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Fateeva A, Eddy K, Chen S. Current State of Melanoma Therapy and Next Steps: Battling Therapeutic Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1571. [PMID: 38672652 PMCID: PMC11049326 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16081571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the most aggressive and deadly form of skin cancer due to its high propensity to metastasize to distant organs. Significant progress has been made in the last few decades in melanoma therapeutics, most notably in targeted therapy and immunotherapy. These approaches have greatly improved treatment response outcomes; however, they remain limited in their abilities to hinder disease progression due, in part, to the onset of acquired resistance. In parallel, intrinsic resistance to therapy remains an issue to be resolved. In this review, we summarize currently available therapeutic options for melanoma treatment and focus on possible mechanisms that drive therapeutic resistance. A better understanding of therapy resistance will provide improved rational strategies to overcome these obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fateeva
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (A.F.); (K.E.)
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Kevinn Eddy
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (A.F.); (K.E.)
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Suzie Chen
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (A.F.); (K.E.)
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, NJ 07018, USA
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2
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Dhasmana S, Dhasmana A, Kotnala S, Mangtani V, Narula AS, Haque S, Jaggi M, Yallapu MM, Chauhan SC. Boosting Mitochondrial Potential: An Imperative Therapeutic Intervention in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:1117-1138. [PMID: 36111770 PMCID: PMC10286590 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220915092703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive and terminal neurodegenerative disorder. Mitochondrial dysfunction, imbalance of cellular bioenergetics, electron chain transportation and calcium homeostasis are deeply associated with the progression of this disease. Impaired mitochondrial functions are crucial in rapid neurodegeneration. The mitochondria of ALS patients are associated with deregulated Ca2+ homeostasis and elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to oxidative stress. Overload of mitochondrial calcium and ROS production leads to glutamatereceptor mediated neurotoxicity. This implies mitochondria are an attractive therapeutic target. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review is to brief the latest developments in the understanding of mitochondrial pathogenesis in ALS and emphasize the restorative capacity of therapeutic candidates. RESULTS In ALS, mitochondrial dysfunction is a well-known phenomenon. Various therapies targeted towards mitochondrial dysfunction aim at decreasing ROS generation, increasing mitochondrial biogenesis, and inhibiting apoptotic pathways. Some of the therapies briefed in this review may be categorized as synthetic, natural compounds, genetic materials, and cellular therapies. CONCLUSION The overarching goals of mitochondrial therapies in ALS are to benefit ALS patients by slowing down the disease progression and prolonging overall survival. Despite various therapeutic approaches, there are many hurdles in the development of a successful therapy due to the multifaceted nature of mitochondrial dysfunction and ALS progression. Intensive research is required to precisely elucidate the molecular pathways involved in the progression of mitochondrial dysfunctions that ultimately lead to ALS. Because of the multifactorial nature of ALS, a combination therapy approach may hold the key to cure and treat ALS in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Dhasmana
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas, TX, USA
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA
| | - Anupam Dhasmana
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas, TX, USA
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA
- Himalayan School of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, India
| | - Sudhir Kotnala
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas, TX, USA
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA
| | - Varsha Mangtani
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas, TX, USA
| | - Acharan S. Narula
- Narula Research LLC, 107 Boulder Bluff, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, NC 27516, USA
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
- Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Meena Jaggi
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas, TX, USA
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA
| | - Murali M. Yallapu
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas, TX, USA
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA
| | - Subhash C. Chauhan
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas, TX, USA
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA
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3
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Soares P, Silva C, Chavarria D, Silva FSG, Oliveira PJ, Borges F. Drug discovery and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Emerging challenges and therapeutic opportunities. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 83:101790. [PMID: 36402404 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by the degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons (MNs) leading to paralysis and, ultimately, death by respiratory failure 3-5 years after diagnosis. Edaravone and Riluzole, the only drugs currently approved for ALS treatment, only provide mild symptomatic relief to patients. Extraordinary progress in understanding the biology of ALS provided new grounds for drug discovery. Over the last two decades, mitochondria and oxidative stress (OS), iron metabolism and ferroptosis, and the major regulators of hypoxia and inflammation - HIF and NF-κB - emerged as promising targets for ALS therapeutic intervention. In this review, we focused our attention on these targets to outline and discuss current advances in ALS drug development. Based on the challenges and the roadblocks, we believe that the rational design of multi-target ligands able to modulate the complex network of events behind the disease can provide effective therapies in a foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Soares
- CIQUP-IMS/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Catia Silva
- CIQUP-IMS/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniel Chavarria
- CIQUP-IMS/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Filomena S G Silva
- CNC - CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo J Oliveira
- CNC - CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; IIUC - Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Borges
- CIQUP-IMS/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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Faria P, Pacheco C, Moura RP, Sarmento B, Martins C. Multifunctional nanomedicine strategies to manage brain diseases. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2022; 13:1322-1342. [PMID: 36344871 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01256-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Brain diseases represent a substantial social and economic burden, currently affecting one in six individuals worldwide. Brain research has been focus of great attention in order to unravel the pathogenesis and complexity of brain diseases at the cellular, molecular, and microenvironmental levels. Due to the intrinsic nature of the brain, the presence of the highly restrictive blood-brain barrier (BBB), and the pathophysiology of most diseases, therapies can hardly be considered successful purely by the administration of one drug to a patient. Apart from improving pharmacokinetic parameters, tailoring biodistribution, and reducing the number of side effects, nanomedicines are able to actively co-target the therapeutics to the brain parenchyma and brain lesions, as well as to achieve the delivery of multiple cargos with therapeutic, diagnostic, and theranostic properties. Among other multivalent effects that can be personalized according to the disease needs, this represents a promising class of novel nanosystems, termed multifunctional nanomedicines. Herein, we review the principal mechanisms of therapeutic resistance of the most prevalent brain diseases, how to overcome this therapeutic resistance through the use of multifunctional nanomedicines that tackle multiple fronts of the disease microenvironment, and the promising therapeutic responses achieved by some of the most cutting-edge multifunctional nanomedicines reported in literature.
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Mirian A, Moszczynski A, Soleimani S, Aubert I, Zinman L, Abrahao A. Breached Barriers: A Scoping Review of Blood-Central Nervous System Barrier Pathology in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:851563. [PMID: 35431812 PMCID: PMC9009245 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.851563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Recent studies have implicated changes in the blood-central nervous system barriers (BCNSB) in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The objective of this scoping review is to synthesize the current evidence for BCNSB structure and functional abnormalities in ALS studies and propose how BCNSB pathology may impact therapeutic development. Methods A literature search was conducted using Ovid Medline, EMBASE, and Web of Science, from inception to November 2021 and limited to entries in English language. Simplified search strategy included the terms ALS/motor neuron disease and [BCNSB or blood-brain barrier (BBB) or blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB)]. Henceforth, BCNSB is used as a term that is inclusive of the BBB and BSCB. Four independent reviewers conducted a title and abstract screening, hand-searched the reference lists of review papers, and performed a full text review of eligible studies. Included studies were original peer-reviewed full text publications, evaluating the structure and function of the BCNSB in preclinical models of ALS, clinical ALS, or postmortem human ALS tissue. There was no restriction on study design. The four reviewers independently extracted the data. Results The search retrieved 2,221 non-duplicated articles and 48 original studies were included in the synthesis. There was evidence that the integrity of the BCNSB is disrupted throughout the course of the disease in rodent models, beginning prior to symptom onset and detectable neurodegeneration. Increased permeability, pharmacoresistance with upregulated efflux transporters, and morphological changes in the supporting cells of the BCNSB, including pericytes, astrocytes, and endothelial cells were observed in animal models. BCNSB abnormalities were also demonstrated in postmortem studies of ALS patients. Therapeutic interventions targeting BCNSB dysfunction were associated with improved motor neuron survival in animal models of ALS. Conclusion BCNSB structural and functional abnormalities are likely implicated in ALS pathophysiology and may occur upstream to neurodegeneration. Promising therapeutic strategies targeting BCNSB dysfunction have been tested in animals and can be translated into ALS clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ario Mirian
- Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University, London Health Sciences, London, ON, Canada
| | | | - Serena Soleimani
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Isabelle Aubert
- Biological Sciences, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lorne Zinman
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Evaluative Clinical Sciences, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Agessandro Abrahao
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Evaluative Clinical Sciences, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Agessandro Abrahao
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Al Rihani SB, Darakjian LI, Deodhar M, Dow P, Turgeon J, Michaud V. Disease-Induced Modulation of Drug Transporters at the Blood-Brain Barrier Level. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073742. [PMID: 33916769 PMCID: PMC8038419 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective and restrictive semipermeable network of cells and blood vessel constituents. All components of the neurovascular unit give to the BBB its crucial and protective function, i.e., to regulate homeostasis in the central nervous system (CNS) by removing substances from the endothelial compartment and supplying the brain with nutrients and other endogenous compounds. Many transporters have been identified that play a role in maintaining BBB integrity and homeostasis. As such, the restrictive nature of the BBB provides an obstacle for drug delivery to the CNS. Nevertheless, according to their physicochemical or pharmacological properties, drugs may reach the CNS by passive diffusion or be subjected to putative influx and/or efflux through BBB membrane transporters, allowing or limiting their distribution to the CNS. Drug transporters functionally expressed on various compartments of the BBB involve numerous proteins from either the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) or the solute carrier (SLC) superfamilies. Pathophysiological stressors, age, and age-associated disorders may alter the expression level and functionality of transporter protein elements that modulate drug distribution and accumulation into the brain, namely, drug efficacy and toxicity. This review focuses and sheds light on the influence of inflammatory conditions and diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy, and stroke on the expression and functionality of the BBB drug transporters, the consequential modulation of drug distribution to the brain, and their impact on drug efficacy and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweilem B. Al Rihani
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare, Precision Pharmacotherapy Research and Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (S.B.A.R.); (L.I.D.); (M.D.); (P.D.); (J.T.)
| | - Lucy I. Darakjian
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare, Precision Pharmacotherapy Research and Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (S.B.A.R.); (L.I.D.); (M.D.); (P.D.); (J.T.)
| | - Malavika Deodhar
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare, Precision Pharmacotherapy Research and Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (S.B.A.R.); (L.I.D.); (M.D.); (P.D.); (J.T.)
| | - Pamela Dow
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare, Precision Pharmacotherapy Research and Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (S.B.A.R.); (L.I.D.); (M.D.); (P.D.); (J.T.)
| | - Jacques Turgeon
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare, Precision Pharmacotherapy Research and Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (S.B.A.R.); (L.I.D.); (M.D.); (P.D.); (J.T.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Veronique Michaud
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare, Precision Pharmacotherapy Research and Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (S.B.A.R.); (L.I.D.); (M.D.); (P.D.); (J.T.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-856-938-8697
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7
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Saitoh Y, Takahashi Y. Riluzole for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2020; 10:343-355. [PMID: 32847483 DOI: 10.2217/nmt-2020-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease caused by the death of motor neurons. Riluzole is a benzothiazole derivative that blocks glutamatergic neurotransmission in the CNS, which is thought to exert neuroprotective effects. Riluzole was approved by the US FDA in 1995 as the first drug to treat ALS. Although riluzole is generally safe and well tolerated in clinical practice, its efficacy in ALS is modest, prolonging tracheostomy-free survival by only 2-3 months. In this article, we will first provide an overview of the ALS field, followed by a discussion of riluzole regarding its physical properties; pharmacology; clinical efficacy in ALS; safety and tolerability; and recommended administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Saitoh
- Department of Neurology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology & Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
| | - Yuji Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology & Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
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8
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van Vliet EA, Iyer AM, Mesarosova L, Çolakoglu H, Anink JJ, van Tellingen O, Maragakis NJ, Shefner J, Bunt T, Aronica E. Expression and Cellular Distribution of P-Glycoprotein and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Patients. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2020; 79:266-276. [PMID: 31999342 PMCID: PMC7036662 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlz142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
For amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), achieving and maintaining effective drug levels in the brain is challenging due to the activity of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters which efflux drugs that affect drug exposure and response in the brain. We investigated the expression and cellular distribution of the ABC transporters P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) using immunohistochemistry in spinal cord (SC), motor cortex, and cerebellum from a large cohort of genetically well characterized ALS patients (n = 25) and controls (n = 14). The ALS group included 17 sporadic (sALS) and 8 familial (fALS) patients. Strong P-gp expression was observed in endothelial cells in both control and ALS specimens. Immunohistochemical analysis showed higher P-gp expression in reactive astroglial cells in both gray (ventral horn) and white matter of the SC, as well as in the motor cortex of all ALS patients, as compared with controls. BCRP expression was higher in glia in the SC and in blood vessels and glia in the motor cortex of ALS patients, as compared with controls. P-gp and BCRP immunoreactivity did not differ between sALS and fALS cases. The upregulation of both ABC transporters in the brain may explain multidrug resistance in ALS patients and has implications for the use of both approved and experimental therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin A van Vliet
- From the Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience.,Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam
| | - Anand M Iyer
- From the Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience
| | - Lucia Mesarosova
- From the Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience
| | - Hilal Çolakoglu
- Division of Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute (HÇ, OvT), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper J Anink
- From the Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience
| | - Olaf van Tellingen
- Division of Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute (HÇ, OvT), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas J Maragakis
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jeremy Shefner
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Ton Bunt
- Izumi Biosciences, Inc., Lexington, Massachusetts
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- From the Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience
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9
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Uchida Y, Yagi Y, Takao M, Tano M, Umetsu M, Hirano S, Usui T, Tachikawa M, Terasaki T. Comparison of Absolute Protein Abundances of Transporters and Receptors among Blood–Brain Barriers at Different Cerebral Regions and the Blood–Spinal Cord Barrier in Humans and Rats. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:2006-2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Uchida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yuta Yagi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Masaki Takao
- Department of Neurology and Brain Bank, Mihara Memorial Hospital, Isesaki 372-0006, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Saitama International Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka 350-0495, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Tano
- Department of Neurology and Brain Bank, Mihara Memorial Hospital, Isesaki 372-0006, Japan
| | - Mina Umetsu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hirano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takuya Usui
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Masanori Tachikawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Terasaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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Gil-Martins E, Barbosa DJ, Silva V, Remião F, Silva R. Dysfunction of ABC transporters at the blood-brain barrier: Role in neurological disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 213:107554. [PMID: 32320731 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transporters represent one of the largest and most diverse superfamily of proteins in living species, playing an important role in many biological processes such as cell homeostasis, cell signaling, drug metabolism and nutrient uptake. Moreover, using the energy generated from ATP hydrolysis, they mediate the efflux of endogenous and exogenous substrates from inside the cells, thereby reducing their intracellular accumulation. At present, 48 ABC transporters have been identified in humans, which were classified into 7 different subfamilies (A to G) according to their phylogenetic analysis. Nevertheless, the most studied members with importance in drug therapeutic efficacy and toxicity include P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a member of the ABCB subfamily, the multidrug-associated proteins (MPRs), members of the ABCC subfamily, and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), a member of the ABCG subfamily. They exhibit ubiquitous expression throughout the human body, with a special relevance in barrier tissues like the blood-brain barrier (BBB). At this level, they play a physiological function in tissue protection by reducing or limiting the brain accumulation of neurotoxins. Furthermore, dysfunction of ABC transporters, at expression and/or activity level, has been associated with many neurological diseases, including epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Additionally, these transporters are strikingly associated with the pharmacoresistance to central nervous system (CNS) acting drugs, because they contribute to the decrease in drug bioavailability. This article reviews the signaling pathways that regulate the expression and activity of P-gp, BCRP and MRPs subfamilies of transporters, with particular attention at the BBB level, and their mis-regulation in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Gil-Martins
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniel José Barbosa
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Vera Silva
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Remião
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Renata Silva
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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11
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Abstract
Motor neuron disorders are highly debilitating and mostly fatal conditions for which only limited therapeutic options are available. To overcome this limitation and develop more effective therapeutic strategies, it is critical to discover the pathogenic mechanisms that trigger and sustain motor neuron degeneration with the greatest accuracy and detail. In the case of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), several genes have been associated with familial forms of the disease, whilst the vast majority of cases develop sporadically and no defined cause can be held responsible. On the contrary, the huge majority of Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) occurrences are caused by loss-of-function mutations in a single gene, SMN1. Although the typical hallmark of both diseases is the loss of motor neurons, there is increasing awareness that pathological lesions are also present in the neighbouring glia, whose dysfunction clearly contributes to generating a toxic environment in the central nervous system. Here, ALS and SMA are sequentially presented, each disease section having a brief introduction, followed by a focussed discussion on the role of the astrocytes in the disease pathogenesis. Such a dissertation is substantiated by the findings that built awareness on the glial involvement and how the glial-neuronal interplay is perturbed, along with the appraisal of this new cellular site for possible therapeutic intervention.
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12
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Dash RP, Babu RJ, Srinivas NR. Two Decades-Long Journey from Riluzole to Edaravone: Revisiting the Clinical Pharmacokinetics of the Only Two Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Therapeutics. Clin Pharmacokinet 2019; 57:1385-1398. [PMID: 29682695 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-018-0655-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The recent approval of edaravone has provided an intravenous option to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in addition to the existing oral agent, riluzole. The present work was primarily undertaken to provide a comprehensive clinical pharmacokinetic summary of the two approved ALS therapeutics. The key objectives of the review were to (i) tabulate the clinical pharmacokinetics of riluzole and edaravone with emphasis on absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) properties; (ii) provide a comparative scenario of the pharmacokinetics of the two drugs wherever possible; and (iii) provide perspectives and introspection on the gathered clinical pharmacokinetic data of the two drugs with appropriate conjectures to quench scientific curiosity. Based on this review, the following key highlights were deduced: (i) as a result of both presystemic metabolism and polymorphic hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) metabolism, the oral drug riluzole exhibited more inter-subject variability than that of intravenous edaravone; (ii) using various parameters for comparison, including the published intravenous data for riluzole, it was apparent that edaravone was achieving the desired systemic concentrations to possibly drive the local brain concentrations for its efficacy in ALS patients with lesser variability than riluzole; (iii) using scientific conjectures, it was deduced that the availability of intravenous riluzole may not be beneficial in therapy due to its fast systemic clearance; (iv) on the contrary, however, there appeared to be an opportunity for the development of an oral dosage form of edaravone, which may potentially benefit the therapy option for ALS patients by avoiding hospitalization costs; and (v) because of the existence of pharmaco-resistance for the brain entry in ALS patients, it appeared prudent to consider combination strategies of edaravone and/or riluzole with suitable P-glycoprotein efflux-blocking drugs to gain more favorable outcomes in ALS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjeet Prasad Dash
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - R Jayachandra Babu
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Nuggehally R Srinivas
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Zydus Research Centre, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382210, India.
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13
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Lee JW, Lee KN, Ngai MY. Synthesis of Tri- and Difluoromethoxylated Compounds by Visible-Light Photoredox Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:11171-11181. [PMID: 30943329 PMCID: PMC7001783 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201902243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Trifluoromethoxy (OCF3 ) and difluoromethoxy (OCF2 H) groups are fluorinated structural motifs that exhibit unique physicochemical characteristics. Incorporation of these substituents into organic molecules is a highly desirable approach used in medicinal chemistry and drug discovery processes to alter the properties of a parent compound. Recently, tri- and difluoromethyl ethers have received increasing attention and several innovative strategies to access these valuable functional groups have been developed. The focus of this Minireview is the use of visible-light photoredox catalysis in the synthesis of tri- and difluoromethyl ethers. Recent photocatalytic strategies for the formation of O-CF3 , C-OCF3, O-CF2 H, and C-OCF2 H bonds as well as other transformations leading to the construction of ORF groups are discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny W Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Katarzyna N Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Ming-Yu Ngai
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
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14
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Lee JW, Lee KN, Ngai M. Synthesis of Tri‐ and Difluoromethoxylated Compounds by Visible‐Light Photoredox Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201902243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johnny W. Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug DiscoveryStony Brook University Stony Brook NY 11794 USA
| | - Katarzyna N. Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug DiscoveryStony Brook University Stony Brook NY 11794 USA
| | - Ming‐Yu Ngai
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug DiscoveryStony Brook University Stony Brook NY 11794 USA
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15
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Tohidi M, Ramezani M, Mehramizi A. Response surface methodology for optimization and determination of Riluzole by microfunnel magnetic stirring-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2018.1489416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Tohidi
- Department of Chemistry, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran
| | - Majid Ramezani
- Department of Chemistry, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran
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16
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Gonçalves LMN, Palinkas M, Hallak JEC, Marques Júnior W, Vasconcelos PBD, Frota NPR, Regalo IH, Siéssere S, Regalo SCH. Alterations in the stomatognathic system due to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Appl Oral Sci 2018; 26:e20170408. [PMID: 29898176 PMCID: PMC5963914 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2017-0408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To compare the molar bite force, electromyographic activity, chewing efficiency and thickness of the masseter and temporalis muscles in individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and healthy individuals. Material and Methods: Thirty individuals enrolled in the study were divided into the study group (with ALS, n=15) and control group (healthy individuals, n=15). Data regarding molar bite force (right and left), electromyographic activity (mandibular rest, right and left laterality, protrusion, and maximum voluntary contraction), chewing efficiency (habitual and non-habitual), and masticatory muscle thickness (rest and maximum voluntary contraction) were tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis (Student’s t-test, p≤0.05). Results: Comparisons between the groups demonstrated a statistically significant increase in the electromyographic activity of the right masseter (p=0.03) and left masseter (p=0.03) muscles during mandibular rest; left masseter (p=0.00), right temporalis (p=0.00), and left temporalis (p=0.03) muscles during protrusion; and right masseter (p=0.00), left masseter (p=0.00), and left temporalis (p=0.00) muscles during left laterality, in individuals with ALS as compared with healthy individuals. A statistically significant decrease was observed in the habitual chewing efficiency of the right masseter (p=0.00) and right temporalis (p=0.04) muscles in individuals with ALS. No statistically significant difference between the groups was found the masticatory muscle thickness and maximal molar bite force. Conclusions: ALS may lead to modifications in the activities of the stomatognathic system, including muscular hyperactivity and reduction in chewing efficiency; however, no change has been observed in the masticatory muscle thickness and molar bite force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lígia Maria Napolitano Gonçalves
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Morfologia, Fisiologia e Patologia Básica, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Marcelo Palinkas
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Morfologia, Fisiologia e Patologia Básica, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil.,Faculdade Anhanguera de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Jaime Eduardo Cecilio Hallak
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Neuropsiquiatria e Psicologia Médica, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Wilson Marques Júnior
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Neuropsiquiatria e Psicologia Médica, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Paulo Batista de Vasconcelos
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Morfologia, Fisiologia e Patologia Básica, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Nicolly Parente Ribeiro Frota
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Morfologia, Fisiologia e Patologia Básica, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Isabela Hallak Regalo
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Morfologia, Fisiologia e Patologia Básica, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Selma Siéssere
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Morfologia, Fisiologia e Patologia Básica, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Simone Cecilio Hallak Regalo
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Morfologia, Fisiologia e Patologia Básica, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
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17
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Yang T, Ferrill L, Gallant L, McGillicuddy S, Fernandes T, Schields N, Bai S. Verapamil and riluzole cocktail liposomes overcome pharmacoresistance by inhibiting P-glycoprotein in brain endothelial and astrocyte cells: A potent approach to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 120:30-39. [PMID: 29704642 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Riluzole is currently one of two approved medications for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, brain disposition of riluzole, as a substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), is limited by the efflux transporters at the blood-brain barrier (BBB). We propose to develop a liposomal co-delivery system that could effectively transport riluzole to brain cells by reducing efflux pumps with a P-gp inhibitor, verapamil. Riluzole and verapamil cocktail liposomes were prepared by lipid film hydration. The average particle size of cocktail liposomes was 194.3 ± 6.0 nm and their polydispersity index (PDI) was 0.272 ± 0.017. The encapsulation efficiencies of verapamil and riluzole in the cocktail liposomes were 86.0 ± 1.4% and 85.6 ± 1.1%, respectively. The drug release from cocktail liposomes after 8 h in PBS at 37 °C was 78.4 ± 6.2% of riluzole and 76.7 ± 3.8% of verapamil. The average particle size of liposomes did not show significant changes at 4 °C after three months. Verapamil cocktail liposomes inhibited P-gp levels measured by western blotting in dose and time-dependent manners in brain endothelial bEND.3 cells. Increased drug efflux transporters were detected in bEND.3 and astrocytes C8D1A cells, promoted by tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Restored accumulations of riluzole and fluorescent dye rhodamine 123 were observed in bEND.3 cells after treatments with cocktail liposomes. It indicated that inhibitory potential of co-delivery liposome system towards P-gp could mediate the transport of both P-gp substrates. Verapamil and riluzole co-loaded liposomes may be used to overcome pharmacoresistance of riluzole for improving ALS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhi Yang
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Husson University, 1 College Circle, Bangor, ME 04401, United States
| | - Laine Ferrill
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Husson University, 1 College Circle, Bangor, ME 04401, United States
| | - Leanne Gallant
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Husson University, 1 College Circle, Bangor, ME 04401, United States
| | - Sarah McGillicuddy
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Husson University, 1 College Circle, Bangor, ME 04401, United States
| | - Tatiana Fernandes
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Husson University, 1 College Circle, Bangor, ME 04401, United States
| | - Nicole Schields
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Husson University, 1 College Circle, Bangor, ME 04401, United States
| | - Shuhua Bai
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Husson University, 1 College Circle, Bangor, ME 04401, United States.
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Klemann C, Visser J, Van Den Bosch L, Martens G, Poelmans G. Integrated molecular landscape of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis provides insights into disease etiology. Brain Pathol 2018; 28:203-211. [PMID: 28035716 PMCID: PMC8028446 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a severe, progressive and ultimately fatal motor neuron disease caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, but its underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. To gain insight into the etiology of ALS, we here conducted genetic network and literature analyses of the top-ranked findings from six genome-wide association studies of sporadic ALS (involving 3589 cases and 8577 controls) as well as genes implicated in ALS etiology through other evidence, including familial ALS candidate gene association studies. We integrated these findings into a molecular landscape of ALS that allowed the identification of three main processes that interact with each other and are crucial to maintain axonal functionality, especially of the long axons of motor neurons, i.e. (1) Rho-GTPase signaling; (2) signaling involving the three regulatory molecules estradiol, folate, and methionine; and (3) ribonucleoprotein granule functioning and axonal transport. Interestingly, estradiol signaling is functionally involved in all three cascades and as such an important mediator of the molecular ALS landscape. Furthermore, epidemiological findings together with an analysis of possible gender effects in our own cohort of sporadic ALS patients indicated that estradiol may be a protective factor, especially for bulbar-onset ALS. Taken together, our molecular landscape of ALS suggests that abnormalities within three interconnected molecular processes involved in the functioning and maintenance of motor neuron axons are important in the etiology of ALS. Moreover, estradiol appears to be an important modulator of the ALS landscape, providing important clues for the development of novel disease-modifying treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- C.J.H.M. Klemann
- Department of Molecular Animal PhysiologyDonders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - J.E. Visser
- Department of Molecular Animal PhysiologyDonders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Department of NeurologyDonders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Department of NeurologyAmphia HospitalBredaThe Netherlands
| | - L. Van Den Bosch
- Department of NeurosciencesLaboratory of Neurobiology, Experimental Neurology, KU Leuven and VIB, Vesalius Research CenterLeuvenBelgium
| | - G.J.M. Martens
- Department of Molecular Animal PhysiologyDonders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - G. Poelmans
- Department of Molecular Animal PhysiologyDonders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Department of Human GeneticsRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
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19
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Mohamed LA, Markandaiah S, Bonanno S, Pasinelli P, Trotti D. Blood-Brain Barrier Driven Pharmacoresistance in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Challenges for Effective Drug Therapies. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 19:1600-1614. [PMID: 28779378 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0120-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is essential for proper neuronal function, homeostasis, and protection of the central nervous system (CNS) microenvironment from blood-borne pathogens and neurotoxins. The BBB is also an impediment for CNS penetration of drugs. In some neurologic conditions, such as epilepsy and brain tumors, overexpression of P-glycoprotein, an efflux transporter whose physiological function is to expel catabolites and xenobiotics from the CNS into the blood stream, has been reported. Recent studies reported that overexpression of P-glycoprotein and increase in its activity at the BBB drives a progressive resistance to CNS penetration and persistence of riluzole, the only drug approved thus far for treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), rapidly progressive and mostly fatal neurologic disease. This review will discuss the impact of transporter-mediated pharmacoresistance for ALS drug therapy and the potential therapeutic strategies to improve the outcome of ALS clinical trials and efficacy of current and future drug treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loqman A Mohamed
- Jefferson Weinberg ALS Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, 900 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19107, USA.
| | - Shashirekha Markandaiah
- Jefferson Weinberg ALS Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, 900 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19107, USA
| | - Silvia Bonanno
- Jefferson Weinberg ALS Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, 900 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19107, USA
| | - Piera Pasinelli
- Jefferson Weinberg ALS Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, 900 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19107, USA
| | - Davide Trotti
- Jefferson Weinberg ALS Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, 900 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19107, USA
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20
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Iorio AL, Ros MD, Fantappiè O, Lucchesi M, Facchini L, Stival A, Becciani S, Guidi M, Favre C, Martino MD, Genitori L, Sardi I. Blood-Brain Barrier and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein: A Limit to the Therapy of CNS Tumors and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2017; 16:810-5. [PMID: 26584727 PMCID: PMC4997940 DOI: 10.2174/1871520616666151120121928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of brain tumors and neurodegenerative diseases, represents an ongoing challenge. In Central Nervous System (CNS) the achievement of therapeutic concentration of chemical agents is complicated by the presence of distinct set of efflux proteins, such as ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) transporters localized on the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB). The activity of ABC transporters seems to be a common mechanism that underlies the poor response of CNS diseases to therapies. The molecular characterization of Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP/ABCG2), as an ABC transporter conferring multidrug resistance (MDR), has stimulated many studies to investigate its activity on the BBB, its involvement in physiology and CNS diseases and its role in limiting the delivery of drugs in CNS. In this review, we highlight the activity and localization of BCRP on the BBB and the action that this efflux pump has on many conventional drugs or latest generation molecules used for the treatment of CNS tumors and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Iacopo Sardi
- Neuro-oncology Unit, Department of Pediatric Medicine, Meyer Children's Hospital. Viale G.Pieraccini 24, 50139 Florence, Italy.
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21
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Hénin E, Honorat M, Guitton J, Di Pietro A, Payen L, Tod M. Pharmacokinetic interactions in mice between irinotecan and MBL-II-141, an ABCG2 inhibitor. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2017; 38:351-362. [PMID: 28207160 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The chromone derivative MBL-II-141, specifically designed to inhibit ABCG2, was previously demonstrated to combine strong inhibition potency, low toxicity and good efficiency in reversing resistance to irinotecan in a xenografted mouse model. Here, the pharmacokinetic interactions in mice between irinotecan, its active metabolite SN-38 and MBL-II-141 were characterized quantitatively in the blood and in the brain. METHODS Compartmental models were used to fit the data. Goodness-of-fit was assessed by simulation-based diagnostic tools. RESULTS Irinotecan increased the MBL-II-141 apparent clearance and Vss 1.5-fold, probably by increasing the MBL-II-141 unbound fraction. MBL-II-141 decreased the total apparent clearance of irinotecan by 23%, by decreasing its biliary clearance. MBL-II-141 increased 3-fold the brain accumulation of irinotecan, as a result of the rise of systemic exposure combined with the inhibition of ABCG2-mediated efflux at the blood-brain barrier. Finally, SN-38 exposure was increased by 1.16-fold under treatment with MBL-II-141, owing to the higher irinotecan exposure with increased metabolism towards the formation of SN-38. CONCLUSIONS These results may help to anticipate the pharmacokinetic interactions between MBL-II-141 and other ABCG2 substrates. The irinotecan-MBL-II-141 interaction is also expected to occur in humans. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Hénin
- Université de Lyon, F-69373, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, EMR3738, Faculté de médecine Lyon-sud, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Mylène Honorat
- Inserm UMR-S1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69000, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Laboratoire de pharmacologie-toxicologie, F-69495, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Jérôme Guitton
- Université de Lyon, F-69373, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, EMR3738, Faculté de médecine Lyon-sud, Pierre Bénite, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Laboratoire de pharmacologie-toxicologie, F-69495, Pierre Bénite, France.,Université Lyon 1, ISPBL, Faculté de pharmacie, Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Lyon, France
| | - Attilio Di Pietro
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines F-69367, MMSB, UMR5086 CNRS-Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Léa Payen
- Université de Lyon, F-69373, Lyon, France.,Inserm UMR-S1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69000, France.,Université Lyon 1, ISPBL, Faculté de pharmacie, Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Lyon, France.,Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Laboratoire de biologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, F-69495, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Michel Tod
- Université de Lyon, F-69373, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, EMR3738, Faculté de médecine Lyon-sud, Pierre Bénite, France.,Université Lyon 1, ISPBL, Faculté de pharmacie, Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Lyon, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Pharmacie, F-69004, Lyon, France
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22
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Chan GNY, Evans RA, Banks DB, Mesev EV, Miller DS, Cannon RE. Selective induction of P-glycoprotein at the CNS barriers during symptomatic stage of an ALS animal model. Neurosci Lett 2016; 639:103-113. [PMID: 28011392 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp), Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) residing at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) are major obstacles for drug delivery to the Central Nervous System (CNS). Disease-induced changes of these xenobiotic transporters at the CNS barriers have been previously documented. Changes in the functional expression of these transporters at the CNS barriers would limit the clinical efficacy of therapeutic agents targeting the CNS. In this study, we characterized the changes in expression and efflux activity of P-gp, BCRP and MRP2 at the BBB and BSCB of an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) SOD1-G93A transgenic rat model across the three stages of disease progression: pre-onset, onset and symptomatic. Up-regulation of P-gp and BCRP at the BBB and BSCB during disease progression of ALS would reduce drug entry to the CNS, while any decreases in transport activity would increase drug entry. In SOD rats at the ALS symptomatic stage, we observed increases in both P-gp transport activity and expression compared to age-matched wildtypes. BCRP and MRP2 levels were unchanged in these animals. Immunohistochemical analysis in brain and spinal cord capillaries of SOD rats from all three ALS stages and age-matched wildtypes showed no differences in nuclear localization of a known P-gp regulator, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB). It suggests that NFκB may have a limited role during P-gp induction observed in our study and additional signaling pathways could be responsible for this response. Our observations imply that novel pharmacological approaches for treating ALS require selecting drugs that are not P-gp substrates in order to improve therapeutic efficacy in the CNS during ALS progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary N Y Chan
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Rebecca A Evans
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - David B Banks
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Emily V Mesev
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - David S Miller
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Ronald E Cannon
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States.
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23
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Translocation of positively and negatively charged polystyrene nanoparticles in an in vitro placental model. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:1701-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Dennys CN, Armstrong J, Levy M, Byun YJ, Ramdial KR, Bott M, Rossi FH, Fernández-Valle C, Franco MC, Estevez AG. Chronic inhibitory effect of riluzole on trophic factor production. Exp Neurol 2015; 271:301-7. [PMID: 26071088 PMCID: PMC4864959 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Riluzole is the only FDA approved drug for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, the drug affords moderate protection to ALS patients, extending life for a few months by a mechanism that remains controversial. In the presence of riluzole, astrocytes increase the production of factors protective to motor neurons. The stimulation of trophic factor production by motor neuron associated cells may contribute to riluzole's protective effect in ALS. Here, we investigated the effects of media conditioned by astrocytes and Schwann cells acutely or chronically incubated with riluzole on trophic factor-deprived motor neuron survival. While acute riluzole incubation induced CT-1 secretion by astrocytes and Schwann cells, chronic treatment stimulated a significant decrease in trophic factor production compared to untreated cultures. Accordingly, conditioned media from astrocytes and Schwann cells acutely treated with riluzole protected motor neurons from trophic factor deprivation-induced cell death. Motor neuron protection was prevented by incubation with CT-1 neutralizing antibodies. In contrast, conditioned media from astrocytes and Schwann cells chronically treated with riluzole was not protective. Acute and chronic treatment of mice with riluzole showed opposite effects on trophic factor production in spinal cord, sciatic nerve and brain. There was an increase in the production of CT-1 and GDNF in the spinal cord and CT-1 in the sciatic nerve during the first days of treatment with riluzole, but the levels dropped significantly after chronic treatment with the drug. Similar results were observed in brain for CT-1 and BDNF while there was no change in GDNF levels after riluzole treatment. Our results reveal that riluzole regulates long-lasting processes involving protein synthesis, which may be relevant for riluzole therapeutic effects. Changing the regimen of riluzole administration to favor the acute effect of the drug on trophic factor production by discontinuous long-term treatment may improve the outcome of ALS patient therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra N Dennys
- Burnett School of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 6900 Lake Nona Blvd., Orlando, FL 32827, United States
| | - JeNay Armstrong
- Burnett School of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 6900 Lake Nona Blvd., Orlando, FL 32827, United States
| | - Mark Levy
- Burnett School of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 6900 Lake Nona Blvd., Orlando, FL 32827, United States
| | - Youn Jung Byun
- Burnett School of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 6900 Lake Nona Blvd., Orlando, FL 32827, United States
| | - Kristina R Ramdial
- Burnett School of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 6900 Lake Nona Blvd., Orlando, FL 32827, United States
| | - Marga Bott
- Burnett School of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 6900 Lake Nona Blvd., Orlando, FL 32827, United States
| | - Fabian H Rossi
- Orlando Veteran Administration Healthcare System, Orlando, FL 32803, United States
| | - Cristina Fernández-Valle
- Burnett School of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 6900 Lake Nona Blvd., Orlando, FL 32827, United States
| | - Maria Clara Franco
- Burnett School of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 6900 Lake Nona Blvd., Orlando, FL 32827, United States
| | - Alvaro G Estevez
- Burnett School of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 6900 Lake Nona Blvd., Orlando, FL 32827, United States.
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Jablonski M, Miller DS, Pasinelli P, Trotti D. ABC transporter-driven pharmacoresistance in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Brain Res 2015; 1607:1-14. [PMID: 25175835 PMCID: PMC4344920 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a slowly progressing neurodegenerative disease that affects motor neurons of the nervous system. Despite the identification of many potential therapeutics targeting pathogenic mechanisms in in vitro models, there has been limited progress in translating them into a successful pharmacotherapy in the animal model of ALS. Further, efforts to translate any promising results from preclinical trials to effective pharmacotherapies for patients have been unsuccessful, with the exception of riluzole, the only FDA-approved medication, which only modestly extends survival both in the animal model and in patients. Thus, it is essential to reconsider the strategies for developing ALS pharmacotherapies. Growing evidence suggests that problems identifying highly effective ALS treatments may result from an underestimated issue of drug bioavailability and disease-driven pharmacoresistance, mediated by the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) drug efflux transporters. ABC transporters are predominately localized to the lumen of endothelial cells of the blood-brain and blood-spinal cord barriers (BBB, BSCB) where they limit the entry into the central nervous system (CNS) of a wide range of neurotoxicants and xenobiotics, but also therapeutics. In ALS, expression and function of ABC transporters is increased at the BBB/BSCB and their expression has been detected on neurons and glia in the CNS parenchyma, which may further reduce therapeutic action in target cells. Understanding and accounting for the contribution of these transporters to ALS pharmacoresistance could both improve the modest effects of riluzole and set in motion a re-evaluation of previous ALS drug disappointments. In addition, identifying pathogenic mechanisms regulating ABC transporter expression and function in ALS may lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies. It is likely that novel pharmacological approaches require counteracting pharmacoresistance to improve therapeutic efficacy. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled ALS complex pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Jablonski
- Weinberg Unit for ALS Research, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, 900 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19004, USA.
| | - David S Miller
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Pharmacology, NIH/NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Piera Pasinelli
- Weinberg Unit for ALS Research, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, 900 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19004, USA
| | - Davide Trotti
- Weinberg Unit for ALS Research, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, 900 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19004, USA.
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Yildiz-Unal A, Korulu S, Karabay A. Neuroprotective strategies against calpain-mediated neurodegeneration. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2015; 11:297-310. [PMID: 25709452 PMCID: PMC4327398 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s78226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Calpains are calcium-dependent proteolytic enzymes that have deleterious effects on neurons upon their pathological over-activation. According to the results of numerous studies to date, there is no doubt that abnormal calpain activation triggers activation and progression of apoptotic processes in neurodegeneration, leading to neuronal death. Thus, it is very crucial to unravel all the aspects of calpain-mediated neurodegeneration in order to protect neurons through eliminating or at least minimizing its lethal effects. Protecting neurons against calpain-activated apoptosis basically requires developing effective, reliable, and most importantly, therapeutically applicable approaches to succeed. From this aspect, the most significant studies focusing on preventing calpain-mediated neurodegeneration include blocking the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate receptor activities, which are closely related to calpain activation; directly inhibiting calpain itself via intrinsic or synthetic calpain inhibitors, or inhibiting its downstream processes; and utilizing the neuroprotectant steroid hormone estrogen and its receptors. In this review, the most remarkable neuroprotective strategies for calpain-mediated neurodegeneration are categorized and summarized with respect to their advantages and disadvantages over one another, in terms of their efficiency and applicability as a therapeutic regimen in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysegul Yildiz-Unal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Kötekli, Muğla, Turkey
| | - Sirin Korulu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Arel University, Istanbul Turkey
| | - Arzu Karabay
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Letters, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
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Jablonski MR, Markandaiah SS, Jacob D, Meng NJ, Li K, Gennaro V, Lepore AC, Trotti D, Pasinelli P. Inhibiting drug efflux transporters improves efficacy of ALS therapeutics. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2014; 1:996-1005. [PMID: 25574474 PMCID: PMC4284125 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research identified promising therapeutics in cell models of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), but there is limited progress translating effective treatments to animal models and patients, and ALS remains a disease with no effective treatment. One explanation stems from an acquired pharmacoresistance driven by the drug efflux transporters P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer-resistant protein (BCRP), which we have shown are selectively upregulated at the blood-brain and spinal cord barrier (BBB/BSCB) in ALS mice and patients. Pharmacoresistance is well appreciated in other brain diseases, but overlooked in ALS despite many failures in clinical trials. METHODS Here, we prove that a P-gp/BCRP-driven pharmacoresistance limits the bioavailability of ALS therapeutics using riluzole, the only FDA-approved drug for ALS and a substrate of P-gp and BCRP. ALS mice (SOD1-G93A) were treated with riluzole and elacridar, to block P-gp and BCRP, and monitored for survival as well as behavioral and physiological parameters. RESULTS We show that riluzole, which normally is not effective when given at onset of symptoms, is now effective in the ALS mice when administered in combination with the P-gp/BCRP inhibitor elacridar. Chronic elacridar treatment increases riluzole Central nervous system (CNS) penetration, improves behavioral measures, including muscle function, slowing down disease progression, and significantly extending survival. INTERPRETATION Our approach improves riluzole efficacy with treatment beginning at symptom onset. Riluzole will not provide a cure, but enhancing its efficacy postsymptoms by addressing pharmacoresistance demonstrates a proof-of-principle concept to consider when developing new ALS therapeutic strategies. We highlight a novel improved therapeutic approach for ALS and demonstrate that pharmacoresistance can no longer be ignored in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Jablonski
- Weinberg Unit for ALS Research, Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University 900 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19107
| | - Shashirekha S Markandaiah
- Weinberg Unit for ALS Research, Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University 900 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19107
| | - Dena Jacob
- Weinberg Unit for ALS Research, Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University 900 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19107
| | - Ni J Meng
- Weinberg Unit for ALS Research, Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University 900 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19107
| | - Ke Li
- Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University 900 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19107
| | - Victoria Gennaro
- Weinberg Unit for ALS Research, Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University 900 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19107
| | - Angelo C Lepore
- Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University 900 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19107
| | - Davide Trotti
- Weinberg Unit for ALS Research, Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University 900 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19107
| | - Piera Pasinelli
- Weinberg Unit for ALS Research, Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University 900 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19107
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Nickel S, Mahringer A. The xenoestrogens ethinylestradiol and bisphenol A regulate BCRP at the blood-brain barrier of rats. Xenobiotica 2014; 44:1046-54. [PMID: 24945792 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2014.922226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
1. Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) is an ABC-transporter at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) facilitating efflux of xenobiotics into blood. Expression and function are regulated via estrogen-receptors (ERs). 2. 17α-Ethinylestradiol (EE2) and bisphenol A (BPA) represent two prominent xenoestrogens. We studied whether EE2 and BPA regulate BCRP function and expression upon a 6 h treatment in an ER-dependent manner in a rat BBB-ex-vivo-model. 3. Isolated brain capillaries were incubated with EE2 or BPA. BCRP function and expression were analyzed by confocal microscopy and Western-Blot. ERα-antagonist MPP and ER-antagonist ICI182.780 were used to study involvement of ERs. 4. EE2 and BPA down-regulated BCRP transport function and expression. EE2 effects occurred at pharmacologically relevant doses, BPA exhibited only weak influences. Down-regulation by EE2 was reversed by ICI but not MPP. BPA effects were not reversed by either antagonist. 5. EE2 is a potent regulator of BCRP expression and function acting by ERβ-stimulation. Oral contraception could alter uptake of pharmaceuticals to the brain and might thus be considered as an origin of central nervous system (CNS) side-effects. EE2 could also present a novel co-treatment to improve CNS-pharmacotherapy. BPA is a weak modulator of BCRP expression. Its effects appear not to be caused by ERs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Nickel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
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29
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Ravi PR, Vats R, Kora UR. Effect of ciprofloxacin and grapefruit juice on oral pharmacokinetics of riluzole in Wistar rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2012; 65:337-44. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2012.01604.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The objective of this study was to explore potential drug–drug/food interactions of ciprofloxacin and grapefruit juice, known hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2 inhibitors, on single-dose oral pharmacokinetics of riluzole, a substrate of CYP 1A2 enzymes.
Methods
Pharmacokinetic parameters of riluzole were determined in Wistar rats after single-dose co-administration with ciprofloxacin and grapefruit juice. In-vitro metabolic inhibition studies using rat and human liver microsomes and intestinal absorption studies of riluzole in a rat everted gut-sac model were conducted to elucidate the mechanism of interaction. A validated HPLC method was employed to quantify riluzole in the samples obtained in various studies.
Key findings
Co-administration of ciprofloxacin with riluzole caused significant increase in systemic exposure of riluzole (area under the curve, maximum plasma concentration and mean residence time were found to increase). Co-administration of grapefruit juice with riluzole did not cause any significant difference in the pharmacokinetic parameters of riluzole. In-vitro metabolism studies demonstrated significant inhibition of riluzole metabolism when it was co-incubated with ciprofloxacin or grapefruit juice. No significant change was observed in apparent permeability of riluzole.
Conclusions
Co-administration of ciprofloxacin with riluzole increases the systemic levels of riluzole and thereby the oral pharmacokinetic properties of riluzole while co-administration of grapefruit juice with riluzole has no significant effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punna Rao Ravi
- Pharmacy Department, BITS-Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Rahul Vats
- Pharmacy Department, BITS-Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Upendra Reddy Kora
- Pharmacy Department, BITS-Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
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30
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Rodrigues MCO, Voltarelli JC, Sanberg PR, Borlongan CV, Garbuzova-Davis S. Immunological Aspects in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Transl Stroke Res 2012; 3:331-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s12975-012-0177-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 04/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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31
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Effective down-regulation of Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP) by siRNA delivery using lipid-substituted aliphatic polymers. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2012; 81:33-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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32
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Jablonski MR, Jacob DA, Campos C, Miller DS, Maragakis NJ, Pasinelli P, Trotti D. Selective increase of two ABC drug efflux transporters at the blood-spinal cord barrier suggests induced pharmacoresistance in ALS. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 47:194-200. [PMID: 22521463 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) drug efflux transporters in the CNS are predominantly localized to the luminal surface of endothelial cells in capillaries to impede CNS accumulation of xenobiotics. Inflammatory mediators and cellular stressors regulate their activity. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease of upper and lower motor neurons characterized by extensive neuroinflammation. Here we tested the hypothesis that disease-driven changes in ABC transporter expression and function occur in ALS. Given the multitude of ABC transporters with their widespread substrate recognition, we began by examining expression levels of several ABC transporters. We found a selective increase in only two transporters: P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) both at mRNA and protein levels, in the SOD1-G93A mouse model of ALS, specifically in disease-affected CNS regions. Detailed analysis revealed a similar disease-driven increase in P-gp and BCRP levels in spinal cord microvessels, indicating that their altered expression occurs at the blood spinal cord barrier. Transport activity of P-gp and BCRP increased with disease progression in spinal cord and cerebral cortex capillaries. Finally, P-gp and BCRP protein expression also increased in spinal cords of ALS patients. Preclinical drug trials in the mouse model of ALS have failed to decisively slow or arrest disease progression; pharmacoresistance imparted by ABC transporters is one possible explanation for these failures. Our observations have large implications for ALS therapeutics in humans and suggest that the obstacle provided by these transporters to drug treatments must be overcome to develop effective ALS pharmacotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Jablonski
- Weinberg Unit for ALS Research, Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Liu X, Jing XY, Jin S, Li Y, Liu L, Yu YL, Liu XD, Xie L. Insulin suppresses the expression and function of breast cancer resistance protein in primary cultures of rat brain microvessel endothelial cells. Pharmacol Rep 2011; 63:487-93. [PMID: 21602604 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(11)70515-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the role of insulin in the regulation of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) function and expression using primary cultured rat brain microvessel endothelial cells (rBMECs) as an in vitro model of the blood brain barrier (BBB). The prazosin uptake assay and western blot analysis were used to assess the function and expression of BCRP, respectively. It was noted that the uptake of prazosin by rBMECs was time-, concentration- and temperature-dependent. The BCRP inhibitors novobiocin and imatinib mesylate significantly increased the uptake of prazosin by the cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The cells were also incubated with sera from diabetic rats for 72 h, serving as a diabetic in vitro model. We found that the uptake of prazosin by rBMECs incubated in the diabetic rat sera was 39.8% of that in normal rat sera, and insulin treatment reversed this decrease. Further results showed that insulin down-regulated the function and expression of BCRP in rBMECs in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment with an antibody against the insulin receptor abolished the down-regulation of BCRP function and expression that was induced by insulin. These results indicate that insulin suppressed the function and expression of BCRPs in rBMEC primary cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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34
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Mahringer A, Fricker G. BCRP at the blood-brain barrier: genomic regulation by 17β-estradiol. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:1835-47. [PMID: 20735085 DOI: 10.1021/mp1001729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
At the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the ABC transporter breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) actively extrudes a variety of therapeutic drugs, including cytostatics, and diminishes their pharmacological efficacy in the brain. Consequently, new strategies to circumvent BCRP-mediated multidrug resistance in the CNS are required. One major approach to increase brain drug levels is to manipulate signaling mechanisms that control transporter expression and function. In the present study, we investigated the long-term effect of 17β-estradiol on BCRP in an ex vivo model of isolated rat brain capillaries. BCRP function and protein expression were decreased after 6 h of incubation with nanomolar concentrations of 17β-estradiol in capillaries from male and female rats. Concomitantly, levels of BCRP mRNA were also reduced by 17β-estradiol suggesting that the transporter is down-regulated via a genomic pathway. Additionally, we identified the presence of both estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes α and β at the rat BBB. Experiments using selective ER agonists and antagonists revealed that ER subtype β is responsible for the hormone-induced reduction of BCRP function and protein expression. These findings were confirmed by the use of ERKO mice. Blocking the proteasome-dependent degradation by lactacystin reversed the 17β-estradiol-mediated decrease of BCRP supposing that transcriptional down-regulation of the efflux transporter is paralleled by protein degradation. This study demonstrates that 17β-estradiol induces the down-regulation of BCRP on transcriptional and translational levels via the activation of ERβ in rat brain capillaries after 6 h. These results could help to improve brain targeting of BCRP substrates in the treatment of CNS diseases such as brain tumors and also contribute to an enlarged understanding of BCRP-drug interactions at a chronic intake of phytoestrogens and oral contraceptives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Mahringer
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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35
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Grant P, Song JY, Swedo SE. Review of the use of the glutamate antagonist riluzole in psychiatric disorders and a description of recent use in childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2010; 20:309-15. [PMID: 20807069 PMCID: PMC2958461 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2010.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The antiglutamatergic drug riluzole (Rilutek) is presently being used off label in the treatment of psychiatric conditions in adult patients and, increasingly, in children. This article briefly reviews the pharmacology of this drug and its current investigative and clinical uses and adverse effects. It also reports on our experience to date in the study of the drug in children, with emphasis on adverse effects noted so far in these younger patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Grant
- Pediatrics and Developmental Neuroscience (PDN) Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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