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Mathias K, Machado RS, Stork S, Dos Santos D, Joaquim L, Generoso J, Danielski LG, Barichello T, Prophiro JS, Petronilho F. Blood-brain barrier permeability in the ischemic stroke: An update. Microvasc Res 2024; 151:104621. [PMID: 37918521 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2023.104621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is the second leading cause of death globally and the major cause of long-term disability. Among the types of strokes, ischemic stroke, which occurs due to obstruction of blood vessels responsible for cerebral irrigation, is considered the most prevalent, accounting for approximately 86 % of all stroke cases. This interruption of blood supply leads to a critical pathophysiological mechanism, including oxidative stress and neuroinflammation which are responsible for structural alterations of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The increased BBB permeability associated with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion may contribute to a worse outcome after stroke. Thus, this narrative review aims to update the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the increase in BBB permeability and to list the possible therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khiany Mathias
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarao, SC, Brazil; Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil.
| | - Richard Simon Machado
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil; Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarao, SC, Brazil
| | - Solange Stork
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil; Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarao, SC, Brazil
| | - David Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Larissa Joaquim
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil; Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarao, SC, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Generoso
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Lucinéia Gainski Danielski
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Barichello
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil; Translational Psychiatry Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Josiane Somariva Prophiro
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarao, SC, Brazil
| | - Fabricia Petronilho
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil
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2
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Song YY, Liang D, Liu DK, Lin L, Zhang L, Yang WQ. The role of the ERK signaling pathway in promoting angiogenesis for treating ischemic diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1164166. [PMID: 37427386 PMCID: PMC10325625 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1164166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The main treatment strategy for ischemic diseases caused by conditions such as poor blood vessel formation or abnormal blood vessels involves repairing vascular damage and encouraging angiogenesis. One of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, is followed by a tertiary enzymatic cascade of MAPKs that promotes angiogenesis, cell growth, and proliferation through a phosphorylation response. The mechanism by which ERK alleviates the ischemic state is not fully understood. Significant evidence suggests that the ERK signaling pathway plays a critical role in the occurrence and development of ischemic diseases. This review briefly describes the mechanisms underlying ERK-mediated angiogenesis in the treatment of ischemic diseases. Studies have shown that many drugs treat ischemic diseases by regulating the ERK signaling pathway to promote angiogenesis. The prospect of regulating the ERK signaling pathway in ischemic disorders is promising, and the development of drugs that specifically act on the ERK pathway may be a key target for promoting angiogenesis in the treatment of ischemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Yue Song
- Innovation Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Dan Liang
- Innovation Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - De-Kun Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Innovation Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Wen-Qing Yang
- Innovation Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Shandong Province Cardiovascular Disease Chinese Medicine Precision Diagnosis Engineering Laboratory, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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3
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Zhu Y, Sun Y, Hu J, Pan Z. Insight Into the Mechanism of Exercise Preconditioning in Ischemic Stroke. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:866360. [PMID: 35350755 PMCID: PMC8957886 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.866360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise preconditioning has attracted extensive attention to induce endogenous neuroprotection and has become the hotspot in neurotherapy. The training exercise is given multiple times before cerebral ischemia, effectively inducing ischemic tolerance and alleviating secondary brain damage post-stroke. Compared with other preconditioning methods, the main advantages of exercise include easy clinical operation and being readily accepted by patients. However, the specific mechanism behind exercise preconditioning to ameliorate brain injury is complex. It involves multi-pathway and multi-target regulation, including regulation of inflammatory response, oxidative stress, apoptosis inhibition, and neurogenesis promotion. The current review summarizes the recent studies on the mechanism of neuroprotection induced by exercise, providing the theoretical basis of applying exercise therapy to prevent and treat ischemic stroke. In addition, we highlight the various limitations and future challenges of translational medicine from fundamental study to clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhan Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Rongjun Hospital, Jiaxing, China
| | - Yulin Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Rongjun Hospital, Jiaxing, China
| | - Jichao Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhejiang Rongjun Hospital, Jiaxing, China
| | - Zhuoer Pan
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhejiang Rongjun Hospital, Jiaxing, China
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4
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Zhang H, Xie Q, Hu J. Neuroprotective Effect of Physical Activity in Ischemic Stroke: Focus on the Neurovascular Unit. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:860573. [PMID: 35317197 PMCID: PMC8934401 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.860573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is one of the major diseases associated with death or disability among patients. To date, there is a lack of effective treatments, with the exception of thrombolytic therapy that can be administered during the acute phase of ischemic stroke. Cerebral ischemia can cause a variety of pathological changes, including microvascular basal membrane matrix, endothelial cell activation, and astrocyte adhesion, which may affect signal transduction between the microvessels and neurons. Therefore, researchers put forward the concept of neurovascular unit, including neurons, axons, astrocytes, microvasculature (including endothelial cells, basal membrane matrix, and pericyte), and oligodendrocytes. Numerous studies have demonstrated that exercise can produce protective effects in cerebral ischemia, and that exercise may protect the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, promote neovascularization, reduce neuronal apoptosis, and eventually lead to an improvement in neurological function after cerebral ischemia. In this review, we summarized the potential mechanisms on the effect of exercise on cerebral ischemia, by mainly focusing on the neurovascular unit, with the aim of providing a novel therapeutic strategy for future treatment of cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- School of Physical Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qi Xie
- Inpatient Department, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Juan Hu
- Yu Quan dao Health Center, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Juan Hu,
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5
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Targeting the Erk1/2 and autophagy signaling easily improved the neurobalst differentiation and cognitive function after young transient forebrain ischemia compared to old gerbils. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:87. [PMID: 35220404 PMCID: PMC8882190 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-00888-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampal neurogenesis occurs constitutively throughout adulthood in mammalian species, but declines with age. In this study, we overtly found that the neuroblast proliferation and differentiation in the subgranular zone and the maturation into fully functional and integrated neurons in the granule-cell layer in young gerbils following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion was much more than those in old gerbils. The neurological function and cognitive and memory-function rehabilitation in the young gerbils improved faster than those in the old one. These results demonstrated that, during long term after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion, the ability of neurogenesis and recovery of nerve function in young animals were significantly higher than that in the old animals. We found that, after 14- and 28-day cerebral ischemia/reperfusion, the phosphorylation of MEK1/2, ERK1/2, p90RSK, and MSK1/2 protein levels in the hippocampus of young gerbils was significantly much higher than that of old gerbils. The levels of autophagy-related proteins, including Beclin-1, Atg3, Atg5, and LC3 in the hippocampus were effectively maintained and elevated at 28 days after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in the young gerbils compared with those in the old gerbils. These results indicated that an increase or maintenance of the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 signal pathway and autophagy-related proteins was closely associated with the neuroblast proliferation and differentiation and the process of maturation into neurons. Further, we proved that neuroblast proliferation and differentiation in the dentate gyrus and cognitive function were significantly reversed in young cerebral ischemic gerbils by administering the ERK inhibitor (U0126) and autophagy inhibitor (3MA). In brief, following experimental young ischemic stroke, the long-term promotion of the neurogenesis in the young gerbil’s hippocampal dentate gyrus by upregulating the phosphorylation of ERK signaling pathway and maintaining autophagy-related protein levels, it overtly improved the neurological function and cognitive and memory function.
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6
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Hafez S, Eid Z, Alabasi S, Darwiche Y, Channaoui S, Hess DC. Mechanisms of Preconditioning Exercise-Induced Neurovascular Protection in Stroke. J Stroke 2021; 23:312-326. [PMID: 34649377 PMCID: PMC8521252 DOI: 10.5853/jos.2020.03006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death and disability. Tissue plasminogen activator is the only U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke patients till date. However, its use is limited due to increased risk of bleeding and narrow therapeutic window. Most of the preclinically tested pharmacological agents failed to be translated to the clinic. This drives the need for alternative therapeutic approaches that not only provide enhanced neuroprotection, but also reduce the risk of stroke. Physical exercise is a sort of preconditioning that provides the body with brief ischemic episodes that can protect the body from subsequent severe ischemic attacks like stroke. Physical exercise is known to improve cardiovascular health. However, its role in providing neuroprotection in stroke is not clear. Clinical observational studies showed a correlation between regular physical exercise and reduced risk and severity of ischemic stroke and better outcomes after stroke. However, the underlying mechanisms through which prestroke exercise can reduce the stroke injury and improve the outcomes are not completely understood. The purpose of this review is to: demonstrate the impact of exercise on stroke outcomes and show the potential role of exercise in stroke prevention and recovery; uncover the underlying mechanisms through which exercise reduces the neurovascular injury and improves stroke outcomes aiming to develop novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif Hafez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy Mercer University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Neurology Department, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Zeina Eid
- College of Pharmacy Larkin University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sara Alabasi
- College of Pharmacy Larkin University, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | | | - David C Hess
- Neurology Department, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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7
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Marjani S, Zirh S, Sever-Bahcekapili M, Cakir-Aktas C, Muftuoglu SF, Mut M. Doxycycline alleviates acute traumatic brain injury by suppressing neuroinflammation and apoptosis in a mouse model. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 359:577672. [PMID: 34364104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the significant causes of death among young people worldwide. Doxycycline (DOX), an antibiotic with anti-inflammatory effects, has not been used as a therapeutic agent to modify the inflammatory response after the traumatic brain injury. In this study, intraperitoneal administration of DOX reduced significantly the acute inflammatory markers like IL-6 and CD3, microglial migration to the damaged area marked with Iba-1, and neuronal apoptosis assessed with TUNEL assay at 72 h after the trauma. The low dose, 10 mg/kg of DOX had a dominant anti-inflammatory effect; while the high dose, 100 mg/kg of DOX, was more effective in decreasing neuronal apoptosis. In early hours after the head trauma, use of a low dose (10 mg/kg) of DOX for decreasing the acute form of inflammation followed by a high dose (100 mg/kg) for the anti-apoptotic effects particularly in severe head traumas, would be a promising approach to alleviate the brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Marjani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Selim Zirh
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Canan Cakir-Aktas
- Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sevda Fatma Muftuoglu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Melike Mut
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey; Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
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8
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Shokouhi G, Ahmadiasl N, Roshangar L, Ghorbanihaghjo A, Sheikhzadeh F, Mesgari M, Kosari-Nasab M. Long term treadmill exercise affects age-related oxidative stress in the spinal cord of rats. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.3920/cep200031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Age-induced apoptosis is believed to be caused by the imbalance between production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and human body antioxidant defence. Regular aerobic treadmill-exercise has been suggested to enhance the antioxidant defence. This study aimed to investigate the effects of long-term treadmill exercise on age-related oxidative stress and the apoptosis of oligodendrocytes in the spinal cord of the rat. Sixty male rats were divided into six groups: three exercised groups, which underwent 6, 9 and 12 months of mild-to-moderate treadmill exercise and three non-exercised control groups. Spinal cord white or grey matter tissue sampling was done through mid-thoracic laminectomy. The malondialdehyde (MDA; indicator of oxidative stress) levels, the number of apoptotic oligodendrocytes and ultrastructural alterations were also evaluated. Our data showed that treadmill exercise resulted in decreased lipid peroxidation and the number of apoptotic oligodendrocytes in the spinal cord of rats, as compared to non-exercised animals. These results were confirmed by TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling) staining and electron microscope. This study suggests that the long-term treadmill exercise can affect oxidative stress and oligodendrocytes apoptosis in the spinal cord of aged rats and further studies are needed to validate these findings in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Shokouhi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 29 Bahman Blvd., 51656-65811 Tabriz, Iran
| | - N. Ahmadiasl
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 29 Bahman Blvd., 51656-65811 Tabriz, Iran
| | - L. Roshangar
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 29 Bahman Blvd., 51656-65811 Tabriz, Iran
| | - A. Ghorbanihaghjo
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 29 Bahman Blvd., 51656-65811 Tabriz, Iran
| | - F. Sheikhzadeh
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, 29 Bahman Blvd., 51656-65811 Tabriz, Iran
| | - M. Mesgari
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 29 Bahman Blvd., 51656-65811 Tabriz, Iran
| | - M. Kosari-Nasab
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 29 Bahman Blvd., 51656-65811 Tabriz, Iran
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9
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Stephan JS, Sleiman SF. Exercise Factors Released by the Liver, Muscle, and Bones Have Promising Therapeutic Potential for Stroke. Front Neurol 2021; 12:600365. [PMID: 34108925 PMCID: PMC8181424 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.600365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability in the world. Stroke not only affects the patients, but also their families who serve as the primary caregivers. Discovering novel therapeutic targets for stroke is crucial both from a quality of life perspective as well as from a health economic perspective. Exercise is known to promote neuroprotection in the context of stroke. Indeed, exercise induces the release of blood-borne factors that promote positive effects on the brain. Identifying the factors that mediate the positive effects of exercise after ischemic stroke is crucial for the quest for novel therapies. This approach will yield endogenous molecules that normally cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) and that can mimic the effects of exercise. In this minireview, we will discuss the roles of exercise factors released by the liver such as beta-hydroxybutyrate (DBHB), by the muscle such as lactate and irisin and by the bones such as osteocalcin. We will also address their therapeutic potential in the context of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S Stephan
- School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Sama F Sleiman
- Biology Program, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
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10
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Early Electroacupuncture Extends the rtPA Time Window to 6 h in a Male Rat Model of Embolic Stroke via the ERK1/2-MMP9 Pathway. Neural Plast 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/8851089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) is the only recommended pharmacological treatment for acute ischemic stroke, but it has a restricted therapeutic time window. When administered at time points greater than 4.5 h after stroke onset, rtPA disrupts the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which leads to serious brain edema and hemorrhagic transformation. Electroacupuncture (EA) exerts a neuroprotective effect on cerebral ischemia; however, researchers have not clearly determined whether EA increases the safety of thrombolysis and extends the therapeutic time window of rtPA administration following ischemic stroke. Objective. The present study was conducted to test the hypothesis that EA extends the therapeutic time window of rtPA for ischemic stroke in a male rat model of embolic stroke. Methods. SD rats were randomly divided into the sham operation group, model group, rtPA group, EA+rtPA group, and rtPA+MEK1/2 inhibitor group. An injection of rtPA was administered 6 h after ischemia. Rats were treated with EA at the Shuigou (GV26) and Neiguan (PC6) acupoints at 2 h after ischemia. Neurological function, infarct volume, BBB permeability, brain edema, and hemorrhagic transformation were assessed at 24 h after ischemia. Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining were performed to detect the levels of proteins involved in the ERK1/2 signaling pathway (MEK1/2 and ERK1/2), tight junction proteins (Claudin5 and ZO-1), and MMP9 in the ischemic penumbra at 24 h after stroke. Results. Delayed rtPA treatment aggravated hemorrhagic transformation and brain edema. However, treatment with EA plus rtPA significantly improved neurological function and reduced the infarct volume, hemorrhagic transformation, brain edema, and EB leakage in rats compared with rtPA alone. EA increased the levels of tight junction proteins, inhibited the activation of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway, and reduced MMP9 overexpression induced by delayed rtPA thrombolysis. Conclusions. EA potentially represents an effective adjunct method to increase the safety of thrombolytic therapy and extend the therapeutic time window of rtPA administration following ischemic stroke. This neuroprotective effect may be mediated by the inhibition of the ERK1/2-MMP9 pathway and alleviation of the destruction of the BBB.
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Physical Training Moderates Blood-Brain-Barrier Disruption and Improves Cognitive Dysfunction Related to Transient Brain Ischemia in Rats. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-020-09840-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity all around the world. Identification of stroke risk factors and protective lifestyles is necessary for optimizing personalized treatment and reducing mortality. Sedentary lifestyle is a well-known modifiable risk factor in primary and secondary stroke prevention. Also, in recent years, exercise has been described as a neuroprotective and neuroreparative factor. Here we summarized the existing available evidence of the relationship between physical activity and stroke.
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Sakakima H. Endogenous neuroprotective potential due to preconditioning exercise in stroke. Phys Ther Res 2019; 22:45-52. [PMID: 32015940 DOI: 10.1298/ptr.r0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of serious long-term physical disability due to insufficient neurorepair mechanisms. In general, physical activity is an important modifiable risk factor, particularly for stroke and cardiovascular diseases. Physical exercise has shown to be neuroprotective in both animal experiments and clinical settings. Exercise can be considered a mild stressor and follows the prototypical preconditioning stimulus. It has beneficial effects on brain health and cognitive function. Preconditioning exercise, which is prophylactic exercise prior to ischemia, can protect the brain from subsequent serious injury through promotion of angiogenesis, mediation of inflammatory responses, inhibition of glutamate over-activation, protection of the blood-brain barrier, and inhibition of apoptosis. Preconditioning exercise appears to induce brain ischemic tolerance and it has been shown to exert beneficial effects. It is clinically safe and feasible and represents an exciting new paradigm in endogenous neuroprotection for patients with acute stroke. In this review, we describe the neuroprotective potential of preconditioning exercise and clinical applications in patients with acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harutoshi Sakakima
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University
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14
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Reichelt AC, Hare DJ, Bussey TJ, Saksida LM. Perineuronal Nets: Plasticity, Protection, and Therapeutic Potential. Trends Neurosci 2019; 42:458-470. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Wang YL, Lin CH, Chen CC, Chang CP, Lin KC, Su FC, Chou W. Exercise Preconditioning Attenuates Neurological Injury by Preserving Old and Newly Formed HSP72-Containing Neurons in Focal Brain Ischemia Rats. Int J Med Sci 2019; 16:675-685. [PMID: 31217735 PMCID: PMC6566739 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.32962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Exercise preconditioning (EP+) is a useful and important procedure for the prevention of stroke. We aimed to ascertain whether EP+ protects against ischemic brain injury by preserving heat shock protein (HSP) 72-containing neurons in ischemic brain tissues. Methods: Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=240) were used to assess the contribution of HSP72-containing neurons to the neuroprotective effects of EP+ on ischemic brain injury caused by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Results: Significant (P<0.05) increases in the percentages of both old HSP72-containing neurons (NeuN+HSP72 double positive cells) (18~20% vs. 40~50%) and newly formed HSP72-containing neurons (BrdU+NeuN+HSP72 triple positive cells); (2~3% vs. 16~20%) after 3 weeks of exercise coincided with significant (P<0.05) reductions in brain ischemia volume (250 mm3 vs. 100 mm3), brain edema (78% vs. 74% brain water content), blood-brain barrier disruption (1.5 μg/g vs. 0.7 μg/g tissue Evans Blue dye extravasation) and neurological motor deficits (neurological severity scores of 12 vs. 6 and maximal angles of 60° vs. 20°) in brain ischemia rats. Reductions in the percentages of both old (from 40~50% to 10~12%) and newly formed (from 18~20% to 5~7%) HSP72-containing neurons by gene silencing with an intracerebral injection of pSUPER small interfering RNA showed a significant (P<0.05) reversal in the neuroprotective outcomes. Our data provide an inverse correlation between the EP+-mediated increases in both old and newly formed HSP72-containing neurons and the extent of cerebral ischemic injury. Conclusions: The percentages of both old and newly formed HSP72-containing neurons are inversely correlated with the outcomes of ischemic brain injury. Additionally, preischemic treadmill exercise improves the outcomes of ischemic brain injury by preserving both the old and newly formed HSP72-containing neurons in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lin Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Center of General Education, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsien Lin
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chun Chen
- Department of Electronic Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ping Chang
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kao-Chang Lin
- Department of Neurology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Fong-Chin Su
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Medical Device Innovation Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Willy Chou
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Recreation and Healthcare Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
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PI3K-Akt-Wnt Pathway Is Implicated in Exercise-Induced Improvement of Short-term Memory in Cerebral Palsy Rats. Int Neurourol J 2018; 22:S156-164. [PMID: 30396265 PMCID: PMC6234731 DOI: 10.5213/inj.1836224.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Maternal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection induces neurodevelopmental disorders, such as cerebral palsy. Exercise activates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway that enhances neurogenesis. Wnt ligands are also implicated in the hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) is a downstream molecule of Akt, and GSK-3β is known to modulate hippocampal neurogenesis negatively. METHODS Cerebral palsy was made by maternal LPS-injection. On the 5 weeks after birth, treadmill running was applied to the rat pups of the exercise groups, for 30 minutes, 5 times a week during 6 weeks. RESULTS Treadmill running alleviated short-term memory impairments of the cerebral palsy rat pups. Hippocampal cell proliferation was increased and hippocampal apoptosis was suppressed by treadmill running in the cerebral palsy rat pups. Hippocampal phosphorylated-PI3K/PI3K ratio, phosphorylated-Akt/Akt ratio, and Wnt expression were enhanced by treadmill running in the cerebral palsy rat pups. In contrast, hippocampal phosphorylated-GSK-3β/GSK-3β ratio and β-catenin expression were suppressed by treadmill running in the cerebral palsy rat pups. CONCLUSION The results of this study showed that short-term memory improvement due to treadmill running in cerebral palsy occurs via activation of the PI3K-Akt-Wnt pathway.
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Chen Z, Xiang Y, Bao B, Wu X, Xia Z, You J, Nie H. Simvastatin improves cerebrovascular injury caused by ischemia‑reperfusion through NF‑κB‑mediated apoptosis via MyD88/TRIF signaling. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:3177-3184. [PMID: 30066928 PMCID: PMC6102662 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular injury is the most prevalent human cerebrovascular disease and frequently results in ischemic stroke. Simvastatin may be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of patients with cerebrovascular injury. The present study aimed to investigate the efficacy of and the potential mechanisms regulated by simvastatin in a rat model of ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)-induced cerebrovascular injury. Cerebrovascular injury model rats were established and were subsequently treated with simvastatin or a vehicle control following I/R injury. Cell damage, neurological functions and neuronal apoptosis were examined, as well as the nuclear factor (NF)-κB-mediated myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (MyD88)/toll-interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adapter molecule 1 (TRIF) signaling pathway following simvastatin treatment. The results of the present study demonstrated that simvastatin treatment led to a reduction in cell damage, improvement of neurological functions and decreased neuronal apoptosis compared with vehicle-treated I/R model rats, 14 days post-treatment. In addition, simvastatin treatment reduced cerebral water content and blood-brain barrier disruption in cerebrovascular injury induced by I/R. The results also revealed that simvastatin treatment inhibited neuronal apoptosis via the NF-κB-mediated MyD88/TRIF signaling pathway. In conclusion, simvastatin treatment may reduce I/R-induced neuronal apoptosis via inhibition of the NF-κB-mediated MyD88/TRIF signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiying Chen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Xiang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, P.R. China
| | - Bing Bao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, P.R. China
| | - Xiangbin Wu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, P.R. China
| | - Zhongbin Xia
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, P.R. China
| | - Jianyou You
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, P.R. China
| | - Hongbing Nie
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, P.R. China
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Reduced Severity of Outcome of Recurrent Ipsilateral Transient Cerebral Ischemia Compared with Contralateral Transient Cerebral Ischemia in Rats. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2017; 26:2915-2925. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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19
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He Z, Lu H, Yang X, Zhang L, Wu Y, Niu W, Ding L, Wang G, Tong S, Jia J. Hypoperfusion Induced by Preconditioning Treadmill Training in Hyper-Early Reperfusion After Cerebral Ischemia: A Laser Speckle Imaging Study. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2017; 65:219-223. [PMID: 28463182 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2017.2695229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Exercise preconditioning induces neuroprotective effects during cerebral ischemia and reperfusion, which involves the recovery of cerebral blood flow (CBF). Mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of re-established CBF following ischemia and reperfusion are unclear. The present study investigated CBF in hyper-early stage of reperfusion by laser speckle contrast imaging, a full-field high-resolution optical imaging technique. Rats with or without treadmill training were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by reperfusion. CBF in arteries, veins, and capillaries in hyper-early stage of reperfusion (1, 2, and 3 h after reperfusion) and in subacute stage (24 h after reperfusion) were measured. Neurological scoring and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining were further applied to determine the neuroprotective effects of exercise preconditioning. In hyper-early stage of reperfusion, CBF in the rats with exercise preconditioning was reduced significantly in arteries and veins, respectively, compared to rats with no exercise preconditioning. Capillary CBF remained stable in the hyper-early stage of reperfusion, though it increased significantly 24 h after reperfusion in the rats with exercise preconditioning. As a neuroprotective strategy, exercise preconditioning reduced the blood perfusion of arteries and veins in the hyper-early stage of reperfusion, which indicated intervention-induced neuroprotective hypoperfusion after reperfusion onset.
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20
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Shamsaei N, Erfani S, Fereidoni M, Shahbazi A. Neuroprotective Effects of Exercise on Brain Edema and Neurological Movement Disorders Following the Cerebral Ischemia and Reperfusion in Rats. Basic Clin Neurosci 2017; 8:77-84. [PMID: 28446953 PMCID: PMC5395689 DOI: 10.15412/j.bcn.03080110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Cerebral ischemia and reperfusion causes physiological and biochemical changes in the neuronal cells that will eventually lead to cell damage. Evidence indicates that exercise reduces the ischemia and reperfusion-induced brain damages in animal models of stroke. In the present study, the effect of exercise preconditioning on brain edema and neurological movement disorders following the cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in rats was investigated. Methods: Twenty-one adult male wistar rats (weighing 260–300 g) were randomly divided into three groups: sham operated, exercise plus ischemia, and ischemia group (7 rats per group). The rats in exercise group were trained to run on a treadmill 5 days a week for 4 weeks. Transient focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion were induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 60 minutes, followed by reperfusion for 23 hours. After 24 hours ischemia, movement disorders were tested by a special neurological examination. Also, cerebral edema was assessed by determining the brain water content. Results: The results showed that pre-ischemic exercise significantly reduced brain edema (P<0.05). In addition, exercise preconditioning decreased the neurological movement disorders caused by brain ischemia and reperfusion (P<0.05). Conclusion: Preconditioning by exercise had neuroprotective effects against brain ischemia and reperfusion-induced edema and movement disorders. Thus, it could be considered as a useful strategy for prevention of ischemic injuries, especially in people at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabi Shamsaei
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran
| | - Soheila Erfani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Masoud Fereidoni
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Shahbazi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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21
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Zhao S, Qu H, Zhao Y, Xiao T, Zhao M, Li Y, Jolkkonen J, Cao Y, Zhao C. CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 reverses the neurogenesis and behavioral recovery promoted by forced limb-use in stroke rats. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2016; 33:809-21. [PMID: 26444377 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-150515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Forced limb-use can enhance neurogenesis and behavioral recovery as well as increasing the level of stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) in stroke rats. We examined whether the SDF-1/CXCR4 pathway is involved in the enhanced neurogenesis and promoted behavioral recovery induced by forced limb-use in the chronic phase of stroke. METHODS The CXCR4 antagonist, AMD3100, was used to block the SDF-1/CXCR4 pathway in the ischemic rats. Brain ischemia was induced by endothelin-1. One week after ischemia, the unimpaired forelimb of rats was immobilized for 3 weeks. The proliferation, migration, and survival of DCX-positive cells in the subventricular zone (SVZ), and the dendritic complexity of DCX-positive cells in the dentate gyrus (DG), as well as the inflammatory response in the infarcted striatum were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Functional recovery was assessed in beam-walking and water maze tests. RESULTS Forced limb-use enhanced the proliferation, migration, dendritic complexity and the survival of newborn neurons. Furthermore, forced limb-use suppressed the inflammatory response and improved both motor and cognitive functions after stroke. AMD3100 significantly abrogated the enhanced neurogenesis and behavioral recovery induced by forced limb-use without influencing the inflammatory response. CONCLUSIONS SDF-1/CXCR4 pathway seems to be involved in the enhancement of neurogenesis and behavioral recovery induced by post-stroke forced limb-use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Huiling Qu
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ting Xiao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
| | - Mei Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jukka Jolkkonen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Yunpeng Cao
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chuansheng Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Study on the Mechanism of mTOR-Mediated Autophagy during Electroacupuncture Pretreatment against Cerebral Ischemic Injury. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:9121597. [PMID: 27547233 PMCID: PMC4980529 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9121597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study is aimed at investigating the association between the electroacupuncture (EA) pretreatment-induced protective effect against early cerebral ischemic injury and autophagy. EA pretreatment can protect cerebral ischemic and reperfusion injuries, but whether the attenuation of early cerebral ischemic injury by EA pretreatment was associated with autophagy is not yet clear. This study used the middle cerebral artery occlusion model to monitor the process of ischemic injury. For rats in the EA pretreatment group, EA pretreatment was conducted at Baihui acupoint before ischemia for 30 min for 5 consecutive days. The results suggested that EA pretreatment significantly increased the expression of autophagy in the cerebral cortical area on the ischemic side of rats. But the EA pretreatment-induced protective effects on the brain could be reversed by the specific inhibitor 3-methyladenine of autophagy. Additionally, the Pearson correlation analysis indicated that the impact of EA pretreatment on p-mTOR (2481) was negatively correlated with its impact on autophagy. In conclusion, the mechanism of EA pretreatment at Baihui acupoint against cerebral ischemic injury is mainly associated with the upregulation of autophagy expression, and its regulation of autophagy may depend on mTOR-mediated signaling pathways.
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23
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Release of Matrix Metalloproteinases-2 and 9 by S-Nitrosylated Caveolin-1 Contributes to Degradation of Extracellular Matrix in tPA-Treated Hypoxic Endothelial Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149269. [PMID: 26881424 PMCID: PMC4755609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracranial hemorrhage remains the most feared complication in tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) thrombolysis for ischemic stroke. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still poorly elucidated. In this study, we reported an important role of caveolin-1 (Cav-1) s-nitrosylation in matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and 9 secretion from tPA-treated ischemic endothelial cells. Brain vascular endothelial cells (bEND3) were exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) for 2 h before adding recombinant human tPA for 6 h. This treatment induced a significant increase of MMP2 and 9 in the media of bEND3 cells and a simultaneous degradation of fibronectin and laminin β-1, the two main components of extracellular matrix (ECM). Inhibition of MMP2 and 9 with SB-3CT completely blocked the degradation of fibronectin and laminin β-1. ODG+tPA treatment led to Cav-1 shedding from bEND3 cells into the media. Notably, OGD triggered nitric oxide (NO) production and S-nitrosylationof Cav-1 (SNCav-1). Meanwhile tPA induced activation of ERK signal pathway and stimulates the secretion of SNCav-1. Pretreatment of bEND3 cells with C-PTIO (a NO scavenger) or U0126 (a specific ERK inhibitor) significantly reduced OGD-induced S-nitrosylation of Cav-1 in cells and blocked the secretion of Cav-1 and MMP2 and 9 into the media as well as the degradation of fibronectin and laminin β-1 in OGD and tPA-treated cells. These data indicate that OGD-triggered Cav-1 S-nitrosylation interacts with tPA-induced ERK activation to augment MMP2 and 9 secretion and subsequent ECM degradation, which may account for the exacerbation of ischemic blood brain barrier damage following tPA thrombolysis for ischemic stroke.
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24
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Fitting S, Stevens DL, Khan FA, Scoggins KL, Enga RM, Beardsley PM, Knapp PE, Dewey WL, Hauser KF. Morphine Tolerance and Physical Dependence Are Altered in Conditional HIV-1 Tat Transgenic Mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 356:96-105. [PMID: 26542403 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.226407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite considerable evidence that chronic opiate use selectively affects the pathophysiologic consequences of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in the nervous system, few studies have examined whether neuro-acquired immune deficiency syndrome (neuroAIDS) might intrinsically alter the pharmacologic responses to chronic opiate exposure. This is an important matter because HIV-1 and opiate abuse are interrelated epidemics, and HIV-1 patients are often prescribed opiates as a treatment of HIV-1-related neuropathic pain. Tolerance and physical dependence are inevitable consequences of frequent and repeated administration of morphine. In the present study, mice expressing HIV-1 Tat in a doxycycline (DOX)-inducible manner [Tat(+)], their Tat(-) controls, and control C57BL/6 mice were chronically exposed to placebo or 75-mg morphine pellets to explore the effects of Tat induction on morphine tolerance and dependence. Antinociceptive tolerance and locomotor activity tolerance were assessed using tail-flick and locomotor activity assays, respectively, and physical dependence was measured with the platform-jumping assay and recording of other withdrawal signs. We found that Tat(+) mice treated with DOX [Tat(+)/DOX] developed an increased tolerance in the tail-flick assay compared with control Tat(-)/DOX and/or C57/DOX mice. Equivalent tolerance was developed in all mice when assessed by locomotor activity. Further, Tat(+)/DOX mice expressed reduced levels of physical dependence to chronic morphine exposure after a 1-mg/kg naloxone challenge compared with control Tat(-)/DOX and/or C57/DOX mice. Assuming the results seen in Tat transgenic mice can be generalized to neuroAIDS, our findings suggest that HIV-1-infected individuals may display heightened analgesic tolerance to similar doses of opiates compared with uninfected individuals and show fewer symptoms of physical dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Fitting
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (S.F., D.L.S., F.A.K., K.L.S., R.M.E., P.M.B., P.E.K., W.L.D., K.F.H.), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (P.E.K., K.F.H.), Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - David L Stevens
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (S.F., D.L.S., F.A.K., K.L.S., R.M.E., P.M.B., P.E.K., W.L.D., K.F.H.), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (P.E.K., K.F.H.), Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Fayez A Khan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (S.F., D.L.S., F.A.K., K.L.S., R.M.E., P.M.B., P.E.K., W.L.D., K.F.H.), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (P.E.K., K.F.H.), Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Krista L Scoggins
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (S.F., D.L.S., F.A.K., K.L.S., R.M.E., P.M.B., P.E.K., W.L.D., K.F.H.), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (P.E.K., K.F.H.), Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Rachel M Enga
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (S.F., D.L.S., F.A.K., K.L.S., R.M.E., P.M.B., P.E.K., W.L.D., K.F.H.), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (P.E.K., K.F.H.), Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Patrick M Beardsley
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (S.F., D.L.S., F.A.K., K.L.S., R.M.E., P.M.B., P.E.K., W.L.D., K.F.H.), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (P.E.K., K.F.H.), Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Pamela E Knapp
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (S.F., D.L.S., F.A.K., K.L.S., R.M.E., P.M.B., P.E.K., W.L.D., K.F.H.), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (P.E.K., K.F.H.), Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - William L Dewey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (S.F., D.L.S., F.A.K., K.L.S., R.M.E., P.M.B., P.E.K., W.L.D., K.F.H.), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (P.E.K., K.F.H.), Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Kurt F Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (S.F., D.L.S., F.A.K., K.L.S., R.M.E., P.M.B., P.E.K., W.L.D., K.F.H.), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (P.E.K., K.F.H.), Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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25
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Decourcelle A, Moulin S, Sibon I, Murao K, Ronzière T, Godefroy O, Poli M, Cordonnier C, Sagnier S, Lassalle V, Okada Y, Mas JL, Bordet R, Leys D. Influence of previous physical activity on the outcome of patients treated by thrombolytic therapy for stroke. J Neurol 2015; 262:2513-9. [PMID: 26275566 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-015-7875-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Physical activity prevents stroke and is associated with less severe strokes. The neuroprotective effect in patients treated with intravenous (i.v.) recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA), remains uncertain. We aimed at evaluating the relationship between previous physical activity and outcomes in stroke patients treated with i.v. rt-PA. OPHELIE-SPORT was a prospective observational multicenter study conducted in French and Japanese stroke patients treated with i.v. rt-PA. We evaluated the presence, weekly duration (<2, 2-5, >5 h) and intensity (light, moderate, heavy) of previous leisure-time physical activity according to standardized criteria. The primary end-point was an excellent outcome [modified Rankin Scale (mRS) 0-1 or similar to the pre-stroke mRS] after 3 months. Secondary end-points were good outcome (mRS 0-2 or similar to the pre-stroke mRS), and death. Of 519 patients, 74 (14.3 %) had regular physical activity before stroke. They were 14 years younger (p < 0.001), treated 25 min earlier (p = 0.004) and more likely to be men, free of pre-stroke handicap (mRS = 0), atrial fibrillation, arterial hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores, at baseline (p = 0.183) and 24 h later (p = 0.203), did not differ between patients with and without physical activity. After adjustment on confounders, there was no association between previous leisure-time physical activity and outcome. Outcomes 3 months after treatment of cerebral ischaemia with i.v. rt-PA are not influenced by previous physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Decourcelle
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Centre, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France.,INSERM U 1171, University of Lille, Lille, France.,STROKAVENIR Network, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Solène Moulin
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Centre, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France.,INSERM U 1171, University of Lille, Lille, France.,STROKAVENIR Network, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Igor Sibon
- STROKAVENIR Network, 59000, Lille, France.,Department of Neurology, Stroke Center, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Kei Murao
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine and Neurology, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Thomas Ronzière
- STROKAVENIR Network, 59000, Lille, France.,Department of Neurology, Stroke Unit, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Olivier Godefroy
- STROKAVENIR Network, 59000, Lille, France.,Department of Neurology, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France
| | - Mathilde Poli
- STROKAVENIR Network, 59000, Lille, France.,Department of Neurology, Stroke Center, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Charlotte Cordonnier
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Centre, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France.,INSERM U 1171, University of Lille, Lille, France.,STROKAVENIR Network, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Sharmila Sagnier
- STROKAVENIR Network, 59000, Lille, France.,Department of Neurology, Stroke Center, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Veronica Lassalle
- STROKAVENIR Network, 59000, Lille, France.,Department of Neurology, Stroke Unit, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Yasushi Okada
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine and Neurology, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jean-Louis Mas
- STROKAVENIR Network, 59000, Lille, France.,Department of Neurology, Stroke Centre, Sainte-Anne Hospital, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMR S783, Paris, France
| | - Régis Bordet
- INSERM U 1171, University of Lille, Lille, France.,STROKAVENIR Network, 59000, Lille, France.,Pharmacological Department, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Didier Leys
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Centre, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France. .,INSERM U 1171, University of Lille, Lille, France. .,STROKAVENIR Network, 59000, Lille, France.
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26
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de Senna PN, Xavier LL, Bagatini PB, Saur L, Galland F, Zanotto C, Bernardi C, Nardin P, Gonçalves CA, Achaval M. Physical training improves non-spatial memory, locomotor skills and the blood brain barrier in diabetic rats. Brain Res 2015; 1618:75-82. [PMID: 26032744 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) progressively affects cognitive domains, increases blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and promotes neurovascular impairment in specific brain areas. Physical exercise, on the other hand, has beneficial effects on brain functions, improving learning and memory. This study investigated the effects of treadmill training on cognitive and motor behavior, and on the expression of proteins related to BBB integrity, such as claudin-5 and aquaporin-4 (AQP4) in the hippocampus and striatum in diabetic rats. For this study, 60 Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n=15 per group): non-trained control (NTC), trained control (TC), non-trained diabetic (NTD), trained diabetic (TD). After diabetic induction of 30 days by streptozotocin injection, the exercise groups were submitted to 5 weeks of running training. After that, all groups were assessed in a novel object-recognition task (NOR) and the rotarod test. Additionally, claudin-5 and AQP4 levels were measured using biochemical assays. The results showed that exercise enhanced NOR task performance and rotarod ability in the TC and TD animals. Diabetes produced a decrease in claudin-5 expression in the hippocampus and striatum and reduced AQP4 in the hippocampus. Exercise preserved the claudin-5 content in the striatum of TD rats, but not in the hippocampus. The reduction of AQP4 levels produced by diabetes was not reversed by exercise. We conclude that exercise improves short-term memory retention, enhances motor performance in diabetic rats and affects important structural components of the striatal BBB. The results obtained could enhance the knowledge regarding the neurochemical benefits of exercise in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscylla Nunes de Senna
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Departamento de Ciências Morfofisiológicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Léder Leal Xavier
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Departamento de Ciências Morfofisiológicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Pamela Brambilla Bagatini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lisiani Saur
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Departamento de Ciências Morfofisiológicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Galland
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básica da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Caroline Zanotto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básica da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Caren Bernardi
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Nardin
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básica da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Gonçalves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básica da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Matilde Achaval
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Paris JJ, Singh HD, Carey AN, McLaughlin JP. Exposure to HIV-1 Tat in brain impairs sensorimotor gating and activates microglia in limbic and extralimbic brain regions of male mice. Behav Brain Res 2015; 291:209-218. [PMID: 26005128 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with mood disorders and behavioral disinhibition. Impairments in sensorimotor gating and associated neurocognitive disorders are reported, but the HIV-proteins and mechanisms involved are not known. The regulatory HIV-1 protein, Tat, is neurotoxic and its expression in animal models increases anxiety-like behavior concurrent with neuroinflammation and structural changes in limbic and extra-limbic brain regions. We hypothesized that conditional expression of HIV-1 Tat1-86 in the GT-tg bigenic mouse model would impair sensorimotor gating and increase microglial reactivity in limbic and extralimbic brain regions. Conditional Tat induction via doxycycline (Dox) treatment (0-125 mg/kg, i.p., for 1-14 days) significantly potentiated the acoustic startle reflex (ASR) of GT-tg mice and impaired prepulse inhibition (PPI) of this response in a dose-dependent manner when Dox (100mg/kg) was administered for brief (1 day) or prolonged (daily for 7 days) intervals. A greater proportion of active/reactive Iba1-labeled microglia was seen in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), dentate gyrus, and nucleus accumbens core when Tat protein was induced under either brief or prolonged expression conditions. Other subregions of the medial prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampal formation, ventral tegmental area, and ventral pallidum also displayed Tat-induced microglial activation, but only the activation observed in the ACC recapitulated the pattern of ASR and PPI behaviors. Tat exposure also increased frontal cortex GFAP. Pretreatment with indomethacin attenuated the behavioral effects of brief (but not prolonged) Tat-exposure. Overall, exposure to HIV-1 Tat protein induced sensorimotor deficits associated with acute and persistent neuroinflammation in limbic/extralimbic brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Paris
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - Harminder D Singh
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - Amanda N Carey
- Northeastern University, Department of Psychology, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jay P McLaughlin
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA; Northeastern University, Department of Psychology, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Amantea D, Micieli G, Tassorelli C, Cuartero MI, Ballesteros I, Certo M, Moro MA, Lizasoain I, Bagetta G. Rational modulation of the innate immune system for neuroprotection in ischemic stroke. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:147. [PMID: 25972779 PMCID: PMC4413676 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system plays a dualistic role in the evolution of ischemic brain damage and has also been implicated in ischemic tolerance produced by different conditioning stimuli. Early after ischemia, perivascular astrocytes release cytokines and activate metalloproteases (MMPs) that contribute to blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption and vasogenic oedema; whereas at later stages, they provide extracellular glutamate uptake, BBB regeneration and neurotrophic factors release. Similarly, early activation of microglia contributes to ischemic brain injury via the production of inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin (IL)-1, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and proteases. Nevertheless, microglia also contributes to the resolution of inflammation, by releasing IL-10 and tumor growth factor (TGF)-β, and to the late reparative processes by phagocytic activity and growth factors production. Indeed, after ischemia, microglia/macrophages differentiate toward several phenotypes: the M1 pro-inflammatory phenotype is classically activated via toll-like receptors or interferon-γ, whereas M2 phenotypes are alternatively activated by regulatory mediators, such as ILs 4, 10, 13, or TGF-β. Thus, immune cells exert a dualistic role on the evolution of ischemic brain damage, since the classic phenotypes promote injury, whereas alternatively activated M2 macrophages or N2 neutrophils prompt tissue remodeling and repair. Moreover, a subdued activation of the immune system has been involved in ischemic tolerance, since different preconditioning stimuli act via modulation of inflammatory mediators, including toll-like receptors and cytokine signaling pathways. This further underscores that the immuno-modulatory approach for the treatment of ischemic stroke should be aimed at blocking the detrimental effects, while promoting the beneficial responses of the immune reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Amantea
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria Rende, Italy
| | | | - Cristina Tassorelli
- C. Mondino National Neurological Institute Pavia, Italy ; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia Pavia, Italy
| | - María I Cuartero
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre Madrid, Spain
| | - Iván Ballesteros
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre Madrid, Spain
| | - Michelangelo Certo
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria Rende, Italy
| | - María A Moro
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Lizasoain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre Madrid, Spain
| | - Giacinto Bagetta
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria Rende, Italy ; Section of Neuropharmacology of Normal and Pathological Neuronal Plasticity, University Consortium for Adaptive Disorders and Head Pain, University of Calabria Rende, Italy
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Lee KR, Lee JS, Song JE, Ha SJ, Hong EK. Inonotus obliquus-derived polysaccharide inhibits the migration and invasion of human non-small cell lung carcinoma cells via suppression of MMP-2 and MMP-9. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:2533-40. [PMID: 25270791 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides isolated from the fruiting body of Inonotus obliquus (PFIO) are known to possess various pharmacological properties including antitumor activity. However, the anti-metastatic effect and its underlying mechanistic signaling pathway involved these polysaccharides in human non-small cell lung carcinoma remain unknown. The present study therefore aimed to determine the anti-metastatic potential and signaling pathways of PFIO in the highly metastatic A549 cells. We found that PFIO suppressed the migration and invasive ability of A549 cells while decreasing the expression levels and activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9. Furthermore, PFIO decreased the phosphorylation levels of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) as well as the expression level of COX-2, and inhibited the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) in A549 cells. These results suggested that PFIO could suppress the invasion and migration of human lung carcinoma by reducing the expression levels and activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 via suppression of MAPKs, PI3K/AKT, and NF-κB signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Rim Lee
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Seok Lee
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Eun Song
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Jin Ha
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Eock Kee Hong
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, Republic of Korea
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Li XQ, Cao XZ, Wang J, Fang B, Tan WF, Ma H. Sevoflurane preconditioning ameliorates neuronal deficits by inhibiting microglial MMP-9 expression after spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion in rats. Mol Brain 2014; 7:69. [PMID: 25186151 PMCID: PMC4161899 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-014-0069-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microglia are the primary immune cells of the spinal cord that are activated in response to ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury and release various neurotrophic and/or neurotoxic factors to determine neuronal survival. Among them, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), which cleaves various components of the extracellular matrix in the basal lamina and functions as part of the blood spinal cord barrier (BSCB), is considered important for regulating inflammatory responses and microenvironmental homeostasis of the BSCB in the pathology of ischemia. Sevoflurane has been reported to protect against neuronal apoptosis during cerebral IR. However, the effects of sevoflurane preconditioning on spinal cord IR injury remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of sevoflurane on potential genetic roles of microglial MMP-9 in tight junction protein breakdown, opening of the BSCB, and subsequent recruitment of microglia to apoptotic spinal cord neurons. Results The results showed significant upregulation of MMP-9 in rats with IR-induced inflammation of the BSCB compared to that of the sham group, manifested as dysfunctional BSCB with increased Evans blue extravasation and reduced expression of occludin protein. Increased MMP-9 expression was also observed to facilitate invasion and migration of activated microglia, imaging as high Iba-1 expression, clustered to neurons in the injured spinal cord, as shown by double immunofluorescence, and increased proinflammatory chemokine production (CXCL10, CCL2). Further, sevoflurane preconditioning markedly improved motor function by ameliorating neuronal apoptosis, as shown by reduced TUNEL-positive cell counts and expression of cleaved caspase-3. These protective effects were probably responsible for downregulation of MMP-9 and maintenance of normal expression of occludin protein indicating BSCB integrity from inflammatory damage, which was confirmed by decreased protein levels of Iba-1 and MMP-9, as well as reduced production of proinflammatory chemokines (CXCL10, CCL2) and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β). Intrathecal injection of specific siRNAs targeting MMP-9 had similar protective effects to those of sevoflurane preconditioning. Conclusions Preconditioning with 2.4% sevoflurane attenuated spinal cord IR injury by inhibiting recruitment of microglia and secretion of MMP-9; thus inhibiting downstream effects on inflammatory damage to BSCB integrity and neuronal apoptosis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13041-014-0069-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hong Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China.
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Moghaddasi M, Javanmard SH, Reisi P, Tajadini M, Taati M. The effect of regular exercise on antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation levels in both hippocampi after occluding one carotid in rat. J Physiol Sci 2014; 64:325-32. [PMID: 24923383 PMCID: PMC10717253 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-014-0322-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Regular exercise has beneficial effects on cerebrovascular diseases; however, its biochemical mechanisms are not fully known. The purpose of this study was to determine antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation of both hippocampi after applying exercise followed by occluding one common carotid. Wistar rats were divided into four groups of control, exercise, hypoperfusion and exercise-hypoperfusion (exe-hypo). In the exercise and exe-hypo groups, the rats were forced to run on a treadmill for 1 h a day for 2 months. The right common carotid of the animals in the (exe-hypo) group was occluded after the cessation of exercise. Surgery without occlusion of the carotid was applied on the control (without exercise) and exercise groups. All animals were sacrificed 1 and 24 h after surgery. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant enzyme activities in the hippocampi were measured. A significant interaction was observed between the exercise and hypoperfusion in both hippocampi (p<0.05). In comparison with the control group, there was significant elevation of catalase activity in the right and left hippocampus of the hypo group at 24 h (p<0.0001). Regarding the differences between the hemispheres, there was a significant increase in MDA and decrease in catalase activity in the left hippocampus in hypoperfusion group, but the exercise in the exe-hypo group succeeded in abolishing these alterations which were caused by hypoperfusion, This study shows that exercise pre-conditioning prevents some alterations in brain oxidant-antioxidant status which are induced by cerebral hypoperfusion. Further studies are needed in order to clarify the mechanism of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnoush Moghaddasi
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, 381351698, Khorramabad, Iran,
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Krenz M, Baines C, Kalogeris T, Korthuis R. Cell Survival Programs and Ischemia/Reperfusion: Hormesis, Preconditioning, and Cardioprotection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4199/c00090ed1v01y201309isp044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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ZHANG BEI, JI XIUPING, ZHANG SHIJUN, REN HUIYUN, WANG MINJUAN, GUO CHANGJIANG, LI YAJUN. Hemin-mediated neuroglobin induction exerts neuroprotection following ischemic brain injury through PI3K/Akt signaling. Mol Med Rep 2013; 8:681-5. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Zhang L, Hu X, Luo J, Li L, Chen X, Huang R, Pei Z. Physical exercise improves functional recovery through mitigation of autophagy, attenuation of apoptosis and enhancement of neurogenesis after MCAO in rats. BMC Neurosci 2013; 14:46. [PMID: 23565939 PMCID: PMC3637142 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-14-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Physical exercise improves functional recovery after stroke through a complex mechanism that is not fully understood. Transient focal cerebral ischemia induces autophagy, apoptosis and neurogenesis in the peri-infarct region. This study is aimed to examine the effects of physical exercise on autophagy, apoptosis and neurogenesis in the peri-infarct region in a rat model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Results We found that autophagosomes, as labeled by microtubule-associated protein 1A light chain 3-II (LC3-II), were evident in the peri-infarct region at 3 days after 90-minute MCAO. Moreover, 44.6% of LC3-positive cells were also stained with TUNEL. The number of LC3 positive cells was significantly lower in physical exercise group than in control group at 14 and 21 days after MCAO. Suppression of autophagosomes by physical exercise was positively associated with improvement of neurological function. In addition, physical exercise significantly decreased the number of TUNEL-positive cells and increased the numbers of Ki67-positive, a proliferative marker, and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) positive cells at 7, 14, and 21 days after MCAO. Conclusions The present results demonstrate that physical exercise enhances neurological function possibly by reduction of autophagosome accumulation, attenuation of apoptosis and enhancement of neurogenesis in the peri-infarct region after transient MCAO in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
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Verslegers M, Lemmens K, Van Hove I, Moons L. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 as promising benefactors in development, plasticity and repair of the nervous system. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 105:60-78. [PMID: 23567503 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It has been 50 years since Gross and Lapiere discovered collagenolytic activity during tadpole tail metamorphosis, which was later on revealed as MMP-1, the founding member of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Currently, MMPs constitute a large group of endoproteases that are not only able to cleave all protein components of the extracellular matrix, but also to activate or inactivate many other signaling molecules, such as receptors, adhesion molecules and growth factors. Elevated MMP levels are associated with an increasing number of injuries and disorders, such as cancer, inflammation and auto-immune diseases. Yet, MMP upregulation has also been implicated in many physiological functions such as embryonic development, wound healing and angiogenesis and therefore, these proteinases are considered to be crucial mediators in many biological processes. Over the past decennia, MMP research has gained considerable attention in several pathologies, most prominently in the field of cancer metastasis, and more recent investigations also focus on the nervous system, with a striking emphasis on the gelatinases, MMP-2 and MMP-9. Unfortunately, the contribution of these gelatinases to neuropathological disorders, like multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease, has overshadowed their potential as modulators of fundamental nervous system functions. Within this review, we wish to highlight the currently known or suggested actions of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the developing and adult nervous system and their potential to improve repair or regeneration after nervous system injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Verslegers
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Abstract
Acupuncture is one of the most important parts of Traditional Chinese Medicine, has been used for more than 3000 years as prevention and treatment for various diseases in China as well as in adjacent regions, and is widely accepted in western countries in recent years. More and more clinical trials revealed that acupuncture shows positive effect in stroke, not only as a complementary and alternative medicine for poststroke rehabilitation but also as a preventive strategy which could induce cerebral ischemic tolerance, especially when combined with modern electrotherapy. Acupuncture has some unique characteristics, which include acupoint specificity and parameter-dependent effect. It also involves complicated mechanism to exert the beneficial effect on stroke. Series of clinical trials have shown that acupuncture primarily regulates the release of neurochemicals, hemorheology, cerebral microcirculation, metabolism, neuronal activity, and the function of specific brain region. Animal studies showed that the effects of acupuncture therapy on stroke were possibly via inhibition of postischemic inflammatory reaction, stimulation of neurogenesis and angiogenesis, and influence on neural plasticity. Mechanisms for its preconditioning effect include activity enhancement of antioxidant, regulation of the endocannabinoid system, and inhibition of apoptosis. Although being controversial, acupuncture is a promising preventive and treatment strategy for stroke, but further high-quality clinical trials would be needed to provide more confirmative evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Yokobori S, Mazzeo AT, Hosein K, Gajavelli S, Dietrich WD, Bullock MR. Preconditioning for traumatic brain injury. Transl Stroke Res 2012; 4:25-39. [PMID: 24323189 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-012-0226-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) treatment is now focused on the prevention of primary injury and reduction of secondary injury. However, no single effective treatment is available as yet for the mitigation of traumatic brain damage in humans. Both chemical and environmental stresses applied before injury have been shown to induce consequent protection against post-TBI neuronal death. This concept termed "preconditioning" is achieved by exposure to different pre-injury stressors to achieve the induction of "tolerance" to the effect of the TBI. However, the precise mechanisms underlying this "tolerance" phenomenon are not fully understood in TBI, and therefore even less information is available about possible indications in clinical TBI patients. In this review, we will summarize TBI pathophysiology, and discuss existing animal studies demonstrating the efficacy of preconditioning in diffuse and focal type of TBI. We will also review other non-TBI preconditioning studies, including ischemic, environmental, and chemical preconditioning, which maybe relevant to TBI. To date, no clinical studies exist in this field, and we speculate on possible future clinical situations, in which pre-TBI preconditioning could be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Yokobori
- Department of Neurosurgery, Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA,
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Leite HR, Mourão FAG, Drumond LE, Ferreira-Vieira TH, Bernardes D, Silva JF, Lemos VS, Moraes MFD, Pereira GS, Carvalho-Tavares J, Massensini AR. Swim training attenuates oxidative damage and promotes neuroprotection in cerebral cortical slices submitted to oxygen glucose deprivation. J Neurochem 2012; 123:317-24. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07898.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hércules R. Leite
- Núcleo de Neurociências (NNC), Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Pampulha; Belo Horizonte; Minas Gerais; Brasil
| | - Flávio A. G. Mourão
- Núcleo de Neurociências (NNC), Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Pampulha; Belo Horizonte; Minas Gerais; Brasil
| | - Luciana E. Drumond
- Núcleo de Neurociências (NNC), Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Pampulha; Belo Horizonte; Minas Gerais; Brasil
| | - Talita H. Ferreira-Vieira
- Núcleo de Neurociências (NNC), Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Pampulha; Belo Horizonte; Minas Gerais; Brasil
| | - Danielle Bernardes
- Núcleo de Neurociências (NNC), Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Pampulha; Belo Horizonte; Minas Gerais; Brasil
| | - Josiane F. Silva
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Cardiovascular, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Pampulha; Belo Horizonte; Minas Gerais; Brasil
| | - Virgínia S. Lemos
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Cardiovascular, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Pampulha; Belo Horizonte; Minas Gerais; Brasil
| | - Márcio F. D. Moraes
- Núcleo de Neurociências (NNC), Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Pampulha; Belo Horizonte; Minas Gerais; Brasil
| | - Grace S. Pereira
- Núcleo de Neurociências (NNC), Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Pampulha; Belo Horizonte; Minas Gerais; Brasil
| | - Juliana Carvalho-Tavares
- Núcleo de Neurociências (NNC), Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Pampulha; Belo Horizonte; Minas Gerais; Brasil
| | - André R. Massensini
- Núcleo de Neurociências (NNC), Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Pampulha; Belo Horizonte; Minas Gerais; Brasil
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Barber PA, Rushforth D, Agrawal S, Tuor UI. Infrared optical imaging of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) up regulation following ischemia reperfusion is ameliorated by hypothermia. BMC Neurosci 2012; 13:76. [PMID: 22742423 PMCID: PMC3441425 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-13-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We investigated the use of a new MMP activatable probe MMPSense™ 750 FAST (MMPSense750) for in-vivo visualization of early MMP activity in ischemic stroke. Following middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) optical imaging was performed. Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent images of MMPSense activation were acquired using an Olympus fluorescent microscope, 1.25x objective, a CCD camera and an appropriate filter cube for detecting the activated probe with peak excitation and emission at 749 and 775 nm, respectively. Images were acquired starting at 2 or 24 hours after reperfusion over the ipsilateral and contralateral cortex before and for 3 hours after, MMPSense750 was injected. Results Increased intensities ipsilaterally were observed following MMPSense750 injection with ischemic injury but not in sham animals. There were significant ipsilateral and contralateral differences at 15 minutes (P <0.05) in early ischemic reperfusion and at time 0 in 24 hours post ischemia (P <0.05) which persisted at 180 minutes in both these groups (P <0.01), but not following sham surgery. The increase in ipsilateral signal intensity was attenuated by hypothermia. These observations corresponded with a significant increase in the total MMP-9 protein levels, 5 and 24 hours following ischemia reperfusion (P <0.05) and their reduction by hypothermia. Conclusions Matrix-metalloproteinase upregulation in ischemia reperfusion can be imaged acutely in-vivo with NIRF using MMPSense750. Hypothermia attenuated both the optical increase in intensity after MMPSense750 and the increase in MMP-9 protein expression supporting the proof of concept that NIRF imaging using MMPSense can be used to assess potential therapeutic strategies for stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Barber
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Experimental Imaging Centre and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
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Electroacupuncture Pretreatment as a Novel Avenue to Protect Brain against Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:195397. [PMID: 22611425 PMCID: PMC3350954 DOI: 10.1155/2012/195397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Electroacupuncture (EA) pretreatment is a recent observation which has been shown to induce ischemic tolerance mimicking the ischemic pretreatment, suggesting that EA pretreatment may be a promising preventive strategy for the patients with high risk of acute ischemia/reperfusion injury. It was first described in the brain, then in the heart where EA stimulation at acupoint prior to ischemia led to neuroprotection and myocardial protection and induced rapid and delayed ischemic tolerance. Then the optimal parameters and acupoint specificity of EA pretreatment to induce protective effect were proved. Many studies have shown that protective mechanisms of EA pretreatment may involve a series of regulatory molecular pathways including activity enhancement of antioxidant, regulation of the endocannabinoid system, involvement of beta-adrenergic receptor, and postreceptor signaling pathway, inhibition of apoptosis. Recently, the neuroprotective and cardioprotective effect of EA pretreatment had been demonstrated in patients undergoing craniocerebral tumor resection or heart valve replacement surgery. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to collect the evidence for the neuroprotective effect of EA pretreatment, to summarize the proposed protective mechanisms of EA pretreatment, and to discuss the possibility of EA pretreatment as a new preventive strategy for patients with high risk of ischemia in clinic.
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Conley YP, Alexander S. Genomic, transcriptomic, and epigenomic approaches to recovery after acquired brain injury. PM R 2011; 3:S52-8. [PMID: 21703581 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genomics and its related fields have expanded rapidly, primarily because of the potential utility for clinical decision making and improving our understanding of the pathophysiology of complex conditions. The state of the science and technology associated with this field is such that current and future health care providers, when consulting with new patients about their acquired brain injury and options for rehabilitation, will use genetic information as a routine part of the process, which may include information received from a laboratory report that uses transcriptomic data, informs regarding patient prognosis, and makes recommendations for individualized therapeutic approaches to optimize recovery. This may sound like science fiction, but, in the field of oncology, it is the norm for breast cancer and, more recently, for colon cancer, with expansion to other types of cancer on the horizon as research data continue to contribute to the understanding of the pathophysiology of these conditions. Something similar for rehabilitation after acquired brain injury is much further off on the horizon. However, it is a possibility that will never be realized if the community of scientists and health care providers who work with these patients do not have the knowledge or expertise to embrace genomics and related approaches. This article discusses these approaches, some practical considerations for using such approaches, and what is currently published in this area with regard to brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette P Conley
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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Stankowski JN, Gupta R. Therapeutic targets for neuroprotection in acute ischemic stroke: lost in translation? Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 14:1841-51. [PMID: 20626319 PMCID: PMC3120088 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of a suitable neuroprotective agent to treat ischemic stroke has failed when transitioned to the clinical setting. An understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in neuronal injury during ischemic stroke is important, but must be placed in the clinical context. Current therapeutic targets have focused on the preservation of the ischemic penumbra in the hope of improving clinical outcomes. Unfortunately, most patients in the ultra-early time windows harbor penumbra but have tremendous variability in the size of the core infarct, the ultimate predictor of prognosis. Understanding this variability may allow for proper patient selection that may better correlate to bench models. Reperfusion therapies are rapidly evolving and have been shown to improve clinical outcomes. The use of neuroprotective agents to prolong time windows prior to reperfusion or to prevent reperfusion injury may present future therapeutic targets for the treatment of ischemic stroke. We review the molecular pathways and the clinical context from which future targets may be identified.
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Carbajal L, Biswas A, Niswander LM, Prizant H, Hammes SR. GPCR/EGFR cross talk is conserved in gonadal and adrenal steroidogenesis but is uniquely regulated by matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 in the ovary. Mol Endocrinol 2011; 25:1055-65. [PMID: 21454403 DOI: 10.1210/me.2010-0410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous work has demonstrated that cross talk between G protein-coupled LH receptors and epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) is essential for LH-induced steroid production in ovarian follicles and testicular Leydig cells. Here we demonstrate that G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)/EGFR cross talk is also required for ACTH-induced steroidogenesis in Y1 adrenal cells. Moreover, we confirm that the signaling pathway from GPCR to Erk activation is conserved in all three steroidogenic tissues. ACTH or LH induces Gα(s), resulting in elevated cAMP and protein kinase A activation. cAMP/protein kinase A then triggers EGFR trans-activation, which promotes Erk signaling and subsequent steroidogenesis. Interestingly, although EGFR trans-activation is conserved in all three tissues, the specific mechanisms regulating this receptor cross talk differ. ACTH and LH trigger matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-mediated release of EGFR ligands in adrenal and gonadal cells, respectively. However, this extracellular, ligand-dependent EGFR transactivation is required only for LH-induced steroidogenesis in ovarian follicles, reflecting the unique requirement of cell-cell cross talk for ovarian steroid production. Furthermore, MMP2 and MMP9 appear to regulate LH-induced steroidogenesis in mouse ovarian follicles, because a specific MMP2/9 inhibitor as well as the MMP2/9 inhibitor doxycycline suppress LH-induced follicular steroid production in vitro. Notably, although EGFR or MMP inhibition minimally affects estrous cycling in female mice, they attenuate ovarian steroidogenesis in response to LHR overstimulation in vivo. These results may have implications with regard to EGFR inhibitor use in various cancers as well as in polycystic ovarian syndrome, where excess LH-driven ovarian androgen production might be controlled by MMP2/9 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Carbajal
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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Zhang F, Wu Y, Jia J. Exercise preconditioning and brain ischemic tolerance. Neuroscience 2011; 177:170-6. [PMID: 21241780 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that physical exercise can exert neuroprotection both in clinical settings and animal experiments. A series of studies have demonstrated that physical exercise may be a promising preconditioning method to induce brain ischemic tolerance through the promotion of angiogenesis, mediation of the inflammatory response, inhibition of glutamate over-activation, protection of the blood brain barrier (BBB) and inhibition of apoptosis. Through these mechanisms, exercise preconditioning may reduce the neural deficits associated with ischemia and the development of brain infarction and thus provide brain ischemic tolerance. An awareness of the benefits of exercise preconditioning may lead more patients to accept exercise therapy in cases of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, People's Republic of China
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