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Kaplelach AK, Fox SN, Cook AK, Hall JA, Dannemiller RS, Jaunarajs KL, Arrant AE. Regulation of extracellular progranulin in medial prefrontal cortex. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 188:106326. [PMID: 37838007 PMCID: PMC10682954 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Progranulin is a secreted pro-protein that has anti-inflammatory and neurotrophic effects and is necessary for maintaining lysosomal function. Mutations in progranulin (GRN) are a major cause of frontotemporal dementia. Most pathogenic GRN mutations cause progranulin haploinsufficiency, so boosting progranulin levels is a promising therapeutic strategy. Progranulin is constitutively secreted, then taken up and trafficked to lysosomes. Before being taken up from the extracellular space, progranulin interacts with receptors that may mediate anti-inflammatory and growth factor-like effects. Modifying progranulin trafficking is a viable approach to boosting progranulin, but progranulin secretion and uptake by cells in the brain is poorly understood and may involve distinct mechanisms from other parts of the body. Understanding the cell types and processes that regulate extracellular progranulin in the brain could provide insight into progranulin's mechanism of action and inform design of progranulin-boosting therapies. To address this question we used microdialysis to measure progranulin in interstitial fluid (ISF) of mouse medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Grn+/- mice had approximately 50% lower ISF progranulin than wild-type mice, matching the reduction of progranulin in cortical tissue. Fluorescent in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence confirmed that microglia and neurons are the major progranulin-expressing cell types in the mPFC. Studies of conditional microglial (Mg-KO) and neuronal (N-KO) Grn knockout mice revealed that loss of progranulin from either cell type results in approximately 50% reduction in ISF progranulin. LPS injection (i.p.) produced an acute increase in ISF progranulin in mPFC. Depolarizing cells with KCl increased ISF progranulin, but this response was not altered in N-KO mice, indicating progranulin secretion by non-neuronal cells. Increasing neuronal activity with picrotoxin did not increase ISF progranulin. These data indicate that microglia and neurons are the source of most ISF progranulin in mPFC, with microglia likely secreting more progranulin per cell than neurons. The acute increase in ISF progranulin after LPS treatment is consistent with a role for extracellular progranulin in regulating inflammation, and may have been driven by microglia or peripheral immune cells. Finally, these data indicate that mPFC neurons engage in constitutive progranulin secretion that is not acutely changed by neuronal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azariah K Kaplelach
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Stephanie N Fox
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Anna K Cook
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Justin A Hall
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ryan S Dannemiller
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Karen L Jaunarajs
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Andrew E Arrant
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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Novel CSF Biomarkers Tracking Autoimmune Inflammatory and Neurodegenerative Aspects of CNS Diseases. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 13:diagnostics13010073. [PMID: 36611365 PMCID: PMC9818715 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The accurate diagnosis of neuroinflammatory (NIDs) and neurodegenerative (NDDs) diseases and the stratification of patients into disease subgroups with distinct disease-related characteristics that reflect the underlying pathology represents an unmet clinical need that is of particular interest in the era of emerging disease-modifying therapies (DMT). Proper patient selection for clinical trials and identifying those in the prodromal stages of the diseases or those at high risk will pave the way for precision medicine approaches and halt neuroinflammation and/or neurodegeneration in early stages where this is possible. Towards this direction, novel cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker candidates were developed to reflect the diseased organ's pathology better. Μisfolded protein accumulation, microglial activation, synaptic dysfunction, and finally, neuronal death are some of the pathophysiological aspects captured by these biomarkers to support proper diagnosis and screening. We also describe advances in the field of molecular biomarkers, including miRNAs and extracellular nucleic acids known as cell-free DNA and mitochondrial DNA molecules. Here we review the most important of these novel CSF biomarkers of NIDs and NDDs, focusing on their involvement in disease development and emphasizing their ability to define homogeneous disease phenotypes and track potential treatment outcomes that can be mirrored in the CSF compartment.
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Alyahya AM. The role of progranulin in ischemic heart disease and its related risk factors. Eur J Pharm Sci 2022; 175:106215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Karimi M, Moazzami M, Rezaeian N. Effects of Eight Weeks of Core Stability Training on Serum level of Progranulin and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha in Women with Multiple Sclerosis. MEDICAL LABORATORY JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.29252/mlj.15.1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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Cardozo PL, de Lima IBQ, Maciel EMA, Silva NC, Dobransky T, Ribeiro FM. Synaptic Elimination in Neurological Disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 17:1071-1095. [PMID: 31161981 PMCID: PMC7052824 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x17666190603170511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapses are well known as the main structures responsible for transmitting information through the release and recognition of neurotransmitters by pre- and post-synaptic neurons. These structures are widely formed and eliminated throughout the whole lifespan via processes termed synaptogenesis and synaptic pruning, respectively. Whilst the first pro-cess is needed for ensuring proper connectivity between brain regions and also with the periphery, the second phenomenon is important for their refinement by eliminating weaker and unnecessary synapses and, at the same time, maintaining and fa-voring the stronger ones, thus ensuring proper synaptic transmission. It is well-known that synaptic elimination is modulated by neuronal activity. However, only recently the role of the classical complement cascade in promoting this phenomenon has been demonstrated. Specifically, microglial cells recognize activated complement component 3 (C3) bound to synapses tar-geted for elimination, triggering their engulfment. As this is a highly relevant process for adequate neuronal functioning, dis-ruptions or exacerbations in synaptic pruning could lead to severe circuitry alterations that could underlie neuropathological alterations typical of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. In this review, we focus on discussing the possible in-volvement of excessive synaptic elimination in Alzheimer’s disease, as it has already been reported dendritic spine loss in post-synaptic neurons, increased association of complement proteins with its synapses and, hence, augmented microglia-mediated pruning in animal models of this disorder. In addition, we briefly discuss how this phenomenon could be related to other neurological disorders, including multiple sclerosis and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo L Cardozo
- Laboratório de Neurobioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Izabella B Q de Lima
- Laboratório de Neurobioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Esther M A Maciel
- Laboratório de Neurobioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Nathália C Silva
- Laboratório de Neurobioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Fabíola M Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Neurobioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Azadani NN, Norouzi F, Hajizadeh M, Parsa S, Khalighinejad F. Serum level measurement of progranulin in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica patients. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 8:16-20. [PMID: 31316865 PMCID: PMC6627460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with unknown etiology and variable clinical evolution. Although the role of serum progranulin levels in the pathogenesis of MS remains unclear, it is well known that progranulin is involved in several physiological and pathophysiological process of CNS including modulation of neurite outgrowth, neuronal differentiation, and neuronal survival. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to measure serum levels of progranulin in patients with neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) in comparison with healthy control subjects. METHODS In a case-control study, plasma was collected from healthy controls (n = 37) and also patients with RRMS (n = 115) and NMO (n = 33). Serum level measurement of progranulin was performed using a sandwich ELISA method. RESULTS The serum levels of progranulin were 65.07 ± 11.64, 56.81 ± 10.34, and 47.73 ± 10.37 in NMO and MS patients and healthy controls, respectively, showing a statistically significant difference between them (P = 0.00). Furthermore, we found a positive correlation between serum levels of progranulin and EDSS of patients (r = 0.79 and P = 0.00). CONCLUSION The present study demonstrated that progranulin is up-regulated in MS patients and our findings strengthen the evidence for progranulin being involved in the pathogenesis of MS. However, further studies will be required to establish progranulin as an important marker for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Faezeh Norouzi
- Medical Student, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahan, Iran
| | - Mahsa Hajizadeh
- Isfahan Research Center of Multiple Sclerosis, Isfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahan, Iran
| | - Sara Parsa
- School of Medicine, Islamic Azad University of NajafabadIsfahan, Iran
| | - Farnaz Khalighinejad
- Postdoc Associate, University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcester, United States
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Pawlitzki M, Sweeney-Reed CM, Bittner D, Lux A, Vielhaber S, Schreiber S, Paul F, Neumann J. CSF-Progranulin and Neurofilament Light Chain Levels in Patients With Radiologically Isolated Syndrome-Sign of Inflammation. Front Neurol 2018; 9:1075. [PMID: 30619038 PMCID: PMC6305325 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.01075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers of disease in patients with radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS) are the subject of intense investigation, because they have the potential to enhance our understanding of the natural disease course and provide insights into similarities and differences between RIS and other multiple sclerosis (MS) disease identities. Methods: Here we compared neurofilament light chain (NFL) and progranulin (PGRN) levels in the CSF in RIS patients with levels in patients with different subtypes of MS and healthy controls (HC) using Kruskal–Wallis one-way analysis of variance. Results: Median CSF NFL concentrations in RIS patients did not differ to those in HC and clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) patients, but were significantly lower than in relapsing remitting (RRMS) and primary progressive (PPMS) MS patients. In contrast, RIS patients exhibited higher median CSF PGRN levels than HC and showed no significant differences compared with CIS, RRMS, and PPMS cases. Conclusion: We postulate that elevated PGRN values in the CSF of RIS patients might indicate inflammatory and repair activity prior to axonal disintegration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Pawlitzki
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital of Muenster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Daniel Bittner
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anke Lux
- Department for Biometrics and Medical Informatics, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Vielhaber
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schreiber
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Friedemann Paul
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Neurology, Berlin, Germany.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Neumann
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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8
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Suárez-Calvet M, Capell A, Araque Caballero MÁ, Morenas-Rodríguez E, Fellerer K, Franzmeier N, Kleinberger G, Eren E, Deming Y, Piccio L, Karch CM, Cruchaga C, Paumier K, Bateman RJ, Fagan AM, Morris JC, Levin J, Danek A, Jucker M, Masters CL, Rossor MN, Ringman JM, Shaw LM, Trojanowski JQ, Weiner M, Ewers M, Haass C. CSF progranulin increases in the course of Alzheimer's disease and is associated with sTREM2, neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. EMBO Mol Med 2018; 10:e9712. [PMID: 30482868 PMCID: PMC6284390 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201809712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is predominantly expressed by microglia in the brain, and genetic and experimental evidence suggests a critical role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We asked whether PGRN expression is changed in a disease severity-specific manner in AD We measured PGRN in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in two of the best-characterized AD patient cohorts, namely the Dominant Inherited Alzheimer's Disease Network (DIAN) and the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). In carriers of AD causing dominant mutations, cross-sectionally assessed CSF PGRN increased over the course of the disease and significantly differed from non-carriers 10 years before the expected symptom onset. In late-onset AD, higher CSF PGRN was associated with more advanced disease stages and cognitive impairment. Higher CSF PGRN was associated with higher CSF soluble TREM2 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2) only when there was underlying pathology, but not in controls. In conclusion, we demonstrate that, although CSF PGRN is not a diagnostic biomarker for AD, it may together with sTREM2 reflect microglial activation during the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Suárez-Calvet
- Chair of Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anja Capell
- Chair of Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Miguel Ángel Araque Caballero
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Estrella Morenas-Rodríguez
- Chair of Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Katrin Fellerer
- Chair of Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicolai Franzmeier
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Gernot Kleinberger
- Chair of Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Erden Eren
- Chair of Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute Dokuz, Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Yuetiva Deming
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Laura Piccio
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Celeste M Karch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Katrina Paumier
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Randall J Bateman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Anne M Fagan
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John C Morris
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Johannes Levin
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Adrian Danek
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Mathias Jucker
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Colin L Masters
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Martin N Rossor
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - John M Ringman
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Leslie M Shaw
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Institute on Aging, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Institute on Aging, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael Weiner
- University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael Ewers
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Haass
- Chair of Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
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9
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Progranulin in the hematopoietic compartment protects mice from atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2018; 277:145-154. [PMID: 30212683 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Progranulin is a circulating protein that modulates inflammation and is found in atherosclerotic lesions. Here we determined whether inflammatory cell-derived progranulin impacts atherosclerosis development. METHODS Ldlr-/- mice were transplanted with bone marrow from wild-type (WT) or Grn-/- (progranulin KO) mice (referred to as Tx-WT and Tx-KO, respectively). RESULTS After 10 weeks of high-fat diet feeding, both groups displayed similarly elevated plasma levels of cholesterol and triglycerides. Despite abundant circulating levels of progranulin, the size of atherosclerotic lesions in Tx-KO mice was increased by 47% in aortic roots and by 62% in whole aortas. Aortic root lesions in Tx-KO mice had increased macrophage content and larger necrotic cores, consistent with more advanced lesions. Progranulin staining was markedly reduced in the lesions of Tx-KO mice, indicating little or no uptake of circulating progranulin. Mechanistically, cultured progranulin-deficient macrophages exhibited increased lysosome-mediated exophagy of aggregated low-density lipoproteins resulting in increased cholesterol uptake and foam cell formation. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that hematopoietic progranulin deficiency promotes diet-induced atherosclerosis in Ldlr-/- mice, possibly due to increased exophagy-mediated cholesterol uptake. Circulating progranulin was unable to prevent the increased lesion development, consistent with the importance of progranulin acting via cell-autonomous or local effects.
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10
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Murine knockin model for progranulin-deficient frontotemporal dementia with nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E2849-E2858. [PMID: 29511098 PMCID: PMC5866607 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1722344115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the GRN gene cause frontotemporal dementia, a devastating neurological disease. The majority of these GRN mutations are nonsense and frameshift mutations. Here, we generated a knockin mouse model with a Grn mutation corresponding to the most prevalent human disease mutation, GRNR493X. We show that mice harboring this mutation phenocopy progranulin-deficient mice, and that the mutation triggers mRNA decay and, as a consequence, low production of Grn. However, the truncated mutant protein that would be produced from this allele is functional, suggesting inhibiting mRNA decay as a therapeutic approach for individuals with progranulin-deficient frontotemporal dementia caused by nonsense mutations. Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder in individuals under age 60 and has no treatment or cure. Because many cases of FTD result from GRN nonsense mutations, an animal model for this type of mutation is highly desirable for understanding pathogenesis and testing therapies. Here, we generated and characterized GrnR493X knockin mice, which model the most common human GRN mutation, a premature stop codon at arginine 493 (R493X). Homozygous GrnR493X mice have markedly reduced Grn mRNA levels, lack detectable progranulin protein, and phenocopy Grn knockout mice, with CNS microgliosis, cytoplasmic TDP-43 accumulation, reduced synaptic density, lipofuscinosis, hyperinflammatory macrophages, excessive grooming behavior, and reduced survival. Inhibition of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) by genetic, pharmacological, or antisense oligonucleotide-based approaches showed that NMD contributes to the reduced mRNA levels in GrnR493X mice and cell lines and in fibroblasts from patients containing the GRNR493X mutation. Moreover, the expressed truncated R493X mutant protein was functional in several assays in progranulin-deficient cells. Together, these findings establish a murine model for in vivo testing of NMD inhibition or other therapies as potential approaches for treating progranulin deficiency caused by the R493X mutation.
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11
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Schreiber S, Debska-Vielhaber G, Abdulla S, Machts J, Schreiber F, Kropf S, KÖrtvelyessy P, KÖrner S, Kollewe K, Petri S, Dengler R, Kunz WS, Nestor PJ, Vielhaber S. Peripheral nerve atrophy together with higher cerebrospinal fluid progranulin indicate axonal damage in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Muscle Nerve 2017; 57:273-278. [PMID: 28472860 DOI: 10.1002/mus.25682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We aimed to investigate whether sonographic peripheral cross-sectional nerve area (CSA) and progranulin (PGRN), a neuritic growth factor, are related to each other and whether they interact to predict clinical and paraclinical measures in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). METHODS We included 55 ALS patients who had forearm median and ulnar nerve CSA, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) PGRN, and serum PGRN measures available. CSF PGRN was normalized against the CSF / serum albumin ratio (Qalb ). Using age, sex, height, and weight adjusted general linear models, we examined CSA × CSF PGRN interaction effects on various measures. RESULTS There was a medium-effect size inverse relationship between CSA and CSF PGRN, but not between CSA and serum PGRN. Lower CSA values together with higher CSF PGRN levels were linked to smaller motor amplitudes. DISCUSSION In ALS, the constellation of peripheral nerve atrophy together with higher CSF PGRN levels indicates pronounced axonal damage. Muscle Nerve 57: 273-278, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Schreiber
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) within the Helmholtz Association, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Grazyna Debska-Vielhaber
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Abdulla
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) within the Helmholtz Association, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Judith Machts
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) within the Helmholtz Association, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Frank Schreiber
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) within the Helmholtz Association, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Control Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Siegfried Kropf
- Institute of Biometry and Medical Informatics, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Peter KÖrtvelyessy
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) within the Helmholtz Association, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sonja KÖrner
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katja Kollewe
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Susanne Petri
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Reinhard Dengler
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfram S Kunz
- Division of Neurochemistry, Department of Epileptology, University Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter J Nestor
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) within the Helmholtz Association, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Vielhaber
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) within the Helmholtz Association, Magdeburg, Germany
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12
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Vercellino M, Grifoni S, Romagnolo A, Masera S, Mattioda A, Trebini C, Chiavazza C, Caligiana L, Capello E, Mancardi GL, Giobbe D, Mutani R, Giordana MT, Cavalla P. Progranulin expression in brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid levels in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2017; 17:1194-201. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458511406164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Progranulin (PGRN) is a fundamental neurotrophic factor, and is also involved in inflammation and wound repair. PGRN may have pro- or anti-inflammatory properties, depending upon proteolysis of the anti-inflammatory parent PGRN protein and the generation of pro-inflammatory granulin peptides. Objectives: Our objectives were as follows: (1) to evaluate the presence and distribution of PGRN in multiple sclerosis (MS) brain tissue, correlating it with demyelination and inflammation; (2) to evaluate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) PGRN concentrations in patients with MS and controls, in relationship to the clinical features of the disease. Methods: Our study involved the following: (1) neuropathological study of PGRN on post-mortem tissue of 19 MS and six control brains; (2) evaluation of PGRN CSF concentration in 40 MS patients, 15 non-inflammatory controls and five inflammatory controls (viral encephalitis). Results: In active demyelinating lesions, PGRN was expressed on macrophages/microglia. In the normal-appearing white matter (NAWM), expression of PGRN was observed on activated microglia. PGRN was expressed by neurons and microglia in cortical lesions and in normal-appearing cortex. No expression of PGRN was observed in controls, except on neurons. PGRN CSF concentrations were significantly higher in patients with relapsing–remitting MS during relapses and in progressive MS patients, compared with relapsing–remitting MS patients during remissions and with non-inflammatory controls. Conclusions: PGRN is strongly expressed in MS brains, by macrophages/microglia in active lesions, and by activated microglia in the NAWM; PGRN CSF concentrations in MS are correspondingly increased in conditions of enhanced macrophage/microglia activation, such as during relapses and in progressive MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Vercellino
- Department of Neuroscience, AOU S. Giovanni Battista di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Grifoni
- Department of Neuroscience, Università di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Masera
- Department of Neuroscience, Università di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Claudia Trebini
- Department of Neuroscience, Università di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Laura Caligiana
- Department of Neuroscience, Università di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Capello
- Department of Neuroscience, Ophthalmology and Genetics, Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Dario Giobbe
- Department of Neuroscience, AOU S. Giovanni Battista di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Roberto Mutani
- Department of Neuroscience, Università di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Paola Cavalla
- Department of Neuroscience, Università di Torino, Turin, Italy
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13
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Kimura A, Takemura M, Saito K, Serrero G, Yoshikura N, Hayashi Y, Inuzuka T. Increased cerebrospinal fluid progranulin correlates with interleukin-6 in the acute phase of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 305:175-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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14
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Berghoff M, Hochberg A, Schmid A, Schlegel J, Karrasch T, Kaps M, Schäffler A. Quantification and regulation of the adipokines resistin and progranulin in human cerebrospinal fluid. Eur J Clin Invest 2016; 46:15-26. [PMID: 26509463 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipokines bearing the potential to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) are promising candidates for the endocrine regulation of central nervous processes and of a postulated fat-brain axis. Resistin and progranulin concentrations in paired serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of patients undergoing neurological evaluation and spinal puncture were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples of n = 270 consecutive patients with various neurological diseases were collected without prior selection. Adipokine serum and CSF concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and serum and CSF routine parameters by standard procedures. Anthropometric data, medication and patient history were available. RESULTS Serum levels of resistin and progranulin were positively correlated among each other, with respective CSF levels, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and markers of systemic inflammation. CSF resistin concentrations were generally low. Progranulin CSF concentrations and CSF/serum progranulin ratio were significantly higher in patients with infectious diseases, with disturbed BBB function and with elevated CSF cell count and presence of oligoclonal bands. Both adipokines are able to cross the BBB depending on a differing patency that increases with increasing grade of barrier dysfunction. Whereas resistin represents a systemic marker of inflammation, CSF progranulin levels strongly depend on the underlying disease and dysfunction of blood-CSF barrier. CONCLUSIONS Resistin and progranulin represent novel and putative regulators of the fat-brain axis by their ability to cross the BBB under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. The presented data provide insight into the characteristics of BBB function regarding progranulin and resistin and the basis for future establishment of normal values for CSF concentrations and CSF/serum ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Berghoff
- Department of Neurology, Giessen University Hospital, Giessen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Hochberg
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Giessen University Hospital, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Schmid
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Giessen University Hospital, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jutta Schlegel
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Giessen University Hospital, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Karrasch
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Giessen University Hospital, Giessen, Germany
| | - Manfred Kaps
- Department of Neurology, Giessen University Hospital, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Schäffler
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Giessen University Hospital, Giessen, Germany
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15
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Wei F, Zhang Y, Zhao W, Yu X, Liu CJ. Progranulin facilitates conversion and function of regulatory T cells under inflammatory conditions. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112110. [PMID: 25393765 PMCID: PMC4230946 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The progranulin (PGRN) is known to protect regulatory T cells (Tregs) from a negative regulation by TNF-α, and its levels are elevated in various kinds of autoimmune diseases. Whether PGRN directly regulates the conversion of CD4+CD25-T cells into Foxp3-expressing regulatory T cells (iTreg), and whether PGRN affects the immunosuppressive function of Tregs, however, remain unknown. In this study we provide evidences demonstrating that PGRN is able to stimulate the conversion of CD4+CD25-T cells into iTreg in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. In addition, PGRN showed synergistic effects with TGF-β1 on the induction of iTreg. PGRN was required for the immunosuppressive function of Tregs, since PGRN-deficient Tregs have a significant decreased ability to suppress the proliferation of effector T cells (Teff). In addition, PGRN deficiency caused a marked reduction in Tregs number in the course of inflammatory arthritis, although no significant difference was observed in the numbers of Tregs between wild type and PGRN deficient mice during development. Furthermore, PGRN deficiency led to significant upregulation of the Wnt receptor gene Fzd2. Collectively, this study reveals that PGRN directly regulates the numbers and function of Tregs under inflammatory conditions, and provides new insight into the immune regulatory mechanism of PGRN in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanhua Wei
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yuying Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Weiming Zhao
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiuping Yu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Chuan-ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Suh HS, Lo Y, Choi N, Letendre S, Lee SC. Evidence of the innate antiviral and neuroprotective properties of progranulin. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98184. [PMID: 24878635 PMCID: PMC4039467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compelling data exist that show that normal levels of progranulin (PGRN) are required for successful CNS aging. PGRN production is also modulated by inflammation and infection, but no data are available on the production and role of PGRN during CNS HIV infection. METHODS To determine the relationships between PGRN and HIV disease, neurocognition, and inflammation, we analyzed 107 matched CSF and plasma samples from CHARTER, a well-characterized HIV cohort. Levels of PGRN were determined by ELISA and compared to levels of several inflammatory mediators (IFNγ, IL-6, IL-10, IP-10, MCP-1, TNFα, IL-1β, IL-4 and IL-13), as well as clinical, virologic and demographic parameters. The relationship between HIV infection and PGRN was also examined in HIV-infected primary human microglial cultures. RESULTS In plasma, PGRN levels correlated with the viral load (VL, p<0.001). In the CSF of subjects with undetectable VL, lower PGRN was associated with neurocognitive impairment (p = 0.046). CSF PGRN correlated with CSF IP-10, TNFα and IL-10, and plasma PGRN correlated with plasma IP-10. In vitro, microglial HIV infection increased PGRN production and PGRN knockdown increased HIV replication, demonstrating that PGRN is an innate antiviral protein. CONCLUSIONS We propose that PGRN plays dual roles in people living with HIV disease. With active HIV replication, PGRN is induced in infected macrophages and microglia and functions as an antiviral protein. In individuals without active viral replication, decreased PGRN production contributes to neurocognitive dysfunction, probably through a diminution of its neurotrophic functions. Our results have implications for the pathogenesis, biomarker studies and therapy for HIV diseases including HIV-associated neurocognitive dysfunction (HAND).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Sook Suh
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HSS); (SCL)
| | - Yungtai Lo
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Namjong Choi
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Scott Letendre
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Sunhee C. Lee
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HSS); (SCL)
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17
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Suh HS, Gelman BB, Lee SC. Potential roles of microglial cell progranulin in HIV-associated CNS pathologies and neurocognitive impairment. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2014; 9:117-32. [PMID: 23959579 PMCID: PMC3930627 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-013-9495-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is a highly unusual molecule with both neuronal and microglial expression with two seemingly unrelated functions, i.e., as a neuronal growth factor and a modulator of neuroinflammation. Haploinsufficiency due to loss of function mutations lead to a fatal presenile dementing illness (frontotemporal lobar degeneration), indicating that adequate expression of PGRN is essential for successful aging. PGRN might be a particularly relevant factor in the pathogenesis of HIVencephalitis (HIVE) and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). We present emerging data and a review of the literature which show that cells of myeloid lineage such as macrophages and microglia are the primary sources of PGRN and that PGRN expression contributes to pathogenesis of CNS diseases. We also present evidence that PGRN is a macrophage antiviral cytokine. For example, PGRN mRNA and protein expression are significantly upregulated in brain specimens with HIVE, and in HIV infected microglia in vitro. Paradoxically, our preliminary CHARTER data analyses indicate that lower PGRN levels in CSF trended towards an association with HAND, particularly in those without detectable virus. Based upon these findings, we introduce the hypothesis that PGRN plays dual roles in modulating antiviral immunity and neuronal dysfunction in the context of HIV infection. In the presence of active viral replication, PGRN expression is increased functioning as an anti-viral factor as well as a neuroprotectant. In the absence of active HIV replication, ongoing inflammation or other stressors suppress PGRN production from macrophages/microglia contributing to neurocognitive dysfunction. We propose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Sook Suh
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Benjamin B. Gelman
- Departments of Pathology and Neuroscience & Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Sunhee C. Lee
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
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18
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Nguyen AD, Nguyen TA, Martens LH, Mitic LL, Farese RV. Progranulin: at the interface of neurodegenerative and metabolic diseases. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2013; 24:597-606. [PMID: 24035620 PMCID: PMC3842380 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Progranulin is a widely expressed, cysteine-rich, secreted glycoprotein originally discovered for its growth factor-like properties. Its subsequent identification as a causative gene for frontotemporal dementia (FTD), a devastating early-onset neurodegenerative disease, has catalyzed a surge of new discoveries about progranulin function in the brain. More recently, progranulin was recognized as an adipokine involved in diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance, revealing its metabolic function. We review here progranulin biology in both neurodegenerative and metabolic diseases. In particular, we highlight the growth factor-like, trophic, and anti-inflammatory properties of progranulin as potential unifying themes in these seemingly divergent conditions. We also discuss potential therapeutic options for raising progranulin levels to treat progranulin-deficient FTD, as well as the possible consequences of such treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Nguyen
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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19
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Cenik B, Sephton CF, Kutluk Cenik B, Herz J, Yu G. Progranulin: a proteolytically processed protein at the crossroads of inflammation and neurodegeneration. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:32298-306. [PMID: 22859297 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r112.399170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
GRN mutations cause frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43-positive inclusions. The mechanism of pathogenesis is haploinsufficiency. Recently, homozygous GRN mutations were detected in two patients with neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, a lysosomal storage disease. It is unknown whether the pathogenesis of these two conditions is related. Progranulin is cleaved into smaller peptides called granulins. Progranulin and granulins are attributed with roles in cancer, inflammation, and neuronal physiology. Cell surface receptors for progranulin, but not granulin peptides, have been reported. Revealing the cell surface receptors and the intracellular functions of granulins and progranulin is crucial for understanding their contributions to neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basar Cenik
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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20
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Ghidoni R, Paterlini A, Benussi L. Circulating progranulin as a biomarker for neurodegenerative diseases. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE 2012; 1:180-190. [PMID: 23383391 PMCID: PMC3560461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Progranulin is a growth factor involved in the regulation of multiple processes including tumorigenesis, wound repair, development, and inflammation. The recent discovery that mutations in the gene encoding for progranulin (GRN) cause frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), and other neurodegenerative diseases leading to dementia, has brought renewed interest in progranulin and its functions in the central nervous system. GRN null mutations cause protein haploinsufficiency, leading to a significant decrease in progranulin levels that can be detected in plasma, serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of mutation carriers. The dosage of circulating progranulin sped up the identification of GRN mutations thus favoring genotype-phenotype correlation studies. Researchers demonstrated that, in GRN null mutation carriers, the shortage of progranulin invariably precedes clinical symptoms and thus mutation carriers are "captured" regardless of their disease status. GRN is a particularly appealing gene for drug targeting, in the way that boosting its expression may be beneficial for mutation carriers, preventing or delaying the onset of GRN-related neurodegenerative diseases. Physiological regulation of progranulin expression level is only partially known. Progranulin expression reflects mutation status and, intriguingly, its levels can be modulated by some additional factor (i.e. genetic background; drugs). Thus, factors increasing the production and secretion of progranulin from the normal gene are promising potential therapeutic avenues. In conclusion, peripheral progranulin is a nonintrusive highly accurate biomarker for early identification of mutation carriers and for monitoring future treatments that might boost the level of this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Ghidoni
- Proteomics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio FatebenefratelliBrescia, Italy
| | - Anna Paterlini
- Proteomics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio FatebenefratelliBrescia, Italy
| | - Luisa Benussi
- NeuroBioGen Lab-Memory Clinic, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio FatebenefratelliBrescia, Italy
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Galimberti D, Dell'Osso B, Fenoglio C, Villa C, Cortini F, Serpente M, Kittel-Schneider S, Weigl J, Neuner M, Volkert J, Leonhard C, Olmes DG, Kopf J, Cantoni C, Ridolfi E, Palazzo C, Ghezzi L, Bresolin N, Altamura AC, Scarpini E, Reif A. Progranulin gene variability and plasma levels in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32164. [PMID: 22505994 PMCID: PMC3323578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Basing on the assumption that frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (BPD) might share common aetiological mechanisms, we analyzed genetic variation in the FTLD risk gene progranulin (GRN) in a German population of patients with schizophrenia (n = 271) or BPD (n = 237) as compared with 574 age-, gender- and ethnicity-matched controls. Furthermore, we measured plasma progranulin levels in 26 German BPD patients as well as in 61 Italian BPD patients and 29 matched controls. A significantly decreased allelic frequency of the minor versus the wild-type allele was observed for rs2879096 (23.2 versus 34.2%, P<0.001, OR:0.63, 95%CI:0.49–0.80), rs4792938 (30.7 versus 39.7%, P = 0.005, OR: 0.70, 95%CI: 0.55–0.89) and rs5848 (30.3 versus 36.8, P = 0.007, OR: 0.71, 95%CI: 0.56–0.91). Mean±SEM progranulin plasma levels were significantly decreased in BPD patients, either Germans or Italians, as compared with controls (89.69±3.97 and 116.14±5.80 ng/ml, respectively, versus 180.81±18.39 ng/ml P<0.001) and were not correlated with age. In conclusion, GRN variability decreases the risk to develop BPD and schizophrenia, and progranulin plasma levels are significantly lower in BPD patients than in controls. Nevertheless, a larger replication analysis would be needed to confirm these preliminary results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Galimberti
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Milan, IRCCS Fondazione Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
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22
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Fenoglio C, Scalabrini D, Esposito F, Comi C, Cavalla P, De Riz M, Martinelli V, Piccio LM, Venturelli E, Fumagalli G, Capra R, Collimedaglia L, Ghezzi A, Rodegher ME, Vercellino M, Leone M, Giordana MT, Bresolin N, Monaco F, Comi G, Scarpini E, Martinelli-Boneschi F, Galimberti D. Progranulin gene variability increases the risk for primary progressive multiple sclerosis in males. Genes Immun 2010; 11:497-503. [PMID: 20463744 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2010.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Progranulin (GRN) gene variability has been analyzed in a sample of 354 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) compared with 343 controls. No significant differences were observed, but by stratifying according to MS subtypes, a significant increased frequency of the rs2879096 TT genotype was found in primary progressive MS (PPMS) patients versus controls (16.0 vs 3.5%, P=0.023, odds ratio (OR) 5.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2-21.4). In addition, in PPMS, an association with the C allele of rs4792938 was observed (55.3 vs 33.5%, P=0.011, OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.2-4.7). An independent population was studied as replication, failing to confirm results previously obtained. Stratifying according to gender, an association with rs4792938 C allele was found in male PPMS patients compared with controls (40.7 vs 26.9%, P=0.002, OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.2-2.8). An association with the rs2879096T allele was observed (29.2 in patients compared with 18.9% in controls, P=0.012, OR 1.77, 95% CI 1.1-2.8). Haplotype analysis showed that TC haplotype frequency is increased in PPMS male patients compared with male controls (25.7 vs 16.6%; P=0.02, OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.1-2.7), whereas the respective GC haplotype seems to exert a protective effect, as its frequency is decreased in patients compared with controls (55.8% vs 70.9%; P=0.001, OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.4-0.8). Therefore, GRN haplotypes likely influence the risk of developing PPMS in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fenoglio
- Department of Neurological Sciences, 'Dino Ferrari' Center, University of Milan, Fondazione Ca' Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
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