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Li G, Zhou J, Wei J, Liu B. Dexmedetomidine Ameliorated Cognitive Dysfunction Induced by Intestinal Ischemia Reperfusion in Mice with Possible Relation to the Anti-inflammatory Effect Through the Locus Coeruleus Norepinephrine System. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:3440-3453. [PMID: 35945306 PMCID: PMC9546995 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03706-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is a common central nervous system complication that occurs following surgery or organs damage outside the nervous system. Neuroinflammation plays a key role in the molecular mechanisms of cognitive impairment. Dexmedetomidine alleviates neuroinflammation and reduces cognitive dysfunction incidence; however, the mechanism by which dexmedetomidine alleviates cognitive dysfunction remains unclear. This study evaluated the effect of dexmedetomidine on attenuation of early cognitive impairment induced by intestinal ischemia–reperfusion in mice and examined whether the locus coeruleus norepinephrine (LCNE) system participates in the anti-inflammatory effect of dexmedetomidine. The superior mesenteric artery was clamped for 45 min to induce intestinal ischemia reperfusion injury. Dexmedetomidine alone or combined with DSP-4, a selective locus coeruleus noradrenergic neurotoxin, was used for pretreatment. Postoperative cognition was assessed using the Morris water maze. Serum and hippocampal levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, norepinephrine (NE), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and hematoxylin and eosin staining were used to evaluate the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the locus coeruleus, hippocampal microglia, and intestinal injury. Pretreatment with dexmedetomidine alleviated intestinal injury and decreased the serum and hippocampal levels of NE, IL-1β, TNF-α, and MDA at 24 h after intestinal ischemia reperfusion, decreased TH-positive neurons in the locus coeruleus, and ameliorated cognitive impairment. Similarly, DSP-4 pre-treatment alleviated neuroinflammation and improved cognitive function. Furthermore, α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist atipamezole or yohimbine administration diminished the neuroprotective effects and improved cognitive function with dexmedetomidine. Therefore, dexmedetomidine attenuated early cognitive dysfunction induced by intestinal ischemia–reperfusion injury in mice, which may be related to its anti-inflammatory effects through the LCNE system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jicheng Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Hu C, Chen X, Wang M, Zhang L, Gao D, Zhang L. Analgecine protects against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion through apoptosis inhibition and anti-neuroinflammation in rats. Neuropeptides 2022; 93:102230. [PMID: 35378359 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2022.102230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Stroke influence the quality of life of patients and leave big public health issues as acute cerebrovascular disease all over the world. Analgecine (AGC) relieves pain and accelerates repair of nerve injury. This current study aims to observe the pharmacological effects and related mechanisms of AGC in cerebral ischemic stroke among middle cerebral artery ischemia-reperfusion (MCAO) rats. After seven days of AGC administration, motor function was enhanced as evidenced by the prehensile traction test. Morphological ameliorations were observed by immunohistochemistry analysis. The protein expression levels of HSP70, Bcl-2, Bax, TRAF-6, MyD88, BDNF, NGF, pCREB, CREB, pTrkB, TrkB, pAKT and AKT were estimated by western blot. Meanwhile, AGC alleviated MCAO-induced inflammation chiefly by decreasing inflammatory cytokines in rat brain tissues. These results above suggested that MCAO-caused brain infarction was obviously alleviated by AGC. The immunohistochemistry data showed that AGC reduced neuronal injury and apoptosis, and inhibited microglia and astrocytes activation. The protein results suggested the expression of apoptosis-relevant proteins decreased among AGC treated groups and the neurotrophin related proteins were obviously enhanced by CREB/BDNF/TrkB/AKT and HSP70/Bcl-2/Bax pathways. Collectively, the results demonstrated that AGC primarily promoted neuro-nutrition, reduced the injury of nerve apoptosis and ameliorated neuroinflammation. In summary, AGC played a neuroprotective role, which had provided reliable evidence for AGC to be a potential drug in treating stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoying Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Mingyang Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Dan Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China.
| | - Lan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China.
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Wang J, Zhou Y, Li K, Li X, Guo M, Peng M. A Noradrenergic Lesion Attenuates Surgery-Induced Cognitive Impairment in Rats by Suppressing Neuroinflammation. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:752838. [PMID: 34916906 PMCID: PMC8671038 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.752838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a common postoperative neurocognitive complication in elderly patients. However, the specific pathogenesis is unknown, and it has been demonstrated that neuroinflammation plays a key role in POCD. Recently, increasing evidence has proven that the locus coeruleus noradrenergic (LCNE) system participates in regulating neuroinflammation in some neurodegenerative disorders. We hypothesize that LCNE plays an important role in the neuroinflammation of POCD. In this study, 400 μg of N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine (DSP-4) was injected intracerebroventricularly into each rat 7 days before anesthesia/surgery to deplete the locus coeruleus (LC) noradrenaline (NE). We applied a simple laparotomy and brief upper mesenteric artery clamping surgery as the rat POCD model. The open field test, novel objection and novel location (NL) recognition, and Morris water maze (MWM) were performed to assess postoperative cognition. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to measure the level of NE in plasma and brain tissues, and immunofluorescence staining was applied to evaluate the activation of microglia and astrocytes. We also used enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA) to assess the levels of inflammatory cytokines and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Pretreatment with DSP-4 decreased the levels of systemic and central NE, increased the level of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the plasma at 6 h after the surgery, decreased the concentration of IL-6 in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, and decreased the level of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in the plasma, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus at 1 week postoperatively. In addition, DSP-4 treatment attenuated hippocampal-dependent learning and memory impairment in rats with POCD, with a downregulation of the activation of microglia and astrocytes in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. In conclusion, these findings provide evidence of the effects of LCNE in modulating neuroinflammation in rats with POCD and provide a new perspective in the prevention and treatment of POCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Meimei Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mian Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Mutoh T, Yamamoto S, Moriya T. Post-Event Application of Neurotropin Protects against Ischemic Insult toward Better Outcomes in a Murine Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9060664. [PMID: 34200698 PMCID: PMC8227975 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Early brain injury (EBI) is closely linked to the development of delayed cerebral ischemia and poor outcomes after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). This study aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of neurotropin on EBI in a murine model of SAH. Twenty-four C57BL/6N mice were treated with intraperitoneal injections of either saline or 2.4 units of neurotropin at 1 h after SAH induction and for 3 days consecutively. SAH was created by an endovascular perforation method. In addition to the assessment of cerebral infarction and survival rate, motor and neurocognitive functions were also measured after SAH. Compared to the saline control group, the neurotropin group showed better recovery from locomotive and neurological declines after SAH. The neurotropin group also showed lower rates of post-SAH acute cerebral infarction and better memory and route-learning scores (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, there was no significant between-group differences in the overall mortality, hemodynamic parameters, or body weights. In conclusion, post-event treatment with neurotropin could be protective against EBI, lowering the incidence of ischemia and improving some motor and neurocognitive functions after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsushi Mutoh
- Department of Geriatric Medicine and Neuroimaging, Tohoku University Hospital, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan;
- Department of Aging Research and Geriatric Medicine, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Shuzo Yamamoto
- Department of Geriatric Medicine and Neuroimaging, Tohoku University Hospital, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan;
- Department of Aging Research and Geriatric Medicine, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Takahiro Moriya
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ohu University, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-8611, Japan;
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Neurotropin exerts neuroprotective effects after spinal cord injury by inhibiting apoptosis and modulating cytokines. J Orthop Translat 2020; 26:74-83. [PMID: 33437626 PMCID: PMC7773959 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2020.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/objective Spinal cord injury (SCI) severely and irreversibly damages the central nervous system. Neurotropin (NTP), a nonprotein extract obtained from inflamed rabbit skin inoculated with vaccinia virus, is a drug that has been used for more than sixty years to alleviate neuropathic pain. It also reportedly exerts a neuroprotective role in peripheral nerves and in response to various central nervous system diseases, such as brain injury and Alzheimer disease. However, whether NTP promotes SCI recovery remains unknown. This study evaluated NTP's effects after SCI and explored its underlying mechanisms in a rat contusion model of SCI. Method NTP was intraperitoneally administered to adult female Wistar rats subjected to contusion-induced SCI. Functional recovery was evaluated with behavioural scores and electrophysiological examinations. Tissue recovery was assessed with magnetic resonance imaging as well as histological staining with haematoxylin and eosin and Luxol Fast Blue. Neuronal survival and gliosis were observed after NeuN and glial fibrillary acidic protein immunofluorescence. Levels of apoptosis were demonstrated with TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining, Caspase-3 and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) Western blot, and Annexin V/propidium iodide flow cytometry. A protein antibody chip analysis was performed to evaluate the expression levels of 67 rat cytokines. Results NTP treatment improved the hindlimb locomotor recovery of the injured animals as well as their electrophysiological outcomes after SCI. A dosage of 50 NTP units/kg was found to optimize the efficacy of NTP. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed that lesion sizes decreased after NTP treatment. The haematoxylin and eosin and Luxol Fast Blue staining showed significant increases in the amount of spared tissue. The NeuN and glial fibrillary acidic protein immunofluorescence revealed that NTP treatment increased neuronal survival and reduced gliosis in tissue samples obtained from the lesion's epicentre. That NTP inhibited apoptosis was confirmed by the decreased number of TUNEL-positive cells, level of Caspase-3 expression, and number of Annexin V/propidium iodide–positive cells, as well as the increased level of Bcl-2 expression. The protein array analysis identified 28 differentially expressed proteins in the NTP group, and the gene ontology (GO) analysis showed that the enriched differentially expressed proteins implicate janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) signalling pathways. The expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 6, thymus chemokine-1(TCK-1), and lipopolysaccharide-induced CXC chemokine (LIX) decreased after NTP treatment, whereas the levels of prorepair cytokine hepatocyte growth factor and adiponectin increased. Conclusion Our research provides evidence that NTP can improve functional outcomes and alleviate secondary injury after SCI by inhibiting apoptosis and modulating cytokines. The translational potential of this article The multicomponent NTP might have broad target spectra in SCI pathophysiology and halt the secondary injury cascade. As a safe drug that features sixty years of clinical use as an analgesic, translating this demonstrated efficacy of NTP to addressing SCI in human patients may potentially be accelerated.
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Chen J, Zhou XJ, Sun RB. Effect of the combination of high-frequency repetitive magnetic stimulation and neurotropin on injured sciatic nerve regeneration in rats. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:145-151. [PMID: 31535663 PMCID: PMC6862395 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.264461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Repetitive magnetic stimulation is effective for treating posttraumatic neuropathies following spinal or axonal injury. Neurotropin is a potential treatment for nerve injuries like demyelinating diseases. This study sought to observe the effects of high-frequency repetitive magnetic stimulation, neurotropin and their combined use in the treatment of peripheral nerve injury in 32 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. To create a sciatic nerve injury model, a 10 mm-nerve segment of the left sciatic nerve was cut and rotated through 180° and each end restored continuously with interrupted sutures. The rats were randomly divided into four groups. The control group received only a reversed autograft in the left sciatic nerve with no treatment. In the high-frequency repetitive magnetic stimulation group, peripheral high-frequency repetitive magnetic stimulation treatment (20 Hz, 20 min/d) was delivered for 10 consecutive days after auto-grafting. In the neurotropin group, neurotropin therapy (0.96 NU/kg per day) was administrated for 10 consecutive days after surgery. In the combined group, the combination of peripheral high-frequency repetitive magnetic stimulation (20 Hz, 20 min/d) and neurotropin (0.96 NU/kg per day) was given for 10 consecutive days after the operation. The Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan locomotor rating scale was used to assess the behavioral recovery of the injured nerve. The sciatic functional index was used to evaluate the recovery of motor functions. Toluidine blue staining was performed to determine the number of myelinated fibers in the distal and proximal grafts. Immunohistochemistry staining was used to detect the length of axons marked by neurofilament 200. Our results reveal that the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan locomotor rating scale scores, sciatic functional index, the number of myelinated fibers in distal and proximal grafts were higher and axon lengths were longer in the high-frequency repetitive magnetic stimulation, neurotropin and combined groups compared with the control group. These measures were not significantly different among the high-frequency repetitive magnetic stimulation, neurotropin and combined groups. Therefore, our results suggest that peripheral high-frequency repetitive magnetic stimulation or neurotropin can promote the repair of injured sciatic nerves, but their combined use seems to offer no significant advantage. This study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China on December 23, 2014 (approval No. 2014keyan002-01).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, the Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xian-Ju Zhou
- Laboratory of Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province; Department of Neurology, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Rong-Bin Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, the Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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Neurotropin inhibits neuronal activity through potentiation of sustained K v currents in primary cultured DRG neurons. J Pharmacol Sci 2018; 137:313-316. [PMID: 29907377 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotropin (NTP) is a Japanese analgesic agent for treating neuropathic pain; however, its method of action remains unclear. This study examined the effects of NTP on the activity of small dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons using whole-cell patch clamp recordings. After 3 days of treatment, NTP decreased current injection-induced firing activity of cultured DRG neurons by raising the current threshold for action potential generation. Additionally, NTP increased the sustained component of voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channel currents without affecting other K+ currents. These results suggest that NTP inhibits the firing activity of DRG neurons through augmentation of sustained Kv current.
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Minetama M, Kawakami M, Nakagawa M, Ishimoto Y, Nagata K, Fukui D, Sumiya T, Kitagawa T, Miyake T, Yamamoto Y, Sakon N, Matsuoka T, Nakagawa Y. A comparative study of 2-year follow-up outcomes in lumbar spinal stenosis patients treated with physical therapy alone and those with surgical intervention after less successful physical therapy. J Orthop Sci 2018; 23:470-476. [PMID: 29395806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jos.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy of physical therapy for patients with lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) has been reported only for the short term, and few reports have compared outcomes of surgical treatment with nonsurgical treatment after physical therapy. The purpose of this study was to assess 2-year outcomes of LSS patients treated with surgery or under follow-up observation after physical therapy for 6 weeks. METHODS Patients presenting with neurogenic claudication, radiologically-confirmed central LSS affecting both legs and refractory symptoms to pharmacotherapy of more than 3 months were enrolled. Patients were treated with manual therapy, stretching and strengthening exercises, and body weight-supported treadmill walking once a week for 6 weeks. Clinical outcomes were measured using the Zurich Claudication Questionnaire (ZCQ), visual analog scale of low back pain, leg pain, and numbness, the Japanese Orthopedic Association Back Pain Evaluation Questionnaire and the SF-36. Two years after physical therapy, patients were classified into the observation group (Group I) or the surgery group (Group II), whose patients failed to respond to physical therapy and wanted to undergo surgery. RESULTS Thirty-eight patients were enrolled; 28 had complete data at 2 years: 21 and 7 in Groups I and II, respectively. Group II had a higher body mass index (BMI) than Group I. There were no significant differences in clinical outcomes at baseline. Six weeks after physical therapy, Group I had significantly better outcomes for symptom severity and physical function on the ZCQ subscales, physical functioning and bodily pain on the SF-36 subscales. These outcomes in Group I were maintained or improved and did not differ significantly between groups at 2-years. However, the physical function on the ZCQ subscales was improved in Group II more than those in Group I (mean difference -0.6; 95% CI: -1.2 to -0.03, P < 0.05) at 2 years. CONCLUSIONS At 2 years, the outcomes except for the change in physical function score in the ZCQ subscale did not differ significantly between patients who had undergone surgery and those who avoided surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Minetama
- Spine Care Center, Wakayama Medical University Kihoku Hospital, Japan.
| | - Mamoru Kawakami
- Spine Care Center, Wakayama Medical University Kihoku Hospital, Japan
| | - Masafumi Nakagawa
- Spine Care Center, Wakayama Medical University Kihoku Hospital, Japan
| | - Yuyu Ishimoto
- Spine Care Center, Wakayama Medical University Kihoku Hospital, Japan
| | - Keiji Nagata
- Spine Care Center, Wakayama Medical University Kihoku Hospital, Japan
| | - Daisuke Fukui
- Spine Care Center, Wakayama Medical University Kihoku Hospital, Japan
| | - Tadashi Sumiya
- Spine Care Center, Wakayama Medical University Kihoku Hospital, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kitagawa
- Spine Care Center, Wakayama Medical University Kihoku Hospital, Japan
| | - Takahiro Miyake
- Spine Care Center, Wakayama Medical University Kihoku Hospital, Japan
| | - Yoshio Yamamoto
- Spine Care Center, Wakayama Medical University Kihoku Hospital, Japan
| | - Nana Sakon
- Spine Care Center, Wakayama Medical University Kihoku Hospital, Japan
| | - Toshiko Matsuoka
- Spine Care Center, Wakayama Medical University Kihoku Hospital, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Nakagawa
- Spine Care Center, Wakayama Medical University Kihoku Hospital, Japan
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The Neurotoxin DSP-4 Induces Hyperalgesia in Rats that is Accompanied by Spinal Oxidative Stress and Cytokine Production. Neuroscience 2018; 376:13-23. [PMID: 29421433 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Central neuropathic pain (CNP) a significant problem for many people, is not well-understood and difficult to manage. Dysfunction of the central noradrenergic system originating in the locus coeruleus (LC) may be a causative factor in the development of CNP. The LC is the major noradrenergic nucleus of the brain and plays a significant role in central modulation of nociceptive neurotransmission. Here, we examined CNS pathophysiological changes induced by intraperitoneal administration of the neurotoxin DSP-4 (N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine hydrochloride). Administration of DSP-4 decreased levels of norepinephrine in spinal tissue and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and led to the development of thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia over 21 days, that was reversible with morphine. Hyperalgesia was accompanied by significant increases in noradrenochrome (oxidized norepinephrine) and expression of 4-hydroxynonenal in CSF and spinal cord tissue respectively at day 21, indicative of oxidative stress. In addition, spinal levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukins 6 and 17A, tumor necrosis factor-α), as well as the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin10 were also significantly elevated at day 21, indicating that an inflammatory response occurred. The inflammatory effect of DSP-4 presented in this study that includes oxidative stress may be particularly useful in elucidating mechanisms of CNP in inflammatory disease states.
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Siemian JN, Wang K, Zhang Y, Li JX. Mechanisms of imidazoline I 2 receptor agonist-induced antinociception in rats: involvement of monoaminergic neurotransmission. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:1519-1534. [PMID: 29451703 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Although the antinociceptive efficacies of imidazoline I2 receptor agonists have been established, the exact post-receptor mechanisms remain unknown. This study tested the hypothesis that monoaminergic transmission is critical for I2 receptor agonist-induced antinociception. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH von Frey filaments were used to assess antinociceptive effects of two I2 receptor agonists, 2-BFI and CR4056 on chronic constriction injury (CCI)-induced neuropathic pain or complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammatory pain in rats. Rectal temperature was measured to assess hypothermic effects of 2-BFI. A two-lever drug discrimination paradigm in which rats were trained to discriminate 5.6 mg·kg-1 2-BFI (i.p.) from its vehicle was used to examine the discriminative stimulus effects of 2-BFI. In each experiment, pharmacological mechanisms were investigated by combining 2-BFI or CR4056 with various pharmacological manipulations of the monoaminergic system including selective reuptake inhibition, monoamine depletion and monoamine receptor antagonism. KEY RESULTS In the CCI model, selective reuptake inhibitors of 5-HT (fluoxetine) or noradrenaline (desipramine), but not dopamine (GBR12909), enhanced 2-BFI-induced antinociception. Selective depletion of 5-HT or noradrenaline almost abolished 2-BFI-induced antinociception. 5-HT1A , 5-HT2A and α1 -adrenoceptor antagonists, but not other monoaminergic antagonists, attenuated 2-BFI and CR4056-induced antinociception in CCI and/or CFA models. However, none of these monoamine receptor antagonists significantly altered 2-BFI-induced hypothermia or discriminative stimulus effects. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Antinociception induced by I2 receptor agonists was mediated by serotonergic and noradrenergic mechanisms with 5-HT1A , 5-HT2A and α1 -adrenoceptor being particularly important. In contrast, the hypothermic and discriminative stimulus effects of I2 receptor agonists were mediated by distinct, independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin N Siemian
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kaixuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jun-Xu Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.,School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong Province, China
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Matsuoka H, Tanaka H, Sayanagi J, Iwahashi T, Suzuki K, Nishimoto S, Okada K, Murase T, Yoshikawa H. Neurotropin ® Accelerates the Differentiation of Schwann Cells and Remyelination in a Rat Lysophosphatidylcholine-Induced Demyelination Model. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020516. [PMID: 29419802 PMCID: PMC5855738 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotropin® (NTP), a non-protein extract of inflamed rabbit skin inoculated with vaccinia virus, is clinically used for the treatment of neuropathic pain in Japan and China, although its effect on peripheral nerve regeneration remains to be elucidated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of NTP on Schwann cells (SCs) in vitro and in vivo, which play an important role in peripheral nerve regeneration. In SCs, NTP upregulated protein kinase B (AKT) activity and Krox20 and downregulated extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 activity under both growth and differentiation conditions, enhanced the expression of myelin basic protein and protein zero under the differentiation condition. In a co-culture of dorsal root ganglion neurons and SCs, NTP accelerated myelination of SCs. To further investigate the influence of NTP on SCs in vivo, lysophosphatidylcholine was injected into the rat sciatic nerve, leading to the focal demyelination. After demyelination, NTP was administered systemically with an osmotic pump for one week. NTP improved the ratio of myelinated axons and motor, sensory, and electrophysiological function. These findings reveal novel effects of NTP on SCs differentiation in vitro and in vivo, and indicate NTP as a promising treatment option for peripheral nerve injuries and demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hozo Matsuoka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Tanaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Junichi Sayanagi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Toru Iwahashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Koji Suzuki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kansai Rosai Hospital, 3-1-69 Inabaso, Amagasaki, Hyogo 660-0064, Japan.
| | - Shunsuke Nishimoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kansai Rosai Hospital, 3-1-69 Inabaso, Amagasaki, Hyogo 660-0064, Japan.
| | - Kiyoshi Okada
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
- Medical Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Osaka University Hospital, 2-15 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Tsuyoshi Murase
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Hideki Yoshikawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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12
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Zhu M, Zhou F, Li L, Yin Q, Qiu M, Zhang Y. Success with neurotropin in treating pediatric lower extremity pain induced by spinal cord injury after epidural anesthesia. J Pain Res 2017; 10:1391-1394. [PMID: 28652804 PMCID: PMC5476653 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s135037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) complicated by epidural anesthesia, though rare, can result in neuropathic pain. However, the treatment for this kind of life-altering injury remains a challenge. A 7-year-old girl was referred with dyskinesia and severe pain in her right lower extremity due to an accidental SCI following lumbar puncture. After treatment with analgesics such as gabapentin, mecobalamin, and dexamethasone/methylprednisolone for 1 week, the myodynamia had improved, but progressive pain persisted. After treatment with neurotropin, a gradual decrease in visual analog scale score from 7 to 0 was observed. We herein first describe that neurotropin produced sustained relief of pain induced by SCI. This case suggests that neurotropin might be a promising drug in treating pediatric neuropathic pain caused by SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fuqing Zhou
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang
| | | | - Qin Yin
- Department of Pain Clinic, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
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13
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Fujisawa H, Numazawa T, Kawamura M, Naiki M. Neurotropin ® inhibits calpain activity upregulated by specific alternation of rhythm in temperature in the mesencephalon of rats. Life Sci 2017; 171:39-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Bravo L, Mico JA, Rey-Brea R, Camarena-Delgado C, Berrocoso E. Effect of DSP4 and desipramine in the sensorial and affective component of neuropathic pain in rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 70:57-67. [PMID: 27181607 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Previous findings suggest that neuropathic pain induces characteristic changes in the noradrenergic system that may modify the sensorial and affective dimensions of pain. We raise the hypothesis that different drugs that manipulate the noradrenergic system can modify specific domains of pain. In the chronic constriction injury (CCI) model of neuropathic pain, the sensorial (von Frey and acetone tests) and the affective (place escape/avoidance paradigm) domains of pain were evaluated in rats 1 and 2weeks after administering the noradrenergic neurotoxin [N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine hydrochloride] (DSP4, 50mg/kg). In other animals, we evaluated the effect of enhancing noradrenergic tone in the 2weeks after injury by administering the antidepressant desipramine (10mg/kg/day, delivered by osmotic minipumps) during this period, a noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor. Moreover, the phosphorylation of the extracellular signal regulated kinases (p-ERK) in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) was also assessed. The ACC receives direct inputs from the main noradrenergic nucleus, the locus coeruleus, and ERK activation has been related with the expression of pain-related negative affect. These studies revealed that DSP4 almost depleted noradrenergic axons in the ACC and halved noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus along with a decrease in the affective dimension and an increased of p-ERK in the ACC. However, it did not modify sensorial pain perception. By contrast, desipramine reduced pain hypersensitivity, while completely impeding the reduction of the affective pain dimension and without modifying the amount of p-ERK. Together results suggest that the noradrenergic system may regulate the sensorial and affective sphere of neuropathic pain independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Bravo
- Neuropsychopharmacology & Psychobiology Research Group, University of Cádiz, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28007 Madrid, Spain; Psychobiology Area, Department of Psychology, University of Cadiz, Spain
| | - Juan A Mico
- Neuropsychopharmacology & Psychobiology Research Group, University of Cádiz, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28007 Madrid, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, University of Cádiz, Spain
| | - Raquel Rey-Brea
- Neuropsychopharmacology & Psychobiology Research Group, University of Cádiz, Spain
| | | | - Esther Berrocoso
- Neuropsychopharmacology & Psychobiology Research Group, University of Cádiz, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28007 Madrid, Spain; Psychobiology Area, Department of Psychology, University of Cadiz, Spain.
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15
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Restoring Spinal Noradrenergic Inhibitory Tone Attenuates Pain Hypersensitivity in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:6383240. [PMID: 27747105 PMCID: PMC5056271 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6383240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated whether restoring descending noradrenergic inhibitory tone can attenuate pain in a PD rat model, which was established by stereotaxic infusion of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the bilateral striatum (CPu). PD rats developed thermal and mechanical hypersensitivity at the 4th week after surgery. HPLC analysis showed that NE content, but not dopamine or 5-HT, significantly decreased in lumbar spinal cord in PD rats. Additional noradrenergic depletion by injection of N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine (DSP-4) aggravated pain hypersensitivity in PD rats. At the 5th week after injection of 6-OHDA, systemic treatment with pharmacological norepinephrine (NE) precursor droxidopa (L-DOPS) or α2 adrenoceptor agonist clonidine significantly attenuated thermal and mechanical pain hypersensitivity in PD rats. Furthermore, application of norepinephrine (NE) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) reuptake inhibitors duloxetine, but not 5-HT selective reuptake inhibitors sertraline, significantly inhibited thermal and mechanical pain hypersensitivity in PD rats. Systemic administration of Madopar (L-DOPA) or the D2/D3 agonist pramipexole slightly inhibited the thermal, but not mechanical, hypersensitivity in PD rats. Thus, our study revealed that impairment of descending noradrenergic system may play a key role in PD-associated pain and restoring spinal noradrenergic inhibitory tone may serve as a novel strategy to manage PD-associated pain.
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Noradrenergic Locus Coeruleus pathways in pain modulation. Neuroscience 2016; 338:93-113. [PMID: 27267247 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The noradrenergic system is crucial for several activities in the body, including the modulation of pain. As the major producer of noradrenaline (NA) in the central nervous system (CNS), the Locus Coeruleus (LC) is a nucleus that has been studied in several pain conditions, mostly due to its strategic location. Indeed, apart from a well-known descending LC-spinal pathway that is important for pain control, an ascending pathway passing through this nucleus may be responsible for the noradrenergic inputs to higher centers of the pain processing, such as the limbic system and frontal cortices. Thus, the noradrenergic system appears to modulate different components of the pain experience and accordingly, its manipulation has distinct behavioral outcomes. The main goal of this review is to bring together the data available regarding the noradrenergic system in relation to pain, particularly focusing on the ascending and descending LC projections in different conditions. How such findings influence our understanding of these conditions is also discussed.
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Nishimoto S, Okada K, Tanaka H, Okamoto M, Fujisawa H, Okada T, Naiki M, Murase T, Yoshikawa H. Neurotropin attenuates local inflammatory response and inhibits demyelination induced by chronic constriction injury of the mouse sciatic nerve. Biologicals 2016; 44:206-211. [PMID: 27233579 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain caused by nerve damage in the central and/or peripheral nervous systems is a refractory disorder and the management of such chronic pain has become a major issue. Neurotropin is a drug widely used in Japan and China to treat chronic pain. Although Neurotropin has been demonstrated to suppress chronic pain through the descending pain inhibitory system, the mechanism of analgesic action in the peripheral nervous system remains to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated the local effects of Neurotropin on peripheral nerve damage in a chronic constriction injury (CCI) model. Neurotropin reduced mRNA expressions of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in the sciatic nerve 1 day after the injury. Activation of Erk was also inhibited locally in the Neurotropin treatment group. Since Erk activation results in demyelination along with dedifferentiation of Schwann cells, we investigated the expression level of myelin basic protein. Five days after the injury, Neurotropin attenuated the downregulation of myelin basic protein in the sciatic nerve in the CCI model. Local effects of Neurotropin around the injury site may result in discovery of new treatments for not only neuropathic pain but also demyelinating diseases and peripheral nervous system injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Nishimoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Okada
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tanaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Michio Okamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroki Fujisawa
- Department of Pharmacological Research, Institute of Bio-active Science, Nippon Zoki Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 442-1, Kinashi, Kato, Hyogo 673-1461, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Okada
- Department of Pharmacological Research, Institute of Bio-active Science, Nippon Zoki Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 442-1, Kinashi, Kato, Hyogo 673-1461, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Naiki
- Department of Pharmacological Research, Institute of Bio-active Science, Nippon Zoki Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 442-1, Kinashi, Kato, Hyogo 673-1461, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Murase
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hideki Yoshikawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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18
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Li D, Lee Y, Kim W, Lee K, Bae H, Kim SK. Analgesic Effects of Bee Venom Derived Phospholipase A(2) in a Mouse Model of Oxaliplatin-Induced Neuropathic Pain. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:2422-34. [PMID: 26131771 PMCID: PMC4516921 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7072422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A single infusion of oxaliplatin, which is widely used to treat metastatic colorectal cancer, induces specific sensory neurotoxicity signs that are triggered or aggravated when exposed to cold or mechanical stimuli. Bee Venom (BV) has been traditionally used in Korea to treat various pain symptoms. Our recent study demonstrated that BV alleviates oxaliplatin-induced cold allodynia in rats, via noradrenergic and serotonergic analgesic pathways. In this study, we have further investigated whether BV derived phospholipase A2 (bvPLA2) attenuates oxaliplatin-induced cold and mechanical allodynia in mice and its mechanism. The behavioral signs of cold and mechanical allodynia were evaluated by acetone and a von Frey hair test on the hind paw, respectively. The significant allodynia signs were observed from one day after an oxaliplatin injection (6 mg/kg, i.p.). Daily administration of bvPLA2 (0.2 mg/kg, i.p.) for five consecutive days markedly attenuated cold and mechanical allodynia, which was more potent than the effect of BV (1 mg/kg, i.p.). The depletion of noradrenaline by an injection of N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine hydrochloride (DSP4, 50 mg/kg, i.p.) blocked the analgesic effect of bvPLA2, whereas the depletion of serotonin by injecting DL-p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA, 150 mg/kg, i.p.) for three successive days did not. Furthermore, idazoxan (α2-adrenegic receptor antagonist, 1 mg/kg, i.p.) completely blocked bvPLA2-induced anti-allodynic action, whereas prazosin (α1-adrenegic antagonist, 10 mg/kg, i.p.) did not. These results suggest that bvPLA2 treatment strongly alleviates oxaliplatin-induced acute cold and mechanical allodynia in mice through the activation of the noradrenergic system, via α2-adrenegic receptors, but not via the serotonergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxing Li
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdamoon-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
| | - Younju Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdamoon-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
| | - Woojin Kim
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdamoon-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
| | - Kyungjin Lee
- Department of Herbology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdamoon-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
| | - Hyunsu Bae
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdamoon-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
| | - Sun Kwang Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdamoon-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdamoon-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
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ERV enhances spatial learning and prevents the development of infarcts, accompanied by upregulated BDNF in the cortex. Brain Res 2015; 1610:110-23. [PMID: 25842373 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSES An anti-allergic and analgesic drug, "an extract derived from the inflamed cutaneous tissue of rabbits inoculated with vaccinia virus (ERV)", has been used in medical practice in Japan and some other countries. We examined the effect of ERV, prior to induction of ischemia, on the development of cerebral infarction, on learning and memory, or on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in C57BL/6J mice. METHODS Following oral administration of ERV (the same in humans: ×1) or vehicle, daily for three consecutive weeks, temporary focal ischemia was induced by the three vessel occlusion technique. In the other group of animals, after daily ERV (Low: ×1; Med: ×3, or High dose: ×9) or vehicle administration for three weeks, we performed a quantitative assessment of spatial learning or intracerebral BDNF levels. RESULTS The volumes of infarcted lesions, brain edema and the extent of the neurological deficits were significantly reduced in the ERV-treated group. ERV treatment also enhanced spatial learning, accompanied by upregulated BDNF in the cortex. CONCLUSIONS Daily oral intake of ERV, at a clinically relevant dose, protects the brain from ischemic stroke, and also enhances the learning function in normal mice. As millions of people are currently taking the drug safely, and have been for many years in some cases, there is a need to test the inhibitory actions of the drug on progressive dementia encountered in humans with recurrent ischemic attacks or Alzheimer's disease.
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Zhang B, Roh YS, Liang S, Liu C, Naiki M, Masuda K, Seki E. Neurotropin suppresses inflammatory cytokine expression and cell death through suppression of NF-κB and JNK in hepatocytes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114071. [PMID: 25470242 PMCID: PMC4254918 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory response and cell death in hepatocytes are hallmarks of chronic liver disease, and, therefore, can be effective therapeutic targets. Neurotropin® (NTP) is a drug widely used in Japan and China to treat chronic pain. Although NTP has been demonstrated to suppress chronic pain through the descending pain inhibitory system, the action mechanism of NTP remains elusive. We hypothesize that NTP functions to suppress inflammatory pathways, thereby attenuating disease progression. In the present study, we investigated whether NTP suppresses inflammatory signaling and cell death pathways induced by interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) in hepatocytes. NTP suppressed nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation induced by IL-1β and TNFα assessed by using hepatocytes isolated from NF-κB-green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter mice and an NF-κB-luciferase reporter system. The expression of NF-κB target genes, Il6, Nos2, Cxcl1, ccl5 and Cxcl2 induced by IL-1β and TNFα was suppressed after NTP treatment. We also found that NTP suppressed the JNK phosphorylation induced by IL-1β and TNFα. Because JNK activation contributes to hepatocyte death, we determined that NTP treatment suppressed hepatocyte death induced by IL-1β and TNFα in combination with actinomycin D. Taken together, our data demonstrate that NTP attenuates IL-1β and TNFα-mediated inflammatory cytokine expression and cell death in hepatocytes through the suppression of NF-κB and JNK. The results from the present study suggest that NTP may become a preventive or therapeutic strategy for alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in which NF-κB and JNK are thought to take part.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi Zhang
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Yoon Seok Roh
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Shuang Liang
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Cheng Liu
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Mitsuru Naiki
- Department of Pharmacological Research, Institute of Bio-Active Science, Nippon Zoki Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Kato, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Koichi Masuda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ekihiro Seki
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kinoshita J, Takahashi Y, Watabe AM, Utsunomiya K, Kato F. Impaired noradrenaline homeostasis in rats with painful diabetic neuropathy as a target of duloxetine analgesia. Mol Pain 2013; 9:59. [PMID: 24279796 PMCID: PMC4222693 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-9-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN) is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus that affects a large number of patients in many countries. The molecular mechanisms underlying the exaggerated nociception in PDN have not been established. Recently, duloxetine (DLX), a serotonin and noradrenaline re-uptake inhibitor, has been recommended as one of the first-line treatments of PDN in the United States Food and Drug Administration, the European Medicines Agency and the Japanese Guideline for the Pharmacologic Management of Neuropathic pain. Because selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors show limited analgesic effects in PDN, we examined whether the potent analgesic effect of DLX contributes toward improving the pathologically aberrant noradrenaline homeostasis in diabetic models. RESULTS In streptozotocin (STZ) (50 mg/kg, i.v.)-induced diabetic rats that exhibited robust mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, DLX (10 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly and markedly increased the nociceptive threshold. The analgesic effect of DLX was nullified by the prior administration of N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine (DSP-4) (50 mg/kg, i.p.), which drastically eliminated dopamine-beta-hydroxylase- and norepinephrine transporter-immunopositive fibers in the lumbar spinal dorsal horn and significantly reduced the noradrenaline content in the lumbar spinal cord. The treatment with DSP-4 alone markedly lowered the nociceptive threshold in vehicle-treated non-diabetic rats; however, this pro-nociceptive effect was occluded in STZ-treated diabetic rats. Furthermore, STZ-treated rats exhibited a higher amount of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase- and norepinephrine transporter-immunopositive fibers in the dorsal horn and noradrenaline content in the spinal cord compared to vehicle-treated rats. CONCLUSIONS Impaired noradrenaline-mediated regulation of the spinal nociceptive network might underlie exaggerated nociception in PDN. DLX might exert its analgesic effect by selective enhancement of noradrenergic signals, thus counteracting this situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kinoshita
- Department of Neuroscience, Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan.
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Cui R, Xu S, Wang L, Lei H, Cai Q, Zhang H, Wang D. Extracts from rabbit skin inflamed by the vaccinia virus attenuate bupivacaine-induced spinal neurotoxicity in pregnant rats. Neural Regen Res 2013; 8:983-90. [PMID: 25206391 PMCID: PMC4145880 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracts from rabbit skin inflamed by the vaccinia virus can relieve pain and promote repair of nerve injury. The present study intraperitoneally injected extracts from rabbit skin inflamed by the vaccinia virus for 3 and 4 days prior to and following intrathecal injection of bupivacaine into pregnant rats. The pain threshold test after bupivacaine injection showed that the maximum possible effect of tail-flick latency peaked 1 day after intrathecal injection of bupivacaine in the extract-pretreatment group, and gradually decreased, while the maximum possible effect in the bupivacaine group continued to increase after intrathecal injection of bupivacaine. Histological observation showed that after 4 days of intrathecal injection of bupivacaine, the number of shrunken, vacuolated, apoptotic and caspase-9-positive cells in the dorsal root ganglion in the extract-pretreatment group was significantly reduced compared with the bupivacaine group. These findings indicate that extracts from rabbit skin inflamed by the vaccinia virus can attenuate neurotoxicity induced by intrathecal injection of bupivacaine in pregnant rats, possibly by inhibiting caspase-9 protein expression and suppressing nerve cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Cui
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, Guangdong Province, China ; Department of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen 518028, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shiyuan Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen 518028, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hongyi Lei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qingxiang Cai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hongfei Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, Guangdong Province, China
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Isonaka R, Takenami T, Katakura T, Kawakami T. Neurotropin inhibits axonal transport in cultured mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons. Neurosci Lett 2013; 543:101-4. [PMID: 23583592 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Axonal transport is a basic neuronal cell function and important for the supply of materials that maintain neuronal cells, and any increase or decrease in axonal transport expresses the state of neurons. Neurotropin is an analgesic agent commonly used for the treatment of chronic pain, but its mechanism of action remains not fully understood. The effects of neurotropin have been investigated in various animal models of nerve injury and chronic pain. In the present study, we dissected the effects of neurotropin on sensory neurons with a special focus on axonal transport using cultured mouse dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Movement of organelles in neurites was recorded by real-time video-enhanced microscopy. Neurotropin significantly reduced bidirectional axonal transport in time- and concentration-dependent manners without affecting the diameter of these neurites. This is the first report to show the inhibitory effect of neurotropin on axonal transport, and suggest that this action may mediate, at least in part, the analgesic effects of this agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Isonaka
- Department of Physiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara 252-0374, Japan.
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