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Arima Y, Ohki T, Nishikawa N, Higuchi K, Ota M, Tanaka Y, Nio-Kobayashi J, Elfeky M, Sakai R, Mori Y, Kawamoto T, Stofkova A, Sakashita Y, Morimoto Y, Kuwatani M, Iwanaga T, Yoshioka Y, Sakamoto N, Yoshimura A, Takiguchi M, Sakoda S, Prinz M, Kamimura D, Murakami M. Brain micro-inflammation at specific vessels dysregulates organ-homeostasis via the activation of a new neural circuit. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28809157 PMCID: PMC5557598 DOI: 10.7554/elife.25517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Impact of stress on diseases including gastrointestinal failure is well-known, but molecular mechanism is not understood. Here we show underlying molecular mechanism using EAE mice. Under stress conditions, EAE caused severe gastrointestinal failure with high-mortality. Mechanistically, autoreactive-pathogenic CD4+ T cells accumulated at specific vessels of boundary area of third-ventricle, thalamus, and dentate-gyrus to establish brain micro-inflammation via stress-gateway reflex. Importantly, induction of brain micro-inflammation at specific vessels by cytokine injection was sufficient to establish fatal gastrointestinal failure. Resulting micro-inflammation activated new neural pathway including neurons in paraventricular-nucleus, dorsomedial-nucleus-of-hypothalamus, and also vagal neurons to cause fatal gastrointestinal failure. Suppression of the brain micro-inflammation or blockage of these neural pathways inhibited the gastrointestinal failure. These results demonstrate direct link between brain micro-inflammation and fatal gastrointestinal disease via establishment of a new neural pathway under stress. They further suggest that brain micro-inflammation around specific vessels could be switch to activate new neural pathway(s) to regulate organ homeostasis. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25517.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunobu Arima
- Division of Psychoimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takuto Ohki
- Division of Psychoimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naoki Nishikawa
- Division of Psychoimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kotaro Higuchi
- Division of Psychoimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Ota
- Division of Psychoimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuki Tanaka
- Division of Psychoimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Junko Nio-Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mohamed Elfeky
- Division of Psychoimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Behera, Egypt
| | - Ryota Sakai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Mori
- Laboratory of Biofunctional Imaging, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tadafumi Kawamoto
- Radioisotope Research Institute, Department of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Andrea Stofkova
- Division of Psychoimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Sakashita
- Division of Psychoimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuji Morimoto
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masaki Kuwatani
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Iwanaga
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshichika Yoshioka
- Laboratory of Biofunctional Imaging, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoya Sakamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Takiguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Saburo Sakoda
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Toneyama National Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Daisuke Kamimura
- Division of Psychoimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Murakami
- Division of Psychoimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Chen C, Nakagawa S, An Y, Ito K, Kitaichi Y, Kusumi I. The exercise-glucocorticoid paradox: How exercise is beneficial to cognition, mood, and the brain while increasing glucocorticoid levels. Front Neuroendocrinol 2017; 44:83-102. [PMID: 27956050 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Exercise is known to have beneficial effects on cognition, mood, and the brain. However, exercise also activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and increases levels of the glucocorticoid cortisol (CORT). CORT, also known as the "stress hormone," is considered a mediator between chronic stress and depression and to link various cognitive deficits. Here, we review the evidence that shows that while both chronic stress and exercise elevate basal CORT levels leading to increased secretion of CORT, the former is detrimental to cognition/memory, mood/stress coping, and brain plasticity, while the latter is beneficial. We propose three preliminary answers to the exercise-CORT paradox. Importantly, the elevated CORT, through glucocorticoid receptors, functions to elevate dopamine in the medial prefrontal cortex under chronic exercise but not chronic stress, and the medial prefrontal dopamine is essential for active coping. Future inquiries may provide further insights to promote our understanding of this paradox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Shin Nakagawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
| | - Yan An
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Koki Ito
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Yuji Kitaichi
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kusumi
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
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Arima Y, Kamimura D, Atsumi T, Harada M, Kawamoto T, Nishikawa N, Stofkova A, Ohki T, Higuchi K, Morimoto Y, Wieghofer P, Okada Y, Mori Y, Sakoda S, Saika S, Yoshioka Y, Komuro I, Yamashita T, Hirano T, Prinz M, Murakami M. A pain-mediated neural signal induces relapse in murine autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a multiple sclerosis model. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26193120 PMCID: PMC4530187 DOI: 10.7554/elife.08733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although pain is a common symptom of various diseases and disorders, its contribution to disease pathogenesis is not well understood. Here we show using murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model for multiple sclerosis (MS), that pain induces EAE relapse. Mechanistic analysis showed that pain induction activates a sensory-sympathetic signal followed by a chemokine-mediated accumulation of MHC class II+CD11b+ cells that showed antigen-presentation activity at specific ventral vessels in the fifth lumbar cord of EAE-recovered mice. Following this accumulation, various immune cells including pathogenic CD4+ T cells recruited in the spinal cord in a manner dependent on a local chemokine inducer in endothelial cells, resulting in EAE relapse. Our results demonstrate that a pain-mediated neural signal can be transformed into an inflammation reaction at specific vessels to induce disease relapse, thus making this signal a potential therapeutic target. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08733.001 Multiple sclerosis (or MS for short) is a disease in which the insulating covers of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord become inflamed and damaged. Depending on which nerves are affected, this disease can cause a wide range of symptoms, ranging from numbness and muscle spasms to visual disturbances and chronic pain. Many other diseases and disorders also have pain as a symptom, but it is not well understood if pain itself can directly contribute to the development of disease. Most people with MS will, initially, experience periods when their symptoms get worse (called ‘relapses’), which are then followed by periods of improvement. Arima, Kamimura et al. investigated whether the sensation of pain itself could trigger a relapse in a mouse model of MS. The experiments showed that a painful sensation could trigger a relapse in the mice via the so-called ‘gateway reflex’. This reflex describes the phenomenon whereby nerve impulses lead to the release of signaling molecules that cause the walls of nearby blood vessels to open and allow immune cells to move from the bloodstream to the central nervous system. This in turn stimulates the development of inflammation, which causes an imbalance in the affected sites of the central nervous system. These findings demonstrate that pain itself triggers a signal—sent via nerve impulses followed by the release of signaling molecules—that can lead to a relapse; and suggest that interfering with this signal could potentially help to treat to protect against relapses in MS. Following on from this work, it will be important to confirm if the gateway reflex exists in humans, and whether it is linked to other diseases that don't involve the central nervous system. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08733.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunobu Arima
- Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kamimura
- Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toru Atsumi
- Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masaya Harada
- Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Naoki Nishikawa
- Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Andrea Stofkova
- Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takuto Ohki
- Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kotaro Higuchi
- Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuji Morimoto
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Peter Wieghofer
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yuka Okada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yuki Mori
- Laboratory of Biofunctional Imaging, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Saburo Sakoda
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Toneyama Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shizuya Saika
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yoshichika Yoshioka
- Laboratory of Biofunctional Imaging, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Issei Komuro
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihide Yamashita
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Marco Prinz
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Masaaki Murakami
- Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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