020; 71:287-293. [PMID: 32470995 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Sediment samples were taken from sediment adjacent to a suburban river in Sheffield in Northern England that had suffered heavy metal pollution due to previous activity of the steel industry (between the 17th and 19th centuries). The most abundant heavy metals found in the samples were lead, chromium, nickel, arsenic and cobalt, with maximum concentrations of 412·80, 25·232, 25·196, 8·123 and 7·66 mg kg-1 , respectively. Enrichment cultures were set up using methane as carbon and energy source, as a result of which a strain of methanotroph was isolated that was shown via 16S rRNA gene sequencing to be a strain Methylomonas koyamae and given the designation SHU1. M. koyamae SHU1 removed hexavalent chromium from an initial concentration of 10 ppm, which was inhibited by the metabolic inhibitor sodium azide or the methane monooxygenase inhibitor phenylacetylene. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first description of a strain of the widely environmentally distributed genus Methylomonas that is capable of remediating hexavalent chromium. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Aerobic methanotrophic bacteria are known for bioremediation of an increasing range of organic and inorganic pollutants, using methane as carbon and energy source. Previously, one laboratory methanotroph strain, Methylococcus capsulatus Bath, was known to bioremediate toxic chromium (VI) by reducing it to chromium (III). Here, a newly isolated methanotroph strain, Methylomonas koyamae SHU1, has been shown able to remediate chromium (VI). This indicates that chromium (VI) bioremediation is not unique to M. capsulatus and moreover adds weight to the suggestion that methanotrophs may contribute directly to chromium (VI) detoxification in nature and in polymicrobial bioremediation fed with methane.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Challa
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, College of Heath, Wellbeing and Life Sciences, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - T J Smith
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, College of Heath, Wellbeing and Life Sciences, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
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20
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Jacob A. JA, Biros DP, Schuetzler RM, Smith TJ, Stephens PR, Syler RA, Zheng SH. When Programs Collide: A Panel Report on the Competing Interests of Analytics and Security. CAIS 2020. [DOI: 10.17705/1cais.04624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Beasley LO, Ridings LE, Smith TJ, Shields JD, Silovsky JF, Beasley W, Bard D. A Qualitative Evaluation of Engagement and Attrition in a Nurse Home Visiting Program: From the Participant and Provider Perspective. Prev Sci 2019; 19:528-537. [PMID: 29022144 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-017-0846-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Beginning parenting programs in the prenatal and early postnatal periods have a large potential for impact on later child and maternal outcomes. Home-based parenting programs, such as the Nurse Family Partnership (NFP), have been established to help address this need. Program reach and impact is dependent on successful engagement of expecting mothers with significant risks; however, NFP attrition rates remain high. The current study qualitatively examined engagement and attrition from the perspectives of NFP nurses and mothers in order to identify mechanisms that enhance service engagement. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in focus groups composed of either engaged (27 total mothers) or unengaged (15 total mothers) mothers from the NFP program. NFP nurses (25 total nurses) were recruited for individual semi-structured interviews. Results suggest that understanding engagement in the NFP program requires addressing both initial and sustained engagement. Themes associated with enhanced initial engagement include nurse characteristics (e.g., flexible, supportive, caring) and establishment of a solid nurse-family relationship founded on these characteristics. Factors impacting sustained engagement include nurse characteristics, provision of educational materials on child development, individualized services for families, and available family support. Identified barriers to completing services include competing demands and lack of support. Findings of this study have direct relevance for workforce planning, including hiring and training through integrating results regarding effective nurse characteristics. Additional program supports to enhance parent engagement may be implemented across home-based parenting programs in light of the current study's findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana O Beasley
- Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA. .,University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Jane F Silovsky
- University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - William Beasley
- University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - David Bard
- University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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22
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Olesen MN, Soelberg K, Debrabant B, Nilsson AC, Lillevang ST, Grauslund J, Brandslund I, Madsen JS, Paul F, Smith TJ, Jarius S, Asgari N. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for predicting development of multiple sclerosis in acute optic neuritis: a population-based prospective cohort study. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:59. [PMID: 30857557 PMCID: PMC6410527 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1440-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Long-term outcome in multiple sclerosis (MS) depends on early treatment. In patients with acute optic neuritis (ON), an early inflammatory event, we investigated markers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which may predict a diagnosis of MS. Methods Forty patients with acute ON were recruited in a prospective population-based cohort with median 29 months (range 19–41) of follow-up. Paired CSF and serum samples were taken within 14 days (range 2–38), prior to treatment. Prospectively, 16/40 patients were by a uniform algorithm diagnosed with MS (MS-ON) and 24 patients continued to manifest isolated ON (ION) during follow-up. Levels of cytokines and neurofilament light chain (NF-L) were measured at the onset of acute ON and compared to healthy controls (HC). Significance levels were corrected for multiple comparisons (“q”). The predictive value of biomarkers was determined with multivariable prediction models using nomograms. Results CSF TNF-α, IL-10, and CXCL13 levels were increased in MS-ON compared to those in ION patients (q = 0.021, 0.004, and 0.0006, respectively). MS-ON patients had increased CSF pleocytosis, IgG indices, and oligoclonal bands (OCBs) compared to ION (q = 0.0007, q = 0.0058, and q = 0.0021, respectively). CSF levels of IL-10, TNF-a, IL-17A, and CXCL13 in MS-ON patients correlated with leukocyte counts (r > 0.69 and p < 0.002) and IgG index (r > 0.55, p < 0.037). CSF NF-L levels were increased in ON patients compared to those in HC (q = 0.0077). In MS-ON, a progressive increase in NF-L levels was observed at 7 to 14 days after disease onset (r = 0.73, p < 0.0065). Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves for two multivariable prediction models were generated, with IL-10, CXCL13, and NF-L in one (“candidate”) and IgG index, OCB, and leukocytes in another (“routine”). Area under the curve was 0.89 [95% CI 0.77–1] and 0.86 [0.74–0.98], respectively. Predictions of the risk of MS diagnosis were illustrated by two nomograms. Conclusions CSF TNF-α, IL-10, CXCL13, and NF-L levels were associated with the development of MS, suggesting that the inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes occurred early. Based on subsequent diagnosis, we observed a high predictive value of routine and candidate biomarkers in CSF for the development of MS in acute ON. The nomogram predictions may be useful in the diagnostic work-up of MS. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-019-1440-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Olesen
- Department of Neurology, Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Biochemistry, Lillebælt Hospital, Vejle, Denmark.,Institutes of Regional Health Research and Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Winsloewsvej 25.2, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - K Soelberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse, Denmark.,Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Odense Patient data Explorative Network (OPEN), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - B Debrabant
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - A C Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - S T Lillevang
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - J Grauslund
- Department of Ophthalmology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - I Brandslund
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Biochemistry, Lillebælt Hospital, Vejle, Denmark.,Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - J S Madsen
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Biochemistry, Lillebælt Hospital, Vejle, Denmark.,Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - F Paul
- Clinical and Experimental Multiple Sclerosis Research Center and NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - T J Smith
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - S Jarius
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - N Asgari
- Department of Neurology, Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse, Denmark. .,Institutes of Regional Health Research and Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Winsloewsvej 25.2, 5000, Odense C, Denmark. .,Odense Patient data Explorative Network (OPEN), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
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Abstract
Intrusive sexual behaviors (ISBs) are a specific type of problematic sexual behavior characterized by the invasive nature of the acts (e.g., touching others' private parts, attempting intercourse; Friedrich, 1997). The limited amount of research on ISBs has focused on sexual abuse history as the primary predictor. However, Friedrich, Davies, Feher, and Wright (2003) found that ISBs in children up to age 12 were related to four broad conceptual factors: (a) exposure to sexual content, (b) exposure to violent behavior, (c) family adversity, and (d) child vulnerabilities. The current study sought to replicate Friedrich's study using a clinical sample of 217 preschool-aged children (ages two to six). Results supported variables from within the child vulnerabilities construct (externalizing behaviors, βEXT = 0.032, p = 0.001), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) criteria met (βPTSD = 0.177, p = 0.02), and an inverse relationship with age (βAGE = -0.206, p = 0.024). These results highlight the importance of considering childhood behavioral patterns and reactivity to traumatic events as correlates of ISBs in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Som Bohora
- c Department of Pediatrics , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
| | - Jane F Silovsky
- c Department of Pediatrics , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
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24
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Smith TJ. Abstract ES11-4: Balancing active treatment and palliative care in ABC patients. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs17-es11-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: The benefits of concurrent palliative care (PC) started early (within 8 weeks of diagnosis) versus late (near end of life (EOL) are established such that ASCO recommends for all advanced cancer patients. (Ferrell, JCO 2017) Benefits include better quality of life (QOL), symptoms, depression, distress, care at the end of life, equal or lower cost, and equal or improved survival. These benefits can accrue to breast cancer patients. (Distelhorst SR. Lancet Oncol. 2015) However, there will never be enough PC specialists so we must do primary palliative care alongside our oncology.
Methods: Literature search.
Results: Concurrent PC can be applied to breast cancer patients like other cancer patients. To get the same results as on the randomized clinical trials (RCT), practice must change to duplicate the RCT methods. Remember, “Usual” oncology practice was the control group in all the RCTs and was inferior to oncology + palliative care. We recommend the TEAM approach (Smith TJ, JOP 2017): Time-an extra hour each month assessing symptoms, coping, distress, spirituality, prognostic awareness, advance care planning. This can be in person or virtual, but is essential. E-education about realistic options, prognosis, and ACP. A-formal assessments of symptoms (ESAS, MSAS-C, etc.), spirituality, coping, mood. M-management by a team of MD, APN, social worker and chaplain.
Some special considerations in mABC include the long journey with many potential treatments; the promise of immunotherapy (that realistically helps 10-20%); the young age of many patients; and the difficulty of discussing heart-breaking topics like ACP, EOL decisions, and DNR.
Suggestions: 1. Establish a close working relationship with trusted PC partners, and refer early. If late in the course, refer at least 3 months before expected death to allow the PC team to help with transitions, avoid EOL hospitalizations, and save over $5200. (Scibetta C. J Palliat Med. 2016) 2. To do PC in the office, remember these tips. At each visit, ask “How are you and your family coping?” At each scan or assessment, ask “Would you like to discuss what this means?” This allows them to control the information. Only 4 of 64 oncs discussed prognosis at CT visits (Singh S, JOP 2017) even when this is the right time, as you know the disease trajectory and future has changed. 3. Set up a hospice information visit when you think the person might have 6 months to live (“surprise question”) to ensure a planned transition to hospice under your direction with an average time of 30 days, rather than abandoning them to a new treatment team near EOL. 4. Learn PC tricks: duloxetine is the only drug besides opioids proven to help CIPN (Smith E, JAMA 2013) so don't start with gabapentin or pregabalin. Trial topical 1% menthol for CIPN (Fallon M, Supp Care Ca 2015). Ask “What is your understanding of your situation?” on a regular basis. (Leong, Shah, Smith JOP 2016) 5. Automatically refer to PC with the start of immunotherapy, or DNA analysis for targets, 3rd line chemo, any effusion or hypercalcemia. If available, utilize navigators to improve care and reduce spending and EOL hospitalizations. (Rocque GB Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2017)
I will illustrate how to use the TEAM method to integrate PC into our care.
Citation Format: Smith TJ. Balancing active treatment and palliative care in ABC patients [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2017 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(4 Suppl):Abstract nr ES11-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- TJ Smith
- Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
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Soelberg K, Skejoe HPB, Grauslund J, Smith TJ, Lillevang ST, Jarius S, Wildemann B, Paul F, Asgari N. Magnetic resonance imaging findings at the first episode of acute optic neuritis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2017; 20:30-36. [PMID: 29291481 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optic neuritis (ON) is a focal demyelinating event, which may evolve into multiple sclerosis (MS). OBJECTIVE To study MRI characteristics in the acute phase of the first ON episode. METHODS A prospective population-based study was performed on 31 patients with a first episode of acute ON with a one year follow-up. MRI, clinical evaluation, and detection of aquaporin-4 (AQP4)-IgG and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-IgG was undertaken. For lesion characterization on MRI the optic nerves were divided into three segments: intra-orbital (IO), canalicular (CAN) and chiasmal (CHI). RESULTS Lesions of the optic nerve were observed in 80.6%(25/31), with IO location in 48%(12/25), CAN in 8% (2/25) and both IO and CAN in 44%(11/25). Patients who converted to MS had lesions located at IO in 77%(10/13), whereas the group with isolated ON had IO and CAN in 73% (8/11), p = 0.003. Brain lesions were observed in 84% (21/25) at onset of ON; 62%(13/25) progressed to MS with more frequent location in brainstem (p = 0.030) and lesions in periventricular areas (p = 0.015). Spinal cord lesions were detected only in patients who progressed to MS (p = 0.002). MOG-IgG was detected in one patient with an optic nerve lesion located at IO and CAN. Serum AQP4-IgG was detected in none. Follow-up MRI showed progression in optic nerve lesions in 55% (11/20) patients. CONCLUSIONS Specific location of optic nerve and brain lesions and the presence of spinal cord lesions in the acute phase of the first ON episode facilitated an MS diagnosis. The extension of optic nerve lesions following ON suggests a long-term progressive degeneration as an important element of ON pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Soelberg
- Institutes of Regional Health Research and Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense Patient data Explorative Network (OPEN), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Departments of Neurology, Slagelse Hospital & Lillebaelt Hospital, Denmark; Department of Ophthalmology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark.
| | - H P B Skejoe
- Department of Radiology, Aleris-Hamlet Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - J Grauslund
- Department of Ophthalmology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - T J Smith
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - S T Lillevang
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark.
| | - S Jarius
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - B Wildemann
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - F Paul
- Clinical and Experimental Multiple Sclerosis Research Center and NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - N Asgari
- Department of Neurology Slagelse Hospital, Institute of Regional Health Research, Denmark; Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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Soelberg K, Jarius S, Skejoe H, Engberg H, Mehlsen JJ, Nilsson AC, Madsen JS, Reindl M, Wildemann B, Grauslund J, Kyvik KO, Smith TJ, Lillevang ST, Paul F, Weinshenker BG, Asgari N. A population-based prospective study of optic neuritis. Mult Scler 2017; 23:1893-1901. [PMID: 28980518 DOI: 10.1177/1352458517734070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optic neuritis (ON) is often associated with multiple sclerosis (MS). Early diagnosis is critical to optimal patient management. OBJECTIVE To estimate the incidence of acute ON and the rates of conversion to MS and antibody-mediated ON. METHOD Population-based prospective study was performed in patients with ON from three ophthalmological departments and 44 practicing ophthalmologists from 2014 to 2016. Ophthalmological and neurological examination, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), determination of aquaporin-4(AQP4)-IgG and myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-IgG were investigated blindly. RESULTS In all, 63 patients were evaluated and 51 fulfilled the criteria for ON. All were Caucasian, with female:male ratio of 2.2:1 and a median age of 38 years (16-66); 44 (86%) had a single episode of ON (four bilateral), while 7/51 (14%) had recurrent ON. The overall age-specific incidence was 3.28 (2.44-4.31) per 100,000 person years, 2.02 for men and 4.57 for women. At follow-up, 20 patients met the diagnostic criteria for MS, MRI lesions disseminated in space and time in 17/20 patients. AQP4-IgG was detected in none, MOG-IgG was detected in two patients. CONCLUSION The prospective incidence of ON was estimated. MRI enabled a diagnosis of MS in a subgroup of patients. Antibody-mediated ON with specificity for MOG was detected in 4% of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Soelberg
- Departments of Regional Health Research and Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark/Odense Patient data Explorative Network (OPEN), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark/Department of Neurology, Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse, Denmark/Department of Neurology, Lillebaelt Hospital, Vejle, Denmark/Department of Ophthalmology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - S Jarius
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hpb Skejoe
- Department of Radiology, Aleris-Hamlet Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - H Engberg
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark/Research Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - J J Mehlsen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lillebaelt Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
| | - A C Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - J S Madsen
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Biochemistry, Lillebaelt Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
| | - M Reindl
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - B Wildemann
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J Grauslund
- Department of Ophthalmology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark/Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - K O Kyvik
- Odense Patient data Explorative Network (OPEN), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark/Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - T J Smith
- Departments of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences and Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - S T Lillevang
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - F Paul
- Clinical and Experimental Multiple Sclerosis Research Center and NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany/Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - N Asgari
- Department of Neurology, Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse, Denmark/Departments of Regional Health Research, Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark/Odense Patient data Explorative Network (OPEN), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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Abstract
Vaccinations are considered one of public health's greatest accomplishments. Despite evidence for vaccine effectiveness, uptake levels are still well below the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's guidelines. The immunization decision-making process for parents is complex and depends on factors associated with knowledge and experiences. This qualitative study sought to expand on a previous decision-making model for immunizations by examining how individuals receive vaccination information, determining the role of experience in influencing decisions, and understanding how young adults might locate vaccination information in the future. Three focus groups were conducted with 29 undergraduate students without children. Results suggest that young adults exhibit an awareness of information regarding vaccine use and effectiveness, value doctor opinions and recommendations, and desire more robust research on vaccinations. Implications of these results include the importance of (1) disseminating vaccination education to young adults, (2) enhancing consistency/trust between medical professionals and youth, and (3) expanding public policy to increase vaccine uptake.
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28
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Frew NM, Cannon T, Nichol T, Smith TJ, Stockley I. Comparison of the elution properties of commercially available gentamicin and bone cement containing vancomycin with 'home-made' preparations. Bone Joint J 2017; 99-B:73-77. [PMID: 28053260 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.99b1.bjj-2016-0566.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Vancomycin is commonly added to acrylic bone cement during revision arthroplasty surgery. Proprietary cement preparations containing vancomycin are available, but are significantly more expensive. We investigated whether the elution of antibiotic from 'home-made' cement containing vancomycin was comparable with more expensive commercially available vancomycin impregnated cement. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 18 cement discs containing either proprietary CopalG+V; or 'home-made' CopalR+G with vancomycin added by hand, were made. Each disc contained the same amount of antibiotic (0.5 g gentamycin, 2 g vancomycin) and was immersed in ammonium acetate buffer in a sealed container. Fluid from each container was sampled at eight time points over a two-week period. The concentrations of gentamicin and vancomycin in the fluid were analysed using high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. RESULTS The highest peak concentrations of antibiotic were observed from the 'home-made' cements containing vancomycin, added as in the operating theatre. The overall elution of antibiotic was, fivefold (vancomycin) and twofold (gentamicin) greater from the 'home-made' mix compared with the commercially mixed cement. The use of a vacuum during mixing had no significant effect on antibiotic elution in any of the samples. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the addition of 2 g vancomycin powder to gentamicin-impregnated bone cement by hand significantly increases the elution of both antibiotics compared with commercially prepared cements containing vancomycin. We found no significant advantages of using expensive commercially produced vancomycin-impregnated cement and recommend the addition of vancomycin powder by hand in the operating theatre. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2017;99-B:73-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Frew
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Herries Road, Sheffield, S5 7AU, UK
| | - T Cannon
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Herries Road, Sheffield, S5 7AU, UK
| | - T Nichol
- Sheffield Hallam University, City Campus, Howard Street, Sheffield, S1 1WB, UK
| | - T J Smith
- Sheffield Hallam University, City Campus, Howard Street, Sheffield, S1 1WB, UK
| | - I Stockley
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Herries Road, Sheffield, S5 7AU, UK
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29
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Flynn SP, Kelleher SM, Acorn JN, Kurzbuch D, Daniels S, McDonagh C, Clancy E, Smith TJ, Nooney R. Ultrasensitive microarray bioassays using cyanine5 dye-doped silica nanoparticles. Nanotechnology 2016; 27:465501. [PMID: 27749269 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/46/465501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report the use of high brightness Cyanine5-doped silica nanoparticles (NPs) for the detection of antibodies or DNA in microarray bioassays. NP labels showed negligible non-specific binding, greater sensitivity and lower limits of detection when compared to free dye-labelled biomolecules. Moreover, the spotted microarrays used in this study required low NP and antibody concentrations to generate large data sets with improved statistical accuracy. These NPs have significant potential for use in biosensing for disease detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Flynn
- Biomedical Diagnostics Institute, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
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30
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Sockolow P, Schug S, Zhu J, Smith TJ, Senathirajah Y, Bloom S. At-risk adolescents as experts in a new requirements elicitation procedure for the development of a smart phone psychoeducational trauma-informed care application. Inform Health Soc Care 2016; 42:77-96. [PMID: 27259373 DOI: 10.1080/17538157.2016.1177532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Adolescents from urban, socioeconomically disadvantaged communities of color encounter high rates of adverse childhood experiences. To address the resulting multidimensional problems, we developed an innovative approach, Experiential Participatory and Interactive Knowledge Elicitation (EPIKE), using remote experiential needs elicitation methods to generate design and content requirements for a mobile health (mHealth) psychoeducational intervention. METHODS At a community-based organization in a northeastern city, the research team developed EPIKE by incorporating elicitation of input on the graphics and conducting remotely recorded experiential meetings and iterative reviews of the design to produce an mHealth smartphone story application (app) prototype for the participants to critique. The 22 participants were 13- to 17-year-olds, predominantly African American and female, from underresourced communities. RESULTS The four goals of the design process were attained: 1) story development from participant input; 2) needs-elicitation that reflected the patient-centered care approach; 3) interactive story game creation that accommodates the participants' emotional and cognitive developmental needs; 4) development of a game that adolescents can relate to and that which matches their comfort levels of emotional intensity. CONCLUSIONS The EPIKE approach can be used successfully to identify the needs of adolescents across the digital divide to inform the design and development of mHealth apps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Sockolow
- a College of Nursing and Health Professions, Drexel University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Seran Schug
- b Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Rowan University , Glassboro , NJ , USA
| | - Jichen Zhu
- c Westphal College of Media Arts and Design, Drexel University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - T J Smith
- d Alliance For Positive Health , Albany , NY , USA
| | | | - Sandra Bloom
- a College of Nursing and Health Professions, Drexel University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
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31
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Smith TJ, Foegeding EA, Drake MA. Flavor and Functional Characteristics of Whey Protein Isolates from Different Whey Sources. J Food Sci 2016; 81:C849-57. [PMID: 26910294 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated flavor and functional characteristics of whey protein isolates (WPIs) from Cheddar, Mozzarella, Cottage cheese, and rennet casein whey. WPIs were manufactured in triplicate. Powders were rehydrated and evaluated in duplicate by descriptive sensory analysis. Volatile compounds were extracted by solid-phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Functional properties were evaluated by measurement of foam stability, heat stability, and protein solubility. WPI from Cheddar and Cottage cheese whey had the highest cardboard flavor, whereas sweet aromatic flavor was highest in Mozzarella WPI, and rennet casein WPI had the lowest overall flavor and aroma. Distinct sour taste and brothy/potato flavor were also noted in WPI from Cottage cheese whey. Consistent with sensory results, aldehyde concentrations were also highest in Cheddar and Cottage cheese WPI. Overrun, yield stress, and foam stability were not different (P > 0.05) among Cheddar, Mozzarella, and rennet casein WPI, but WPI foams from Cottage cheese whey had a lower overrun and air-phase fraction (P < 0.05). Cottage cheese WPI was more heat stable at pH 7 (P < 0.05) than other WPI in 4% protein solutions, and was the only WPI to not gel at 10% protein. Cottage cheese WPI was less soluble at pH 4.6 compared to other WPI (P < 0.05) and also exhibited higher turbidity loss at pH 3 to 7 compared to other WPI (P < 0.05). This study suggests that WPI produced from nontraditional whey sources could be used in new applications due to distinct functional and flavor characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Smith
- Dept. of Food, Bioprocessing & Nutrition Sciences, Southeast Dairy Foods Research Center, North Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC, 27695, U.S.A
| | - E A Foegeding
- Dept. of Food, Bioprocessing & Nutrition Sciences, Southeast Dairy Foods Research Center, North Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC, 27695, U.S.A
| | - M A Drake
- Dept. of Food, Bioprocessing & Nutrition Sciences, Southeast Dairy Foods Research Center, North Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC, 27695, U.S.A
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Smith TJ, Sellaturay S, Kulkarni R. A tip to improve the clarity of vision during intrarenal surgery. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2015; 98:73. [PMID: 26688413 DOI: 10.1308/rcsann.2016.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T J Smith
- Ashford and St Peter's Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , UK
| | - S Sellaturay
- Ashford and St Peter's Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , UK
| | - R Kulkarni
- Ashford and St Peter's Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , UK
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Kelleher SM, Nooney RI, Flynn SP, Clancy E, Burke M, Daly S, Smith TJ, Daniels S, McDonagh C. Multivalent linkers for improved covalent binding of oligonucleotides to dye-doped silica nanoparticles. Nanotechnology 2015; 26:365703. [PMID: 26294441 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/36/365703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the fabrication of oligonucleotide-coated Cy5-doped silica nanoparticles using a combination of multivalent linkers and their use in surface-based DNA sandwich hybridization assays. Dipodal silane is introduced as a means to fabricate amine-coated silica nanoparticles and its advantages compared to monopodal silanes are discussed. The use of dipodal silane in conjunction with three different polymer linkers (oxidized dextran, linear and 8-arm polyethylene glycol (PEG)) to immobilize single-stranded DNA to Cy5-doped nanoparticles is investigated and dynamic light scattering measurements and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy are used to follow the progression of the functionalization of the nanoparticles. We observe a significant improvement in the binding stability of the single-stranded DNA when the dipodal silane and 8-arm PEG are used in combination, when compared to alternative conjugation strategies. Both 8mer and 22mer oligonucleotides are securely conjugated to the high-brightness nanoparticles and their availability to hybridize with a complementary strand is confirmed using solution-based DNA hybridization experiments. In addition, a full surface-based sandwich assay demonstrates the potential these nanoparticles have in the detection of less than 500 femtomolar of a DNA analogue of micro RNA, miR-451.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Kelleher
- Biomedical Diagnostics Institute, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
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Shagina NB, Tolstykh EI, Fell TP, Smith TJ, Harrison JD, Degteva MO. Strontium biokinetic model for the lactating woman and transfer to breast milk: application to Techa River studies. J Radiol Prot 2015; 35:677-694. [PMID: 26295519 DOI: 10.1088/0952-4746/35/3/677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a biokinetic model for strontium metabolism in the lactating woman and transfer to breast milk for members of Techa River communities exposed as a result of discharges of liquid radioactive wastes from the Mayak plutonium production facility (Russia) in the early 1950s. This model was based on that developed for the International Commission for Radiological Protection with modifications to account for population specific features of breastfeeding and maternal bone mineral metabolism. The model is based on a biokinetic model for the adult female with allowances made for changes in mineral metabolism during periods of exclusive and partial breast-feeding. The model for females of all ages was developed earlier from extensive data on (90)Sr-body measurements for Techa Riverside residents. Measurements of (90)Sr concentrations in the maternal skeleton and breast milk obtained in the1960s during monitoring of global fallout in the Southern Urals region were used for evaluation of strontium transfer to breast and breast milk. The model was validated with independent data from studies of global fallout in Canada and measurements of (90)Sr body-burden in women living in the Techa River villages who were breastfeeding during maximum (90)Sr-dietary intakes. The model will be used in evaluations of the intake of strontium radioisotopes in breast milk by children born in Techa River villages during the radioactive releases and quantification of (90)Sr retention in the maternal skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- N B Shagina
- Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine, Chelyabinsk, 454076, Russia
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35
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Kristensen B, Hegedüs L, Madsen HO, Smith TJ, Nielsen CH. Altered balance between self-reactive T helper (Th)17 cells and Th10 cells and between full-length forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3) and FoxP3 splice variants in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 180:58-69. [PMID: 25412700 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
T helper type 17 (Th17) cells play a pathogenic role in autoimmune disease, while interleukin (IL)-10-producing Th10 cells serve a protective role. The balance between the two subsets is regulated by the local cytokine milieu and by the relative expression of intact forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3) compared to FoxP3Δ2, missing exon 2. Th17 and Th10 cell differentiation has usually been studied using polyclonal stimuli, and little is known about the ability of physiologically relevant self-antigens to induce Th17 or Th10 cell differentiation in autoimmune thyroid disease. We subjected mononuclear cells from healthy donors and patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) or Graves' disease (GD) to polyclonal stimulation, or stimulation with human thyroglobulin (TG), human thyroid peroxidase (TPO), or Esherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). TPO and LPS induced increased differentiation of naive CD4(+) CD45RA(+) CD45R0(-) T cells from HT patients into Th17 cells. Th10 cell proportions were decreased in HT after polyclonal stimulation, but were comparable to those of healthy donors after antigen-specific stimulation. Taken together, our data show that an increased Th17 : Th10 ratio was found in HT patients after stimulation with thyroid-specific self-antigens. We also observed an elevated baseline production of IL-6 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and of mRNA encoding FoxP3Δ2 rather than intact FoxP3. This may contribute to the skewing towards Th17 cell responses in HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kristensen
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Department of Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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36
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Erickson SD, Smith TJ, Moses LM, Watt RK, Colton JS. Non-native Co-, Mn-, and Ti-oxyhydroxide nanocrystals in ferritin for high efficiency solar energy conversion. Nanotechnology 2015; 26:015703. [PMID: 25490522 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/1/015703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dot solar cells seek to surpass the solar energy conversion efficiencies achieved by bulk semiconductors. This new field requires a broad selection of materials to achieve its full potential. The 12 nm spherical protein ferritin can be used as a template for uniform and controlled nanocrystal growth, and to then house the nanocrystals for use in solar energy conversion. In this study, precise band gaps of titanium, cobalt, and manganese oxyhydroxide nanocrystals within ferritin were measured, and a change in band gap due to quantum confinement effects was observed. The range of band gaps obtainable from these three types of nanocrystals is 2.19-2.29 eV, 1.93-2.15 eV, and 1.60-1.65 eV respectively. From these measured band gaps, theoretical efficiency limits for a multi-junction solar cell using these ferritin-enclosed nanocrystals are calculated and found to be 38.0% for unconcentrated sunlight and 44.9% for maximally concentrated sunlight. If a ferritin-based nanocrystal with a band gap similar to silicon can be found (i.e. 1.12 eV), the theoretical efficiency limits are raised to 51.3% and 63.1%, respectively. For a current matched cell, these latter efficiencies become 41.6% (with an operating voltage of 5.49 V), and 50.0% (with an operating voltage of 6.59 V), for unconcentrated and maximally concentrated sunlight respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Erickson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
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Sow SLS, Khoo G, Chong LK, Smith TJ, Harrison PL, Ong HKA. Molecular diversity of the methanotrophic bacteria communities associated with disused tin-mining ponds in Kampar, Perak, Malaysia. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 30:2645-53. [PMID: 24929362 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-014-1687-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study, notable differences of several physicochemical properties, as well as the community structure of ammonia oxidizing bacteria as judged by 16S rRNA gene analysis, were observed among several disused tin-mining ponds located in the town of Kampar, Malaysia. These variations were associated with the presence of aquatic vegetation as well as past secondary activities that occurred at the ponds. Here, methane oxidizing bacteria (MOB), which are direct participants in the nutrient cycles of aquatic environments and biological indicators of environmental variations, have been characterised via analysis of pmoA functional genes in the same environments. The MOB communities associated with disused tin-mining ponds that were exposed to varying secondary activities were examined in comparison to those in ponds that were left to nature. Comparing the sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the pmoA clone libraries at the different ponds (idle, lotus-cultivated and post-aquaculture), we found pmoA genes indicating the presence of type I and type II MOB at all study sites, but type Ib sequences affiliated with the Methylococcus/Methylocaldum lineage were most ubiquitous (46.7 % of clones). Based on rarefaction analysis and diversity indices, the disused mining pond with lotus culture was observed to harbor the highest richness of MOB. However, varying secondary activity or sample type did not show a strong variation in community patterns as compared to the ammonia oxidizers in our previous study.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L S Sow
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, Kampar, 31900, Perak, Malaysia
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Colton JS, Erickson SD, Smith TJ, Watt RK. Sensitive detection of surface- and size-dependent direct and indirect band gap transitions in ferritin. Nanotechnology 2014; 25:135703. [PMID: 24583827 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/25/13/135703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ferritin is a protein nano-cage that encapsulates minerals inside an 8 nm cavity. Previous band gap measurements on the native mineral, ferrihydrite, have reported gaps as low as 1.0 eV and as high as 2.5-3.5 eV. To resolve this discrepancy we have used optical absorption spectroscopy, a well-established technique for measuring both direct and indirect band gaps. Our studies included controls on the protein nano-cage, ferritin with the native ferrihydrite mineral, and ferritin with reconstituted ferrihydrite cores of different sizes. We report measurements of an indirect band gap for native ferritin of 2.140 ± 0.015 eV (579.7 nm), with a direct transition appearing at 3.053 ± 0.005 eV (406.1 nm). We also see evidence of a defect-related state having a binding energy of 0.220 ± 0.010 eV . Reconstituted ferrihydrite minerals of different sizes were also studied and showed band gap energies which increased with decreasing size due to quantum confinement effects. Molecules that interact with the surface of the mineral core also demonstrated a small influence following trends in ligand field theory, altering the native mineral's band gap up to 0.035 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Colton
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Brigham Young University, Provo UT 84602, USA
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Smith TJ, Li XE, Drake MA. Short communication: norbixin and bixin partitioning in Cheddar cheese and whey. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:3321-7. [PMID: 24704237 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Cheddar cheese colorant annatto is present in whey and must be removed by bleaching. Chemical bleaching negatively affects the flavor of dried whey ingredients, which has established a need for a better understanding of the primary colorant in annatto, norbixin, along with cheese color alternatives. The objective of this study was to determine norbixin partitioning in cheese and whey from full-fat and fat-free Cheddar cheese and to determine the viability of bixin, the nonpolar form of norbixin, as an alternative Cheddar cheese colorant. Full-fat and fat-free Cheddar cheeses and wheys were manufactured from colored pasteurized milk. Three norbixin (4% wt/vol) levels (7.5, 15, and 30 mL of annatto/454 kg of milk) were used for full-fat Cheddar cheese manufacture, and 1 norbixin level was evaluated in fat-free Cheddar cheese (15 mL of annatto/454 kg of milk). For bixin incorporation, pasteurized whole milk was cooled to 55 °C, and then 60 mL of bixin/454 kg of milk (3.8% wt/vol bixin) was added and the milk homogenized (single stage, 8 MPa). Milk with no colorant and milk with norbixin at 15 mL/454 kg of milk were processed analogously as controls. No difference was found between the norbixin partition levels of full-fat and fat-free cheese and whey (cheese mean: 79%, whey: 11.2%). In contrast to norbixin recovery (9.3% in whey, 80% in cheese), 1.3% of added bixin to cheese milk was recovered in the homogenized, unseparated cheese whey, concurrent with higher recoveries of bixin in cheese (94.5%). These results indicate that fat content has no effect on norbixin binding or entrapment in Cheddar cheese and that bixin may be a viable alternative colorant to norbixin in the dairy industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Smith
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, Southeast Dairy Foods Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695
| | - X E Li
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, Southeast Dairy Foods Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695
| | - M A Drake
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, Southeast Dairy Foods Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695.
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Zaman M, Zaman S, Nguyen ML, Smith TJ, Nawaz S. The effect of urease and nitrification inhibitors on ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions from simulated urine patches in pastoral system: a two-year study. Sci Total Environ 2013; 465:97-106. [PMID: 23375867 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This field study evaluated the effects of applying a combination of urease (UI) and nitrification inhibitors (NI) on ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission from urine patches, using zeolite, single superphosphate (SSP) and urea fertilizer as a carrier. The trial was conducted on a Typic Haplustepts silt loam soil, near Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand during 2009-11. The treatments in 2009 included: a control (no urine or inhibitor), urine alone at 600 kg N ha(-1), and urine with either double inhibitor (DI) a mixture (1:7 ratio w/w) of UI (N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (nBTPT - trade name Agrotain®) and NI, dicyandiamide (DCD) or DCD alone at 10 kg ha(-1) using zeolite and SSP as carriers. In 2010 trials, both zeolite and urea were used as carriers for DI and DCD. DI-zeolite and DI-urea were equally effective and reduced the average NH3 losses from applied urine over two years by 34.6% in autumn and 40% in spring respectively. The nBTPT in DI-SSP was decomposed by the free acid produced during its dissolution and therefore increased NH3 emission as does DCD alone. DCD consistently increased NH3 emissions by 39% and 15.6% in autumn and spring respectively. Spring application resulted in NH3-N losses of 16.9% as a percentage of the total N applied compared to 8.4% in autumn. Over the two years, the DI reduced N2O emissions by 53% in autumn and 46% in spring over urine alone treatment; the equivalent reductions for DCD were 42% and 39% for autumn and spring, respectively. These results suggest that applying DI in autumn and spring using zeolite or urea carrier five days prior to grazing has the most potential to reduce NH3 and N2O losses from specific urination event than using DCD alone; and therefore warrants further research to improve its longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zaman
- Ballance Agri-Nutrients Limited New Zealand, Private Bag 12503, Tauranga Mail Centre, Tauranga 3143, New Zealand.
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Silbermann M, Epner DE, Charalambous H, Baider L, Puchalski CM, Balducci L, Gultekin M, Abdalla RF, Daher M, Al-Tarawneh MR, Smith TJ. Promoting new approaches for cancer care in the Middle East. Ann Oncol 2013; 24 Suppl 7:vii5-10. [PMID: 24001764 PMCID: PMC3767160 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdt267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is now the fastest growing killing disease in the Middle East. Accordingly, there is an urgent need to train local health professionals: oncologists, palliative care experts, oncology nurses, psychologists, along with social workers, physiotherapists and spiritual counselors on strategies for early detection, curative therapies and palliation. Professionals in the region, along with the public, need to convince medical administrators, regulators and policymakers about investing in education and training of YOUNG professionals, as well as those with already proven experience in cancer care. Training is the basis for any future cancer care program, which aims at the integration of palliative care practices into standard oncology care across the trajectory of the illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Silbermann
- Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 15 Kiryat Sefer Street, Haifa, Israel.
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Mekuria TA, Smith TJ, Beers E, Watson GW, Eastwell KC. First Report of Transmission of Little cherry virus 2 to Sweet Cherry by Pseudococcus maritimus (Ehrhorn) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Plant Dis 2013; 97:851. [PMID: 30722637 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-12-12-1115-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Little cherry virus 2 (LChV2; genus Ampelovirus, family Closteroviridae) is associated with Little Cherry Disease (LCD), one of the most economically destructive diseases of sweet cherry (Prunus avium (L.)) in North America (1). Since 2010, incidence of LCD associated with LChV2 confirmed by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assays has increased in orchards of Washington State. LChV2 was known to be transmitted by the apple mealybug (Phenacoccus aceris (Signoret)) (3). However, the introduction of Allotropus utilis, a parasitoid platygastrid wasp (2) for biological control, contributed to keeping insect populations below the economic threshhold. In recent years, the population of grape mealybug (Pseudococcus maritimus (Ehrhorn)) increased in cherry orchards of Washington State (Beers, personal observation). Since grape mealybug is reported to transmit Grapevine leafroll associated virus 3 (Ampelovirus) in grapevine (4), this study investigated whether this insect would also transmit LChV2. A colony of grape mealybugs on Myrobalan plum (Prunus cerasifera Ehrh.) trees was identified visually and morphologically from slide mounts. In a growth chamber, first and second instar crawlers were fed on fresh cut shoots of sweet cherry infected with a North American strain (LC5) of LChV2. After an acquisition period of 7 days, 50 crawlers were transferred to each young potted sweet cherry trees, cv. Bing, confirmed free from LChV2 by RT-PCR. This process was repeated in two trials to yield a total of 21 potted trees exposed to grape mealybug. One additional tree was left uninfested as a negative control. After 1 week, the trees were treated with pesticide to eliminate the mealybugs. Two to four months after the inoculation period, leaves were collected from each of the recipient trees and tested by RT-PCR for the presence of LChV2. To reduce the possibility of virus contamination from residual mealybug debris on leaf surfaces, the trees were allowed to defoliate naturally. After a 3-month dormant period, the new foliage that emerged was then tested. Two sets of primers: LC26L (GCAGTACGTTCGATAAGAG) and LC26R (AACCACTTGATAGTGTCCT) (1); and LC2.13007F (GTTCGAAAGTGTTTCTTGA) and LC2.14545R (CATTATYTTACTAATGGTATGAC) (this study) were used to amplify a partial segment of the replicase gene (409 bp) and the complete (1,080 bp) coat protein gene of LChV2, respectively. Of 21 trees tested, 18 yielded positive results for LChV2. The reaction products from six randomly selected trees were cloned and the virus identity was verified by sequencing. The sequences of RT-PCR amplicons from both primer pairs showed ≥99% identity to LChV2, strain LC5 (GenBank Accession No. AF416335). The result confirmed that P. maritimus transmits LChV2, a significant finding for this cherry production region. Grape mealybug is of increasing concern in the tree fruit industry because it is difficult to control in established orchards. The presence of infested orchards that serve as reservoirs of both LCD and this insect vector present a challenge for management. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report to show transmission of LChV2 by grape mealybug. References: (1) K. C. Eastwell and M. G. Bernardy. Phytopathology 91:268, 2001. (2) C. F. W. Muesbeck. Can Entomol. 71:158, 1939. (3) J. R. D. Raine et al. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 8:6, 1986. (4) R. Sforza et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 109:975, 2003.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Mekuria
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, IAREC, Prosser, 99350
| | - T J Smith
- Washington State University County Extension, Wenatchee, 98801
| | - E Beers
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, TFREC, Wenatchee, 98801
| | - G W Watson
- Plant Pest Diagnostic Center, California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, 95832
| | - K C Eastwell
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, IAREC, Prosser, 99350
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Abstract
Researchers studying infants' spontaneous allocation of attention have traditionally relied on hand-coding infants' direction of gaze from videos; these techniques have low temporal and spatial resolution and are labor intensive. Eye-tracking technology potentially allows for much more precise measurement of how attention is allocated at the subsecond scale, but a number of technical and methodological issues have given rise to caution about the quality and reliability of high temporal resolution data obtained from infants. We present analyses suggesting that when standard dispersal-based fixation detection algorithms are used to parse eye-tracking data obtained from infants, the results appear to be heavily influenced by interindividual variations in data quality. We discuss the causes of these artifacts, including fragmentary fixations arising from flickery or unreliable contact with the eyetracker and variable degrees of imprecision in reported position of gaze. We also present new algorithms designed to cope with these problems by including a number of new post hoc verification checks to identify and eliminate fixations that may be artifactual. We assess the results of our algorithms by testing their reliability using a variety of methods and on several data sets. We contend that, with appropriate data analysis methods, fixation duration can be a reliable and stable measure in infants. We conclude by discussing ways in which studying fixation durations during unconstrained orienting may offer insights into the relationship between attention and learning in naturalistic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Wass
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck College, University of London, London, WC1E 7HX, UK.
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Nahrgang J, Brooks SJ, Evenset A, Camus L, Jonsson M, Smith TJ, Lukina J, Frantzen M, Giarratano E, Renaud PE. Seasonal variation in biomarkers in blue mussel (Mytilus edulis), Icelandic scallop (Chlamys islandica) and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua): implications for environmental monitoring in the Barents Sea. Aquat Toxicol 2013; 127:21-35. [PMID: 22310169 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In the Barents Sea, the limited data on biological relevant indicators and their responses to various anthropogenic stressors have hindered the development of a consistent scientific basis for selecting indicator species and developing practical procedures for environmental monitoring. Accordingly, the main aim of the present study was to develop a common set of baseline values for contaminants and biomarkers in three species, and to identify their strengths and limitations in monitoring of the Barents Sea. Blue mussel (Mytilus edulis), Icelandic scallop (Chlamys islandica) and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) were sampled from a north Norwegian fjord in March, June, September and December 2010. Digestive glands from the bivalve species and liver from Atlantic cod were analysed for biomarkers of oxidative stress (catalase [CAT], glutathione peroxidase [GPX], glutathione-S-transferase activities [GST], lipid peroxidation as thiobarbituric reactive substances [TBARS] and total oxyradical scavenging capacity [TOSC]), biotransformation (ethoxyresorufine-O-deethylase activity [EROD]) and general stress (lysosomal membrane stability [LMS]). Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and metals in the bivalves and PAH metabolites in fish bile were quantified. Finally, energy reserves (total lipids, proteins and carbohydrates) and electron transport system (ETS) activity in the digestive gland of the bivalves and liver of Atlantic cod provided background information for reproductive cycle and general physiological status of the organisms. Blue mussel and Icelandic scallop showed very similar trends in biological cycle, biomarker expression and seasonality. Biomarker baselines in Atlantic cod showed weaker seasonal variability. However, important biological events may have been undetected due to the large time intervals between sampling occasions. Physiological biomarkers such as energy reserves and ETS activity were recommended as complementary parameters to the commonly used stress biomarkers, as they provided valuable information on the physiological status of the studied organisms. Interpretation of the seasonality in oxidative stress biomarkers was in general difficult but TOSC and lipid peroxidation were preferred over the antioxidant enzyme activities. This study is the first reporting seasonal baseline in these three species in a sub-Arctic location. Overall, the Icelandic scallop was considered the most adequate organism for environmental monitoring in the Barents Sea due to the interpretability of the biomarker data as well as its abundance, ease to handle and wide distribution from the southern Barents Sea to Svalbard.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Nahrgang
- Akvaplan-niva, FRAM Centre, Tromsø, Norway.
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Abstract
The data are relatively clear cut that palliative care improves quality of life and symptom control, improves quality of care by reducing aggressive but unsuccessful end of life care, and reduces costs. That should be an easy message to deliver to the public, health care administrators, payers, and governments. In fact, the arguments to develop palliative care services must be clear and concise, and make the clinical and financial case for the services that the palliative care team wants to deliver. Here, we discuss some of the types of models including consult services, outpatient programs, and inpatient units; the important components; some easy to use screening tools; components of the consultation team; a model medical record that increases "prompts" to do best palliative care; and data to report to supervisors.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Smith
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Medicine, 600 N.Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287-0005, USA.
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Keller MJ, Malone AM, Carpenter CA, Lo Y, Huang M, Corey L, Willis R, Nguyen C, Kennedy S, Gunawardana M, Guerrero D, Moss JA, Baum MM, Smith TJ, Herold BC. Safety and pharmacokinetics of aciclovir in women following release from a silicone elastomer vaginal ring. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 67:2005-12. [PMID: 22556381 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dks151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Systemic aciclovir and its prodrug valaciclovir are effective in treating and reducing recurrences of genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) and reducing transmission. Local aciclovir delivery, if it can achieve and maintain comparable intracellular genital tract levels, may be equally effective in the treatment and suppression of genital HSV. Intravaginal ring (IVR) delivery of aciclovir may provide pre-exposure prophylaxis against HSV acquisition. METHODS Tolerability and pharmacokinetics were evaluated in six HIV-negative women with recurrent genital HSV who switched their daily oral valaciclovir suppression to an aciclovir IVR for 7 days (n = 3) or 14 days (n = 3). Blood and cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) were collected after oral and IVR dosing to measure aciclovir concentrations and genital swabs were obtained to quantify HSV shedding by PCR. RESULTS The rings were well tolerated. Median plasma aciclovir concentrations were 110.2 ng/mL (IQR, 85.9-233.5) 12-18 h after oral valaciclovir. Little or no drug was detected in plasma following IVR dosing. Median (IQR) CVL aciclovir levels were 127.3 ng/mL (21-660.8) 2 h after oral valaciclovir, 154.4 ng/mL (60.7-327.5) 12-18 h after oral valaciclovir and 438 ng/mL (178.5-618.5) after 7 days and 393 ng/mL (31.6-1615) after 14 days of aciclovir ring use. Median CVL aciclovir levels 2 h after oral dosing were similar to levels observed 7 (P = 0.99) and 14 (P = 0.75) days after ring use. HSV DNA was not detected in genital swabs and there was no significant change in inflammatory mediators. CONCLUSIONS This first-in-human study demonstrated that an IVR could safely deliver mucosal levels of aciclovir similar to oral valaciclovir without systemic absorption. More intensive site-specific pharmacokinetic studies are needed to determine whether higher local concentrations are needed to achieve optimal drug distribution within the genital tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Keller
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Garcia-Rodriguez C, Geren IN, Lou J, Conrad F, Forsyth C, Wen W, Chakraborti S, Zao H, Manzanarez G, Smith TJ, Brown J, Tepp WH, Liu N, Wijesuriya S, Tomic MT, Johnson EA, Smith LA, Marks JD. Neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies binding multiple serotypes of botulinum neurotoxin. Protein Eng Des Sel 2010; 24:321-31. [PMID: 21149386 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzq111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulism, a disease of humans characterized by prolonged paralysis, is caused by botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), the most poisonous substances known. There are seven serotypes of BoNT (A-G) which differ from each other by 34-64% at the amino acid level. Each serotype is uniquely recognized by polyclonal antibodies, which originally were used to classify serotypes. To determine if there existed monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) capable of binding two or more serotypes, we evaluated the ability of 35 yeast-displayed single-chain variable fragment antibodies generated from vaccinated humans or mice for their ability to bind multiple BoNT serotypes. Two such clonally related human mAbs (1B18 and 4E17) were identified that bound BoNT serotype A (BoNT/A) and B or BoNT/A, B, E and F, respectively, with high affinity. Using molecular evolution techniques, it proved possible to both increase affinity and maintain cross-serotype reactivity for the 4E17 mAb. Both 1B18 and 4E17 bound to a relatively conserved epitope at the tip of the BoNT translocation domain. Immunoglobulin G constructed from affinity matured variants of 1B18 and 4E17 were evaluated for their ability to neutralize BoNT/B and E, respectively, in vivo. Both antibodies potently neutralized BoNT in vivo demonstrating that this epitope is functionally important in the intoxication pathway. Such cross-serotype binding and neutralizing mAbs should simplify the development of antibody-based BoNT diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Garcia-Rodriguez
- Department of Anesthesia and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California-San Francisco, Rm 3C-38, San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Ave., San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
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Smith TJ. Potential role for bone marrow-derived fibrocytes in the orbital fibroblast heterogeneity associated with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 162:24-31. [PMID: 20659126 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04219.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast heterogeneity has been recognized for decades, but the basis for multiple phenotypes among these cells has been investigated only recently. More than 15 years ago, Bucalla and his colleagues described for the first time a population of fibroblast-like cells among circulating mononuclear blood cells. Subsequently these mesenchymal cells, termed fibrocytes, have been characterized and found to participate in normal and pathological tissue remodelling. In this review, I have attempted to present the evidence generated thus far suggesting that fibrocytes are participants in autoimmune diseases where tissues are injured and undergo remodelling. Aspects of their phenotype suggest that they are well suited to help orchestrate immune responses through mononuclear cell recruitment and their ability to produce inflammatory mediators and extracellular matrix molecules. These attributes also raise the possibility that they might be useful targets against which therapeutic agents might be aimed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Division of Metabolism and Endocrine Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Fine JM, Baillargeon AM, Tokarev JV, Cooner JM, Smith TJ, Svitak AL, Krogh K, Thornton LT, Frey WH, Hanson LR. P1‐129: Intranasal deferoxamine improves memory and decreases GSK3β activity in C57 mice. Alzheimers Dement 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2010.05.678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - William H. Frey
- HealthPartners Research FoundationSt. Paul MN USA
- University of MinnesotaMinneapolis MN USA
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