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Ezenwabachili I, Deumic Shultz E, Mills JA, Ellingrod V, Calarge CA. Examining Whether Genetic Variants Moderate the Skeletal Effects of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors in Older Adolescents and Young Adults. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2023; 33:260-268. [PMID: 37579130 PMCID: PMC10517324 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2023.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To examine whether serotonin (5-HT) related genetic variants moderate the effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) on skeletal outcomes. Methods: Trabecular bone mineral density (BMD) at the radius, lumbar spine (LS) BMD, total body less head (TBLH) bone mineral content (BMC) and markers of bone metabolism (osteocalcin, C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen [CTX-1], and bone specific alkaline phosphatase to CTX-1 ratio) were examined in an observational study, enrolling 15- to 20-year-old participants, unmedicated or within a month of SSRI initiation. Variants in HTR1A (rs6295), HTR1B (rs6296), HTR1D (rs6300), HTR2A (rs6311 and rs6314), HTR2B (rs6736017), and the serotonin transporter intron 2 variable number tandem repeat (STin2 VNTR) were genotyped. Linear mixed-effects regression analysis examined associations between SSRI use, genetic variants, and skeletal outcomes. Results: After adjusting for relevant covariates, rs6295 CC and GC genotypes in 262 participants (60% female, mean ± SD age = 18.9 ± 1.6 years) were significantly associated with higher LS BMD compared to the GG genotype. Rs6311 GG SSRI users had greater LS BMD compared to nonusers (β = 0.18, p = <0.0001). Female SSRI users with the combination of rs6295 CC+GC and rs6311 GG genotypes had greater LS BMD than female SSRI nonusers (β = 0.29, p < 0.0001). SSRI users with the rs6295 GG genotype had higher trabecular BMD compared to nonusers (β = 3.60, p = 0.05). No significant interactions were found for TBLH BMC or bone turnover markers. After correcting for multiple comparisons, none of the results retained significance. Conclusions: In older adolescents and young adults, HTR1A (rs6295) and HTR2A (rs6311) variants may moderate the effect of SSRIs on BMD. Sex differences may exist and require further examination. Further research with larger sample sizes is needed to confirm our preliminary findings. Clinical Trial Registration: clinicaltrials.gov NCT02147184.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James A. Mills
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Vicki Ellingrod
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Chadi A. Calarge
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science and Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Li H, Gao Y, Zou Y, Qiao S, Zhi W, Ma L, Xu X, Zhao X, Zhang J, Wang L, Hu X. Associations Between a Polymorphism in the Rat 5-HT1A Receptor Gene Promoter Region (rs198585630) and Cognitive Alterations Induced by Microwave Exposure. Front Public Health 2022; 10:802386. [PMID: 35252088 PMCID: PMC8891156 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.802386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The nervous system is a sensitive target of electromagnetic radiation (EMR). Chronic microwave exposure can induce cognitive deficits, and 5-HT system is involved in this effect. Genetic polymorphisms lead to individual differences. In this study, we evaluated whether the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs198585630 of 5-HT1A receptor is associated with cognitive alterations in rats after microwave exposure with a frequency of 2.856 GHz and an average power density of 30 mW/cm2. Rats were exposed to microwaves for 6 min three times a week for up to 6 weeks. PC12 cells and 293T cells were exposed to microwaves for 5 min up to 3 times at 2 intervals of 5 min. Transcriptional activity of 5-HT1A receptor promoter containing rs198585630 C/T allele was determined in vitro. Electroencephalograms (EEGs), spatial learning and memory, and mRNA and protein expression of 5-HT1A receptor were evaluated in vivo. We demonstrated that transcriptional activity of 5-HT1A receptor promoter containing rs198585630 C allele was higher than that of 5-HT1A receptor promoter containing T allele. The transcriptional activity of 5-HT1A receptor promoter was stimulated by 30 mW/cm2 microwave exposure, and rs198585630 C allele was more sensitive to microwave exposure, as it showed stronger transcriptional activation. Rats carrying rs198585630 C allele exhibited increased mRNA and protein expression of 5-HT1A receptor and were more susceptible to 30 mW/cm2 microwave exposure, showing cognitive deficits and inhibition of brain electrical activity. These findings suggest SNP rs198585630 of the 5-HT1A receptor is an important target for further research exploring the mechanisms of hypersensitivity to microwave exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijuan Li
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Gao
- Department of Urology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Zou
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Simo Qiao
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Weijia Zhi
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lizhen Ma
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xinping Xu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xuelong Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Junhua Zhang
- Department of Emergency, Jingxi Medical District of Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lifeng Wang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Lifeng Wang
| | - Xiangjun Hu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
- Xiangjun Hu
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Xia X, Ding M, Xuan JF, Xing JX, Yao J, Wu X, Wang BJ. Functional polymorphisms and transcriptional analysis in the 5' region of the human serotonin receptor 1B gene (HTR1B) and their associations with psychiatric disorders. BMC Psychiatry 2020; 20:499. [PMID: 33036580 PMCID: PMC7545834 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-020-02906-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 5-hydroxytryptamine 1B receptor (5-HT1B) plays an essential role in the serotonin (5-HT) system and is widely involved in a variety of brain activities. HTR1B is the gene encoding 5-HT1B. Genome-wide association studies have shown that HTR1B polymorphisms are closely related to multiple mental and behavioral disorders; however, the functional mechanisms underlying these associations are unknown. This study investigated the effect of several HTR1B haplotypes on regulation of gene expression in vitro and the functional sequences in the 5' regulatory region of HTR1B to determine their potential association with mental and behavioral disorders. METHODS Six haplotypes consisting of rs4140535, rs1778258, rs17273700, rs1228814, rs11568817, and rs130058 and several truncated fragments of the 5' regulatory region of HTR1B were transfected into SK-N-SH and HEK-293 cells. The relative fluorescence intensities of the different haplotypes and truncated fragments were detected using a dual-luciferase reporter assay system. RESULTS Compared to the major haplotype T-G-T-C-T-A, the relative fluorescence intensities of haplotypes C-A-T-C-T-A, C-G-T-C-T-A, C-G-C-A-G-T, and C-G-T-A-T-A were significantly lower, and that of haplotype C-G-C-A-G-A was significantly higher. Furthermore, the effects of the rs4140535T allele, the rs17273700C-rs11568817G linkage combination, and the rs1228814A allele made their relative fluorescence intensities significantly higher than their counterparts at each locus. Conversely, the rs1778258A and rs130058T alleles decreased the relative fluorescence intensities. In addition, we found that regions from - 1587 to - 1371 bp (TSS, + 1), - 1149 to - 894 bp, - 39 to + 130 bp, + 130 to + 341 bp, and + 341 to + 505 bp upregulated gene expression. In contrast, regions - 603 to - 316 bp and + 130 to + 341 bp downregulated gene expression. Region + 341 to + 505 bp played a decisive role in gene transcription. CONCLUSIONS HTR1B 5' regulatory region polymorphisms have regulatory effects on gene expression and potential correlate with several pathology and physiology conditions. This study suggests that a crucial sequence for transcription is located in region + 341 ~ + 505 bp. Regions - 1587 to - 1371 bp, - 1149 to - 894 bp, - 603 to - 316 bp, - 39 to + 130 bp, and + 130 to + 341 bp contain functional sequences that can promote or suppress the HTR1B gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Xia
- grid.412449.e0000 0000 9678 1884School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, 110122 China
| | - Mei Ding
- grid.412449.e0000 0000 9678 1884School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, 110122 China
| | - Jin-feng Xuan
- grid.412449.e0000 0000 9678 1884School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, 110122 China
| | - Jia-xin Xing
- grid.412449.e0000 0000 9678 1884School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, 110122 China
| | - Jun Yao
- grid.412449.e0000 0000 9678 1884School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, 110122 China
| | - Xue Wu
- grid.412449.e0000 0000 9678 1884School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, 110122 China
| | - Bao-jie Wang
- grid.412449.e0000 0000 9678 1884School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, 110122 China
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Yoshikawa A, Li J, Meltzer HY. A functional HTR1A polymorphism, rs6295, predicts short-term response to lurasidone: confirmation with meta-analysis of other antipsychotic drugs. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2019; 20:260-270. [PMID: 31636356 DOI: 10.1038/s41397-019-0101-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Stimulation of the serotonin (5-HT)1A receptor (HTR1A) has been shown to contribute to the mechanism of action of some atypical antipsychotic drugs (APDs), including clozapine and lurasidone. A meta-analysis of rs6295, a functional polymorphism located at the promoter region of HTR1A, showed association with clinical response in schizophrenic patients treated with atypical APD. We have now tested whether other SNPs related to rs6295 predict response to lurasidone. We first evaluated whether rs358532 and rs6449693, tag SNPs for rs6295, predicted response to lurasidone, using data from two clinical trials of acutely psychotic schizophrenia patients with European (EUR, n = 171) or African (AFR, n = 131) ancestry; we then determined if those findings could be replicated in a third trial of lurasidone of similar design. Weekly changes (up to 6 weeks) in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Total score and its five subscales were used to assess response. In EUR, a significant association, or trends for association, were observed for PANSS Total (p = 0.035), positive (p = 0.039), negative (p = 0.004), and disorganization (p = 0.0087) subscales, at week 1-6. There was a trend for replication with PANNS Total (p = 0.036) in the third trial. No significant association was observed in AFR or the placebo group. Meta-analysis of five studies, including the three with lurasidone, showed that rs6295 was associated with improvement in positive (p = 0.023) and negative (p ≤ 0.0001) symptoms in EUR patients with schizophrenia. This is the first study to show a significant association between functional HTR1A polymorphisms and treatment response to lurasidone. The meta-analysis provides additional evidence that rs6295 could be a race-dependent biomarker for predicting treatment response to APDs in schizophrenic patients with European Ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akane Yoshikawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Schizophrenia Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Jiang Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Herbert Y Meltzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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Liu Y, Ding M, Liu YP, Zhang XC, Xing JX, Xuan JF, Xia X, Yao J, Wang BJ. Functional analysis of haplotypes and promoter activity at the 5' region of the human GABRB3 gene and associations with schizophrenia. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e652. [PMID: 30908890 PMCID: PMC6503024 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study investigated the effects of haplotypes T‐G and C‐A derived from NG_012836.1:g.4160T>C and NG_012836.1:g.4326G>A on protein expression levels in vitro and identified the functional sequence in the regulatory region of the GABRB3 gene linked to possible associations with schizophrenia. Methods Recombinant plasmids with haplotypes T‐G and C‐A and 10 recombinant vectors containing deletion fragments from the GABRB3 gene 5′ regulatory region were transfected into HEK‐293, SK‐N‐SH, and SH‐SY5Y cells. The relative fluorescence intensity of the two haplotypes and different sequences was compared using a dual luciferase reporter assay system. Results The relative fluorescence intensity of haplotype C‐A was significantly lower than that of T‐G. We shortened the core promoter sequence of the GABRB3 gene 5′ regulation region from −177 bp to −18 bp (ATG+1). We also found an expression suppression region from −1,735 bp to −1,638 bp and an enhanced regulatory region from −1,638 bp to −1,335 bp. Multiple inhibitory functional elements were identified in the region from −680 bp to −177 bp. Conclusion We demonstrated that haplotype C‐A might increase the risk of schizophrenia and found multiple regulatory regions that had an effect on GABRB3 receptor expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Mei Ding
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yong-Ping Liu
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xi-Cen Zhang
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jia-Xin Xing
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jin-Feng Xuan
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xi Xia
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jun Yao
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bao-Jie Wang
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Wu X, Xu FL, Ding M, Zhang JJ, Yao J, Wang BJ. Characterization and functional analyses of the human HTR1A gene: 5' regulatory region modulates gene expression in vitro. BMC Genet 2018; 19:115. [PMID: 30594152 PMCID: PMC6311061 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-018-0708-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The serotonin neurotransmitter (5-HT) and its receptors have important roles in neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to investigate the functional sequences of the 5' regulation region of the human HTR1A gene to explore the effects on the expression of the 5-HT1A receptor. METHODS Fourteen recombinant pGL3-basic vectors containing deletion fragments of the HTR1A gene regulatory region were transfected with HEK-293 and SK-N-SH cells. The relative chemiluminescence intensities of different length fragments were analyzed. The JASPAR software was used for the prediction of transcription factors. RESULTS In the HEK-293 cells, the relative chemiluminescence intensity of the - 1649 bp to - 1550 bp (ATG + 1) fragment was significantly different. Two inhibitory activity regions were found in the - 1409 bp to - 1381 bp and - 1196 bp to - 1124 bp fragments, which might be bound to the GATA or SOX10 transcription factors as predicted by the JASPAR software. In addition, the fragments located from - 1124 bp to - 1064 bp and from - 908 bp to - 722 bp up-regulated protein expression. Only the sequence from - 1550 bp to - 1409 bp demonstrated a difference in luciferase expression in the both cell lines. According to the results of the 5'-UTR truncated vectors, there was a repression region at the distal end of the 5'-UTR, an enhancer region might be present at the proximal end of the transcription start site. CONCLUSIONS Although the functional sequences of the HTR1A gene regulatory region were confirmed, the regulatory factors and functional components require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wu
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Feng-Ling Xu
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Mei Ding
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Jing-Jing Zhang
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Jun Yao
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, 110122, China.
| | - Bao-Jie Wang
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, 110122, China.
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