1
|
Kitaoka Y, Sase K. Molecular aspects of optic nerve autophagy in glaucoma. Mol Aspects Med 2023; 94:101217. [PMID: 37839231 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2023.101217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The optic nerve consists of the glia, vessels, and axons including myelin and axoplasm. Since axonal degeneration precedes retinal ganglion cell death in glaucoma, the preceding axonal degeneration model may be helpful for understanding the molecular mechanisms of optic nerve degeneration. Optic nerve samples from these models can provide information on several aspects of autophagy. Autophagosomes, the most typical organelles expressing autophagy, are found much more frequently inside axons than around the glia. Thus, immunoblot findings from the optic nerve can reflect the autophagy state in axons. Autophagic flux impairment may occur in degenerating optic nerve axons, as in other central nervous system neurodegenerative diseases. Several molecular candidates are involved in autophagy enhancement, leading to axonal protection. This concept is an attractive approach to the prevention of further retinal ganglion cell death. In this review, we describe the factors affecting autophagy, including nicotinamide riboside, p38, ULK, AMPK, ROCK, and SIRT1, in the optic nerve and propose potential methods of axonal protection via enhancement of autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Kitaoka
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan; Department of Molecular Neuroscience, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan.
| | - Kana Sase
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pluta R. The Dual Role of Autophagy in Postischemic Brain Neurodegeneration of Alzheimer's Disease Proteinopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13793. [PMID: 37762096 PMCID: PMC10530906 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a self-defense and self-degrading intracellular system involved in the recycling and elimination of the payload of cytoplasmic redundant components, aggregated or misfolded proteins and intracellular pathogens to maintain cell homeostasis and physiological function. Autophagy is activated in response to metabolic stress or starvation to maintain homeostasis in cells by updating organelles and dysfunctional proteins. In neurodegenerative diseases, such as cerebral ischemia, autophagy is disturbed, e.g., as a result of the pathological accumulation of proteins associated with Alzheimer's disease and their structural changes. Postischemic brain neurodegeneration, such as Alzheimer's disease, is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid and tau protein. After cerebral ischemia, autophagy was found to be activated in neuronal, glial and vascular cells. Some studies have shown the protective properties of autophagy in postischemic brain, while other studies have shown completely opposite properties. Thus, autophagy is now presented as a double-edged sword with possible therapeutic potential in brain ischemia. The exact role and regulatory pathways of autophagy that are involved in cerebral ischemia have not been conclusively elucidated. This review aims to provide a comprehensive look at the advances in the study of autophagy behavior in neuronal, glial and vascular cells for ischemic brain injury. In addition, the importance of autophagy in neurodegeneration after cerebral ischemia has been highlighted. The review also presents the possibility of modulating the autophagy machinery through various compounds on the development of neurodegeneration after cerebral ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryszard Pluta
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hou W, Hao Y, Sun L, Zhao Y, Zheng X, Song L. The dual roles of autophagy and the GPCRs-mediating autophagy signaling pathway after cerebral ischemic stroke. Mol Brain 2022; 15:14. [PMID: 35109896 PMCID: PMC8812204 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-022-00899-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke, caused by a lack of blood supply in brain tissues, is the third leading cause of human death and disability worldwide, and usually results in sensory and motor dysfunction, cognitive impairment, and in severe cases, even death. Autophagy is a highly conserved lysosome-dependent process in which eukaryotic cells removal misfolded proteins and damaged organelles in cytoplasm, which is critical for energy metabolism, organelle renewal, and maintenance of intracellular homeostasis. Increasing evidence suggests that autophagy plays important roles in pathophysiological mechanisms under ischemic conditions. However, there are still controversies about whether autophagy plays a neuroprotective or damaging role after ischemia. G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), one of the largest protein receptor superfamilies in mammals, play crucial roles in various physiological and pathological processes. Statistics show that GPCRs are the targets of about one-fifth of drugs known in the world, predicting potential values as targets for drug research. Studies have demonstrated that nutritional deprivation can directly or indirectly activate GPCRs, mediating a series of downstream biological processes, including autophagy. It can be concluded that there are interactions between autophagy and GPCRs signaling pathway, which provides research evidence for regulating GPCRs-mediated autophagy. This review aims to systematically discuss the underlying mechanism and dual roles of autophagy in cerebral ischemia, and describe the GPCRs-mediated autophagy, hoping to probe promising therapeutic targets for ischemic stroke through in-depth exploration of the GPCRs-mediated autophagy signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weichen Hou
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yulei Hao
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Xiangyu Zheng
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Lei Song
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang Y, Zhang S, Ni H, Zhang Y, Yan X, Gao Y, He B, Wang W, Liu C, Guo M. Autophagy is involved in the neuroprotective effect of nicotiflorin. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 278:114279. [PMID: 34087402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Nicotiflorin is a flavonoid glycoside derived from the traditional Chinese medicine FlosCarthami, dried petals of Carthamus tinctorius L., and has been confirmed to be a promising novel drug candidate for ischemic stroke. Yet, the exact role of nicotiflorin in cerebral I/R injury is uncharacterized and the possible mechanisms have not been clearly expounded. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study was designed to determine the effect of nicotiflorin on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and its relationship with autophagy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats and oxygen-glucose deprivation and reintroduction (OGD/R) in SH-SY5Y cells were established in in vivo and in vitro models, respectively. The severity of MCAO was assessed by brain infarct size, neurological scores and survival rate. The severity of OGD/R was evaluated by cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and cell apoptosis. The level of autophagy was evaluated both in vivo and in vitro. Autophagosomes were observed using transmission electron microscopy and autophagic flux was measured using mRFP-GFP-tandem fluorescent LC3 adenovirus. Autophagy-related proteins (LC3-II/I, SQSTM1, beclin-1, Phospho-mTOR/mTOR) were measured by immunoblot. Autophagy-related mRNA levels (Becn1, Atg7) were detected by Real-Time PCR. Inhibition of autophagy was implemented by 3-Methyladenine (3-MA) or chloroquine in vitro. RESULTS In vivo, nicotiflorin treatment alleviated brain damage and neurological deficit while it dramatically increased 72 h survival rate in rats. In vitro, nicotiflorin treatment also ameliorated the severity of OGD/R. Moreover, nicotiflorin treatment increased ischemic penumbra autophagy (autophagosomes, BECN1, LC3-II/I ratio, SQSTM1, Phospho-mTOR/mTOR, Atg7). In vitro, nicotiflorin likewise enhanced autophagy and promoted autophagy flux. Furthermore, the blockade of autophagy by 3-MA or chloroquine disabled the efficacic of nicotiflorin in preventing cell damage upon OGD/R insult. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that autophagy plays a significant role in the protective effect of nicotiflorin against ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeqing Wang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Hailai Ni
- Department of Health Care, Changhai Hospital,Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yanjie Zhang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xiaodong Yan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yue Gao
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Beixuan He
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Wenzheng Wang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Meili Guo
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mei Y, Shen X, Wang X, Zhang M, Li Q, Yan J, Xu J, Xu Y. Expression of autophagy and apoptosis-related factors in the periodontal tissue of experimental diabetic rats: a histomorphometric, microtomographic and immunohistochemical study. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11577. [PMID: 34178461 PMCID: PMC8197035 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to investigate the expression of autophagy-related factors microtubule-associated protein l light chain 3 (LC3) and the apoptosis-related factors BCL2-associated X protein (Bax) and B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) in the periodontal tissue of experimental diabetic rats. These data were used to explore the potential mechanism in diabetes-induced periodontal tissue lesions. Methods A total of 32 Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly assigned into diabetes (group D, n = 16) and control groups (group N, n = 16). The diabetic group was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 1% streptozotocin (STZ, 60 mg/kg) and the control group was injected with citrate buffer (0.1mol/L). Rats were sacrificed after 4 and 8 weeks of feeding and collected as D1, N1 groups and D2, N2 groups, and the maxilla were retained for analysis. The changes in periodontal tissue structure were observed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. The expression and distribution of LC3, Bax and Bcl-2 in the periodontium of the rats was detected by immunohistochemical (SP) staining. Results Diabetic rats showed several changes compared to control animals including sparse alveolar bone trabecular structure, loss of the lamina dura and absorption of the local alveolar bone. The positive expression level of LC3 in the gingival epithelial, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone of group D1 was significantly higher than in the N1, N2 and D2 groups (P < 0.05). The level of Bax expression in the group D2 rats was significantly higher than those in the N1, N2 and D1 groups (P < 0.05), while the positive degree of Bcl-2 was significantly lower than those of other groups (P < 0.001). LC3 was negatively correlated with Bax and was irrelevant with Bcl-2; Bcl-2 was not correlated with Bax. Conclusions The expression of LC3, Bax and Bcl-2 changes in the periodontal tissue of diabetic rats may indicate that autophagy and apoptotic are involved in the process of periodontal tissue damage in diabetic rats. These changes may be one of the mechanisms of periodontal tissue lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youmin Mei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Periodontology, Nantong Stomatological Hospital, The Affiliated Nantong Stomatological Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiang Shen
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaoqian Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Periodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Periodontology, Nantong Stomatological Hospital, The Affiliated Nantong Stomatological Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qiao Li
- Department of Periodontology, Nantong Stomatological Hospital, The Affiliated Nantong Stomatological Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Junyi Yan
- Department of Periodontology, Nantong Stomatological Hospital, The Affiliated Nantong Stomatological Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jiali Xu
- Department of Periodontology, Nantong Stomatological Hospital, The Affiliated Nantong Stomatological Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Periodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Krinock MJ, Singhal NS. Diabetes, stroke, and neuroresilience: looking beyond hyperglycemia. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2021; 1495:78-98. [PMID: 33638222 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among type 2 diabetic patients. Preclinical and translational studies have identified critical pathophysiological mediators of stroke risk, recurrence, and poor outcome in diabetic patients, including endothelial dysfunction and inflammation. Most clinical trials of diabetes and stroke have focused on treating hyperglycemia alone. Pioglitazone has shown promise in secondary stroke prevention for insulin-resistant patients; however, its use is not yet widespread. Additional research into clinical therapies directed at diabetic pathophysiological processes to prevent stroke and improve outcome for diabetic stroke survivors is necessary. Resilience is the process of active adaptation to a stressor. In patients with diabetes, stroke recovery is impaired by insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction, and inflammation, which impair key neuroresilience pathways maintaining cerebrovascular integrity, resolving poststroke inflammation, stimulating neural plasticity, and preventing neurodegeneration. Our review summarizes the underpinnings of stroke risk in diabetes, the clinical consequences of stroke in diabetic patients, and proposes hypotheses and new avenues of research for therapeutics to stimulate neuroresilience pathways and improve stroke outcome in diabetic patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Krinock
- Department of Neurology, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Neel S Singhal
- Department of Neurology, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Valero-Muñoz M, Wilson RM, Bretón-Romero R, Croteau D, Seldin DC, Sam F. Doxycycline decreases amyloidogenic light chain-induced autophagy in isolated primary cardiac myocytes. Int J Cardiol 2020; 321:133-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2020.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
8
|
Wartchow KM, Rodrigues L, Lissner LJ, Federhen BC, Selistre NG, Moreira A, Gonçalves CA, Sesterheim P. Insulin-producing cells from mesenchymal stromal cells: Protection against cognitive impairment in diabetic rats depends upon implant site. Life Sci 2020; 251:117587. [PMID: 32224027 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a serious public health problem and can cause long-term damage to the brain, resulting in cognitive impairment in these patients. Insulin therapy for type 1 DM (DM1) can achieve overall blood glucose control, but glycemic variations can occur during injection intervals, which may contribute to some complications. Among the additional therapies available for DM1 treatment is the implantation of insulin-producing cells (IPCs) to attenuate hyperglycemia and even reverse diabetes. Here, we studied the strategy of implanting IPCs obtained from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) from adipose tissue, comparing two different IPC implant sites, subcapsular renal (SR) and subcutaneous (SC), to investigate their putative protection against hippocampal damage, induced by STZ, in a rat DM1 model. Both implants improved hyperglycemia and reduced the serum content of advanced-glycated end products in diabetic rats, but serum insulin was not observed in the SC group. The SC-implanted group demonstrated ameliorated cognitive impairment (evaluated by novel object recognition) and modulation of hippocampal astroglial reactivity (evaluated by S100B and GFAP). Using GFP+ cell implants, the survival of cells at the implant sites was confirmed, as well as their migration to the pancreas and hippocampus. The presence of undifferentiated MSCs in our IPC preparation may explain the peripheral reduction in AGEs and subsequent cognitive impairment recovery, mediated by autophagic depuration and immunomodulation at the hippocampus, respectively. Together, these data reinforce the importance of MSCs for use in neuroprotective strategies, and highlight the logistic importance of the subcutaneous route for their administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krista Minéia Wartchow
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Biochemistry Post-Graduate Program, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Leticia Rodrigues
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Biochemistry Post-Graduate Program, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lílian Juliana Lissner
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Biochemistry Post-Graduate Program, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Barbara Carolina Federhen
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Biochemistry Post-Graduate Program, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Nicholas Guerini Selistre
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Biochemistry Post-Graduate Program, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Aline Moreira
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Biochemistry Post-Graduate Program, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carlos-Alberto Gonçalves
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Biochemistry Post-Graduate Program, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Patrícia Sesterheim
- Institute of Cardiology of Rio Grande do Sul, Experimental Center, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pluta R, Ułamek-Kozioł M, Januszewski S, Czuczwar SJ. Tau Protein Dysfunction after Brain Ischemia. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 66:429-437. [PMID: 30282370 PMCID: PMC6218135 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Brain ischemia comprises blood-brain barrier, glial, and neuronal cells. The blood–brain barrier controls permeability of different substances and the composition of the neuronal cells ‘milieu’, which is required for their physiological functioning. Recent evidence indicates that brain ischemia itself and ischemic blood-brain barrier dysfunction is associated with the accumulation of neurotoxic molecules within brain tissue, e.g., different parts of amyloid-β protein precursor and changed pathologically tau protein. All these changes due to ischemia can initiate and progress neurodegeneration of the Alzheimer’s disease-type. This review presents brain ischemia and ischemic blood-brain barrier as a trigger for tau protein alterations. Thus, we hypothesize that the changes in pattern of phosphorylation of tau protein are critical to microtubule function especially in neurons, and contribute to the neurodegeneration following brain ischemia-reperfusion episodes with Alzheimer’s disease phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryszard Pluta
- Laboratory of Ischemic and Neurodegenerative Brain Research, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marzena Ułamek-Kozioł
- Laboratory of Ischemic and Neurodegenerative Brain Research, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,First Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sławomir Januszewski
- Laboratory of Ischemic and Neurodegenerative Brain Research, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Thiebaut AM, Hedou E, Marciniak SJ, Vivien D, Roussel BD. Proteostasis During Cerebral Ischemia. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:637. [PMID: 31275110 PMCID: PMC6594416 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is a complex pathology involving a cascade of cellular mechanisms, which deregulate proteostasis and lead to neuronal death. Proteostasis refers to the equilibrium between protein synthesis, folding, transport, and protein degradation. Within the brain proteostasis plays key roles in learning and memory by controlling protein synthesis and degradation. Two important pathways are implicated in the regulation of proteostasis: the unfolded protein response (UPR) and macroautophagy (called hereafter autophagy). Both are necessary for cell survival, however, their over-activation in duration or intensity can lead to cell death. Moreover, UPR and autophagy can activate and potentiate each other to worsen the issue of cerebral ischemia. A better understanding of autophagy and ER stress will allow the development of therapeutic strategies for stroke, both at the acute phase and during recovery. This review summarizes the latest therapeutic advances implicating ER stress or autophagy in cerebral ischemia. We argue that the processes governing proteostasis should be considered together in stroke, rather than focusing either on ER stress or autophagy in isolation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey M Thiebaut
- INSERM, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, University of Caen Normandy, Caen, France
| | - Elodie Hedou
- INSERM, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, University of Caen Normandy, Caen, France
| | - Stefan J Marciniak
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Denis Vivien
- INSERM, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, University of Caen Normandy, Caen, France.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Caen Normandy, Caen, France
| | - Benoit D Roussel
- INSERM, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, University of Caen Normandy, Caen, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li F, Yang B, Li T, Gong X, Zhou F, Hu Z. HSPB8 over-expression prevents disruption of blood-brain barrier by promoting autophagic flux after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Neurochem 2018; 148:97-113. [PMID: 30422312 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Heat-shock protein B8 (HSPB8) has been recently reported to confer neuroprotection against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced cerebral injury in vivo and in vitro. However, the molecular mechanism is still elusive. This study focused on the effect of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v) delivery of lenti-HSPB8 virus against neurological injury in a rat model of cerebral I/R and explored the underlying mechanism. We found that lentivirus i.c.v injection-induced HSPB8 over-expression strongly alleviated infarct volume, improved neurobehavioral outcomes, and reduced brain edema in rat middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) model. Concomitantly, HSPB8 over-expression noticeably prevented blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption after cerebral I/R injury as indicated by the reduction in Evans blue leakage and IgG detection in the ipsilateral hemisphere compared with the vehicle group. Moreover, immunoblotting and immunofluorescence staining of tight junction proteins claudin-5 and occludin showed that HSPB8 over-expression prevented the degradation of these proteins induced by MCAO/R, which indicated the protective effect of HSPB8 on BBB. Western blotting and immunostaining techniques were also utilized to analyze the expression of the markers of autophagy. We found that HSPB8 over-expression promoted autophagic flux, evidenced by increased ratio of LC3 I/II, accumulation of Beclin-1 expression and enhanced p62 degradation. i.c.v injection of 15 μg autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) was applied at the onset of reperfusion. The results showed that 3-MA elicited a significant loss of the protective effect of HSPB8 against MCAO/R-induced neurological defect, Evans blue extravasation, and the loss tight junction proteins, suggesting that the BBB protective role of HSPB8 was, at least in part, mediated through autophagy. Collectively, HSPB8 may represent a potential therapeutic agent for preserving BBB integrity following cerebral I/R injury. OPEN SCIENCE BADGES: This article has received a badge for *Open Materials* because it provided all relevant information to reproduce the study in the manuscript. The complete Open Science Disclosure form for this article can be found at the end of the article. More information about the Open Practices badges can be found at https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/. Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.14488.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fazhao Li
- Department of General Surgery, 2nd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Binbin Yang
- Department of Neurology, 2nd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Neurology, 2nd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiyu Gong
- Department of Neurology, 2nd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Fangfang Zhou
- Department of Neurology, 2nd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhiping Hu
- Department of Neurology, 2nd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang P, Shao BZ, Deng Z, Chen S, Yue Z, Miao CY. Autophagy in ischemic stroke. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 163-164:98-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
13
|
Song X, Zhou B, Cui L, Lei D, Zhang P, Yao G, Xia M, Hayashi T, Hattori S, Ushiki-Kaku Y, Tashiro SI, Onodera S, Ikejima T. Silibinin ameliorates Aβ 25-35-induced memory deficits in rats by modulating autophagy and attenuating neuroinflammation as well as oxidative stress. Neurochem Res 2016; 42:1073-1083. [PMID: 28004303 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2141-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disease. Accumulating evidence suggests that inflammatory response, oxidative stress and autophagy are involved in amyloid β (Aβ)-induced memory deficits. Silibinin (silybin), a flavonoid derived from the herb milk thistle, is well known for its hepatoprotective activities. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective effect of silibinin on Aβ25-35-injected rats. Results demonstrated that silibinin significantly attenuated Aβ25-35-induced memory deficits in Morris water maze and novel object-recognition tests. Silibinin exerted anxiolytic effect in Aβ25-35-injected rats as determined in elevated plus maze test. Silibinin attenuated the inflammatory responses, increased glutathione (GSH) levels and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and upregulated autophagy levels in the Aβ25-35-injected rats. In conclusion, silibinin is a potential candidate for AD treatment because of its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and autophagy regulating activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Song
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Biao Zhou
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Lingyu Cui
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Di Lei
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Pingping Zhang
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Guodong Yao
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Mingyu Xia
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Toshihiko Hayashi
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Shunji Hattori
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Toride, Ibaraki, 302-0017, Japan
| | - Yuko Ushiki-Kaku
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Toride, Ibaraki, 302-0017, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Tashiro
- Department of Medical Education & Primary Care, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kajiicho 465, Kamikyo-ku, Kyoto City, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Satoshi Onodera
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan
| | - Takashi Ikejima
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Reeson P, Jeffery A, Brown CE. Illuminating the Effects of Stroke on the Diabetic Brain: Insights From Imaging Neural and Vascular Networks in Experimental Animal Models. Diabetes 2016; 65:1779-88. [PMID: 27329953 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is known to cause circulatory problems in the eyes, heart, and limbs, and the brain is no exception. Because of the insidious effects of diabetes on brain circulation, patients with diabetes are two to four times more likely to have an ischemic stroke and are less likely to regain functions that are lost. To provide a more mechanistic understanding of this clinically significant problem, imaging studies have focused on how stroke affects neural and vascular networks in experimental models of type 1 diabetes. The emerging picture is that diabetes leads to maladaptive changes in the cerebrovascular system that ultimately limit neuronal rewiring and recovery of functions after stroke. At the cellular and systems level, diabetes is associated with abnormal cerebral blood flow in surviving brain regions and greater disruption of the blood-brain barrier. The abnormal vascular responses to stroke can be partly attributed to aberrant vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling because genetic or pharmacological inhibition of VEGF signaling can mitigate vascular dysfunction and improve stroke recovery in diabetic animals. These experimental studies offer new insights and strategies for optimizing stroke recovery in diabetic populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Reeson
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrew Jeffery
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Craig E Brown
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nardin P, Zanotto C, Hansen F, Batassini C, Gasparin MS, Sesterheim P, Gonçalves CA. Peripheral Levels of AGEs and Astrocyte Alterations in the Hippocampus of STZ-Diabetic Rats. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:2006-16. [PMID: 27084774 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1912-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic patients and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes mellitus (DM) models exhibit signals of brain dysfunction, evidenced by neuronal damage and memory impairment. Astrocytes surrounding capillaries and synapses modulate many brain activities that are connected to neuronal function, such as nutrient flux and glutamatergic neurotransmission. As such, cognitive changes observed in diabetic patients and experimental models could be related to astroglial alterations. Herein, we investigate specific astrocyte changes in the rat hippocampus in a model of DM induced by STZ, particularly looking at glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), S100B protein and glutamate uptake, as well as the content of advanced glycated end products (AGEs) in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), as a consequence of elevated hyperglycemia and the content of receptor for AGEs in the hippocampus. We found clear peripheral alterations, including hyperglycemia, low levels of proinsulin C-peptide, elevated levels of AGEs in serum and CSF, as well as an increase in RAGE in hippocampal tissue. We found specific astroglial abnormalities in this brain region, such as reduced S100B content, reduced glutamate uptake and increased S100B secretion, which were not accompanied by changes in GFAP. We also observed an increase in the glucose transporter, GLUT-1. All these changes may result from RAGE-induced inflammation; these astroglial alterations together with the reduced content of GluN1, a subunit of the NMDA receptor, in the hippocampus may be associated with the impairment of glutamatergic communication in diabetic rats. These findings contribute to understanding the cognitive deficits in diabetic patients and experimental models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Nardin
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
| | - Caroline Zanotto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Hansen
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Batassini
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Manuela Sangalli Gasparin
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Sesterheim
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Fundação Estadual de Produção e Pesquisa em Saúde, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carlos-Alberto Gonçalves
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Time-Dependent Changes in Apoptosis Upon Autophagy Inhibition in Astrocytes Exposed to Oxygen and Glucose Deprivation. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 37:223-234. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-016-0363-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
17
|
Li H, Qiu S, Li X, Li M, Peng Y. Autophagy biomarkers in CSF correlates with infarct size, clinical severity and neurological outcome in AIS patients. J Transl Med 2015; 13:359. [PMID: 26576535 PMCID: PMC4650838 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0726-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autophagy is demonstrated to be involved in acute ischemic stroke(AIS), which, however, is confined to cells and/or animals levels. The aim of this study was to determine two autophagy biomarkers, Beclin1 and LC3B, in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum of patients with AIS, and to evaluate a possible correlation between levels of Beclin1 and LC3B and severity of neurological deficit and clinical outcome of stroke patients. Methods Levels of Beclin1 and LC3B were quantified by ELISA in CSF and serum collected from 37 AIS patients and 21 controls. The clinical severity at stroke onset was determined by the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and the neurological outcome was determined by the Modified Rankin Scale (mRs) and the improvement in NIHSS between stroke onset and 3 months later. Associations between autophagy biomarkers and infarct volume, NIHSS and mRs were assessed using Pearson analysis. Results The levels of Beclin1 and LC3B were increased both in CSF and serum of AIS patients relative to controls. In CSF, they were positively correlated with infarct volume and NIHSS scores, and negatively correlated with mRs scores, but no significant association was observed in serum. Moreover, AIS patients with higher levels of Beclin1 and LC3B in CSF had significantly higher improvement in NIHSS. Conclusion CSF and serum levels of autophagy biomarkers are altered in AIS patients. CSF levels of autophagy biomarkers are associated with infarct volume, clinical severity of and neurological outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Honghong Li
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 107 West Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Shuwei Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 107 West Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, China. .,Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Xiangpen Li
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 107 West Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 107 West Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Ying Peng
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 107 West Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sase K, Kitaoka Y, Munemasa Y, Kojima K, Takagi H. Axonal protection by short-term hyperglycemia with involvement of autophagy in TNF-induced optic nerve degeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:425. [PMID: 26578885 PMCID: PMC4623211 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous reports showed that short-term hyperglycemia protects optic nerve axons in a rat experimental hypertensive glaucoma model. In this study, we investigated whether short-term hyperglycemia prevents tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced optic nerve degeneration in rats and examined the role of autophagy in this axon change process. In phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated rat eyes, no significant difference in axon number between the normoglycemic (NG) and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced hyperglycemic (HG) groups was seen at 2 weeks. Substantial degenerative changes in the axons were noted 2 weeks after intravitreal injection of TNF in the NG group. However, the HG group showed significant protective effects on axons against TNF-induced optic nerve degeneration compared with the NG group. This protective effect was significantly inhibited by 3-methyladenine (3-MA), an autophagy inhibitor. Immunoblot analysis showed that the LC3-II level in the optic nerve was increased in the HG group compared with the NG group. Increased p62 protein levels in the optic nerve after TNF injection was observed in the NG group, and this increase was inhibited in the HG group. Electron microscopy showed that autophagosomes were increased in optic nerve axons in the HG group. Immunohistochemical study showed that LC3 was colocalized with nerve fibers in the retina and optic nerve in both the NG and HG groups. Short-term hyperglycemia protects axons against TNF-induced optic nerve degeneration. This axonal-protective effect may be associated with autophagy machinery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kana Sase
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kitaoka
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine Kawasaki, Japan ; Department of Molecular Neuroscience, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yasunari Munemasa
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Kaori Kojima
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Takagi
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine Kawasaki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Expression of amyloid-β protein and amyloid-β precursor protein after primary brain-stem injury in rats. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2015; 35:201-5. [PMID: 24949598 DOI: 10.1097/paf.0000000000000103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) protein and its precursor, amyloid-β precursor protein (β-APP), have traditionally been used in the diagnosis of Alzheimer disease. Their use in diagnosis of traumatic brain injury by forensic analysis is becoming more widespread. However, to date, no reliable small animal model exists to evaluate these brain injury indicators. To address this, we have studied primary brain-stem injury in rats to assess the appearance of diffuse axonal injury in brain sections and correlate these findings with appearance of Aβ and relative β-APP mRNA levels. Using an EnVision 2-step immunohistochemical staining method to measure axon diameter, we found that there was significant difference in axon diameters within the medulla oblongata and several time points after brain injury, ranging from 3 to 24 hours. In addition, mRNA expression levels of β-APP increased following brain injury, peaking 3 hours following injury and decreasing back to baseline levels by 24 hours after injury. These results suggest that using immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to detect changes in Aβ-associated axonal changes and β-APP mRNA levels, respectively, can be useful for the diagnosis of diffuse axonal injury during autopsy at early time points following fatal brain injury.
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhang T, Wang H, Li Q, Huang J, Sun X. Modulating autophagy affects neuroamyloidogenesis in an in vitro ischemic stroke model. Neuroscience 2014; 263:130-7. [PMID: 24440753 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To explore the effects of modulating autophagy on neuroamyloidogenesis in an ischemic stroke model of cultured neuroblastoma 2a (N2a)/Amyloid precursor protein (APP)695 cells. METHODS The ischemic stroke model of N2a/APP695 cells was made by 6h oxygen-glucose deprivation/12h reperfusion (OGDR). Drug administration of 3-methyladenine (3-MA), rapamycin or dl-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP) was started at the beginning of the OGDR and lasted until the end of reperfusion, in order to explore their effects on N2a/APP695 cells under OGDR conditions. Then the cells were incubated in the drug-free and full culture medium under normoxic conditions for 12h. Cell viability and injury were investigated. The key proteins of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway and a key component of autophagy Beclin 1 were detected by Western blotting; immunofluorescence double-staining of amyloid-β (Aβ)1-42 with Beclin 1 was performed to investigate their cellular co-localization relationship; β-secretase and γ-secretase activity assay and Aβ1-42 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were performed to investigate the amyloidogenesis. RESULTS The results showed that, OGDR enhanced cell injury, autophagy activity, neuroinflammation and Aβ generation in N2a/APP695 cells; down-regulating autophagy by 3-MA and NBP increased cell viability, decreased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) production, inhibited the activation of NF-κB pathway, suppressed β- and γ-secretase activities and Aβ generation; while up-regulating autophagy by rapamycin got the opposite results; immunofluorescence double-staining results showed elevated Aβ1-42(+) signal was co-localized with Beclin 1(+) signal. CONCLUSION Our data suggested that down-regulating autophagy may inhibit ischemia-induced neuroamyloidogenesis via suppressing the activation of NF-κB pathway. This study might help us to find a new therapeutic strategy to prevent brain ischemic damage and depress the risk of post-stroke dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affillilated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - H Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affillilated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Q Li
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affillilated Nineth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - J Huang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affillilated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - X Sun
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affillilated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wei N, Yu S, Gu X, Chen D, Whalin MK, Xu G, Liu X, Wei L. The involvement of autophagy pathway in exaggerated ischemic brain damage in diabetic mice. CNS Neurosci Ther 2013; 19:753-63. [PMID: 23731488 PMCID: PMC6493478 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with Diabetes are at greater risk for ischemic stroke and usually suffer more severe ischemic brain damage than nondiabetic patients. However, the underlying mechanism of the exaggerated injury is not well defined. AIMS Macroautophagy (hereafter called autophagy in this report) plays a key role in cellular homeostasis and may contribute to cell death as well. Our aim was to determine whether autophagy was involved in the enhanced susceptibility of diabetic brain cells to ischemic injury and explore it as a possible target for the treatment of stroke in a diabetic condition. RESULTS A type II diabetic mouse model generated by combined administration of streptozotocin and nicotinamide showed enlarged infarct volume, increased cell death and excessive blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption compared with nondiabetic stroke mice. After ischemic stroke, both diabetic and nondiabetic mice showed enhanced autophagosome formation and autophagic flux as demonstrated by increased expression of autophagy signals Beclin 1, microtubule-associated protein light-chain II (LC3-II), and decreased autophagy-specific substrate p62. The increased autophagic activity was significantly higher in diabetic stroke mice than that in nondiabetic stroke mice. The autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) attenuated the exaggerated brain injury and improved functional recovery. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that autophagy contributes to exacerbated brain injury in diabetic condition, and autophagy-mediated cell death may be a therapeutic target in diabetic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wei
- Department of NeurologyNanjing University School of Medicine, Jinling HospitalNanjingChina,Department of AnesthesiologyEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Shan‐Ping Yu
- Department of AnesthesiologyEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Xiao‐Huan Gu
- Department of AnesthesiologyEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Dong‐Dong Chen
- Department of AnesthesiologyEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Matthew K. Whalin
- Department of AnesthesiologyEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Ge‐Lin Xu
- Department of NeurologyNanjing University School of Medicine, Jinling HospitalNanjingChina
| | - Xin‐Feng Liu
- Department of NeurologyNanjing University School of Medicine, Jinling HospitalNanjingChina
| | - Ling Wei
- Department of AnesthesiologyEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGAUSA,Department of NeurologyEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGAUSA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wei K, Wang P, Miao CY. A double-edged sword with therapeutic potential: an updated role of autophagy in ischemic cerebral injury. CNS Neurosci Ther 2012; 18:879-86. [PMID: 22998350 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is a severe outcome that could cause cognitive and motor dysfunction, neurodegenerative diseases and even acute death. Although the existence of autophagy in cerebral ischemia is undisputable, the consensus has not yet been reached regarding the exact functions and influence of autophagy in cerebral ischemia. Whether the activation of autophagy is beneficial or harmful in cerebral ischemia injury largely depends on the balance between the burden of intracellular substrate targeted for autophagy and the capacity of the cellular autophagic machinery. Furthermore, the mechanisms underlying the autophagy in cerebral ischemia are far from clear yet. This brief review focuses on not only the current understanding of biological effects of autophagy, but also the therapeutic potentials of autophagy in ischemic stroke. There are disputes over the exact role of autophagy in cerebral ischemia. Application of chemical autophagy inhibitor (e.g., 3-methyladenine) or inducer (e.g., rapamycin) in vitro and in vivo was reported to protect or harm neuronal cell. Knockdown of autophagic protein, such as Beclin 1, was also reported to modulate the cerebral ischemia-induced injury. Moreover, autophagy inhibitor abolished the neuroprotection of ischemic preconditioning, implying a neuroprotective effect of autophagy. To clarify these issues on autophagy in cerebral ischemia, future investigations are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ly JV, Rowe CC, Villemagne VL, Zavala JA, Ma H, Sahathevan R, O'Keefe G, Gong SJ, Gunawan R, Churilov L, Saunder T, Ackerman U, Tochon-Danguy H, Donnan GA. Subacute ischemic stroke is associated with focal 11C PiB positron emission tomography retention but not with global neocortical Aβ deposition. Stroke 2012; 43:1341-6. [PMID: 22492514 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.111.636266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Conflicting evidence exists as to whether focal cerebral ischemia contributes to cerebral amyloid deposition. We aimed to look at Aβ deposits, detected by N-methyl-2-(4'-methylaminophenyl)-6-hydroxybenzothiazole (PiB) positron emission tomography, in patients with recent ischemic stroke. Specifically, we hypothesized that patients with recent ischemic stroke have higher local and neocortical PiB positron emission tomography retention and that this may be associated with major vascular risk factors. METHODS Ischemic stroke patients were studied using PiB positron emission tomography within 30 days and compared to age-matched controls. Distribution volume ratio maps were created using Logan graphical analysis with the cerebellar cortex as a reference. RESULTS Among the 21 ischemic stroke patients (median age, 76 years; interquartile range, 68-77), the ipsilateral peri-infarct region PiB retention was higher compared to the contralateral mirror region, with a PiB distribution volume ratio difference of 0.29 (95% CI, 0.2-0.44; P=0.001) at median 10 (interquartile range, 7-14) days after stroke. Two patients also had higher PiB retention within the infarct compared to the contralateral side. There was no difference in the neocortical PiB retention elsewhere in the brain among ischemic stroke patients compared with 22 age-matched normal controls (P=0.22). Among the risk factors in the ischemic stroke patients, diabetes was associated with a higher neocortical PiB retention (Spearman Rho=0.48; 95% CI, 0.28-0.72). CONCLUSIONS PiB retention was higher in the peri-infarct region among patients with recent ischemic stroke. This did not translate into a higher global neocortical PiB retention except possibly in patients with diabetes. The cause of the focal PiB retention is uncertain and requires further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John V Ly
- University of Melbourne, Carlton South, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|