1
|
Pedrosa LRR, Leal LCP, Muniz JAPC, Bastos CDO, Gomes BD, Krejcová LV. From imaging to precision: low cost and accurate determination of stereotactic coordinates for brain surgery Sapajus apella using MRI. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1324669. [PMID: 38362021 PMCID: PMC10867132 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1324669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The capuchin monkey (Sapajus apella), a New World monkey species, exhibits prominent characteristics that make it an ideal model for neuroscience research. These characteristics include its phylogenetic traits, telencephalization coefficient, anatomical structures and pathways, genetic profile, immune responses, cognitive abilities, and complex behavioral repertoires. Traditionally, methodologies for stereotactic neurosurgery in research models have relied on the use of brain atlases. However, this approach can lead to errors due to the considerable variation in brain size and shape among individual monkeys. To address this issue, we developed a protocol for deriving individual coordinates for each monkey using a straightforward and relatively inexpensive method involving MRI imaging. Our protocol utilizes a specially designed, 3D-printed stereotactic head-holder that is safe to use with an MR magnet, non-invasive placement of fiducial markers, and post-processing with open-source software. This approach enhances MRI data visualization, improves anatomical targeting, and refines the design of neurosurgical experiments. Our technique could also prove beneficial in other areas of neuroscience research that require accurate calculation of stereotaxic coordinates. Furthermore, it could be useful for other nonhuman primate species for which brain atlases are typically unavailable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Leon C. P. Leal
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
- National Primate Center, Institute Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | | | | | - Bruno D. Gomes
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Lane V. Krejcová
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Marty MS, Sauer UG, Charlton A, Ghaffari R, Guignard D, Hallmark N, Hannas BR, Jacobi S, Marxfeld HA, Melching-Kollmuss S, Sheets LP, Urbisch D, Botham PA, van Ravenzwaay B. Towards a science-based testing strategy to identify maternal thyroid hormone imbalance and neurodevelopmental effects in the progeny-part III: how is substance-mediated thyroid hormone imbalance in pregnant/lactating rats or their progeny related to neurodevelopmental effects? Crit Rev Toxicol 2022; 52:546-617. [PMID: 36519295 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2022.2130166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review investigated which patterns of thyroid- and brain-related effects are seen in rats upon gestational/lactational exposure to 14 substances causing thyroid hormone imbalance by four different modes-of-action (inhibition of thyroid peroxidase, sodium-iodide symporter and deiodinase activities, enhancement of thyroid hormone clearance) or to dietary iodine deficiency. Brain-related parameters included motor activity, cognitive function, acoustic startle response, hearing function, periventricular heterotopia, electrophysiology and brain gene expression. Specific modes-of-action were not related to specific patterns of brain-related effects. Based upon the rat data reviewed, maternal serum thyroid hormone levels do not show a causal relationship with statistically significant neurodevelopmental effects. Offspring serum thyroxine together with offspring serum triiodothyronine and thyroid stimulating hormone appear relevant to predict the likelihood for neurodevelopmental effects. Based upon the collated database, thresholds of ≥60%/≥50% offspring serum thyroxine reduction and ≥20% and statistically significant offspring serum triiodothyronine reduction indicate an increased likelihood for statistically significant neurodevelopmental effects; accuracies: 83% and 67% when excluding electrophysiology (and gene expression). Measurements of brain thyroid hormone levels are likely relevant, too. The extent of substance-mediated thyroid hormone imbalance appears more important than substance mode-of-action to predict neurodevelopmental impairment in rats. Pertinent research needs were identified, e.g. to determine whether the phenomenological offspring thyroid hormone thresholds are relevant for regulatory toxicity testing. The insight from this review shall be used to suggest a tiered testing strategy to determine whether gestational/lactational substance exposure may elicit thyroid hormone imbalance and potentially also neurodevelopmental effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ursula G Sauer
- Scientific Consultancy-Animal Welfare, Neubiberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ose T, Autio JA, Ohno M, Frey S, Uematsu A, Kawasaki A, Takeda C, Hori Y, Nishigori K, Nakako T, Yokoyama C, Nagata H, Yamamori T, Van Essen DC, Glasser MF, Watabe H, Hayashi T. Anatomical variability, multi-modal coordinate systems, and precision targeting in the marmoset brain. Neuroimage 2022; 250:118965. [PMID: 35122965 PMCID: PMC8948178 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.118965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Localising accurate brain regions needs careful evaluation in each experimental species due to their individual variability. However, the function and connectivity of brain areas is commonly studied using a single-subject cranial landmark-based stereotactic atlas in animal neuroscience. Here, we address this issue in a small primate, the common marmoset, which is increasingly widely used in systems neuroscience. We developed a non-invasive multi-modal neuroimaging-based targeting pipeline, which accounts for intersubject anatomical variability in cranial and cortical landmarks in marmosets. This methodology allowed creation of multi-modal templates (MarmosetRIKEN20) including head CT and brain MR images, embedded in coordinate systems of anterior and posterior commissures (AC-PC) and CIFTI grayordinates. We found that the horizontal plane of the stereotactic coordinate was significantly rotated in pitch relative to the AC-PC coordinate system (10 degrees, frontal downwards), and had a significant bias and uncertainty due to positioning procedures. We also found that many common cranial and brain landmarks (e.g., bregma, intraparietal sulcus) vary in location across subjects and are substantial relative to average marmoset cortical area dimensions. Combining the neuroimaging-based targeting pipeline with robot-guided surgery enabled proof-of-concept targeting of deep brain structures with an accuracy of 0.2 mm. Altogether, our findings demonstrate substantial intersubject variability in marmoset brain and cranial landmarks, implying that subject-specific neuroimaging-based localization is needed for precision targeting in marmosets. The population-based templates and atlases in grayordinates, created for the first time in marmoset monkeys, should help bridging between macroscale and microscale analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Ose
- Laboratory for Brain Connectomics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan; Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Joonas A Autio
- Laboratory for Brain Connectomics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Ohno
- Laboratory for Brain Connectomics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan.
| | | | - Akiko Uematsu
- Laboratory for Brain Connectomics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Akihiro Kawasaki
- Laboratory for Brain Connectomics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Chiho Takeda
- Laboratory for Brain Connectomics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Yuki Hori
- Laboratory for Brain Connectomics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan; Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Kantaro Nishigori
- Laboratory for Brain Connectomics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan; Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
| | - Tomokazu Nakako
- Laboratory for Brain Connectomics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan; Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
| | - Chihiro Yokoyama
- Laboratory for Brain Connectomics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan; Faculty of Human life and Environmental Science, Nara women's University, Nara, Japan.
| | | | - Tetsuo Yamamori
- Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan.
| | - David C Van Essen
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University Medical School, St Louis, MO USA.
| | - Matthew F Glasser
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University Medical School, St Louis, MO USA; Department of Radiology, Washington University Medical School, St Louis, MO USA.
| | - Hiroshi Watabe
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Takuya Hayashi
- Laboratory for Brain Connectomics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan; Department of Brain Connectomics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tu Y, Huang P, Mao C, Liu X, Gao J. Abnormal functional connectivity density in patients with dysthyroid optic neuropathy. Ophthalmic Res 2020; 65:171-179. [PMID: 33142292 DOI: 10.1159/000512755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
[Objective] Functional connectivity density (FCD) mapping was used to investigate abnormalities and factors related to brain functional connectivity (F.C.) in cortical regions of patients with dysthyroid optic neuropathy (DON) and to analyze the pathogenesis of DON further. [Methods] Patients diagnosed with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) in the Eye Hospital were enrolled. All patients underwent comprehensive eye examinations and best-corrected visual acuity, visual field(V.F.) test. MRI data collection and analysis were completed in the 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University. The patients were divided into two groups: the DON group, with an average visual field, mean deviation (M.D.) of both eyes < -5 dB, and the non-DON group (nDON group), with an average visual field M.D. of both eyes ≥ -2 dB. [Results] A total of 30 TAO patients (14 men, 16 women) with complete data who met the experimental requirements were enrolled. The average age was 48.79 (40~ 57) years. There were 16 patients in the DON group and 14 patients in the nDON group. No significant differences in age, gender, education level, and the maximum horizontal diameter of either medial rectus muscle were found between the two groups. The difference of brain FCD between the two groups showed significant abnormal connectivity in the right orbital gyri of the frontal lobe (Frontal_Inf_Orb_R) and the left precuneus in the DON group compared with the nDON group. As demonstrated by decreased FCD values in the right inferior frontal gyrus/orbital part, the relevant brain regions were the left middle temporal gyrus, left precuneus, left middle frontal gyrus, right postcentral gyrus, and brain gyri (excluding the supramarginal gyrus and angular gyrus) below the left parietal bone. The FCD associated with the left precuneus was increased, and the relevant brain areas were the left middle temporal gyrus, right cuneus, superior occipital gyrus, and right fusiform gyrus. A significant correlation was identified between the MD. of the binocular visual field and brain FCD. [Conclusion] The abnormal FCD in the cortex of DON patients suggests that a central nervous system mechanism may be related to the pathogenesis of the DON.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunhai Tu
- Liaocheng People's Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine Shandong University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Pingping Huang
- The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chuanwan Mao
- Department of Radiology, Yuying Children's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaozheng Liu
- Department of Radiology, Yuying Children's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianlu Gao
- Liaocheng People's Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine Shandong University, Liaocheng, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Seyedhosseini Tamijani SM, Beirami E, Ahmadiani A, Dargahi L. Thyroid hormone treatment alleviates the impairments of neurogenesis, mitochondrial biogenesis and memory performance induced by methamphetamine. Neurotoxicology 2019; 74:7-18. [PMID: 31075280 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chronic use of methamphetamine (MA), a neurotoxic psychostimulant, leads to long-lasting cognitive dysfunctions in humans and animal models. Thyroid hormones (THs) have several physiological actions and are crucial for normal behavioral, intellectual and neurological development. Considering the importance of THs in the cognitive processes, the present study was designed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of THs on cognitive and neurological impairments induced by MA. Escalating doses of MA (1-10 mg/kg, IP) were injected twice daily for 10 consecutive days in rats and cognitive functions were evaluated using behavioral tests. The expression of factors involved in neurogenesis (NES and DCX), mitochondrial biogenesis (PGC-1α, NRF-1, and TFAM), neuroinflammation (GFAP, Iba-1, and COX-2) as well as Reelin and NT-3 (synaptic plasticity and neurotrophic factor, respectively) was measured in the hippocampus of MA-treated animals. The effects of three different doses of T4 (20, 40 or 80 μg/kg; intraperitoneally) or T3 (20, 40 or 80 μg/rat; 2.5 μl/nostril; intranasal) treatment, once a day for one week after MA cessation, were assessed in MA-treated rats. After the last behavioral test, serum T4 and T3 levels were measured using radioimmunoassay. The results revealed that repeated escalating regimen of MA impaired cognitive functions concomitant with neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity impairments, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation. T4 or T3 treatment partially decreased the alterations induced by MA. These findings suggest that THs can be considered as potential candidates for the reduction of MA abuse related neurocognitive disturbances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Masoumeh Seyedhosseini Tamijani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Immunogenetics Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Elmira Beirami
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abolhassan Ahmadiani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Dargahi
- Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Menezes EC, Santos PR, Goes TC, Carvalho VCB, Teixeira-Silva F, Stevens HE, Badauê-Passos DJ. Effects of a rat model of gestational hypothyroidism on forebrain dopaminergic, GABAergic, and serotonergic systems and related behaviors. Behav Brain Res 2019; 366:77-87. [PMID: 30898681 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of maternal hypothyroidism on forebrain dopaminergic, GABAergic, and serotonergic systems and related behavior in adult rat offspring. Experimental gestational hypothyroidism (EGH) was induced by administering 0.02% methimazole (MMI) to pregnant rats from gestational day 9 to delivery. Neurotransmitter-related protein and gene expression were evaluated in offspring forebrain at postnatal day (P) 120. Exploratory behavior, contextual fear conditioning, locomotion, and 30-day reserpine Parkinson induction were assessed from P75-P120. Protein and gene expression assessments of medial prefrontal cortex showed group differences in dopaminergic, GABAergic, and serotonergic receptors, catabolic enzymes, and transporters. Striatum of MMI offspring showed an isolated decrease in the dopaminergic enzyme, tyrosine hydroxylase. MMI exposure increased GABA and dopamine receptor expression in amygdala. MMI offspring also had decreased state anxiety and poor contextual fear conditioning. We found that baseline locomotion was not changed, but reserpine treatment significantly reduced locomotion only in MMI offspring. Our results indicated that restriction of maternal thyroid hormones reduced dopaminergic, GABAergic, and serotoninergic forebrain components in offspring. Tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency in the striatum may underlie enhanced reserpine induction of Parkinson-like movement in these same offspring. Deficits across different neurotransmitter systems in medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala may underlie decreased state anxiety-like behavior and reduced fear conditioning in offspring, but no changes in trait anxiety-like behavior occurred with maternal MMI exposure. These findings strongly support the hypothesis that adequate delivery of maternal thyroid hormones to the fetus is crucial to the development of the central nervous system critical for emotion and motor regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edênia Cunha Menezes
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 49100-000, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Rabelo Santos
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 49100-000, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Tiago Costa Goes
- Departamento de Educação em Saúde, Campus Prof. Antônio Garcia Filho, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 49400-000, Lagarto, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Cibelle Barboza Carvalho
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 49100-000, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Flávia Teixeira-Silva
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 49100-000, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Hanna E Stevens
- Psychiatry Department, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa College of Medicine, 69 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA, United States.
| | - Daniel Jr Badauê-Passos
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 49100-000, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Baghcheghi Y, Salmani H, Beheshti F, Hosseini M. Contribution of Brain Tissue Oxidative Damage in Hypothyroidism-associated Learning and Memory Impairments. Adv Biomed Res 2017; 6:59. [PMID: 28584813 PMCID: PMC5450450 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.206699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is a critical target organ for thyroid hormones, and modifications in memory and cognition happen with thyroid dysfunction. The exact mechanisms underlying learning and memory impairments due to hypothyroidism have not been understood yet. Therefore, this review was aimed to compress the results of previous studies which have examined the contribution of brain tissues oxidative damage in hypothyroidism-associated learning and memory impairments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Baghcheghi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Salmani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farimah Beheshti
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hosseini
- Neurocognitive Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gilbert ME, Goodman JH, Gomez J, Johnstone AFM, Ramos RL. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is impaired by transient and moderate developmental thyroid hormone disruption. Neurotoxicology 2017; 59:9-21. [PMID: 28048979 PMCID: PMC11242631 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus maintains a capacity for neurogenesis throughout life, a capacity that is reduced in models of adult onset hypothyroidism. The effects of developmental thyroid hormone (TH) insufficiency on neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus, however, has not been examined. Graded degrees of TH insufficiency were induced in pregnant rat dams by administration of 0, 3 or 10ppm of 6-propylthiouracil (PTU) in drinking water from gestational day (GD) 6 until weaning. Body, brain, and hippocampal weight were reduced on postnatal day (PN) 14, 21, 78 and hippocampal volume was smaller at the 10 but not 3ppm dose level. A second experiment examined adult hippocampal neurogenesis following developmental or adult onset hypothyroidism. Two male offspring from 0 and 3ppm exposed dams were either maintained on control water or exposed to 3ppm PTU to create 4 distinct treatment conditions (Control-Control; Control-PTU, PTU-Control, PTU-PTU) based on developmental and adult exposures. Beginning on the 28th day of adult exposure to 0 or 3ppm PTU, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU, 50mg/kg, ip) was administered twice daily for 5days, and one male from each treatment was sacrificed 24h and 28days after the last BrdU dose and brains processed for immunohistochemistry. Although no volume changes were seen in the hippocampus of the neonate at 3ppm, thinning of the granule cell layer emerged in adulthood. Developmental TH insufficiency produced a reduction in newly born cells, reducing BrdU+ve cells at 1 with no further reduction at 28-days post-BrdU. Similar findings were obtained using the proliferative cell marker Ki67. Neuronal differentiations was also altered with fewer doublecortin (Dcx) expressing cells and a higher proportion of immature Dcx phenotypes seen after developmental but not adult TH insufficiency. An impaired capacity for neurogenesis may contribute to impairments in synaptic plasticity and cognitive deficits previously reported by our laboratory and others following moderate degrees of developmental TH insufficiency induced by this PTU model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M E Gilbert
- Toxicity Assessment Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - J H Goodman
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, NY State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA; Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Neurology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - J Gomez
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, NY State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
| | - A F M Johnstone
- Toxicity Assessment Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - R L Ramos
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Daghighi MH, Poureisa M, Ahmadi P, Reshadatjoo M, Golestani S, Naghavi-Behzad M, Karkon-Shayan F. Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone level and relation with size of hippocampus in patients with mild cognitive disorders. Niger Med J 2016; 57:353-356. [PMID: 27942104 PMCID: PMC5126749 DOI: 10.4103/0300-1652.193862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cognitive disorders and dementia are common problems, and Alzheimer's disease is one of the major leading causes of death worldwide. Thyroid hormone disorders as a common problem effect on hippocampus size which as a prognostic factor in dementia. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level and the size of hippocampus in patients with mild cognitive disorders. Materials and Methods: In a descriptive-analytical study, 41 patients with symptoms of mild cognitive disorders whom referred to take the brain magnetic resonance image (MRI) in a radiology center under the direction of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (Tabriz, Iran) were evaluated. The right and left hippocampal and brain volume was calculated by MRI at coronal T1-weighted. Serum TSH level was also measured in these patients. Correlation between serum TSH level and hippocampal volume size was evaluated. Results: Male to female ratio was 1.05:1 with mean age of 54.09 ± 3.11 years. Mean serum TSH level of patients was 1.55 ± 1.45 uU/ml. The right and left hippocampal volumes were 1.61 ± 0.42 and 1.62 ± 0.39 ml, respectively. There were slight negative correlations between the right and left hippocampal volumes with TSH level (r = −0.133 and r = −0.092, respectively). Correlations between the right and left hippocampal volumes with TSH level were not statistically significant (P = 0.406, P = 0.566, respectively). Conclusion: Based on findings of the present study, there was a weak negative correlation between serum level of TSH with the right and left hippocampal and brain volume ratio, but the correlation was not statistically significant. It seems that controlling of clinical or subclinical hypothyroidism may have a role in slowing of dementia progression and also have a preventive role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Masoud Poureisa
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Pegah Ahmadi
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reshadatjoo
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sahar Golestani
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Naghavi-Behzad
- Medical Philosophy and History Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farid Karkon-Shayan
- Students' Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Seymour RS, Angove SE, Snelling EP, Cassey P. Scaling of cerebral blood perfusion in primates and marsupials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 218:2631-40. [PMID: 26113137 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.124826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of primates involved increasing body size, brain size and presumably cognitive ability. Cognition is related to neural activity, metabolic rate and rate of blood flow to the cerebral cortex. These parameters are difficult to quantify in living animals. This study shows that it is possible to determine the rate of cortical brain perfusion from the size of the internal carotid artery foramina in skulls of certain mammals, including haplorrhine primates and diprotodont marsupials. We quantify combined blood flow rate in both internal carotid arteries as a proxy of brain metabolism in 34 species of haplorrhine primates (0.116-145 kg body mass) and compare it to the same analysis for 19 species of diprotodont marsupials (0.014-46 kg). Brain volume is related to body mass by essentially the same exponent of 0.70 in both groups. Flow rate increases with haplorrhine brain volume to the 0.95 power, which is significantly higher than the exponent (0.75) expected for most organs according to 'Kleiber's Law'. By comparison, the exponent is 0.73 in marsupials. Thus, the brain perfusion rate increases with body size and brain size much faster in primates than in marsupials. The trajectory of cerebral perfusion in primates is set by the phylogenetically older groups (New and Old World monkeys, lesser apes) and the phylogenetically younger groups (great apes, including humans) fall near the line, with the highest perfusion. This may be associated with disproportionate increases in cortical surface area and mental capacity in the highly social, larger primates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger S Seymour
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Sophie E Angove
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Edward P Snelling
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Phillip Cassey
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wheeler SM, McLelland VC, Sheard E, McAndrews MP, Rovet JF. Hippocampal Functioning and Verbal Associative Memory in Adolescents with Congenital Hypothyroidism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:163. [PMID: 26539162 PMCID: PMC4610202 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) is essential for normal development of the hippocampus, which is critical for memory and particularly for learning and recalling associations between visual and verbal stimuli. Adolescents with congenital hypothyroidism (CH), who lack TH in late gestation and early life, demonstrate weak verbal recall abilities, reduced hippocampal volumes, and abnormal hippocampal functioning for visually associated material. However, it is not known if their hippocampus functions abnormally when remembering verbal associations. Our objective was to assess hippocampal functioning in CH using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Fourteen adolescents with CH and 14 typically developing controls (TDC) were studied. Participants studied pairs of words and then, during fMRI acquisition, made two types of recognition decisions: in one they judged whether the pairs were the same as when seen originally and in the other, whether individual words were seen before regardless of pairing. Hippocampal activation was greater for pairs than items in both groups, but this difference was only significant in TDC. When we directly compared the groups, the right anterior hippocampus was the primary region in which the TDC and CH groups differed for this pair memory effect. Results signify that adolescents with CH show abnormal hippocampal functioning during verbal memory processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Wheeler
- Neurosciences and Mental Health Research Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Victoria C. McLelland
- Neurosciences and Mental Health Research Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Erin Sheard
- Neurosciences and Mental Health Research Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mary Pat McAndrews
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Krembil Neuroscience Centre, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joanne F. Rovet
- Neurosciences and Mental Health Research Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Joanne F. Rovet,
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ghassabian A, Henrichs J, Tiemeier H. Impact of mild thyroid hormone deficiency in pregnancy on cognitive function in children: lessons from the Generation R Study. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 28:221-32. [PMID: 24629863 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Animal models and epidemiological studies suggest that mild maternal thyroid hormone deficiency in early gestation has adverse consequences on the cognitive abilities of the children. However, methodological problems, lack of a consistent definition for mild thyroid hormone deficiency, and short follow-up of the children reduce the confidence in the conclusion of existing studies. In this review, we summarize the main findings of a series of studies performed in Generation R, a population-based birth cohort in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. In this iodine sufficient region, we aimed to investigate the relation between mild maternal thyroid hormone deficiency in early gestation and children's verbal and nonverbal cognitive function and executive function. We discuss the main findings of these studies, present recommendations for clinicians and formulate suggestions for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akhgar Ghassabian
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Centre - Sophia Children Hospital, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jens Henrichs
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, 5037 AB Tilburg, The Netherlands.
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Centre - Sophia Children Hospital, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Centre, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rodents with gestational thyroid-hormone (TH) deficiencies and children with congenital hypothyroidism show abnormal hippocampal development. Given that the human hippocampus starts to develop early in gestation, we asked if children born to women with hypothyroidism during pregnancy also show hippocampal abnormalities and if this is related to the severity of maternal TH insufficiency and current memory functioning. We additionally sought to determine whether effects were more prominent in anterior or posterior hippocampal subsections given these support different memory functions and have different developmental trajectories. We hypothesized that these children would have smaller than normal hippocampal volumes than controls and show memory deficits on both standardized tests and indices of "everyday" memory functioning. METHODS We studied 54 children aged 9 to 12 years: 30 controls and 24 HYPO cases-offspring from women diagnosed with hypothyroidism prior to or during pregnancy and treated with l-thyroxine. All children received a thorough assessment of memory functions and an MRI scan. For each child, right and left hippocampi were manually traced, and volumes of right and left hippocampi and anterior and posterior segments were determined. RESULTS HYPO cases showed significantly smaller right and left hippocampal volumes than controls, particularly in right posterior and left anterior segments. In HYPO children, hippocampal volumes were negatively correlated with maternal third-trimester TSH levels and positively correlated with third-trimester fT4. HYPO cases scored significantly below controls on one objective and several subjective memory indices, and these were correlated with hippocampal volumes. CONCLUSION Early TH insufficiency from maternal hypothyroidism affects offspring hippocampal development and memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Willoughby
- 1 Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Program , The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cooke GE, Mullally S, Correia N, O'Mara SM, Gibney J. Hippocampal volume is decreased in adults with hypothyroidism. Thyroid 2014; 24:433-40. [PMID: 24205791 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2013.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormones are important for the adult brain, particularly regions of the hippocampus including the dentate gyrus and CA1 and CA3 regions. The hippocampus is a thyroid hormone receptor-rich region of the brain involved in learning and memory. Consequently, alterations in thyroid hormone levels have been reported to impair hippocampal-associated learning and memory, synaptic plasticity, and neurogenesis. While these effects have been shown primarily in developing rats, as well as in adult rats, little is known about the effects in adult humans. There are currently no data regarding structural changes in the hippocampus as a result of adult-onset hypothyroidism. We aimed to establish whether hippocampal volume was reduced in patients with untreated adult-onset hypothyroidism compared to age-matched healthy controls. METHODS High-resolution magnetization-prepared rapid acquisition with gradient echo (MPRAGE) scans were performed on 11 untreated hypothyroid adults and 9 age-matched control subjects. Hypothyroidism was diagnosed based on increased levels of thyrotropin (TSH) and reduced levels of free thyroxine (fT4). RESULTS Volumetric analysis of the right and left hippocampal regions, using functional magnetic resonance imaging of the brain (FMRIB) integrated registration and segmentation tool (FIRST), demonstrated significant volume reduction in the right hippocampus in the hypothyroid patients relative to the control group. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide preliminary evidence that hypothyroidism results in structural deficits in the adult human brain. Decreases in volume in the right hippocampus were evident in patients with adult-onset overt hypothyroidism, supporting some of the findings in animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gillian E Cooke
- 1 Institute of Neuroscience , Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang Y, Wei W, Song B, Wang Y, Dong J, Min H, Chen J. Developmental hypothyroxinemia caused by mild iodine deficiency leads to HFS-induced LTD in rat hippocampal CA1 region: involvement of AMPA receptor. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 50:348-57. [PMID: 24532248 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8656-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Hypothyroidism induced by severe iodine deficiency (ID) during developmental period seriously damages the central nervous system function. In addition to developmental hypothyroidism induced by severe ID, developmental hypothyroxinemia induced by mild ID is potentially damaging for neurodevelopment and learning and memory in children. Wistar rats were treated with iodine-deficient diet or methimazole (MMZ) during pregnancy and lactation to induce developmental hypothyroxinemia or hypothyroidism in the present study. Pups were weaned on postnatal day (PN) 21 and used for electrophysiological recordings on PN80. It is generally accepted that long-term depression (LTD) is induced at low-frequency stimulation (LFS) in hippocampal CA1 region. Surprisingly, we observed developmental hypothyroxinemia as well as developmental hypothyroidism led to high-frequency stimulation (HFS)-induced LTD in hippocampal CA1 region. The abnormal HFS-induced LTD suggests not only developmental hypothyroidism but also developmental hypothyroxinemia impairs learning and memory. To explore the mechanisms responsible for the HFS-induced LTD, the phosphorylation status of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPARs) was investigated. The results showed that developmental hypothyroxinemia as well as developmental hypothyroidism decreased the phosphorylation of AMPAR subunit glutamate receptor 1 (GluR1) at serine 831 and serine 845 in hippocampal CA1 region. Neither developmental hypothyroxinemia nor developmental hypothyroidism altered the phosphorylation of AMPAR subunit glutamate receptor 2 (GluR2) at serine 880. Increased levels of protein phosphatase-1 (PP1) were also observed in hippocampal CA1 regions of pups subjected to developmental hypothyroxinemia or hypothyroidism. Taken together, our results suggest that the increased levels of PP1 caused by developmental hypothyroxinemia or hypothyroidism may account for the dephosphorylation of GluR1 at serine 831 and serine 845, which may contribute to HFS-induced LTD in hippocampal CA1 region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, 92 North 2nd Road, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cattani D, Goulart PB, Cavalli VLDLO, Winkelmann-Duarte E, Dos Santos AQ, Pierozan P, de Souza DF, Woehl VM, Fernandes MC, Silva FRMB, Gonçalves CA, Pessoa-Pureur R, Zamoner A. Congenital hypothyroidism alters the oxidative status, enzyme activities and morphological parameters in the hippocampus of developing rats. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 375:14-26. [PMID: 23693027 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Congenital hypothyroidism is associated with delay in cell migration and proliferation in brain tissue, impairment of synapse formation, misregulation of neurotransmitters, hypomyelination and mental retardation. However, the mechanisms underlying the neuropsychological deficits observed in congenital hypothyroidism are not completely understood. In the present study we proposed a mechanism by which hypothyroidism leads to hippocampal neurotoxicity. Congenital hypothyroidism induces c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway activation leading to hyperphosphorylation of the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin and neurofilament subunits from hippocampal astrocytes and neurons, respectively. Moreover, hyperphosphorylation of the cytoskeletal proteins was not reversed by T3 and poorly reversed by T4. In addition, congenital hypothyroidism is associated with downregulation of astrocyte glutamate transporters (GLAST and GLT-1) leading to decreased glutamate uptake and subsequent influx of Ca(2+) through N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. The Na(+)-coupled (14)C-α-methyl-amino-isobutyric acid ((14)C-MeAIB) accumulation into hippocampal cells also might cause an increase in the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration by opening voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCC). The excessive influx of Ca(2+) through NMDA receptors and VDCCs might lead to an overload of Ca(2+) within the cells, which set off glutamate excitotoxicity and oxidative stress. The inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity might also induce Ca(2+) influx. The inhibited glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activities, associated with altered glutamate and neutral amino acids uptake could somehow affect the GSH turnover, the antioxidant defense system, as well as the glutamate-glutamine cycle. Reduced levels of S100B and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) take part of the hypothyroid condition, suggesting a compromised astroglial/neuronal neurometabolic coupling which is probably related to the neurotoxic damage in hypothyroid brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daiane Cattani
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hasegawa M, Wada H. Developmental hypothyroidism disrupts visual signal detection performance in rats. Physiol Behav 2013; 112-113:90-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
18
|
Gaser C, Schmidt S, Metzler M, Herrmann KH, Krumbein I, Reichenbach JR, Witte OW. Deformation-based brain morphometry in rats. Neuroimage 2012; 63:47-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
|
19
|
Powell MH, Nguyen HV, Gilbert M, Parekh M, Colon-Perez LM, Mareci TH, Montie E. Magnetic resonance imaging and volumetric analysis: novel tools to study the effects of thyroid hormone disruption on white matter development. Neurotoxicology 2012; 33:1322-9. [PMID: 22975424 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Humans and wildlife are exposed to environmental pollutants that have been shown to interfere with the thyroid hormone system and thus may affect brain development. Our goal was to expose pregnant rats to propylthiouracil (PTU) to measure the effects of a goitrogen on white matter development in offspring using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and volumetric analysis. We exposed pregnant Sprague Dawley (SD) rats to 3 or 10 ppm PTU from gestation day 7 (GD7) until postnatal day 25 (P25) to determine the effects on white matter (WM), gray matter (GM), and hippocampus volumes in offspring. We sacrificed offspring at P25 but continued the life of some offspring to P90 to measure persistent effects in adult animals. P25 offspring exposed to 10 ppm PTU displayed lowered levels of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4); cerebral WM, GM, and total brain volumes were significantly lower than the volumes in control animals. P90 adults exposed to 10 ppm PTU displayed normal T3 levels but lowered T4 levels; WM, GM, total brain, and hippocampal volumes were significantly lower than the volumes in control adults. Both P25 and P90 rats exposed to 10 ppm PTU displayed significant reductions in percent WM as well as heterotopias in the corpus callosum. Exposure to 3 ppm PTU did not produce any significant effects. These results suggest that MRI coupled with volumetric analysis is a powerful tool in assessing the effects of thyroid hormone disruption on white matter development and brain structure. This approach holds great promise in assessing neurotoxicity of xenobiotics in humans and wildlife.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Powell
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of South Carolina Beaufort, Bluffton, SC 29909, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Abstract Thyroid hormones play a critical role in brain development but also in the adult human brain by modulating metabolic activity. Hypothyroid states are associated with both functional and structural brain alterations also seen in patients with major depression. Recent animal experimental and preclinical data indicate subtle changes in myelination, microvascular density, local neurogenesis, and functional networks. The translational validity of such studies is obviously limited. Clinical evidence for neurobiological correlates of different stages and severities of hypothyroidism and effects of pharmacological intervention is lacking but may be achieved using advanced imaging techniques, e.g. functional and quantitative MRI techniques applied to patients with hypothyroidism before and after hormone replacement therapy.
Collapse
|
21
|
Fraga MC, Moura EG, Silva JO, Bonomo IT, Filgueiras CC, Abreu-Villaça Y, Passos MCF, Lisboa PC, Manhães AC. Maternal prolactin inhibition at the end of lactation affects learning/memory and anxiety-like behaviors but not novelty-seeking in adult rat progeny. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 100:165-73. [PMID: 21777608 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Maternal hypoprolactinemia at the end of lactation in rats reduces milk production and is associated with offspring's malnutrition. Since malnutrition during development is also known to have long lasting effects on cognition and emotion, in the present study we tested the hypothesis that maternal hypoprolactinemia, induced by bromocriptine treatment, at the end of the lactating period affects memory/learning, novelty-seeking and anxiety-like behaviors in adult male Wistar rats using, respectively, the radial arm water maze (RAWM), the hole board (HB) arena and the elevated plus-maze (EPM). We also analyzed serum corticosterone and thyroid hormone levels at postnatal day (PN) 21. Lactating dams were treated with bromocriptine (BRO, 1mg twice a day, inhibiting prolactin) or saline from PN19 to 21 (the last 3 days of lactation). BRO offspring had hypercorticosteronemia and hypothyroidism at PN21. In the RAWM, reductions in latency observed in CON rats were initially more accentuated than in BRO ones. By the end of the testing period, latencies became similar between groups. No difference was observed between groups regarding the number of nose-pokes in the HB. In the EPM, BRO rats stayed less time in and had fewer entries into the open-arms than CON ones. This pattern of results indicates that maternal bromocriptine treatment at the end of the lactating period results in poorer memory/learning performance and in higher levels of anxiety-like behavior in the adult offspring, demonstrating that even a relatively short period of malnutrition during development can have long lasting detrimental effects regarding cognition and emotion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mabel C Fraga
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Centro Biomédico, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|