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Bouteldja AA, Penichet D, Srivastava LK, Cermakian N. The circadian system: A neglected player in neurodevelopmental disorders. Eur J Neurosci 2024. [PMID: 38816965 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Patients with neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder, often display abnormal circadian rhythms. The role of the circadian system in these disorders has gained considerable attention over the last decades. Yet, it remains largely unknown how these disruptions occur and to what extent they contribute to the disorders' development. In this review, we examine circadian system dysregulation as observed in patients and animal models of neurodevelopmental disorders. Second, we explore whether circadian rhythm disruptions constitute a risk factor for neurodevelopmental disorders from studies in humans and model organisms. Lastly, we focus on the impact of psychiatric medications on circadian rhythms and the potential benefits of chronotherapy. The literature reveals that patients with neurodevelopmental disorders display altered sleep-wake cycles and melatonin rhythms/levels in a heterogeneous manner, and model organisms used to study these disorders appear to support that circadian dysfunction may be an inherent characteristic of neurodevelopmental disorders. Furthermore, the pre-clinical and clinical evidence indicates that circadian disruption at the environmental and genetic levels may contribute to the behavioural changes observed in these disorders. Finally, studies suggest that psychiatric medications, particularly those prescribed for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and schizophrenia, can have direct effects on the circadian system and that chronotherapy may be leveraged to offset some of these side effects. This review highlights that circadian system dysfunction is likely a core pathological feature of neurodevelopmental disorders and that further research is required to elucidate this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Bouteldja
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Danae Penichet
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Lalit K Srivastava
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Cermakian
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Boiko DI, Chopra H, Bilal M, Kydon PV, Herasymenko LO, Rud VO, Bodnar LA, Vasylyeva GY, Isakov RI, Zhyvotovska LV, Mehta A, Skrypnikov AM. Schizophrenia and disruption of circadian rhythms: An overview of genetic, metabolic and clinical signs. Schizophr Res 2024; 264:58-70. [PMID: 38101179 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
A molecular clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus, which is entrained by the dark-light cycle and controls the sleep-wake cycle, regulates circadian rhythms. The risk of developing mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, has long been linked to sleep abnormalities. Additionally, a common aspect of mental disorders is sleep disturbance, which has a direct impact on the intensity of the symptoms and the quality of life of the patient. This relationship can be explained by gene alterations such as CLOCK in schizophrenia which are also important components of the physiological circadian rhythm. The function of dopamine and adenosine in circadian rhythm should also be noted, as these hypotheses are considered to be the most popular theories explaining schizophrenia pathogenesis. Therefore, determining the presence of a causal link between the two can be key to identifying new potential targets in schizophrenia therapy, which can open new avenues for clinical research as well as psychiatric care. We review circadian disruption in schizophrenia at the genetic, metabolic, and clinical levels. We summarize data about clock and clock-controlled genes' alterations, neurotransmitter systems' impairments, and association with chronotype in schizophrenia patients. Our findings demonstrate that in schizophrenia either homeostatic or circadian processes of sleep regulation are disturbed. Also, we found an insufficient number of studies aimed at studying the relationship between known biological phenomena of circadian disorders and clinical signs of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmytro I Boiko
- Department of Psychiatry, Narcology and Medical Psychology, Poltava State Medical University, Poltava, Ukraine.
| | - Hitesh Chopra
- Department of Biosciences, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai-602105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- College of Pharmacy, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - Pavlo V Kydon
- Department of Psychiatry, Narcology and Medical Psychology, Poltava State Medical University, Poltava, Ukraine
| | - Larysa O Herasymenko
- Department of Psychiatry, Narcology and Medical Psychology, Poltava State Medical University, Poltava, Ukraine
| | - Vadym O Rud
- Department of Psychiatry, Narcology and Medical Psychology, Poltava State Medical University, Poltava, Ukraine
| | - Lesia A Bodnar
- Department of Psychiatry, Narcology and Medical Psychology, Poltava State Medical University, Poltava, Ukraine
| | - Ganna Yu Vasylyeva
- Department of Psychiatry, Narcology and Medical Psychology, Poltava State Medical University, Poltava, Ukraine
| | - Rustam I Isakov
- Department of Psychiatry, Narcology and Medical Psychology, Poltava State Medical University, Poltava, Ukraine
| | - Liliia V Zhyvotovska
- Department of Psychiatry, Narcology and Medical Psychology, Poltava State Medical University, Poltava, Ukraine
| | - Aashna Mehta
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Medicine, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Andrii M Skrypnikov
- Department of Psychiatry, Narcology and Medical Psychology, Poltava State Medical University, Poltava, Ukraine
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Yegin Z, Sarisoy G, Erguner Aral A, Koc H. For whom the circadian clock ticks? Investigation of PERIOD and CLOCK gene variants in bipolar disorder. Chronobiol Int 2021; 38:1109-1119. [PMID: 34112033 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2021.1917594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Clock genes play significant roles in the regulation of circadian rhythms, which are thought to be involved in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. We aimed to investigate the association of five gene polymorphisms (PER3 VNTR (rs57875989), PER2 rs2304672, CLOCK rs1801260, CLOCK rs10462028, CLOCK rs11932595) with PCR-based methods as potential risk factors in bipolar disorder (BD). We used a multiple testing methodology in BD patients (n = 121) and healthy control individuals (n = 121) of Turkish descent to analyze the effects of these gene variants both as risk factors for the disorder and for the evaluation of these variants in the patient group with multiple subscales. We evaluated the circadian rhythm disturbances and seasonal variations in mood and behavior in BD patients using the Biological Rhythms Interview of Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (BRIAN) and Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ) to enlighten the possible links between these scores and the studied circadian gene variants. The results of our study revealed significant associations: PER3 VNTR (rs57875989) 5/5 repeat genotype displayed a protective effect against BD when compared with 4/4 repeat genotype. Moreover, patients with PER3 VNTR 5/5 repeat genotype displayed a higher ratio of hypomania. PER2 rs2304672 G allele frequency increased the risk for BD. There was no association in terms of genotype/allele frequency comparisons between patients and controls for CLOCK gene variants. However, significant associations were found in patients in terms of clinical and behavioral patterns such as mean age at disease onset and BRIAN total scores enabling some risk stratifications for patients. Our results indicate the significance of circadian gene variants in BD, which need to be confirmed in different studies with larger samples. Thus, the possible endophenotypes of BD can be enlightened and advanced chronotherapeutics approaches can be manipulated in the future for clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Yegin
- Medical Laboratory Techniques Program, Vocational School of Health Services, Sinop University, Sinop, Turkey
| | - Gokhan Sarisoy
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Ayse Erguner Aral
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Haydar Koc
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, Cankiri Karatekin University, Cankiri, Turkey
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Schuch JB, Genro JP, Bastos CR, Ghisleni G, Tovo-Rodrigues L. The role of CLOCK gene in psychiatric disorders: Evidence from human and animal research. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2018; 177:181-198. [PMID: 28902457 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The circadian clock system drives daily rhythms in physiology, metabolism, and behavior in mammals. Molecular mechanisms of this system consist of multiple clock genes, with Circadian Locomotor Output Cycles Kaput (CLOCK) as a core member that plays an important role in a wide range of behaviors. Alterations in the CLOCK gene are associated with common psychiatric disorders as well as with circadian disturbances comorbidities. This review addresses animal, molecular, and genetic studies evaluating the role of the CLOCK gene on many psychiatric conditions, namely autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder, and substance use disorder. Many animal experiments focusing on the effects of the Clock gene in behavior related to psychiatric conditions have shown consistent biological plausibility and promising findings. In humans, genetic and gene expression studies regarding disorder susceptibility, sleep disturbances related comorbidities, and response to pharmacological treatment, in general, are in agreement with animal studies. However, the number of controversial results is high. Literature suggests that the CLOCK gene exerts important influence on these conditions, and influences the susceptibility to phenotypes of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline B Schuch
- Laboratory of Immunosenescence, Graduate Program in Biomedical Gerontology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Julia P Genro
- Graduate Program in Bioscience, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Clarissa R Bastos
- Laboratory of Clinical Neuroscience, Graduate Program in Health and Behavior, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gabriele Ghisleni
- Laboratory of Clinical Neuroscience, Graduate Program in Health and Behavior, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luciana Tovo-Rodrigues
- Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Diversity of human clock genotypes and consequences. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 119:51-81. [PMID: 23899594 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-396971-2.00003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The molecular clock consists of a number of genes that form transcriptional and posttranscriptional feedback loops, which function together to generate circadian oscillations that give rise to circadian rhythms of our behavioral and physiological processes. Genetic variations in these clock genes have been shown to be associated with phenotypic effects in a repertoire of biological processes, such as diurnal preference, sleep, metabolism, mood regulation, addiction, and fertility. Consistently, rodent models carrying mutations in clock genes also demonstrate similar phenotypes. Taken together, these studies suggest that human clock-gene variants contribute to the phenotypic differences observed in various behavioral and physiological processes, although to validate this requires further characterization of the molecular consequences of these polymorphisms. Investigating the diversity of human genotypes and the phenotypic effects of these genetic variations shall advance our understanding of the function of the circadian clock and how we can employ the clock to improve our overall health.
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Calati R, Gaspar-Barba E, Yukler A, Serretti A. T3111C CLOCK SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM AND MOOD DISORDERS: A META-ANALYSIS. Chronobiol Int 2010; 27:706-21. [DOI: 10.3109/07420521003681480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Serretti A, Gaspar-Barba E, Calati R, Cruz-Fuentes CS, Gomez-Sanchez A, Perez-Molina A, De Ronchi D. 3111T/C CLOCKGENE POLYMORPHISM IS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP DISTURBANCES IN UNTREATED DEPRESSED PATIENTS. Chronobiol Int 2010; 27:265-77. [DOI: 10.3109/07420521003663785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Zhang J, Liao G, Liu C, Sun L, Liu Y, Wang Y, Jiang Z, Wang Z. The association of CLOCK gene T3111C polymorphism and hPER3 gene 54-nucleotide repeat polymorphism with Chinese Han people schizophrenics. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:349-54. [PMID: 20364331 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0114-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Many reports have shown that the biologic rhythm could be altered due to mutations of circadian gene hClock or hPeriod, and the mutations of circadian genes have some relationship with psychosis according to recent studies. A preliminary study has been conducted to examine wether the T3111C single nucleotide polymorphism of the hClock gene or the length polymorphism of the hPer3 gene is associated with the development of schizophrenia. The samples from schizophrenics (n=148, male: 57.4%, female: 42.6%) and normal controls (n=199, male: 59.3%, female: 40.7%) were examined. Allele frequencies of T3111C SNP of hClock were significantly different between schizophrenics and controls (χ2=19.738, P<0.05). Schizophrenics had a significantly higher frequency of the C allele compared with controls (OR=2.613, 95% CI=1.693-4.034). On the other hand, there is no significant difference of allele frequencies of 18 exon of hper3 between schizophrenics and controls (χ2=0.192, P>0.05). Our results suggest that the T3111C (RS1801260) polymorphism of hClock gene is associated with schizophrenia, but it seems that the length polymorphism of 18 exon of hPer3 may not be associated with schizophrenia. It is important to address of the relationship between circadian gene polymorphisms and dopamine functions in further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Health Ministry Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Obesity is one of the most profound public health problems today, and simplistic explanations based on excessive nutritional consumption or lack of physical activity are inadequate to account for this dramatic and literal growth in our world population. Recent reports have suggested that disruptions in sleep patterns, often linked to our '24-h' lifestyle, are associated with increased body fat and altered metabolism, although the cause-effect relationship for these associations has yet to be elucidated. Abnormal sleep/wake patterns likely alter intracellular circadian clocks, which are molecular mechanisms that enable the cell/tissue/organism to anticipate diurnal variations in its environment. The environment may include circulating levels of nutrients (e.g. glucose, fatty acids and triglycerides) and various hormones (e.g. insulin, glucocorticoids). As such, alterations in this molecular mechanism, in particular within the adipocyte, likely induce metabolic changes that may potentiate disrupted metabolism, adipose accumulation and/or obesity. Although diurnal variations in adipokines and adipose tissue metabolism have been observed, little is known regarding the molecular mechanisms that influence these events.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Bray
- Department of Pediatrics, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030, USA.
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Takao T, Tachikawa H, Kawanishi Y, Mizukami K, Asada T. CLOCK gene T3111C polymorphism is associated with Japanese schizophrenics: a preliminary study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2007; 17:273-6. [PMID: 17116390 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2006.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2006] [Revised: 09/05/2006] [Accepted: 09/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The CLOCK gene has attracted attention due to its influence on the circadian rhythm, as well as its impacts on the dopaminergic system. We conducted a preliminary study to examine whether the T3111C single nucleotide polymorphism of the CLOCK gene is associated with the development of schizophrenia by examining samples from schizophrenics (n=145) and normal controls (n=128). Both genotype and allele frequencies were significantly different between schizophrenics and controls (p=0.022, p=0.015, respectively). Schizophrenics had a significantly higher frequency of the C allele compared to controls (odds ratio 1.76, 95% CI 1.12-2.75). In particular, disorganized and residual type schizophrenics had significantly higher C allele frequencies than controls (p=0.004 and p=0.037, respectively). Our results suggest that the T3111C polymorphism of the CLOCK gene is associated with schizophrenia. It is important to explore the association between CLOCK and dopamine function, and to examine the impact of CLOCK on phenotypes such as symptoms and drug response in patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Takao
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Sciences for Control of Pathological Processes, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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