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Szczepanska-Sadowska E, Wsol A, Cudnoch-Jedrzejewska A, Czarzasta K, Żera T. Multiple Aspects of Inappropriate Action of Renin-Angiotensin, Vasopressin, and Oxytocin Systems in Neuropsychiatric and Neurodegenerative Diseases. J Clin Med 2022; 11:908. [PMID: 35207180 PMCID: PMC8877782 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11040908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The cardiovascular system and the central nervous system (CNS) closely cooperate in the regulation of primary vital functions. The autonomic nervous system and several compounds known as cardiovascular factors, especially those targeting the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), the vasopressin system (VPS), and the oxytocin system (OTS), are also efficient modulators of several other processes in the CNS. The components of the RAS, VPS, and OTS, regulating pain, emotions, learning, memory, and other cognitive processes, are present in the neurons, glial cells, and blood vessels of the CNS. Increasing evidence shows that the combined function of the RAS, VPS, and OTS is altered in neuropsychiatric/neurodegenerative diseases, and in particular in patients with depression, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, autism, and schizophrenia. The altered function of the RAS may also contribute to CNS disorders in COVID-19. In this review, we present evidence that there are multiple causes for altered combined function of the RAS, VPS, and OTS in psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, such as genetic predispositions and the engagement of the RAS, VAS, and OTS in the processes underlying emotions, memory, and cognition. The neuroactive pharmaceuticals interfering with the synthesis or the action of angiotensins, vasopressin, and oxytocin can improve or worsen the effectiveness of treatment for neuropsychiatric/neurodegenerative diseases. Better knowledge of the multiple actions of the RAS, VPS, and OTS may facilitate programming the most efficient treatment for patients suffering from the comorbidity of neuropsychiatric/neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Szczepanska-Sadowska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (A.C.-J.); (K.C.); (T.Ż.)
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Xue B, Yu Y, Wei SG, Beltz TG, Guo F, Felder RB, Johnson AK. Stress-Induced Sensitization of Angiotensin II Hypertension Is Reversed by Blockade of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme or Tumor Necrosis Factor-α. Am J Hypertens 2019; 32:909-917. [PMID: 31063551 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpz075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by a disordered stress response and associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk. The present study investigated whether angiotensin (Ang) II-elicited hypertensive response is sensitized in a model of PTSD and whether inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α prior to PTSD blocks this sensitization of Ang II hypertension. METHODS The resident-intruder paradigm was used to model PTSD. Each intruder rat (male Sprague-Dawley) was given normal drinking water or was pretreated with either an ACE inhibitor (captopril) or a TNF-α inhibitor (pentoxifylline) in the drinking water for 2 weeks. Subsequently, they were exposed to a different resident (male Long-Evans) for 2 hours on 3 days with each session separated by 1 day and then received a subcutaneous infusion of Ang II for 2 weeks. RESULTS The stressed rats had a significantly enhanced hypertensive response to the Ang II infusion (stressed Δ40.2 ± 3.9 mm Hg vs. unstressed Δ20.5 ± 4.5 mm Hg) and an upregulation of mRNA or protein expression of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and proinflammatory cytokine (PIC) components and of a microglial marker in the lamina terminalis and hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus when compared with unstressed control rats. Both the sensitized hypertensive response and enhanced gene and protein expression were blocked by pretreatment with either ACE (Δ21.3 ± 3.9 mm Hg) or TNF-α inhibitor (Δ21.4 ± 2.6 mm Hg). CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that upregulation of the brain RAS and PICs produced by severe stress contributes to traumatic-induced sensitization of hypertensive response to Ang II, and disorders such as PTSD may predispose individuals to development of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojian Xue
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- The Franҫois M. Abboud Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Shun-Guang Wei
- The Franҫois M. Abboud Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Terry G Beltz
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Fang Guo
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Robert B Felder
- The Franҫois M. Abboud Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Alan Kim Johnson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- The Franҫois M. Abboud Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Żera T, Nowiński A, Segiet A, Smykiewicz P. Microglia and brain angiotensin type 1 receptors are involved in desensitising baroreflex by intracerebroventricular hypertonic saline in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Auton Neurosci 2019; 217:49-57. [PMID: 30704975 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
High salt diet alters cardiovascular control by increasing concentration of sodium ions (Na+) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and is a risk factor for hypertension. Hypernatremic conditions activate microglia and upregulate renin-angiotensin system in the brain. Thus, we checked if chronic elevation of CSF Na+ affects neural control of circulatory system via microglia and brain angiotensin type 1 receptors (AT1Rs). Normotensive adult male Sprague-Dawley rats received two-week intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of either isoosmotic saline (0.9% NaCl); hyperosmotic saline (5% NaCl); 5% NaCl with minocycline - inhibitor of microglia; 5% NaCl with losartan - AT1R blocker. Fluid intake, urine output, and urinary Na+ excretion were measured before and during ICV infusions. At the end of ICV infusions, blood pressure and heart rate were recorded in awake rats at rest, in response to acute air jet stressor, during pharmacological evaluation of baroreflex, and after autonomic ganglia blockade. CSF and blood were collected for evaluation of Na+ concentration. Baroreflex was blunted in rats ICV infused with 5% NaCl. ICV treatment with losartan or minocycline prevented decrease in baroreflex sensitivity. Hemodynamic parameters at rest, in response to acute stressor and autonomic ganglia blockade were similar in all groups. Neither treatment affected water intake, urine output and urinary Na+ excretion. ICV infusion of 5% NaCl resulted in higher concentration of Na+ in CSF than in control group (0.9% NaCl) and in plasma. Our results indicate that chronic ICV infusion of hyperosmotic saline blunts baroreflex in normotensive rats and this desensitization is mediated by microglia and AT1Rs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tymoteusz Żera
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, the Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Artur Nowiński
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, the Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Segiet
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, the Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Smykiewicz
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, the Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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Tomasova L, Drapala A, Jurkowska H, Wróbel M, Ufnal M. Na 2S, a fast-releasing H 2S donor, given as suppository lowers blood pressure in rats. Pharmacol Rep 2017; 69:971-977. [PMID: 28822959 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2017.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is involved in blood pressure control. The available slow-releasing H2S-donors are poorly soluble in water and their ability to release H2S in biologically relevant amounts under physiological conditions is questionable. Therefore, new slow-releasing donors or new experimental approaches to fast-releasing H2S donors are needed. METHODS Hemodynamics and ECG were recorded in male, anesthetized Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) and in Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) at baseline and after: 1) intravenous (iv) infusion of vehicle or Na2S; 2) administration of vehicle suppositories or Na2S suppositories. RESULTS Intravenously administered vehicle and vehicle suppositories did not affect mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) and heart rate (HR). Na2S administered iv caused a significant, but transient (2-5min) decrease in MABP. Na2S suppositories produced a dose-dependent hypotensive response that lasted ∼45min in WKY and ∼75-80min in SHR. It was accompanied by a decrease in HR in WKY, and an increase in HR in SHR. Na2S suppositories did not produce a significant change in corrected QT, an indicator of cardiotoxicity. Na2S suppositories increased blood level of thiosulfates, products of H2S oxidation. CONCLUSIONS Na2S administered in suppositories exerts a prolonged hypotensive effect in rats, with no apparent cardiotoxic effect. SHR and WKY differ in hemodynamic response to the H2S donor. Suppository formulation of fast-releasing H2S donors may be useful in research, if a reference slow-releasing H2S donor is not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Tomasova
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Institute of Clinical and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Adrian Drapala
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Halina Jurkowska
- Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maria Wróbel
- Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Ufnal
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland.
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Sikora M, Konopelski P, Pham K, Wyczalkowska-Tomasik A, Ufnal M. Repeated restraint stress produces acute and chronic changes in hemodynamic parameters in rats. Stress 2016; 19:621-629. [PMID: 27696923 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2016.1244667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Noninvasive hemodynamic measurements in rats require placing animals in restrainers. To minimize restraint stress-induced artifacts several habituation protocols have been proposed, however, the results are inconclusive. Here, we evaluated if a four-week habituation is superior to a shorter habituation, or no habituation. This is the first study comparing different habituation protocols with the use of four-week continuous telemetry measurements. We did the experiments on male, 16-week old, Sprague-Dawley rats. Continuous recordings of mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) and heart rate (HR) were made before and during habituation protocols. Rats were subjected either to control (four weeks of restraint-free recordings, n = 5) or two-week (seven restraints, n = 6) or four-week (14 restraints, n = 6) restraint sessions. The restraint protocols included placement of rats in the middle of the dark phase into plastic restrainers as used for tail-cuff measurements. Restraint lasted for 60 min, and was repeated every second day. Each restraint significantly increased MABP (by 15-25 mmHg) and HR (by 40-120 beats/min). Exposure to the restraint protocols decreased diurnal variation in MABP. There was no hemodynamic adaptation to repeated restraint, and no significant difference in hemodynamic response to restraint among controls, the two-week and the four-week groups. In conclusion, our study indicates that measurements in restrained rats are not likely being made without stress-induced changes in MABP. Moreover, in hemodynamic studies in repeatedly restrained rats longer habituation is not superior to shorter habituation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Sikora
- a Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Center for Preclinical Research , Medical University of Warsaw , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Piotr Konopelski
- a Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Center for Preclinical Research , Medical University of Warsaw , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Kinga Pham
- a Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Center for Preclinical Research , Medical University of Warsaw , Warsaw , Poland
| | | | - Marcin Ufnal
- a Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Center for Preclinical Research , Medical University of Warsaw , Warsaw , Poland
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Tomasova L, Dobrowolski L, Jurkowska H, Wróbel M, Huc T, Ondrias K, Ostaszewski R, Ufnal M. Intracolonic hydrogen sulfide lowers blood pressure in rats. Nitric Oxide 2016; 60:50-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Wood CS, Valentino RJ, Wood SK. Individual differences in the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system: Relevance to stress-induced cardiovascular vulnerability. Physiol Behav 2016; 172:40-48. [PMID: 27423323 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Repeated exposure to psychosocial stress is a robust sympathomimetic stressor and as such has adverse effects on cardiovascular health. While the neurocircuitry involved remains unclear, the physiological and anatomical characteristics of the locus coeruleus (LC)-norepinephrine (NE) system suggest that it is poised to contribute to stress-induced cardiovascular vulnerability. A major theme throughout is to review studies that shed light on the role that the LC may play in individual differences in vulnerability to social stress-induced cardiovascular dysfunction. Recent findings are discussed that support a unique plasticity in afferent regulation of the LC, resulting in either excitatory or inhibitory input to the LC during establishment of different stress coping strategies. This contrasting regulation of the LC by either afferent regulation, or distinct differences in stress-induced neuroinflammation would translate to differences in cardiovascular regulation and may serve as the basis for individual differences in the cardiopathological consequences of social stress. The goal of this review is to highlight recent developments in the interplay between the LC-NE and cardiovascular systems during repeated stress in an effort to advance therapeutic treatments for the development of stress-induced cardiovascular vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Wood
- Department of Pharmacology Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, United States
| | - Rita J Valentino
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4399, United States
| | - Susan K Wood
- Department of Pharmacology Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, United States.
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Finnell JE, Wood SK. Neuroinflammation at the interface of depression and cardiovascular disease: Evidence from rodent models of social stress. Neurobiol Stress 2016; 4:1-14. [PMID: 27981185 PMCID: PMC5146276 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A large body of evidence has emerged linking stressful experiences, particularly from one's social environment, with psychiatric disorders. However, vast individual differences emerge in susceptibility to developing stress-related pathology which may be due to distinct differences in the inflammatory response to social stress. Furthermore, depression is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, another inflammatory-related disease, and results in increased mortality in depressed patients. This review is focused on discussing evidence for stress exposure resulting in persistent or sensitized inflammation in one individual while this response is lacking in others. Particular focus will be directed towards reviewing the literature underlying the impact that neuroinflammation has on neurotransmitters and neuropeptides that could be involved in the pathogenesis of comorbid depression and cardiovascular disease. Finally, the theme throughout the review will be to explore the notion that stress-induced inflammation is a key player in the high rate of comorbidity between psychosocial disorders and cardiovascular disease.
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Key Words
- 5-HT, Serotonin
- BDNF, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- CRF, Corticotrophin-releasing factor
- CRP, C reactive protein
- CVD, Cardiovascular disease
- DA, Dopamine
- DR, Dorsal raphe
- IL, Interleukin
- IL-1Ra, Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist
- IL-1r2, Interleukin 1 receptor type 2
- INF, Interferon
- KYN, Kynurenine
- LC, Locus coeruleus
- LPS, Lipopolysaccharide
- MCP, Monocyte chemoattractant protein
- NE, Norepinephrine
- NPY, Neuropeptide Y
- PTSD, Post traumatic stress disorder
- SSRI, Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor
- TNF, Tumor necrosis factor
- Trk, Tyrosine receptor kinase
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie E Finnell
- Department of Pharmacology Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Susan K Wood
- Department of Pharmacology Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
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Król M, Ufnal M, Szulczyk B, Podsadni P, Drapała A, Turło J, Dawidowski M. Characterization of Disopyramide derivative ADD424042 as a non-cardiotoxic neuronal sodium channel blocker with broad-spectrum anticonvulsant activity in rodent seizure models. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 81:42-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Delaunois A, De Ron P, Detrait E, Guyaux M. Inhibitory effects of sigma-1 ligands on handling-induced tachycardia in conscious tethered rats. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2013; 27:354-63. [PMID: 22486521 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2012.01042.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We used conscious tethered Sprague-Dawley rats to evaluate the cardiovascular effects of four sigma-1 (σ1 ) agonists and five antagonists, given alone or in combination. All drugs were administered as a single intraperitoneal dose. The agonists were given at doses reported as efficacious in rodent cognition models, while the antagonists were administered at doses neutralizing agonist effects in vivo. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate (HR) were continuously recorded for 20 min before and 60 min postadministration. Immediately after injection, a sudden, transitory increase in HR and SBP was noted in all animals, because of the stress induced by handling. For both parameters, a peak value (ΔHRmax and ΔSBPmax ) and an area under the curve of changes from baseline over the period 5-20 min postinjection (ΔHR_AUC5-20 min and ΔSBP_AUC5-20 min ) were calculated. Three of the four σ1 agonists (SKF-10,047, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEAS), Compound 14) significantly reduced ΔHR_AUC5-20 min value without changing ΔHRmax , while the fourth one, SA-4503, had no significant effect. None of the antagonists (haloperidol, rimcazole, NE-100, and BD1047) reduced, and even one (progesterone) enhanced the stress-induced effects on HR. No changes in SBP were noted with any compound. When the antagonist NE-100 was administered just before SKF-10,047, it completely reversed the inhibitory effects of the σ1 agonist on HR increase. In conclusion, we demonstrated for the first time the involvement of σ1 receptors in the regulation of handling-induced tachycardia in the conscious rat. Although additional investigations are needed to fully understand this role, it might offer new therapeutic perspectives to σ1 ligands in the cardiovascular sphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Delaunois
- Department of Non Clinical Development, Non Clinical Safety, UCB Pharma SA, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium.
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Using optogenetics to translate the "inflammatory dialogue" between heart and brain in the context of stress. Neurosci Bull 2012; 28:435-48. [PMID: 22833041 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-012-1246-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory processes are an integral part of the stress response and are likely to result from a programmed adaptation that is vital to the organism's survival and well-being. The whole inflammatory response is mediated by largely overlapping circuits in the limbic forebrain, hypothalamus and brainstem, but is also under the control of the neuroendocrine and autonomic nervous systems. Genetically predisposed individuals who fail to tune the respective contributions of the two systems in accordance with stressor modality and intensity after adverse experiences can be at risk for stress-related psychiatric disorders and cardiovascular diseases. Altered glucocorticoid (GC) homeostasis due to GC resistance leads to the failure of neural and negative feedback regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis during chronic inflammation, and this might be the mechanism underlying the ensuing brain and heart diseases and the high prevalence of co-morbidity between the two systems. By the combined use of light and genetically-encoded light-sensitive proteins, optogenetics allows cell-type-specific, fast (millisecond-scale) control of precisely defined events in biological systems. This method is an important breakthrough to explore the causality between neural activity patterns and behavioral profiles relevant to anxiety, depression, autism and schizophrenia. Optogenetics also helps to understand the "inflammatory dialogue", the inflammatory processes in psychiatric disorders and cardiovascular diseases, shared by heart and brain in the context of stress.
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Pruijm M, Vollenweider P, Mooser V, Paccaud F, Preisig M, Waeber G, Marques-Vidal P, Burnier M, Bochud M. Inflammatory markers and blood pressure: sex differences and the effect of fat mass in the CoLaus Study. J Hum Hypertens 2012; 27:169-75. [PMID: 22495106 DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2012.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have reported high levels of inflammatory biomarkers in hypertension, but data coming from the general population are sparse, and sex differences have been little explored. The CoLaus Study is a cross-sectional examination survey in a random sample of 6067 Caucasians aged 35-75 years in Lausanne, Switzerland. Blood pressure (BP) was assessed using a validated oscillometric device. Anthropometric parameters were also measured, including body composition, using electrical bioimpedance. Crude serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and ultrasensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were positively and IL-1β (IL-1β) negatively (P<0.001 for all values), associated with BP. For IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α, the association disappeared in multivariable analysis, largely explained by differences in age and body mass index, in particular fat mass. On the contrary, hsCRP remained independently and positively associated with systolic (β (95% confidence interval): 1.15 (0.64; 1.65); P<0.001) and diastolic (0.75 (0.42; 1.08); P<0.001) BP. Relationships of hsCRP, IL-6 and TNF-α with BP tended to be stronger in women than in men, partly related to the difference in fat mass, yet the interaction between sex and IL-6 persisted after correction for all tested confounders. In the general population, the associations between inflammatory biomarkers and rising levels of BP are mainly driven by age and fat mass. The stronger associations in women suggest that sex differences might exist in the complex interplay between BP and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pruijm
- Department of Nephrology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
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Ufnal M, Drapala A, Sikora M, Szczepanska-Sadowska E. Oral simvastatin reduces the hypertensive response to air-jet stress. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2012; 39:350-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2012.05675.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Ufnal
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology; Medical University of Warsaw; Warsaw; Poland
| | - Adrian Drapala
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology; Medical University of Warsaw; Warsaw; Poland
| | - Mariusz Sikora
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology; Medical University of Warsaw; Warsaw; Poland
| | - Ewa Szczepanska-Sadowska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology; Medical University of Warsaw; Warsaw; Poland
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