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Tortella L, Santini I, Lozano N, Kostarelos K, Cellot G, Ballerini L. Graphene Oxide Nanosheets Hamper Glutamate Mediated Excitotoxicity and Protect Neuronal Survival In An In vitro Stroke Model. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301762. [PMID: 37706581 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Small graphene oxide (s-GO) nanosheets reversibly downregulate central nervous system (CNS) excitatory synapses, with potential developments as future therapeutic tools to treat neuro-disorders characterized by altered glutamatergic transmission. Excitotoxicity, namely cell death triggered by exceeding ambient glutamate fueling over-activation of excitatory synapses, is a pathogenic mechanism shared by several neural diseases, from ischemic stroke to neurodegenerative disorders. In this work, CNS cultures were exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) to mimic ischemic stroke in vitro, and it is show that the delivery of s-GO following OGD, during the endogenous build-up of secondary damage and excitotoxicity, improved neuronal survival. In a different paradigm, excitotoxicity cell damage was reproduced through exogenous glutamate application, and s-GO co-treatment protected neuronal integrity, potentially by directly downregulating the synaptic over-activation brought about by exogenous glutamate. This proof-of-concept study suggests that s-GO may find novel applications in therapeutic developments for treating excitotoxicity-driven neural cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza Tortella
- Neuroscience Area, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA/ISAS), Via Bonomea 265, 34136, Trieste, Italy
| | - Irene Santini
- Neuroscience Area, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA/ISAS), Via Bonomea 265, 34136, Trieste, Italy
| | - Neus Lozano
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kostas Kostarelos
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Nanomedicine Lab, and Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, The National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Giada Cellot
- Neuroscience Area, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA/ISAS), Via Bonomea 265, 34136, Trieste, Italy
| | - Laura Ballerini
- Neuroscience Area, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA/ISAS), Via Bonomea 265, 34136, Trieste, Italy
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2
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Manubens-Gil L, Zhou Z, Chen H, Ramanathan A, Liu X, Liu Y, Bria A, Gillette T, Ruan Z, Yang J, Radojević M, Zhao T, Cheng L, Qu L, Liu S, Bouchard KE, Gu L, Cai W, Ji S, Roysam B, Wang CW, Yu H, Sironi A, Iascone DM, Zhou J, Bas E, Conde-Sousa E, Aguiar P, Li X, Li Y, Nanda S, Wang Y, Muresan L, Fua P, Ye B, He HY, Staiger JF, Peter M, Cox DN, Simonneau M, Oberlaender M, Jefferis G, Ito K, Gonzalez-Bellido P, Kim J, Rubel E, Cline HT, Zeng H, Nern A, Chiang AS, Yao J, Roskams J, Livesey R, Stevens J, Liu T, Dang C, Guo Y, Zhong N, Tourassi G, Hill S, Hawrylycz M, Koch C, Meijering E, Ascoli GA, Peng H. BigNeuron: a resource to benchmark and predict performance of algorithms for automated tracing of neurons in light microscopy datasets. Nat Methods 2023; 20:824-835. [PMID: 37069271 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-023-01848-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
BigNeuron is an open community bench-testing platform with the goal of setting open standards for accurate and fast automatic neuron tracing. We gathered a diverse set of image volumes across several species that is representative of the data obtained in many neuroscience laboratories interested in neuron tracing. Here, we report generated gold standard manual annotations for a subset of the available imaging datasets and quantified tracing quality for 35 automatic tracing algorithms. The goal of generating such a hand-curated diverse dataset is to advance the development of tracing algorithms and enable generalizable benchmarking. Together with image quality features, we pooled the data in an interactive web application that enables users and developers to perform principal component analysis, t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding, correlation and clustering, visualization of imaging and tracing data, and benchmarking of automatic tracing algorithms in user-defined data subsets. The image quality metrics explain most of the variance in the data, followed by neuromorphological features related to neuron size. We observed that diverse algorithms can provide complementary information to obtain accurate results and developed a method to iteratively combine methods and generate consensus reconstructions. The consensus trees obtained provide estimates of the neuron structure ground truth that typically outperform single algorithms in noisy datasets. However, specific algorithms may outperform the consensus tree strategy in specific imaging conditions. Finally, to aid users in predicting the most accurate automatic tracing results without manual annotations for comparison, we used support vector machine regression to predict reconstruction quality given an image volume and a set of automatic tracings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linus Manubens-Gil
- Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi Zhou
- Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA
| | | | - Arvind Ramanathan
- Computing, Environment and Life Sciences Directorate, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | | | - Yufeng Liu
- Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Todd Gillette
- Center for Neural Informatics, Structures and Plasticity, Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Zongcai Ruan
- Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
- Beijing International Collaboration Base on Brain Informatics and Wisdom Services, Beijing, China
| | | | - Ting Zhao
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Li Cheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lei Qu
- Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computation and Signal Processing, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | | | - Kristofer E Bouchard
- Scientific Data Division and Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute and Redwood Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Lin Gu
- RIKEN AIP, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Weidong Cai
- School of Computer Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shuiwang Ji
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Badrinath Roysam
- Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ching-Wei Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hongchuan Yu
- National Centre for Computer Animation, Bournemouth University, Poole, UK
| | | | - Daniel Maxim Iascone
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Computer Science, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA
| | | | - Eduardo Conde-Sousa
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação E Inovação Em Saúde, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- INEB, Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo Aguiar
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação E Inovação Em Saúde, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Xiang Li
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yujie Li
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
- Cortical Architecture Imaging and Discovery Lab, Department of Computer Science and Bioimaging Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Sumit Nanda
- Center for Neural Informatics, Structures and Plasticity, Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Yuan Wang
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Leila Muresan
- Cambridge Advanced Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Pascal Fua
- Computer Vision Laboratory, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bing Ye
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hai-Yan He
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August- University Göttingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Manuel Peter
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Daniel N Cox
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michel Simonneau
- 42 ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CentraleSupélec, LuMIn, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marcel Oberlaender
- Max Planck Group: In Silico Brain Sciences, Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behavior - caesar, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gregory Jefferis
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
- Division of Neurobiology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kei Ito
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute of Zoology, Biocenter Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Jinhyun Kim
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Edwin Rubel
- Virginia Merrill Bloedel Hearing Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Hongkui Zeng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aljoscha Nern
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Ann-Shyn Chiang
- Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | | | - Jane Roskams
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Zoology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rick Livesey
- Zayed Centre for Rare Disease Research, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Janine Stevens
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Tianming Liu
- Cortical Architecture Imaging and Discovery Lab, Department of Computer Science and Bioimaging Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Chinh Dang
- Virginia Merrill Bloedel Hearing Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yike Guo
- Data Science Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ning Zhong
- Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
- Beijing International Collaboration Base on Brain Informatics and Wisdom Services, Beijing, China
- Department of Life Science and Informatics, Maebashi Institute of Technology, Maebashi, Japan
| | | | - Sean Hill
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Erik Meijering
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Giorgio A Ascoli
- Center for Neural Informatics, Structures and Plasticity, Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA.
| | - Hanchuan Peng
- Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
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Regional and Sex-Specific Alterations in the Visual Cortex of Individuals With Psychosis Spectrum Disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 92:396-406. [PMID: 35688762 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impairments of the visual system are implicated in psychotic disorders. However, studies exploring visual cortex (VC) morphology in this population are limited. Using data from the Bipolar-Schizophrenia Network on Intermediate Phenotypes consortium, we examined VC structure in psychosis probands and their first-degree relatives (RELs), sex differences in VC measures, and their relationships with cognitive and peripheral inflammatory markers. METHODS Cortical thickness, surface area, and volume of the primary (Brodmann area 17/V1) and secondary (Brodmann area 18/V2) visual areas and the middle temporal (V5/MT) region were quantified using FreeSurfer version 6.0 in psychosis probands (n = 530), first-degree RELs (n = 544), and healthy control subjects (n = 323). Familiality estimates were determined for probands and RELs. General cognition, response inhibition, and emotion recognition functions were assessed. Systemic inflammation was measured in a subset of participants. RESULTS Psychosis probands demonstrated significant area, thickness, and volume reductions in V1, V2, and MT, and their first-degree RELs demonstrated area and volume reductions in MT compared with control subjects. There was a higher degree of familiality for VC area than thickness. Area and volume reductions in V1 and V2 were sex dependent, affecting only female probands in a regionally specific manner. Reductions in some VC regions were correlated with poor general cognition, worse response inhibition, and increased C-reactive protein levels. CONCLUSIONS The visual cortex is a site of significant pathology in psychotic disorders, with distinct patterns of area and thickness changes, sex-specific and regional effects, potential contributions to cognitive impairments, and association with C-reactive protein levels.
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Hoang D, Xu Y, Lutz O, Bannai D, Zeng V, Bishop JR, Keshavan M, Lizano P. Inflammatory Subtypes in Antipsychotic-Naïve First-Episode Schizophrenia are Associated with Altered Brain Morphology and Topological Organization. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 100:297-308. [PMID: 34875344 PMCID: PMC8767408 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral inflammation is implicated in schizophrenia, however, not all individuals demonstrate inflammatory alterations. Recent studies identified inflammatory subtypes in chronic psychosis with high inflammation having worse cognitive performance and displaying neuroanatomical enlargement compared to low inflammation subtypes. It is unclear if inflammatory subtypes exist earlier in the disease course, thus, we aim to identify inflammatory subtypes in antipsychotic naïve First-Episode Schizophrenia (FES). METHODS 12 peripheral inflammatory markers, clinical, cognitive, and neuroanatomical measures were collected from a naturalistic study of antipsychotic-naïve FES patients. A combination of unsupervised principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering was used to categorize inflammatory subtypes from their cytokine data (17 FES High, 30 FES Low, and 33 healthy controls (HCs)). Linear regression analysis was used to assess subtype differences. Neuroanatomical correlations with clinical and cognitive measures were performed using partial Spearman correlations. Graph theoretical analyses were performed to assess global and local network properties across inflammatory subtypes. RESULTS The FES High group made up 36% of the FES group and demonstrated significantly greater levels of IL1β, IL6, IL8, and TNFα compared to FES Low, and higher levels of IL1β and IL8 compared to HCs. FES High had greater right parahippocampal, caudal anterior cingulate, and bank superior sulcus thicknesses compared to FES Low. Compared to HCs, FES Low showed smaller bilateral amygdala volumes and widespread cortical thickness. FES High and FES Low groups demonstrated less efficient topological organization compared to HCs. Individual cytokines and/or inflammatory signatures were positively associated with cognition and symptom measures. CONCLUSIONS Inflammatory subtypes are present in antipsychotic-naïve FES and are associated with inflammation-mediated cortical expansion. These findings support our previous findings in chronic psychosis and point towards a connection between inflammation and blood-brain barrier disruption. Thus, identifying inflammatory subtypes may provide a novel therapeutic avenue for biomarker-guided treatment involving anti-inflammatory medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dung Hoang
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yanxun Xu
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Olivia Lutz
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Deepthi Bannai
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Victor Zeng
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Bishop
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Matcheri Keshavan
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paulo Lizano
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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5
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Di Mauro G, Rauti R, Casani R, Chimowa G, Galibert AM, Flahaut E, Cellot G, Ballerini L. Tuning the Reduction of Graphene Oxide Nanoflakes Differently Affects Neuronal Networks in the Zebrafish. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2161. [PMID: 34578477 PMCID: PMC8468975 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The increasing engineering of biomedical devices and the design of drug-delivery platforms enriched by graphene-based components demand careful investigations of the impact of graphene-related materials (GRMs) on the nervous system. In addition, the enhanced diffusion of GRM-based products and technologies that might favor the dispersion in the environment of GRMs nanoparticles urgently requires the potential neurotoxicity of these compounds to be addressed. One of the challenges in providing definite evidence supporting the harmful or safe use of GRMs is addressing the variety of this family of materials, with GRMs differing for size and chemistry. Such a diversity impairs reaching a unique and predictive picture of the effects of GRMs on the nervous system. Here, by exploiting the thermal reduction of graphene oxide nanoflakes (GO) to generate materials with different oxygen/carbon ratios, we used a high-throughput analysis of early-stage zebrafish locomotor behavior to investigate if modifications of a specific GRM chemical property influenced how these nanomaterials affect vertebrate sensory-motor neurophysiology-exposing zebrafish to GO downregulated their swimming performance. Conversely, reduced GO (rGO) treatments boosted locomotor activity. We concluded that the tuning of single GRM chemical properties is sufficient to produce differential effects on nervous system physiology, likely interfering with different signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Di Mauro
- Neuron Physiology and Technology Lab, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Neuroscience, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy; (G.D.M.); (R.R.); (R.C.)
| | - Rossana Rauti
- Neuron Physiology and Technology Lab, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Neuroscience, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy; (G.D.M.); (R.R.); (R.C.)
| | - Raffaele Casani
- Neuron Physiology and Technology Lab, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Neuroscience, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy; (G.D.M.); (R.R.); (R.C.)
| | - George Chimowa
- CIRIMAT, UMR CNRS 5085, Université Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Bat. CIRIMAT, 118 Route de Narbonne, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France; (G.C.); (A.M.G.); (E.F.)
| | - Anne Marie Galibert
- CIRIMAT, UMR CNRS 5085, Université Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Bat. CIRIMAT, 118 Route de Narbonne, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France; (G.C.); (A.M.G.); (E.F.)
| | - Emmanuel Flahaut
- CIRIMAT, UMR CNRS 5085, Université Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Bat. CIRIMAT, 118 Route de Narbonne, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France; (G.C.); (A.M.G.); (E.F.)
| | - Giada Cellot
- Neuron Physiology and Technology Lab, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Neuroscience, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy; (G.D.M.); (R.R.); (R.C.)
| | - Laura Ballerini
- Neuron Physiology and Technology Lab, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Neuroscience, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy; (G.D.M.); (R.R.); (R.C.)
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Fernandez A, Dumon C, Guimond D, Tyzio R, Bonifazi P, Lozovaya N, Burnashev N, Ferrari DC, Ben-Ari Y. The GABA Developmental Shift Is Abolished by Maternal Immune Activation Already at Birth. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:3982-3992. [PMID: 30395185 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological and experimental studies suggest that maternal immune activation (MIA) leads to developmental brain disorders, but whether the pathogenic mechanism impacts neurons already at birth is not known. We now report that MIA abolishes in mice the oxytocin-mediated delivery γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) shift from depolarizing to hyperpolarizing in CA3 pyramidal neurons, and this is restored by the NKCC1 chloride importer antagonist bumetanide. Furthermore, MIA hippocampal pyramidal neurons at birth have a more exuberant apical arbor organization and increased apical dendritic length than age-matched controls. The frequency of spontaneous glutamatergic postsynaptic currents is also increased in MIA offspring, as well as the pairwise correlation of the synchronized firing of active cells in CA3. These alterations produced by MIA persist, since at P14-15 GABA action remains depolarizing, produces excitatory action, and network activity remains elevated with a higher frequency of spontaneous glutamatergic postsynaptic currents. Therefore, the pathogenic actions of MIA lead to important morphophysiological and network alterations in the hippocampus already at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Fernandez
- Neurochlore, Ben-Ari Institute of Neuroarcheology (IBEN), Bâtiment Beret-Delaage, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, MARSEILLE Cedex 09, France.,Mediterranean Institute of Neurobiology (INMED), INSERM UMR1249, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille University UMR 1249, Marseille, France
| | - Camille Dumon
- Neurochlore, Ben-Ari Institute of Neuroarcheology (IBEN), Bâtiment Beret-Delaage, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, MARSEILLE Cedex 09, France.,Aix-Marseille University UMR 1249, Marseille, France
| | - Damien Guimond
- Neurochlore, Ben-Ari Institute of Neuroarcheology (IBEN), Bâtiment Beret-Delaage, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, MARSEILLE Cedex 09, France
| | - Roman Tyzio
- Neurochlore, Ben-Ari Institute of Neuroarcheology (IBEN), Bâtiment Beret-Delaage, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, MARSEILLE Cedex 09, France.,Mediterranean Institute of Neurobiology (INMED), INSERM UMR1249, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille University UMR 1249, Marseille, France
| | - Paolo Bonifazi
- Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain.,IKERBASQUE: The Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Natalia Lozovaya
- Neurochlore, Ben-Ari Institute of Neuroarcheology (IBEN), Bâtiment Beret-Delaage, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, MARSEILLE Cedex 09, France
| | - Nail Burnashev
- Mediterranean Institute of Neurobiology (INMED), INSERM UMR1249, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille University UMR 1249, Marseille, France
| | - Diana C Ferrari
- Neurochlore, Ben-Ari Institute of Neuroarcheology (IBEN), Bâtiment Beret-Delaage, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, MARSEILLE Cedex 09, France
| | - Yehezkel Ben-Ari
- Neurochlore, Ben-Ari Institute of Neuroarcheology (IBEN), Bâtiment Beret-Delaage, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, MARSEILLE Cedex 09, France.,Mediterranean Institute of Neurobiology (INMED), INSERM UMR1249, Marseille, France
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7
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Cellot G, Vranic S, Shin Y, Worsley R, Rodrigues AF, Bussy C, Casiraghi C, Kostarelos K, McDearmid JR. Graphene oxide nanosheets modulate spinal glutamatergic transmission and modify locomotor behaviour in an in vivo zebrafish model. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2020; 5:1250-1263. [PMID: 32558850 DOI: 10.1039/c9nh00777f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO), an oxidised form of graphene, is widely used for biomedical applications, due to its dispersibility in water and simple surface chemistry tunability. In particular, small (less than 500 nm in lateral dimension) and thin (1-3 carbon monolayers) graphene oxide nanosheets (s-GO) have been shown to selectively inhibit glutamatergic transmission in neuronal cultures in vitro and in brain explants obtained from animals injected with the nanomaterial. This raises the exciting prospect that s-GO can be developed as a platform for novel nervous system therapeutics. It has not yet been investigated whether the interference of the nanomaterial with neurotransmission may have a downstream outcome in modulation of behaviour depending specifically on the activation of those synapses. To address this problem we use early stage zebrafish as an in vivo model to study the impact of s-GO on nervous system function. Microinjection of s-GO into the embryonic zebrafish spinal cord selectively reduces the excitatory synaptic transmission of the spinal network, monitored in vivo through patch clamp recordings, without affecting spinal cell survival. This effect is accompanied by a perturbation in the swimming activity of larvae, which is the locomotor behaviour generated by the neuronal network of the spinal cord. Such results indicate that the impact of s-GO on glutamate based neuronal transmission is preserved in vivo and can induce changes in animal behaviour. These findings pave the way for use of s-GO as a modulator of nervous system function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Cellot
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
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8
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NeuroPath2Path: Classification and elastic morphing between neuronal arbors using path-wise similarity. Neuroinformatics 2020; 18:479-508. [PMID: 32107735 DOI: 10.1007/s12021-019-09450-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Neuron shape and connectivity affect function. Modern imaging methods have proven successful at extracting morphological information. One potential path to achieve analysis of this morphology is through graph theory. Encoding by graphs enables the use of high throughput informatic methods to extract and infer brain function. However, the application of graph-theoretic methods to neuronal morphology comes with certain challenges in term of complex subgraph matching and the difficulty in computing intermediate shapes in between two imaged temporal samples. Here we report a novel, efficacious graph-theoretic method that rises to the challenges. The morphology of a neuron, which consists of its overall size, global shape, local branch patterns, and cell-specific biophysical properties, can vary significantly with the cell's identity, location, as well as developmental and physiological state. Various algorithms have been developed to customize shape based statistical and graph related features for quantitative analysis of neuromorphology, followed by the classification of neuron cell types using the features. Unlike the classical feature extraction based methods from imaged or 3D reconstructed neurons, we propose a model based on the rooted path decomposition from the soma to the dendrites of a neuron and extract morphological features from each constituent path. We hypothesize that measuring the distance between two neurons can be realized by minimizing the cost of continuously morphing the set of all rooted paths of one neuron to another. To validate this claim, we first establish the correspondence of paths between two neurons using a modified Munkres algorithm. Next, an elastic deformation framework that employs the square root velocity function is established to perform the continuous morphing, which, as an added benefit, provides an effective visualization tool. We experimentally show the efficacy of NeuroPath2Path, NeuroP2P, over the state of the art.
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9
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Effects of inflammation on the developing respiratory system: Focus on hypoglossal (XII) neuron morphology, brainstem neurochemistry, and control of breathing. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2020; 275:103389. [PMID: 31958568 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2020.103389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Breathing is fundamental to life and any adverse change in respiratory function can endanger the health of an organism or even be fatal. Perinatal inflammation is known to adversely affect breathing in preterm babies, but lung infection/inflammation impacts all stages of life from birth to death. Little is known about the role of inflammation in respiratory control, neuronal morphology, or neural function during development. Animal models of inflammation can provide understanding and insight into respiratory development and how inflammatory processes alter developmental phenotype in addition to providing insight into new treatment modalities. In this review, we focus on recent work concerning the development of neurons, models of perinatal inflammation with an emphasis on two common LPS-based models, inflammation and its impact on development, and current and potential treatments for inflammation within the respiratory control circuitry of the mammalian brainstem. We have also discussed models of inflammation in adults and have specifically focused on hypoglossal motoneurons (XII) and neurons of the nucleus tractus solitarii (nTS) as these nuclei have been studied more extensively than other brainstem nuclei participating in breathing and airway control. Understanding the impact of inflammation on the developmental aspects of respiratory control and breathing pattern is critical to addressing problems of cardiorespiratory dysregulation in disease and this overview points out many gaps in our current knowledge.
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10
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Pampaloni NP, Rago I, Calaresu I, Cozzarini L, Casalis L, Goldoni A, Ballerini L, Scaini D. Transparent carbon nanotubes promote the outgrowth of enthorino-dentate projections in lesioned organ slice cultures. Dev Neurobiol 2019; 80:316-331. [PMID: 31314946 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The increasing engineering of carbon-based nanomaterials as components of neuroregenerative interfaces is motivated by their dimensional compatibility with subcellular compartments of excitable cells, such as axons and synapses. In neuroscience applications, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been used to improve electronic device performance by exploiting their physical properties. Besides, when manufactured to interface neuronal networks formation in vitro, CNT carpets have shown their unique ability to potentiate synaptic networks formation and function. Due to the low optical transparency of CNTs films, further developments of these materials in neural prosthesis fabrication or in implementing interfacing devices to be paired with in vivo imaging or in vitro optogenetic approaches are currently limited. In the present work, we exploit a new method to fabricate CNTs by growing them on a fused silica surface, which results in a transparent CNT-based substrate (tCNTs). We show that tCNTs favor dissociated primary neurons network formation and function, an effect comparable to the one observed for their dark counterparts. We further adopt tCNTs to support the growth of intact or lesioned entorhinal-hippocampal complex organotypic cultures (EHCs). Through immunocytochemistry and electrophysiological field potential recordings, we show here that tCNTs platforms are suitable substrates for the growth of EHCs and we unmask their ability to significantly increase the signal synchronization and fiber sprouting between the cortex and the hippocampus with respect to Controls. tCNTs transparency and ability to enhance recovery of lesioned brain cultures, make them optimal candidates to implement implantable devices in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilaria Rago
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, Trieste, Italy.,Department of Physics, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Ivo Calaresu
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Luca Cozzarini
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, Trieste, Italy.,Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | - Laura Ballerini
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Denis Scaini
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy.,Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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11
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Sculpting neurotransmission during synaptic development by 2D nanostructured interfaces. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 14:2521-2532. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2017.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Medelin M, Giacco V, Aldinucci A, Castronovo G, Bonechi E, Sibilla A, Tanturli M, Torcia M, Ballerini L, Cozzolino F, Ballerini C. Bridging pro-inflammatory signals, synaptic transmission and protection in spinal explants in vitro. Mol Brain 2018; 11:3. [PMID: 29334986 PMCID: PMC5769440 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-018-0347-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is characterized by tissue atrophy involving the brain and the spinal cord, where reactive inflammation contributes to the neurodegenerative processes. Recently, the presence of synapse alterations induced by the inflammatory responses was suggested by experimental and clinical observations, in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mouse model and in patients, respectively. Further knowledge on the interplay between pro-inflammatory agents, neuroglia and synaptic dysfunction is crucial to the design of unconventional protective molecules. Here we report the effects, on spinal cord circuits, of a cytokine cocktail that partly mimics the signature of T lymphocytes sub population Th1. In embryonic mouse spinal organ-cultures, containing neuronal cells and neuroglia, cytokines induced inflammatory responses accompanied by a significant increase in spontaneous synaptic activity. We suggest that cytokines specifically altered signal integration in spinal networks by speeding the decay of GABAA responses. This hypothesis is supported by the finding that synapse protection by a non-peptidic NGF mimetic molecule prevented both the changes in the time course of GABA events and in network activity that were left unchanged by the cytokine production from astrocytes and microglia present in the cultured tissue. In conclusion, we developed an important tool for the study of synaptic alterations induced by inflammation, that takes into account the role of neuronal and not neuronal resident cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Medelin
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127, Trieste, Italy.,International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA/ISAS), 34136, Trieste, Italy
| | - V Giacco
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA/ISAS), 34136, Trieste, Italy
| | - A Aldinucci
- Department NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - G Castronovo
- Department of DSBSC, University of Florence, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - E Bonechi
- Department NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - A Sibilla
- Department NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - M Tanturli
- Department of DSBSC, University of Florence, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - M Torcia
- Department of DMSC, University of Florence, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - L Ballerini
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA/ISAS), 34136, Trieste, Italy.
| | - F Cozzolino
- Department of DSBSC, University of Florence, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - C Ballerini
- Department NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, 50139, Florence, Italy.
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13
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Bilbo SD, Block CL, Bolton JL, Hanamsagar R, Tran PK. Beyond infection - Maternal immune activation by environmental factors, microglial development, and relevance for autism spectrum disorders. Exp Neurol 2017; 299:241-251. [PMID: 28698032 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Immune molecules such as cytokines and chemokines and the cells that produce them within the brain, notably microglia, are critical for normal brain development. This recognition has in recent years led to the working hypothesis that inflammatory events during pregnancy, e.g. in response to infection, may disrupt the normal expression of immune molecules during critical stages of neural development and thereby contribute to the risk for neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This hypothesis has in large part been shepherded by the work of Dr. Paul Patterson and colleagues, which has elegantly demonstrated that a single viral infection or injection of a viral mimetic to pregnant mice significantly and persistently impacts offspring immune and nervous system function, changes that underlie ASD-like behavioral dysfunction including social and communication deficits. Subsequent studies by many labs - in humans and in non-human animal models - have supported the hypothesis that ongoing disrupted immune molecule expression and/or neuroinflammation contributes to at least a significant subset of ASD. The heterogeneous clinical and biological phenotypes observed in ASD strongly suggest that in genetically susceptible individuals, environmental risk factors combine or synergize to create a tipping or threshold point for dysfunction. Importantly, animal studies showing a link between maternal immune activation (MIA) and ASD-like outcomes in offspring involve different species and diverse environmental factors associated with ASD in humans, beyond infection, including toxin exposures, maternal stress, and maternal obesity, all of which impact inflammatory or immune pathways. The goal of this review is to highlight the broader implications of Dr. Patterson's work for the field of autism, with a focus on the impact that MIA by diverse environmental factors has on fetal brain development, immune system development, and the pathophysiology of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Staci D Bilbo
- Pediatrics and Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Lurie Center for Autism, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02126, United States.
| | - Carina L Block
- Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States
| | - Jessica L Bolton
- Pediatrics and Anatomy/Neurobiology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Richa Hanamsagar
- Pediatrics and Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Lurie Center for Autism, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02126, United States
| | - Phuong K Tran
- Pediatrics and Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Lurie Center for Autism, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02126, United States
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14
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Extracerebral Dysfunction in Animal Models of Autism Spectrum Disorder. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY, AND CELL BIOLOGY 2017; 224:159-187. [PMID: 28551756 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-52498-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Genetic factors might be largely responsible for the development of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) that alone or in combination with specific environmental risk factors trigger the pathology. Multiple mutations identified in ASD patients that impair synaptic function in the central nervous system are well studied in animal models. How these mutations might interact with other risk factors is not fully understood though. Additionally, how systems outside of the brain are altered in the context of ASD is an emerging area of research. Extracerebral influences on the physiology could begin in utero and contribute to changes in the brain and in the development of other body systems and further lead to epigenetic changes. Therefore, multiple recent studies have aimed at elucidating the role of gene-environment interactions in ASD. Here we provide an overview on the extracerebral systems that might play an important associative role in ASD and review evidence regarding the potential roles of inflammation, trace metals, metabolism, genetic susceptibility, enteric nervous system function and the microbiota of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract on the development of endophenotypes in animal models of ASD. By influencing environmental conditions, it might be possible to reduce or limit the severity of ASD pathology.
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15
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Bramini M, Sacchetti S, Armirotti A, Rocchi A, Vázquez E, León Castellanos V, Bandiera T, Cesca F, Benfenati F. Graphene Oxide Nanosheets Disrupt Lipid Composition, Ca(2+) Homeostasis, and Synaptic Transmission in Primary Cortical Neurons. ACS NANO 2016; 10:7154-71. [PMID: 27359048 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b03438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Graphene has the potential to make a very significant impact on society, with important applications in the biomedical field. The possibility to engineer graphene-based medical devices at the neuronal interface is of particular interest, making it imperative to determine the biocompatibility of graphene materials with neuronal cells. Here we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the effects of chronic and acute exposure of rat primary cortical neurons to few-layer pristine graphene (GR) and monolayer graphene oxide (GO) flakes. By combining a range of cell biology, microscopy, electrophysiology, and "omics" approaches we characterized the graphene-neuron interaction from the first steps of membrane contact and internalization to the long-term effects on cell viability, synaptic transmission, and cell metabolism. GR/GO flakes are found in contact with the neuronal membrane, free in the cytoplasm, and internalized through the endolysosomal pathway, with no significant impact on neuron viability. However, GO exposure selectively caused the inhibition of excitatory transmission, paralleled by a reduction in the number of excitatory synaptic contacts, and a concomitant enhancement of the inhibitory activity. This was accompanied by induction of autophagy, altered Ca(2+) dynamics, and a downregulation of some of the main players in the regulation of Ca(2+) homeostasis in both excitatory and inhibitory neurons. Our results show that, although graphene exposure does not impact neuron viability, it does nevertheless have important effects on neuronal transmission and network functionality, thus warranting caution when planning to employ this material for neurobiological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ester Vázquez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Castilla La-Mancha , 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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16
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Rauti R, Lozano N, León V, Scaini D, Musto M, Rago I, Ulloa Severino FP, Fabbro A, Casalis L, Vázquez E, Kostarelos K, Prato M, Ballerini L. Graphene Oxide Nanosheets Reshape Synaptic Function in Cultured Brain Networks. ACS NANO 2016; 10:4459-71. [PMID: 27030936 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Graphene offers promising advantages for biomedical applications. However, adoption of graphene technology in biomedicine also poses important challenges in terms of understanding cell responses, cellular uptake, or the intracellular fate of soluble graphene derivatives. In the biological microenvironment, graphene nanosheets might interact with exposed cellular and subcellular structures, resulting in unexpected regulation of sophisticated biological signaling. More broadly, biomedical devices based on the design of these 2D planar nanostructures for interventions in the central nervous system require an accurate understanding of their interactions with the neuronal milieu. Here, we describe the ability of graphene oxide nanosheets to down-regulate neuronal signaling without affecting cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Rauti
- Life Science Department, University of Trieste , 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Neus Lozano
- Nanomedicine Lab, School of Medicine and National Graphene Institute, Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences, University of Manchester , M13 9PL Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Veronica León
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas-IRICA, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha , 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Denis Scaini
- Life Science Department, University of Trieste , 34127 Trieste, Italy
- ELETTRA Synchrotron Light Source , 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Mattia Musto
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA) , 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Ilaria Rago
- ELETTRA Synchrotron Light Source , 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Fabbro
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste , 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Ester Vázquez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas-IRICA, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha , 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Kostas Kostarelos
- Nanomedicine Lab, School of Medicine and National Graphene Institute, Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences, University of Manchester , M13 9PL Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste , 34127 Trieste, Italy
- CIC BiomaGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de San Sebastián, Paseo Miramón, 182, 20009 San Sebastián, Guipúzcoa, Spain
- Basque Foundation for Science , Ikerbasque, Bilbao 48013, Spain
| | - Laura Ballerini
- Life Science Department, University of Trieste , 34127 Trieste, Italy
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA) , 34136 Trieste, Italy
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17
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Cellot G, Lagonegro P, Tarabella G, Scaini D, Fabbri F, Iannotta S, Prato M, Salviati G, Ballerini L. PEDOT:PSS Interfaces Support the Development of Neuronal Synaptic Networks with Reduced Neuroglia Response In vitro. Front Neurosci 2016; 9:521. [PMID: 26834546 PMCID: PMC4712304 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The design of electrodes based on conductive polymers in brain-machine interface technology offers the opportunity to exploit variably manufactured materials to reduce gliosis, indeed the most common brain response to chronically implanted neural electrodes. In fact, the use of conductive polymers, finely tailored in their physical-chemical properties, might result in electrodes with improved adaptability to the brain tissue and increased charge-transfer efficiency. Here we interfaced poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) ( PEDOT PSS) doped with different amounts of ethylene glycol (EG) with rat hippocampal primary cultures grown for 3 weeks on these synthetic substrates. We used immunofluorescence and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined to single cell electrophysiology to assess the biocompatibility of PEDOT PSS in terms of neuronal growth and synapse formation. We investigated neuronal morphology, density and electrical activity. We reported the novel observation that opposite to neurons, glial cell density was progressively reduced, hinting at the ability of this material to down regulate glial reaction. Thus, PEDOT PSS is an attractive candidate for the design of new implantable electrodes, controlling the extent of glial reactivity without affecting neuronal viability and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Cellot
- Department of Neuroscience, International School for Advanced StudiesTrieste, Italy
| | | | | | - Denis Scaini
- ELETTRA Synchrotron Light SourceTrieste, Italy
- Department of Life Science, University of TriesteTrieste, Italy
| | | | | | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of TriesteTrieste, Italy
| | | | - Laura Ballerini
- Department of Neuroscience, International School for Advanced StudiesTrieste, Italy
- Department of Life Science, University of TriesteTrieste, Italy
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18
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Abstract
Over the past 60 years, a large number of selective neurotoxins were discovered and developed, making it possible to animal-model a broad range of human neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. In this paper, we highlight those neurotoxins that are most commonly used as neuroteratologic agents, to either produce lifelong destruction of neurons of a particular phenotype, or a group of neurons linked by a specific class of transporter proteins (i.e., dopamine transporter) or body of receptors for a specific neurotransmitter (i.e., NMDA class of glutamate receptors). Actions of a range of neurotoxins are described: 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), 6-hydroxydopa, DSP-4, MPTP, methamphetamine, IgG-saporin, domoate, NMDA receptor antagonists, and valproate. Their neuroteratologic features are outlined, as well as those of nerve growth factor, epidermal growth factor, and that of stress. The value of each of these neurotoxins in animal modeling of human neurologic, neurodegenerative, and neuropsychiatric disorders is discussed in terms of the respective value as well as limitations of the derived animal model. Neuroteratologic agents have proven to be of immense importance for understanding how associated neural systems in human neural disorders may be better targeted by new therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Archer
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Box 500, 430 50, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Richard M Kostrzewa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, PO Box 70577, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
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