1
|
The Sapap3 -/- mouse reconsidered as a comorbid model expressing a spectrum of pathological repetitive behaviours. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:26. [PMID: 36717540 PMCID: PMC9886949 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02323-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Symptom comorbidity is present amongst neuropsychiatric disorders with repetitive behaviours, complicating clinical diagnosis and impeding appropriate treatments. This is of particular importance for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette syndrome. Here, we meticulously analysed the behaviour of Sapap3 knockout mice, the recent rodent model predominantly used to study compulsive-like behaviours, and found that its behaviour is more complex than originally and persistently described. Indeed, we detected previously unreported elements of distinct pathologically repetitive behaviours, which do not form part of rodent syntactic cephalo-caudal self-grooming. These repetitive behaviours include sudden, rapid body and head/body twitches, resembling tic-like movements. We also observed that another type of repetitive behaviour, aberrant hindpaw scratching, might be responsible for the flagship-like skin lesions of this mouse model. In order to characterise the symptomatological nature of observed repetitive behaviours, we pharmacologically challenged these phenotypes by systemic aripiprazole administration, a first-line treatment for tic-like symptoms in Tourette syndrome and trichotillomania. A single treatment of aripiprazole significantly reduced the number of head/body twitches, scratching, and single-phase grooming, but not syntactic grooming events. These observations are in line with the high comorbidity of tic- and compulsive-like symptoms in Tourette, OCD and trichotillomania patients.
Collapse
|
2
|
Jindachomthong K, Yang C, Huang Y, Coman D, Rapanelli M, Hyder F, Dougherty J, Frick L, Pittenger C. White matter abnormalities in the Hdc knockout mouse, a model of tic and OCD pathophysiology. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1037481. [PMID: 36504678 PMCID: PMC9731796 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1037481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction An inactivating mutation in the histidine decarboxylase gene (Hdc) has been identified as a rare but high-penetrance genetic cause of Tourette syndrome (TS). TS is a neurodevelopmental syndrome characterized by recurrent motor and vocal tics; it is accompanied by structural and functional abnormalities in the cortico-basal ganglia circuitry. Hdc, which is expressed both in the posterior hypothalamus and peripherally, encodes an enzyme required for the biosynthesis of histamine. Hdc knockout mice (Hdc-KO) functionally recapitulate this mutation and exhibit behavioral and neurochemical abnormalities that parallel those seen in patients with TS. Materials and methods We performed exploratory RNA-seq to identify pathological alterations in several brain regions in Hdc-KO mice. Findings were corroborated with RNA and protein quantification, immunohistochemistry, and ex vivo brain imaging using MRI. Results Exploratory RNA-Seq analysis revealed, unexpectedly, that genes associated with oligodendrocytes and with myelin production are upregulated in the dorsal striatum of these mice. This was confirmed by qPCR, immunostaining, and immunoblotting. These results suggest an abnormality in myelination in the striatum. To test this in an intact mouse brain, we performed whole-brain ex vivo diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), which revealed reduced fractional anisotropy (FA) in the dorsal striatum. Discussion While the DTI literature in individuals with TS is sparse, these results are consistent with findings of disrupted descending cortical projections in patients with tics. The Hdc-KO model may represent a powerful system in which to examine the developmental mechanisms underlying this abnormality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kantiya Jindachomthong
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Chengran Yang
- Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Yuegao Huang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Daniel Coman
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Maximiliano Rapanelli
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Fahmeed Hyder
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Joseph Dougherty
- Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Luciana Frick
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States,*Correspondence: Luciana Frick,
| | - Christopher Pittenger
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States,Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States,Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States,Center for Brain and Mind Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States,Christopher Pittenger,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xu L, Zhang C, Zhong M, Che F, Guan C, Zheng X, Liu S. Role of histidine decarboxylase gene in the pathogenesis of Tourette syndrome. Brain Behav 2022; 12:e2511. [PMID: 35114079 PMCID: PMC8933785 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tourette syndrome (TS) is caused by complex genetic and environmental factors and is characterized by tics. Histidine decarboxylase (HDC) mutation is a rare genetic cause with high penetrance in patients with TS. HDC-knockout (KO) mice have similar behavioral and neurochemical abnormalities as patients with TS. Therefore, HDC-KO mice are considered a valuable TS pathophysiological model as it reveals the underlying pathological mechanisms that cannot be obtained from patients with TS, thus advancing the development of treatment strategies for TS and other tic disorders. This review summarizes some of the recent research hotspots and progress in HDC-KO mice, aiming to deepen our understanding of brain mechanisms relevant to TS. Furthermore, we encapsulate the possible brain nerve cell changes in HDC-KO mice and their potential roles in TS to provide multiple directions for the future research on tics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Xu
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Eleventh Clinical Medical College of Qingdao University, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Meixiang Zhong
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Fengyuan Che
- Department of Neurology, The Eleventh Clinical Medical College of Qingdao University, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Chengcheng Guan
- Department of Medical Cenetics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xueping Zheng
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Shiguo Liu
- Department of Medical Cenetics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chu Q, Song A, Zhao R, Liu J, Shi H, Liu P, Dong C, Yan Z. Establishment and evaluation of a compound fear behavior model of Tourette's syndrome in rats. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1469. [PMID: 34734021 PMCID: PMC8506738 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-4515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Background Tourette syndrome (TS) is a common childhood disorder characterized by unwanted movements or vocal sounds called tics. It is often accompanied by other psychobehavioral disorders, including fearful behavior. The establishment and evaluation of rat models of TS and comorbid fear can provide an experimental basis for the treatment of TS and its comorbid fear disorder. Methods Sixteen rats were randomly divided into a model group (n=8) and control group (n=8). In the model group, rats were injected intraperitoneally with iminodipropionitrile (IDPN) for 1 week to establish the TS model, which was followed by acoustic and electrical stimulation for 3 weeks to establish the rat models of TS and comorbid fear. The control group received intraperitoneal injection of saline for 1 week, and no further intervention was given in the last 3 weeks. The behavioral changes of the rats were observed and analyzed by the open field test (OFT). Protein kinase A (PKA), cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and dopamine (DA) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and microRNA-134 (miRNA-134) in the brain tissue were detected by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results One rat in the model group died on the 24th day. Compared with the control group, the model group had significantly higher scores of locomotor activity, stereotyped behavior, and motor behavior, along with prolonged freezing time and significantly lower expression of miRNA-134. The differences in the expressions of PKA, cAMP, DA, and TH in brain tissue were not statistically significant. Conclusions The rat models of TS and comorbid fear have similar changes in behaviors and miRNA-134 level to those in clinical settings and therefore can be used as a reliable animal model to study the mechanism of action of TS and comorbid fear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Anran Song
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Run Zhao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jianmin Liu
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Huishan Shi
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Pulin Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Chengda Dong
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Zhaojun Yan
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Seemiller LR, Mooney-Leber SM, Henry E, McGarvey A, Druffner A, Peltz G, Gould TJ. Genetic background determines behavioral responses during fear conditioning. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2021; 184:107501. [PMID: 34400349 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Freezing behavior is used as a measure of a rodent's ability to learn during fear conditioning. However, it is possible that the expression of other behaviors may compete with freezing, particularly in rodent populations that have not been thoroughly studied in this context. Rearing and grooming are complex behaviors that are frequently exhibited by mice during fear conditioning. Both behaviors have been shown to be stress-sensitive, and the expression of these behaviors is dependent upon strain background. To better understand how genetic background impacts behavioral responses during fear conditioning, we examined freezing, rearing, and grooming frequencies prior to fear conditioning training and across different stages of fear conditioning testing in male mice from eight inbred mouse strains (C57BL/6J, DBA/2J, FVB/NJ, SWR/J, BTBR T + ltpr3Tf/J, SM/J, LP/J, 129S1/SvlmJ) that exhibited diverse freezing responses. We found that genetic background determined rearing and grooming expression throughout fear conditioning, and their patterns of expression across stages of fear conditioning were strain dependent. Using publicly available SNP data, we found that polymorphisms in Dab1, a gene that is implicated in both grooming and learning phenotypes, separated the strains with high contextual grooming from the others using a hierarchical clustering analysis. This suggested a potential genetic mechanism for the observed behavioral differences. These findings demonstrate that genetic background determines behavioral responses during fear conditioning and suggest that shared genetic substrates underlie fear conditioning behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L R Seemiller
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - S M Mooney-Leber
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin - Stevens Point, Stevens Point, WI, USA
| | - E Henry
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - A McGarvey
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - A Druffner
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - G Peltz
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - T J Gould
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hsu CJ, Wong LC, Lee WT. Immunological Dysfunction in Tourette Syndrome and Related Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020853. [PMID: 33467014 PMCID: PMC7839977 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic tic disorder and Tourette syndrome are common childhood-onset neurological diseases. However, the pathophysiology underlying these disorders is unclear, and most studies have focused on the disinhibition of the corticostriatal–thalamocortical circuit. An autoimmune dysfunction has been proposed in the pathogenetic mechanism of Tourette syndrome and related neuropsychiatric disorders such as obsessive–compulsive disorder, autism, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. This is based on evidence from animal model studies and clinical findings. Herein, we review and give an update on the clinical characteristics, clinical evidence, and genetic studies in vitro as well as animal studies regarding immune dysfunction in Tourette syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Jui Hsu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan;
| | - Lee-Chin Wong
- Department of Pediatrics, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 106, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Wang-Tso Lee
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, National Taiwan University Children’s Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-2312-3456 (ext. 71545); Fax: +886-2-2314-7450
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu S, Tian M, He F, Li J, Xie H, Liu W, Zhang Y, Zhang R, Yi M, Che F, Ma X, Zheng Y, Deng H, Wang G, Chen L, Sun X, Xu Y, Wang J, Zang Y, Han M, Wang X, Guan H, Ge Y, Wu C, Wang H, Liang H, Li H, Ran N, Yang Z, Huang H, Wei Y, Zheng X, Sun X, Feng X, Zheng L, Zhu T, Luo W, Chen Q, Yan Y, Huang Z, Jing Z, Guo Y, Zhang X, Schaaf CP, Xing J, Wang C, Yu F, Guan JS. Mutations in ASH1L confer susceptibility to Tourette syndrome. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:476-490. [PMID: 31673123 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0560-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tourette syndrome (TS) is a childhood-onset neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by repetitive motor movements and vocal tics. The clinical manifestations of TS are complex and often overlap with other neuropsychiatric disorders. TS is highly heritable; however, the underlying genetic basis and molecular and neuronal mechanisms of TS remain largely unknown. We performed whole-exome sequencing of a hundred trios (probands and their parents) with detailed records of their clinical presentations and identified a risk gene, ASH1L, that was both de novo mutated and associated with TS based on a transmission disequilibrium test. As a replication, we performed follow-up targeted sequencing of ASH1L in additional 524 unrelated TS samples and replicated the association (P value = 0.001). The point mutations in ASH1L cause defects in its enzymatic activity. Therefore, we established a transgenic mouse line and performed an array of anatomical, behavioral, and functional assays to investigate ASH1L function. The Ash1l+/- mice manifested tic-like behaviors and compulsive behaviors that could be rescued by the tic-relieving drug haloperidol. We also found that Ash1l disruption leads to hyper-activation and elevated dopamine-releasing events in the dorsal striatum, all of which could explain the neural mechanisms for the behavioral abnormalities in mice. Taken together, our results provide compelling evidence that ASH1L is a TS risk gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiguo Liu
- Medical Genetic Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,The Prenatal Diagnosis Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Miaomiao Tian
- School of Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Fan He
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders & Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiani Li
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hong Xie
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.,Institute of Brain-Intelligence Technology, Zhangjiang Laboratory & Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Wenmiao Liu
- Medical Genetic Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,The Prenatal Diagnosis Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yeting Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Ru Zhang
- Medical Genetic Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,The Prenatal Diagnosis Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mingji Yi
- Developmental Behavioral Pediatric Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Fengyuan Che
- Department of Neurology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Xu Ma
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders & Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Deng
- Center for Experimental Medicine & Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guiju Wang
- Child Healthcare Department, Rizhao people's Hospital, Rizhao, China
| | - Lang Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Provincial Clinical Medical College Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xue Sun
- Department of Medical Record, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yinglei Xu
- Medical Genetic Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,The Prenatal Diagnosis Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jingli Wang
- Medical Genetic Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,The Prenatal Diagnosis Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yucui Zang
- Medical Genetic Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,The Prenatal Diagnosis Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mengmeng Han
- Medical Genetic Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,The Prenatal Diagnosis Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiuhai Wang
- Department of Biology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hongzai Guan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yinlin Ge
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chunmei Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hui Liang
- Department of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hui Li
- Physical Examination Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ni Ran
- Developmental Behavioral Pediatric Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhaochuan Yang
- Developmental Behavioral Pediatric Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Huanhuan Huang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders & Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanzhao Wei
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders & Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xueping Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiangrong Sun
- Medical Genetic Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,The Prenatal Diagnosis Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xueying Feng
- Developmental Behavioral Pediatric Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lanlan Zheng
- Department of Psychiatry, The Third Hospital of Chaoyang District of Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhan Luo
- School of Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Qinan Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Yuze Yan
- School of Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Zuzhou Huang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhongcui Jing
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yixia Guo
- Developmental Behavioral Pediatric Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuzhan Zhang
- Physical Examination Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Christian P Schaaf
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Genetics; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jinchuan Xing
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Chuanyue Wang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders & Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Fuli Yu
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Ji-Song Guan
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Depienne C, Ciura S, Trouillard O, Bouteiller D, Leitão E, Nava C, Keren B, Marie Y, Guegan J, Forlani S, Brice A, Anheim M, Agid Y, Krack P, Damier P, Viallet F, Houeto JL, Durif F, Vidailhet M, Worbe Y, Roze E, Kabashi E, Hartmann A. Association of Rare Genetic Variants in Opioid Receptors with Tourette Syndrome. TREMOR AND OTHER HYPERKINETIC MOVEMENTS (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 9:tre-09-693. [PMID: 31824749 PMCID: PMC6878848 DOI: 10.7916/tohm.v0.693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Genes involved in Tourette syndrome (TS) remain largely unknown. We aimed to identify genetic factors contributing to TS in a French cohort of 120 individuals using a combination of hypothesis-driven and exome-sequencing approaches. Methods We first sequenced exons of SLITRK1-6 and HDC in the TS cohort and subsequently sequenced the exome of 12 individuals harboring rare variants in these genes to find additional rare variants contributing to the disorder under the hypothesis of oligogenic inheritance. We further screened three candidate genes (OPRK1, PCDH10, and NTSR2) preferentially expressed in the basal ganglia, and three additional genes involved in neurotensin and opioid signaling (OPRM1, NTS, and NTSR1), and compared variant frequencies in TS patients and 788 matched control individuals. We also investigated the impact of altering the expression of Oprk1 in zebrafish. Results Thirteen ultrarare missense variants of SLITRK1-6 and HDC were identified in 12 patients. Exome sequencing in these patients revealed rare possibly deleterious variants in 3,041 genes, 54 of which were preferentially expressed in the basal ganglia. Comparison of variant frequencies altering selected candidate genes in TS and control individuals revealed an excess of potentially disrupting variants in OPRK1, encoding the opioid kappa receptor, in TS patients. Accordingly, we show that downregulation of the Oprk1 orthologue in zebrafish induces a hyperkinetic phenotype in early development. Discussion These results support a heterogeneous and complex genetic etiology of TS, possibly involving rare variants altering the opioid pathway in some individuals, which could represent a novel therapeutic target in this disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christel Depienne
- INSERM, U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Faculté de Médecine de Sorbonne Université, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47-83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, FR.,Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, DE
| | - Sorana Ciura
- INSERM, U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Faculté de Médecine de Sorbonne Université, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47-83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, FR
| | - Oriane Trouillard
- INSERM, U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Faculté de Médecine de Sorbonne Université, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47-83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, FR
| | - Delphine Bouteiller
- INSERM, U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Faculté de Médecine de Sorbonne Université, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47-83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, FR
| | - Elsa Leitão
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, DE
| | - Caroline Nava
- INSERM, U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Faculté de Médecine de Sorbonne Université, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47-83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, FR.,Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département de Génétique, 47-83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, FR
| | - Boris Keren
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département de Génétique, 47-83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, FR
| | - Yannick Marie
- INSERM, U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Faculté de Médecine de Sorbonne Université, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47-83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, FR
| | - Justine Guegan
- INSERM, U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Faculté de Médecine de Sorbonne Université, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47-83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, FR
| | - Sylvie Forlani
- INSERM, U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Faculté de Médecine de Sorbonne Université, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47-83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, FR
| | - Alexis Brice
- INSERM, U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Faculté de Médecine de Sorbonne Université, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47-83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, FR
| | - Mathieu Anheim
- Service de neurologie, CHU de Strasbourg, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Avenue Molière, 67200 Strasbourg Strasbourg, FR
| | - Yves Agid
- INSERM, U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Faculté de Médecine de Sorbonne Université, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47-83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, FR
| | - Paul Krack
- Service de Neurologie, CHU de Grenoble, Avenue Maquis du Grésivaudan, 38700 La Tronche, FR.,Center for Movement Disorders, Inselspital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 18, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Damier
- Service de Neurologie, CHU de Nantes, 5 Allée de l'Île Gloriette, 44093 Nantes, FR
| | - François Viallet
- Service de Neurologie, CRHU d'Aix-en-Provence, Avenue des Tamaris, 13100 Aix-en-Provence, FR
| | - Jean-Luc Houeto
- Service de Neurologie, CHU de Poitiers, 2 Rue de la Milétrie, 86021 Poitiers, FR
| | - Franck Durif
- Service de Neurologie, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Hôpital Gabriel Montpied, 58 rue Montalembert, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand, FR
| | - Marie Vidailhet
- INSERM, U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Faculté de Médecine de Sorbonne Université, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47-83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, FR.,Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département de Neurologie, 47-83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, FR
| | - Yulia Worbe
- INSERM, U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Faculté de Médecine de Sorbonne Université, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47-83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, FR.,Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département de Neurologie, 47-83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, FR.,AP-HP, Centre de Référence National Maladie Rare 'Syndrome Gilles de la Tourette', Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47-83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, FR
| | - Emmanuel Roze
- INSERM, U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Faculté de Médecine de Sorbonne Université, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47-83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, FR.,AP-HP, Centre de Référence National Maladie Rare 'Syndrome Gilles de la Tourette', Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47-83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, FR
| | - Edor Kabashi
- INSERM, U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Faculté de Médecine de Sorbonne Université, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47-83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, FR
| | - Andreas Hartmann
- INSERM, U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Faculté de Médecine de Sorbonne Université, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47-83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, FR.,Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département de Neurologie, 47-83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, FR.,AP-HP, Centre de Référence National Maladie Rare 'Syndrome Gilles de la Tourette', Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47-83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, FR
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pittenger C. The histidine decarboxylase model of tic pathophysiology: a new focus on the histamine H 3 receptor. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 177:570-579. [PMID: 30714121 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Histamine dysregulation was implicated as a rare cause of Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders a decade ago by a landmark genetic study in a high density family pedigree, which implicated a hypomorphic mutation in the histidine decarboxylase (Hdc) gene as a rare but high penetrance genetic cause. Studies in Hdc knockout (KO) mice have confirmed that this mutation causes tic-relevant behavioural and neurochemical abnormalities that parallel what is seen in patients and thus validate the KO as a potentially informative model of tic pathophysiology. Recent studies have focused on the potential role of the histamine H3 receptor in this model, and by association in tic disorders and related neuropsychiatric conditions. The H3 receptor is up-regulated in the striatum in Hdc KO mice. As the H3 receptor has constitutive activity in the absence of ligand, this receptor up-regulation may have significant cellular effects despite the absence of neurotransmitter histamine in these mice. Activation in vivo of H3 receptors in wild type mice regulates signalling in striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) that interacts non-linearly with dopamine receptor signalling. Baseline signalling alterations in MSNs in Hdc KO mice resemble those seen after H3 receptor agonist treatment in wild type animals. H3 receptor agonist treatment in the KOs further accentuates most of these signalling abnormalities and produces behavioural stereotypy. Together, these data suggest the intriguing hypothesis that constitutive signalling by up-regulated H3 receptors explains many of the molecular and behavioural abnormalities seen in these animals. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on New Uses for 21st Century. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v177.3/issuetoc.
Collapse
|
10
|
Abnormal repetitive behaviors in zebrafish and their relevance to human brain disorders. Behav Brain Res 2019; 367:101-110. [PMID: 30926483 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal repetitive behaviors (ARBs) are a prominent symptom of numerous human brain disorders and are commonly seen in rodent models as well. While rodent studies of ARBs continue to dominate the field, mounting evidence suggests that zebrafish (Danio rerio) also display ARB-like phenotypes and may therefore be a novel model organism for ARB research. In addition to clear practical research advantages as a model species, zebrafish share high genetic and physiological homology to humans and rodents, including multiple ARB-related genes and robust behaviors relevant to ARB. Here, we discuss a wide spectrum of stereotypic repetitive behaviors in zebrafish, data on their genetic and pharmacological modulation, and the overall translational relevance of fish ARBs to modeling human brain disorders. Overall, the zebrafish is rapidly emerging as a new promising model to study ARBs and their underlying mechanisms.
Collapse
|
11
|
Deeb W, Malaty IA, Mathews CA. Tourette disorder and other tic disorders. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2019; 165:123-153. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64012-3.00008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
12
|
Rapanelli M, Frick L, Jindachomthong K, Xu J, Ohtsu H, Nairn AC, Pittenger C. Striatal Signaling Regulated by the H3R Histamine Receptor in a Mouse Model of tic Pathophysiology. Neuroscience 2018; 392:172-179. [PMID: 30278251 PMCID: PMC6204318 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Histamine dysregulation has been identified as a rare genetic cause of tic disorders; mice with a knockout of the histidine decarboxylase (Hdc) gene represent a promising model of this pathophysiology. How alterations in the histamine system lead to neuropsychiatric disease, however, remains unclear. The H3R histamine receptor is elevated in the striatum of Hdc KO mice, and H3R agonists, acting in the dorsal striatum, trigger tic-like movements in the model. In wild-type mice, H3R in the dorsal striatum differentially regulates mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and protein kinase B (Akt) signaling in D1R dopamine receptor-expressing striatonigral medium spiny neurons (dMSNs) and D2R dopamine receptor-expressing striatopallidal MSNs (iMSNs), respectively. We examined the effects of H3R agonist treatment on MSN signaling in the Hdc-KO model. In dMSNs, MAPK signaling was elevated at baseline in the Hdc-KO model, resembling what is seen after H3R activation in WT animals. Similarly, in iMSNs, Akt phosphorylation was reduced at baseline in the KO model, resembling what is seen after H3R activation in WT animals. H3R activation in Hdc-KO mice further enhanced the baseline effect on Akt phosphorylation in iMSNs but attenuated the abnormality in MAPK signaling in dMSNs. These observations support the hypothesis that constitutive activity of upregulated H3R receptors in the Hdc-KO model mediates the observed alterations in baseline MSN signaling; but further activation of H3R, which produces tic-like repetitive movements in the model, has more complex effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luciana Frick
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, United States
| | | | - Jian Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, United States; Child Study Center, Yale University, United States
| | - Hiroshi Ohtsu
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Angus C Nairn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, United States; Interdepartental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, United States
| | - Christopher Pittenger
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, United States; Child Study Center, Yale University, United States; Interdepartental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Huang H, Li Y, Liang J, Finkelman FD. Molecular Regulation of Histamine Synthesis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1392. [PMID: 29973935 PMCID: PMC6019440 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Histamine is a critical mediator of IgE/mast cell-mediated anaphylaxis, a neurotransmitter and a regulator of gastric acid secretion. Histamine is a monoamine synthesized from the amino acid histidine through a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme histidine decarboxylase (HDC), which removes carboxyl group from histidine. Despite the importance of histamine, transcriptional regulation of HDC gene expression in mammals is still poorly understood. In this review, we focus on discussing advances in the understanding of molecular regulation of mammalian histamine synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Huang
- The Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States.,The Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, IL, United States
| | - Yapeng Li
- The Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Jinyi Liang
- The Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States.,Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fred D Finkelman
- The Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,The Division of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Adams TG, Kelmendi B, Brake CA, Gruner P, Badour CL, Pittenger C. The role of stress in the pathogenesis and maintenance of obsessive-compulsive disorder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [PMID: 29527593 PMCID: PMC5841259 DOI: 10.1177/2470547018758043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder often identify psychosocial stress
as a factor that exacerbates their symptoms, and many trace the onset of
symptoms to a stressful period of life or a discrete traumatic incident.
However, the pathophysiological relationship between stress and
obsessive-compulsive disorder remains poorly characterized: it is unclear
whether trauma or stress is an independent cause of obsessive-compulsive
disorder symptoms, a triggering factor that interacts with a preexisting
diathesis, or simply a nonspecific factor that can exacerbate
obsessive-compulsive disorder along with other aspects of psychiatric
symptomatology. Nonetheless, preclinical research has demonstrated that stress
has conspicuous effects on corticostriatal and limbic circuitry. Specifically,
stress can lead to neuronal atrophy in frontal cortices (particularly the medial
prefrontal cortex), the dorsomedial striatum (caudate), and the hippocampus.
Stress can also result in neuronal hypertrophy in the dorsolateral striatum
(putamen) and amygdala. These neurobiological effects mirror reported neural
abnormalities in obsessive-compulsive disorder and may contribute to an
imbalance between goal-directed and habitual behavior, an imbalance that is
implicated in the pathogenesis and expression of obsessive-compulsive disorder
symptomatology. The modulation of corticostriatal and limbic circuits by stress
and the resultant imbalance between habit and goal-directed learning and
behavior offers a framework for investigating how stress may exacerbate or
trigger obsessive-compulsive disorder symptomatology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T G Adams
- School of Medicine - Department of Psychiatry, Yale University.,Clinical Neuroscience Division of the VA National Center for PTSD
| | - B Kelmendi
- School of Medicine - Department of Psychiatry, Yale University.,Clinical Neuroscience Division of the VA National Center for PTSD
| | - C A Brake
- University of Kentucky, Department of Psychology
| | - P Gruner
- School of Medicine - Department of Psychiatry, Yale University
| | - C L Badour
- University of Kentucky, Department of Psychology
| | - C Pittenger
- School of Medicine - Department of Psychiatry, Yale University.,Clinical Neuroscience Division of the VA National Center for PTSD.,Child Study Center, Yale University.,Department of Psychology, Yale University
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
O'Brien KB, Sharrief AZ, Nordstrom EJ, Travanty AJ, Huynh M, Romero MP, Bittner KC, Bowser MT, Burton FH. Biochemical markers of striatal desensitization in cortical-limbic hyperglutamatergic TS- & OCD-like transgenic mice. J Chem Neuroanat 2018; 89:11-20. [PMID: 29481900 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Tics and compulsions in comorbid Tourette's syndrome (TS) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are associated with chronic hyperactivity of parallel cortico/amygdalo-striato-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) loop circuits. Comorbid TS- & OCD-like behaviors have likewise been observed in D1CT-7 mice, in which an artificial neuropotentiating transgene encoding the cAMP-elevating intracellular subunit of cholera toxin (CT) is chronically expressed selectively in somatosensory cortical & amygdalar dopamine (DA) D1 receptor-expressing neurons that activate cortico/amygdalo-striatal glutamate (GLU) output. We've now examined in D1CT-7 mice whether the chronic GLU output from their potentiated cortical/limbic CSTC subcircuit afferents associated with TS- & OCD-like behaviors elicits desensitizing neurochemical changes in the striatum (STR). Microdialysis-capillary electrophoresis and in situ hybridization reveal that the mice's chronic GLU-excited STR exhibits pharmacodynamic changes in three independently GLU-regulated measures of output neuron activation, co-excitation, and desensitization, signifying hyperactive striatal CSTC output and compensatory striatal glial and neuronal desensitization: 1) Striatal GABA, an output neurotransmitter induced by afferent GLU, is increased. 2) Striatal d-serine, a glial excitatory co-transmitter inhibited by afferent GLU, is decreased. 3) Striatal Period1 (Per1), which plays a non-circadian role in the STR as a GLU + DA D1- (cAMP-) dependent repressor thought to feedback-inhibit GLU + DA- triggered ultradian urges and motions, is transcriptionally abolished. These data imply that chronic cortical/limbic GLU excitation of the STR desensitizes its co-excitatory d-serine & DA inputs while freezing its GABA output in an active state to mediate chronic tics and compulsions - possibly in part by abolishing striatal Per1-dependent ultradian extinction of urges and motions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kylie B O'Brien
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 139 Smith Hall, 207 Pleasant St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Anjail Z Sharrief
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience Program, Smith College, Clark Science Center, 1 College Lane, Sabin-Reed 429, Northampton, MA 01063, USA
| | - Eric J Nordstrom
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, 6-120 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis MN 55455-0217, USA; Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Hennepin County Medical Center, 701 Park Ave, Shapiro S3.111, Minneapolis MN 55415-1623 USA
| | - Anthony J Travanty
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, 6-120 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis MN 55455-0217, USA
| | - Mailee Huynh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, 6-120 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis MN 55455-0217, USA; Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Hennepin County Medical Center, 701 Park Ave, Shapiro S3.111, Minneapolis MN 55415-1623 USA
| | - Megan P Romero
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, 6-120 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis MN 55455-0217, USA; Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Hennepin County Medical Center, 701 Park Ave, Shapiro S3.111, Minneapolis MN 55415-1623 USA
| | - Katie C Bittner
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, 6-120 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis MN 55455-0217, USA
| | - Michael T Bowser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 139 Smith Hall, 207 Pleasant St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Frank H Burton
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, 6-120 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis MN 55455-0217, USA; Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Hennepin County Medical Center, 701 Park Ave, Shapiro S3.111, Minneapolis MN 55415-1623 USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Albin RL. Tourette syndrome: a disorder of the social decision-making network. Brain 2018; 141:332-347. [PMID: 29053770 PMCID: PMC5837580 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tourette syndrome is a common neurodevelopmental disorder defined by characteristic involuntary movements, tics, with both motor and phonic components. Tourette syndrome is usually conceptualized as a basal ganglia disorder, with an emphasis on striatal dysfunction. While considerable evidence is consistent with these concepts, imaging data suggest diffuse functional and structural abnormalities in Tourette syndrome brain. Tourette syndrome exhibits features that are difficult to explain solely based on basal ganglia circuit dysfunctions. These features include the natural history of tic expression, with typical onset of tics around ages 5 to 7 years and exacerbation during the peri-pubertal years, marked sex disparity with higher male prevalence, and the characteristic distribution of tics. The latter are usually repetitive, somewhat stereotyped involuntary eye, facial and head movements, and phonations. A major functional role of eye, face, and head movements is social signalling. Prior work in social neuroscience identified a phylogenetically conserved network of sexually dimorphic subcortical nuclei, the Social Behaviour Network, mediating many social behaviours. Social behaviour network function is modulated developmentally by gonadal steroids and social behaviour network outputs are stereotyped sex and species specific behaviours. In 2011 O'Connell and Hofmann proposed that the social behaviour network interdigitates with the basal ganglia to form a greater network, the social decision-making network. The social decision-making network may have two functionally complementary limbs: the basal ganglia component responsible for evaluation of socially relevant stimuli and actions with the social behaviour network component responsible for the performance of social acts. Social decision-making network dysfunction can explain major features of the neurobiology of Tourette syndrome. Tourette syndrome may be a disorder of social communication resulting from developmental abnormalities at several levels of the social decision-making network. The social decision-making network dysfunction hypothesis suggests new avenues for research in Tourette syndrome and new potential therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger L Albin
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Neurology Service and GRECC, VAAAHS, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
- University of Michigan Morris K. Udall Parkinson’s Disease Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Fernandez TV, State MW, Pittenger C. Tourette disorder and other tic disorders. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 147:343-354. [PMID: 29325623 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63233-3.00023-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tourette disorder is a developmental neuropsychiatric condition characterized by vocal and motor tics that can range in severity from mild to disabling. It represents one end of a spectrum of tic disorders and is estimated to affect 0.5-0.7% of the population. Accumulated evidence supports a substantial genetic contribution to disease risk, but the identification of genetic variants that confer risk has been challenging. Positive findings in candidate gene association studies have not replicated, and genomewide association studies have not generated signals of genomewide significance, in large part because of inadequate sample sizes. Rare mutations in several genes have been identified, but their causality is difficult to establish. As in other complex neuropsychiatric disorders, it is likely that Tourette disorder risk involves a combination of common, low-effect and rare, larger-effect variants in multiple genes acting together with environmental factors. With the ongoing collection of larger patient cohorts and the emergence of affordable high-throughput genomewide sequencing, progress is expected to accelerate in coming years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas V Fernandez
- Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Matthew W State
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Christopher Pittenger
- Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Burton FH. Back to the Future: Circuit-testing TS & OCD. J Neurosci Methods 2017; 292:2-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
19
|
Bortolato M, Pittenger C. Modeling tics in rodents: Conceptual challenges and paths forward. J Neurosci Methods 2017; 292:12-19. [PMID: 28237575 PMCID: PMC5568514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent advances in our understanding of the neurobiology of tics have led to the development of novel rodent models capturing different pathophysiological and phenotypic aspects of Tourette syndrome. The proliferation of these models, however, raises vexing questions on what standards should be adopted to assess their theoretical validity and empirical utility. Assessing the homology of a rodent motoric burst with a tic remains problematic, due to our incomplete knowledge of the underpinnings of tics, their high phenotypic complexity and variability, limitations in our ability test key aspects of tic phenomenology (such as premonitory sensory phenomena) in animals, and between-species differences in neuroanatomy and behavioral repertoire. These limitations underscore that any interpretation of behavioral output in an animal model cannot exclusively rely on the recognition of features that bear superficial resemblance with tics, but must be supported by other etiological and convergent phenomenological criteria. NEW METHOD Here, we discuss two complementary approaches for the study and validation of tic-like manifestations in rodents, based respectively on the use of contextual modulators and accompanying features of repetitive motor manifestations and on the reproduction of pathogenic factors. RESULTS Neither strategy can by itself provide convincing evidence that a model informatively recapitulates tic pathophysiology. Their combination holds promise to enhance the rigorous evaluation and translational relevance of rodent models of tic disorders. CONCLUSIONS This systematic consideration of different approaches to the validation and study of animal models of tic pathophysiology provides a framework for future work in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bortolato
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of Utah, 30 S 2000 E, Skaggs Hall, Room 3916, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
| | - Christopher Pittenger
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Psychology, Child Study Center, Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, 34 Park Street, W315, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Eriguchi Y, Kuwabara H, Inai A, Kawakubo Y, Nishimura F, Kakiuchi C, Tochigi M, Ohashi J, Aoki N, Kato K, Ishiura H, Mitsui J, Tsuji S, Doi K, Yoshimura J, Morishita S, Shimada T, Furukawa M, Umekage T, Sasaki T, Kasai K, KanoMD PhD Y. Identification of candidate genes involved in the etiology of sporadic Tourette syndrome by exome sequencing. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2017; 174:712-723. [PMID: 28608572 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tourette Syndrome (TS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by chronic motor and vocal tics. Although there is a large genetic contribution, the genetic architecture of TS remains unclear. Exome sequencing has successfully revealed the contribution of de novo mutations in sporadic cases with neuropsychiatric disorders such as autism and schizophrenia. Here, using exome sequencing, we investigated de novo mutations in individuals with sporadic TS to identify novel risk loci and elucidate the genetic background of TS. Exome analysis was conducted for sporadic TS cases: nine trio families and one quartet family with concordant twins were investigated. Missense mutations were evaluated using functional prediction algorithms, and their population frequencies were calculated based on three public databases. Gene expression patterns in the brain were analyzed using the BrainSpan Developmental Transcriptome. Thirty de novo mutations, including four synonymous and four missense mutations, were identified. Among the missense mutations, one in the rapamycin-insensitive companion of mammalian target of rapamycin (RICTOR)-coding gene (rs140964083: G > A, found in one proband) was predicted to be hazardous. In the three public databases analyzed, variants in the same SNP locus were absent, and variants in the same gene were either absent or present at an extremely low frequency (3/5,008), indicating the rarity of hazardous RICTOR mutations in the general population. The de novo variant of RICTOR may be implicated in the development of sporadic TS, and RICTOR is a novel candidate factor for TS etiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Eriguchi
- Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Sakura Hospital, Aomori, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kuwabara
- Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Disability Services Office, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aya Inai
- Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Kawakubo
- Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumichika Nishimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chihiro Kakiuchi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mamoru Tochigi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Ohashi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoto Aoki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Sakura Hospital, Aomori, Japan
| | - Kayoko Kato
- Department of Physical and Health Education, Graduate School of Education, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ishiura
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Mitsui
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoji Tsuji
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Medical Genome Center, The University of Tokyo Hospital, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichiro Doi
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jun Yoshimura
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shinichi Morishita
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takafumi Shimada
- Division for Counseling and Support, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaomi Furukawa
- Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Umekage
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Sasaki
- Department of Physical and Health Education, Graduate School of Education, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoto Kasai
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko KanoMD PhD
- Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abdurakhmanova S, Chary K, Kettunen M, Sierra A, Panula P. Behavioral and stereological characterization of Hdc KO mice: Relation to Tourette syndrome. J Comp Neurol 2017; 525:3476-3487. [PMID: 28681514 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A premature termination codon in the human histidine decarboxylase (Hdc) gene has been identified in a family suffering from Guilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS). In the current study we investigated if mice lacking the histamine producing enzyme HDC share the morphological and cytological phenotype with GTS patients by using magnetic resonance (MRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), unbiased stereology and immunohistochemistry. Behavior of Hdc knock-out (Hdc KO) mice was assessed in an open field test. The results of stereological, volumetric and DTI analysis measurements showed no significant differences between control and Hdc KO mice. The numbers and distribution of GABAergic parvalbumin or nitric oxide-expressing and cholinergic interneurons were normal in Hdc KO mice. Cortical morphology and layering in adult Hdc KO mice were also preserved. In open field test Hdc KO mice showed impaired exploratory activity and habituation when introduced to novel environment. Our results indicate that Hdc deficiency in mice does not disturb the development of striatal and cortical interneurons and does not lead to the morphological and cytological phenotypes characterized by humans with GTS. Nevertheless, histamine deficiency leads to behavioral alterations probably due to neurotransmitter dysbalance on the level of the striatum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Karthik Chary
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Kettunen
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Alejandra Sierra
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pertti Panula
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Histamine modulation of the basal ganglia circuitry in the development of pathological grooming. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:6599-6604. [PMID: 28584117 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1704547114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant histaminergic function has been proposed as a cause of tic disorders. A rare mutation in the enzyme that produces histamine (HA), histidine decarboxylase (HDC), has been identified in patients with Tourette syndrome (TS). Hdc knockout mice exhibit repetitive behavioral pathology and neurochemical characteristics of TS, establishing them as a plausible model of tic pathophysiology. Where, when, and how HA deficiency produces these effects has remained unclear: whether the contribution of HA deficiency to pathogenesis is acute or developmental, and where in the brain the relevant consequences of HA deficiency occur. Here, we address these key pathophysiological questions, using anatomically and cellularly targeted manipulations in mice. We report that specific ablation or chemogenetic silencing of histaminergic neurons in the tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN) of the hypothalamus leads to markedly elevated grooming, a form of repetitive behavioral pathology, and to elevated markers of neuronal activity in both dorsal striatum and medial prefrontal cortex. Infusion of HA directly into the striatum reverses this behavioral pathology, confirming that acute HA deficiency mediates the effect. Bidirectional chemogenetic regulation reveals that dorsal striatum neurons activated after TMN silencing are both sufficient to produce repetitive behavioral pathology and necessary for the full expression of the effect. Chemogenetic activation of TMN-regulated medial prefrontal cortex neurons, in contrast, increases locomotion and not grooming. These data confirm the centrality of striatal regulation by neurotransmitter HA in the adult in the production of pathological grooming.
Collapse
|
23
|
Godar SC, Bortolato M. What makes you tic? Translational approaches to study the role of stress and contextual triggers in Tourette syndrome. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 76:123-133. [PMID: 27939782 PMCID: PMC5403589 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by multiple, recurring motor and phonic tics. Rich empirical evidence shows that the severity of tics and associated manifestations is increased by several stressors and contextual triggers; however, the neurobiological mechanisms responsible for symptom exacerbation in TS remain poorly understood. This conceptual gap partially reflects the high phenotypic variability in tics, as well as the existing difficulties in operationalizing and standardizing stress and its effects in a clinical setting. Animal models of TS may be highly informative tools to overcome some of these limitations; these experimental preparations have already provided critical insights on key aspects of TS pathophysiology, and may prove useful to identify the neurochemical alterations induced by different stressful contingencies. In particular, emerging knowledge on the role of contextual triggers in animal models of TS may inform the development of novel pharmacological interventions to reduce tic fluctuations in this disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean C Godar
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, United States; University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Marco Bortolato
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, United States; University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Rapanelli M, Frick L, Pogorelov V, Ohtsu H, Bito H, Pittenger C. Histamine H3R receptor activation in the dorsal striatum triggers stereotypies in a mouse model of tic disorders. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1013. [PMID: 28117842 PMCID: PMC5545743 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tic disorders affect ~5% of the population and are frequently comorbid with obsessive-compulsive disorder, autism, and attention deficit disorder. Histamine dysregulation has been identified as a rare genetic cause of tic disorders; mice with a knockout of the histidine decarboxylase (Hdc) gene represent a promising pathophysiologically grounded model. How alterations in the histamine system lead to tics and other neuropsychiatric pathology, however, remains unclear. We found elevated expression of the histamine H3 receptor in the striatum of Hdc knockout mice. The H3 receptor has significant basal activity even in the absence of ligand and thus may modulate striatal function in this knockout model. We probed H3R function using specific agonists. The H3 agonists R-aminomethylhistamine (RAMH) and immepip produced behavioral stereotypies in KO mice, but not in controls. H3 agonist treatment elevated intra-striatal dopamine in KO mice, but not in controls. This was associated with elevations in phosphorylation of rpS6, a sensitive marker of neural activity, in the dorsal striatum. We used a novel chemogenetic strategy to demonstrate that this dorsal striatal activity is necessary and sufficient for the development of stereotypy: when RAMH-activated cells in the dorsal striatum were chemogenetically activated (in the absence of RAMH), stereotypy was recapitulated in KO animals, and when they were silenced the ability of RAMH to produce stereotypy was blocked. These results identify the H3 receptor in the dorsal striatum as a contributor to repetitive behavioral pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Rapanelli
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, 34 Park Street, W315, New Haven, CT 06519, USA. E-mail: or
| | - L Frick
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - V Pogorelov
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - H Ohtsu
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - H Bito
- Department of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - C Pittenger
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA,Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA,Interdepartental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, 34 Park Street, W315, New Haven, CT 06519, USA. E-mail: or
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Pittenger C. Histidine Decarboxylase Knockout Mice as a Model of the Pathophysiology of Tourette Syndrome and Related Conditions. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2017; 241:189-215. [PMID: 28233179 PMCID: PMC5538774 DOI: 10.1007/164_2016_127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
While the normal functions of histamine (HA) in the central nervous system have gradually come into focus over the past 30 years, the relationship of abnormalities in neurotransmitter HA to human disease has been slower to emerge. New insight came with the 2010 description of a rare nonsense mutation in the biosynthetic enzyme histidine decarboxylase (Hdc) that was associated with Tourette syndrome (TS) and related conditions in a single family pedigree. Subsequent genetic work has provided further support for abnormalities of HA signaling in sporadic TS. As a result of this genetic work, Hdc knockout mice, which were generated more than 15 years ago, have been reexamined as a model of the pathophysiology of TS and related conditions. Parallel work in these KO mice and in human carriers of the Hdc mutation has revealed abnormalities in the basal ganglia system and its modulation by dopamine (DA) and has confirmed the etiologic, face, and predictive validity of the model. The Hdc-KO model thus serves as a unique platform to probe the pathophysiology of TS and related conditions, and to generate specific hypotheses for subsequent testing in humans. This chapter summarizes the development and validation of this model and recent and ongoing work using it to further investigate pathophysiological changes that may contribute to these disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Pittenger
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, Yale Child Study Center, and Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, 34 Park Street, W315, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Microglial Dysregulation in OCD, Tourette Syndrome, and PANDAS. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:8606057. [PMID: 28053994 PMCID: PMC5174185 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8606057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is accumulating evidence that immune dysregulation contributes to the pathophysiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), Tourette syndrome, and Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections (PANDAS). The mechanistic details of this pathophysiology, however, remain unclear. Here we focus on one particular component of the immune system: microglia, the brain's resident immune cells. The role of microglia in neurodegenerative diseases has been understood in terms of classic, inflammatory activation, which may be both a consequence and a cause of neuronal damage. In OCD and Tourette syndrome, which are not characterized by frank neural degeneration, the potential role of microglial dysregulation is much less clear. Here we review the evidence for a neuroinflammatory etiology and microglial dysregulation in OCD, Tourette syndrome, and PANDAS. We also explore new hypotheses as to the potential contributions of microglial abnormalities to pathophysiology, beyond neuroinflammation, including failures in neuroprotection, lack of support for neuronal survival, and abnormalities in synaptic pruning. Recent advances in neuroimaging and animal model work are creating new opportunities to elucidate these issues.
Collapse
|
27
|
Alexander J, Potamianou H, Xing J, Deng L, Karagiannidis I, Tsetsos F, Drineas P, Tarnok Z, Rizzo R, Wolanczyk T, Farkas L, Nagy P, Szymanska U, Androutsos C, Tsironi V, Koumoula A, Barta C, Sandor P, Barr CL, Tischfield J, Paschou P, Heiman GA, Georgitsi M. Targeted Re-Sequencing Approach of Candidate Genes Implicates Rare Potentially Functional Variants in Tourette Syndrome Etiology. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:428. [PMID: 27708560 PMCID: PMC5030307 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the genetic basis of Tourette Syndrome (TS) remains unclear, several candidate genes have been implicated. Using a set of 382 TS individuals of European ancestry we investigated four candidate genes for TS (HDC, SLITRK1, BTBD9, and SLC6A4) in an effort to identify possibly causal variants using a targeted re-sequencing approach by next generation sequencing technology. Identification of possible disease causing variants under different modes of inheritance was performed using the algorithms implemented in VAAST. We prioritized variants using Variant ranker and validated five rare variants via Sanger sequencing in HDC and SLITRK1, all of which are predicted to be deleterious. Intriguingly, one of the identified variants is in linkage disequilibrium with a variant that is included among the top hits of a genome-wide association study for response to citalopram treatment, an antidepressant drug with off-label use also in obsessive compulsive disorder. Our findings provide additional evidence for the implication of these two genes in TS susceptibility and the possible role of these proteins in the pathobiology of TS should be revisited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Alexander
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace Alexandroupoli, Greece
| | - Hera Potamianou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace Alexandroupoli, Greece
| | - Jinchuan Xing
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New JerseyPiscataway, NJ, USA; Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New JerseyPiscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Li Deng
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New JerseyPiscataway, NJ, USA; Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New JerseyPiscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Iordanis Karagiannidis
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace Alexandroupoli, Greece
| | - Fotis Tsetsos
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace Alexandroupoli, Greece
| | - Petros Drineas
- Computer Science Department, Purdue University West Lafayette, USA
| | - Zsanett Tarnok
- Vadaskert Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Budapest, Hungary
| | - Renata Rizzo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania Catania, Italy
| | - Tomasz Wolanczyk
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw Warsaw, Poland
| | - Luca Farkas
- Vadaskert Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter Nagy
- Vadaskert Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Budapest, Hungary
| | - Urszula Szymanska
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw Warsaw, Poland
| | - Christos Androutsos
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinic, Sismanoglio General Hospital of Attica Athens, Greece
| | - Vaia Tsironi
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinic, Sismanoglio General Hospital of Attica Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Koumoula
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinic, Sismanoglio General Hospital of Attica Athens, Greece
| | - Csaba Barta
- Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Institute of Medical Chemistry, Semmelweis University Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Paul Sandor
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cathy L Barr
- Genetics and Development Division, Krembil Research Institute, University Health NetworkToronto, ON, Canada; Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick ChildrenToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jay Tischfield
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New JerseyPiscataway, NJ, USA; Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New JerseyPiscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Peristera Paschou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace Alexandroupoli, Greece
| | - Gary A Heiman
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New JerseyPiscataway, NJ, USA; Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New JerseyPiscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Marianthi Georgitsi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of ThraceAlexandroupoli, Greece; Laboratory of General Biology, Department of Medicine, Aristotle University of ThessalonikiThessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Rodent models of obsessive compulsive disorder: Evaluating validity to interpret emerging neurobiology. Neuroscience 2016; 345:256-273. [PMID: 27646291 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a common neuropsychiatric disorder with unknown molecular underpinnings. Identification of genetic and non-genetic risk factors has largely been elusive, primarily because of a lack of power. In contrast, neuroimaging has consistently implicated the cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical circuits in OCD. Pharmacological treatment studies also show specificity, with consistent response of OCD symptoms to chronic treatment with serotonin reuptake inhibitors; although most patients are left with residual impairment. In theory, animal models could provide a bridge from the neuroimaging and pharmacology data to an understanding of pathophysiology at the cellular and molecular level. Several mouse models have been proposed using genetic, immunological, pharmacological, and optogenetic tools. These experimental model systems allow testing of hypotheses about the origins of compulsive behavior. Several models have generated behavior that appears compulsive-like, particularly excessive grooming, and some have demonstrated response to chronic serotonin reuptake inhibitors, establishing both face validity and predictive validity. Construct validity is more difficult to establish in the context of a limited understanding of OCD risk factors. Our current models may help us to dissect the circuits and molecular pathways that can elicit OCD-relevant behavior in rodents. We can hope that this growing understanding, coupled with developing technology, will prepare us when robust OCD risk factors are better understood.
Collapse
|
29
|
Rapanelli M, Frick LR, Horn KD, Schwarcz RC, Pogorelov V, Nairn AC, Pittenger C. The Histamine H3 Receptor Differentially Modulates Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) and Akt Signaling in Striatonigral and Striatopallidal Neurons. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:21042-21052. [PMID: 27510032 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.731406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The basal ganglia have a central role in motor patterning, habits, motivated behaviors, and cognition as well as in numerous neuropsychiatric disorders. Receptors for histamine, especially the H3 receptor (H3R), are highly expressed in the striatum, the primary input nucleus of the basal ganglia, but their effects on this circuitry have been little explored. H3R interacts with dopamine (DA) receptors ex vivo; the nature and functional importance of these interactions in vivo remain obscure. We found H3R activation with the agonist R-(-)-α-methylhistamine to produce a unique time- and cell type-dependent profile of molecular signaling events in the striatum. H3 agonist treatment did not detectably alter extracellular DA levels or signaling through the cAMP/DARPP-32 signaling pathway in either D1- or D2-expressing striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs). In D1-MSNs, H3 agonist treatment transiently activated MAPK signaling and phosphorylation of rpS6 and led to phosphorylation of GSK3β-Ser9, a novel effect. Consequences of H3 activation in D2-MSNs were completely different. MAPK signaling was unchanged, and GSK3β-Ser9 phosphorylation was reduced. At the behavioral level, two H3 agonists had no significant effect on locomotion or stereotypy, but they dramatically attenuated the locomotor activation produced by the D1 agonist SKF82958. H3 agonist co-administration blocked the activation of MAPK signaling and the phosphorylation of rpS6 produced by D1 activation in D1-MSNs, paralleling behavioral effects. In contrast, GSK3β-Ser9 phosphorylation was seen only after H3 agonist treatment, with no interactive effects. H3R signaling has been neglected in models of basal ganglia function and has implications for a range of pathophysiologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rivka C Schwarcz
- Graduate Program in Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06519
| | | | | | - Christopher Pittenger
- From the Departments Psychiatry and Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, and Psychology, Child Study Center,
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Chen J, Kaitsuka T, Fujino R, Araki K, Tomizawa K, Yamamoto T. Mutation of the key residue for extraribosomal function of ribosomal protein S19 cause increased grooming behaviors in mice. Neurosci Lett 2016; 629:221-226. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
31
|
|
32
|
Song C, Berridge KC, Kalueff AV. 'Stressing' rodent self-grooming for neuroscience research. Nat Rev Neurosci 2016; 17:591. [PMID: 27466146 DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2016.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cai Song
- Research Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; and at the Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 000001, Taiwan
| | - Kent C Berridge
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 525E University Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Allan V Kalueff
- Research Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; at the Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; at the Neuroscience Research Laboratory, ZENEREI Research Center, Slidell, Louisiana 70458, USA; at the Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia; and at the Institutes of Chemical Technologies and Natural Sciences, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Pagliaroli L, Vető B, Arányi T, Barta C. From Genetics to Epigenetics: New Perspectives in Tourette Syndrome Research. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:277. [PMID: 27462201 PMCID: PMC4940402 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome (TS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder marked by the appearance of multiple involuntary motor and vocal tics. TS presents high comorbidity rates with other disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). TS is highly heritable and has a complex polygenic background. However, environmental factors also play a role in the manifestation of symptoms. Different epigenetic mechanisms may represent the link between these two causalities. Epigenetic regulation has been shown to have an impact in the development of many neuropsychiatric disorders, however very little is known about its effects on Tourette Syndrome. This review provides a summary of the recent findings in genetic background of TS, followed by an overview on different epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs in the regulation of gene expression. Epigenetic studies in other neurological and psychiatric disorders are discussed along with the TS-related epigenetic findings available in the literature to date. Moreover, we are proposing that some general epigenetic mechanisms seen in other neuropsychiatric disorders may also play a role in the pathogenesis of TS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pagliaroli
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis UniversityBudapest, Hungary; Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Enzymology, Hungarian Academy of SciencesBudapest, Hungary
| | - Borbála Vető
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Enzymology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Arányi
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Enzymology, Hungarian Academy of SciencesBudapest, Hungary; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 6214, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1083, University of AngersAngers, France
| | - Csaba Barta
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Homberg JR, Kyzar EJ, Nguyen M, Norton WH, Pittman J, Poudel MK, Gaikwad S, Nakamura S, Koshiba M, Yamanouchi H, Scattoni ML, Ullman JF, Diamond DM, Kaluyeva AA, Parker MO, Klimenko VM, Apryatin SA, Brown RE, Song C, Gainetdinov RR, Gottesman II, Kalueff AV. Understanding autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders through experimental translational neurobehavioral models. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 65:292-312. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
35
|
Nespoli E, Rizzo F, Boeckers TM, Hengerer B, Ludolph AG. Addressing the Complexity of Tourette's Syndrome through the Use of Animal Models. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:133. [PMID: 27092043 PMCID: PMC4824761 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tourette's syndrome (TS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by fluctuating motor and vocal tics, usually preceded by sensory premonitions, called premonitory urges. Besides tics, the vast majority—up to 90%—of TS patients suffer from psychiatric comorbidities, mainly attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The etiology of TS remains elusive. Genetics is believed to play an important role, but it is clear that other factors contribute to TS, possibly altering brain functioning and architecture during a sensitive phase of neural development. Clinical brain imaging and genetic studies have contributed to elucidate TS pathophysiology and disease mechanisms; however, TS disease etiology still is poorly understood. Findings from genetic studies led to the development of genetic animal models, but they poorly reflect the pathophysiology of TS. Addressing the role of neurotransmission, brain regions, and brain circuits in TS disease pathomechanisms is another focus area for preclinical TS model development. We are now in an interesting moment in time when numerous innovative animal models are continuously brought to the attention of the public. Due to the diverse and largely unknown etiology of TS, there is no single preclinical model featuring all different aspects of TS symptomatology. TS has been dissected into its key symptomst hat have been investigated separately, in line with the Research Domain Criteria concept. The different rationales used to develop the respective animal models are critically reviewed, to discuss the potential of the contribution of animal models to elucidate TS disease mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ester Nespoli
- Competence in Neuro Spine Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KGBiberach an der Riss, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescence Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University of UlmUlm, Germany
| | - Francesca Rizzo
- Department of Child and Adolescence Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University of UlmUlm, Germany; Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of UlmUlm, Germany
| | - Tobias M Boeckers
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Ulm Ulm, Germany
| | - Bastian Hengerer
- Competence in Neuro Spine Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Andrea G Ludolph
- Department of Child and Adolescence Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University of Ulm Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Xu M, Li L, Pittenger C. Ablation of fast-spiking interneurons in the dorsal striatum, recapitulating abnormalities seen post-mortem in Tourette syndrome, produces anxiety and elevated grooming. Neuroscience 2016; 324:321-9. [PMID: 26968763 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.02.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Tic disorders, including Tourette syndrome (TS), are thought to involve pathology of cortico-basal ganglia loops, but their pathology is not well understood. Post-mortem studies have shown a reduced number of several populations of striatal interneurons, including the parvalbumin-expressing fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs), in individuals with severe, refractory TS. We tested the causal role of this interneuronal deficit by recapitulating it in an otherwise normal adult mouse using a combination transgenic-viral cell ablation approach. FSIs were reduced bilaterally by ∼40%, paralleling the deficit found post-mortem. This did not produce spontaneous stereotypies or tic-like movements, but there was increased stereotypic grooming after acute stress in two validated paradigms. Stereotypy after amphetamine, in contrast, was not elevated. FSI ablation also led to increased anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze, but not to alterations in motor learning on the rotorod or to alterations in prepulse inhibition, a measure of sensorimotor gating. These findings indicate that a striatal FSI deficit can produce stress-triggered repetitive movements and anxiety. These repetitive movements may recapitulate aspects of the pathophysiology of tic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - L Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - C Pittenger
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
|
38
|
Kalueff AV, Stewart AM, Song C, Berridge KC, Graybiel AM, Fentress JC. Neurobiology of rodent self-grooming and its value for translational neuroscience. Nat Rev Neurosci 2015; 17:45-59. [PMID: 26675822 DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2015.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 459] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Self-grooming is a complex innate behaviour with an evolutionarily conserved sequencing pattern and is one of the most frequently performed behavioural activities in rodents. In this Review, we discuss the neurobiology of rodent self-grooming, and we highlight studies of rodent models of neuropsychiatric disorders--including models of autism spectrum disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder--that have assessed self-grooming phenotypes. We suggest that rodent self-grooming may be a useful measure of repetitive behaviour in such models, and therefore of value to translational psychiatry. Assessment of rodent self-grooming may also be useful for understanding the neural circuits that are involved in complex sequential patterns of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allan V Kalueff
- Research Institute of Marine Drugs and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.,Neuroscience Research Laboratory, ZENEREI Research Center, Slidell, Louisiana 70458, USA.,Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg 199034, Russia.,Institutes of Chemical Technologies and Natural Sciences, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
| | - Adam Michael Stewart
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, ZENEREI Research Center, Slidell, Louisiana 70458, USA
| | - Cai Song
- Research Institute of Marine Drugs and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford St, Life Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H4R2, Canada.,Graduate Institute of Neural Cognitive Science, China Medical University, Taichung 000001, Taiwan
| | - Kent C Berridge
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 525E University Str, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Ann M Graybiel
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - John C Fentress
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford St, Life Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H4R2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
"Hyperglutamatergic cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuit" breaker drugs alleviate tics in a transgenic circuit model of Tourette׳s syndrome. Brain Res 2015; 1629:38-53. [PMID: 26453289 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The brain circuits underlying tics in Tourette׳s syndrome (TS) are unknown but thought to involve cortico/amygdalo-striato-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) loop hyperactivity. We previously engineered a transgenic mouse "circuit model" of TS by expressing an artificial neuropotentiating transgene (encoding the cAMP-elevating, intracellular A1 subunit of cholera toxin) within a small population of dopamine D1 receptor-expressing somatosensory cortical and limbic neurons that hyperactivate cortico/amygdalostriatal glutamatergic output circuits thought to be hyperactive in TS and comorbid obsessive-compulsive (OC) disorders. As in TS, these D1CT-7 ("Ticcy") transgenic mice׳s tics were alleviated by the TS drugs clonidine and dopamine D2 receptor antagonists; and their chronic glutamate-excited striatal motor output was unbalanced toward hyperactivity of the motoric direct pathway and inactivity of the cataleptic indirect pathway. Here we have examined whether these mice׳s tics are countered by drugs that "break" sequential elements of their hyperactive cortical/amygdalar glutamatergic and efferent striatal circuit: anti-serotonoceptive and anti-noradrenoceptive corticostriatal glutamate output blockers (the serotonin 5-HT2a,c receptor antagonist ritanserin and the NE alpha-1 receptor antagonist prazosin); agmatinergic striatothalamic GABA output blockers (the presynaptic agmatine/imidazoline I1 receptor agonist moxonidine); and nigrostriatal dopamine output blockers (the presynaptic D2 receptor agonist bromocriptine). Each drug class alleviates tics in the Ticcy mice, suggesting a hyperglutamatergic CSTC "tic circuit" could exist in TS wherein cortical/amygdalar pyramidal projection neurons׳ glutamatergic overexcitation of both striatal output neurons and nigrostriatal dopaminergic modulatory neurons unbalances their circuit integration to excite striatothalamic output and create tics, and illuminating new TS drug strategies.
Collapse
|
40
|
Richer P, Fernandez TV. Tourette Syndrome: Bridging the Gap between Genetics and Biology. MOLECULAR NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2015; 1:156-164. [PMID: 26509143 DOI: 10.1159/000439085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tourette syndrome is a childhood neuropsychiatric disorder, which presents with disruptive motor and vocal tics. The disease also has a high comorbidity with obsessive-compulsive disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, which may further increase the distress experienced by patients. Current treatments act with varying efficacies in alleviating symptoms, as the underlying biology of the disease is not fully understood to provide precise therapeutic targets. Moreover, the genetic complexity of the disorder presents a substantial challenge to the identification of genetic alterations that contribute to the Tourette's phenotype. Nevertheless, genetic studies have suggested involvement of dopaminergic, serotonergic, glutamatergic, and histaminergic pathways in the pathophysiology of at least some cases. In addition, genetic overlaps with other neuropsychiatric disorders may point toward a shared biology. The findings that are emerging from genetic studies will allow researchers to piece together the underlying components of the disease, in the hopes that a deeper understanding of Tourette's can lead to improved treatments for those affected by it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Richer
- Sewanee: The University of the South, 735 University Avenue Sewanee, TN 37383
| | - Thomas V Fernandez
- Yale Child Study Center and Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Rapanelli M, Pittenger C. Histamine and histamine receptors in Tourette syndrome and other neuropsychiatric conditions. Neuropharmacology 2015; 106:85-90. [PMID: 26282120 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The potential contributions of dysregulation of the brain's histaminergic modulatory system to neuropsychiatric disease, and the potential of histamine-targeting medications as therapeutic agents, are gradually coming into focus. The H3R receptor, which is expressed primarily in the central nervous system, is a promising pharmacotherapeutic target. Recent evidence for a contribution of histamine dysregulation to Tourette syndrome and tic disorders is particularly strong; although specific mutations in histamine-associated genes are rare, they have led to informative studies in animal models that may pave the way for therapeutic advances. A controlled study of an H3R antagonist in Tourette syndrome is ongoing. Preclinical studies of H3R antagonists in schizophrenia, attention deficit disorder, and narcolepsy have all shown promise. Recently reported controlled studies have been disappointing in schizophrenia and attention deficit disorder, but the H3R antagonist pitolisant shows promise in the treatment of narcolepsy and excessive daytime sleepiness and is currently under regulatory review for these conditions. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Histamine Receptors'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher Pittenger
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| |
Collapse
|