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Carstens G, Verbeek MM, Rohlwink UK, Figaji AA, te Brake L, van Laarhoven A. Metabolite transport across central nervous system barriers. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2024; 44:1063-1077. [PMID: 38546534 PMCID: PMC11179608 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x241241908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Metabolomic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is used to improve diagnostics and pathophysiological understanding of neurological diseases. Alterations in CSF metabolite levels can partly be attributed to changes in brain metabolism, but relevant transport processes influencing CSF metabolite concentrations should be considered. The entry of molecules including metabolites into the central nervous system (CNS), is tightly controlled by the blood-brain, blood-CSF, and blood-spinal cord barriers, where aquaporins and membrane-bound carrier proteins regulate influx and efflux via passive and active transport processes. This report therefore provides reference for future CSF metabolomic work, by providing a detailed summary of the current knowledge on the location and function of the involved transporters and routing of metabolites from blood to CSF and from CSF to blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesa Carstens
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center of Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Marcel M Verbeek
- Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Ursula K Rohlwink
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anthony A Figaji
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lindsey te Brake
- Department of Pharmacy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan van Laarhoven
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center of Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Ueno M, Chiba Y, Murakami R, Miyai Y, Matsumoto K, Wakamatsu K, Nakagawa T, Takebayashi G, Uemura N, Yanase K, Ogino Y. Transporters, Ion Channels, and Junctional Proteins in Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells. Biomedicines 2024; 12:708. [PMID: 38672064 PMCID: PMC11048166 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The choroid plexus (CP) plays significant roles in secreting cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and forming circadian rhythms. A monolayer of epithelial cells with tight and adherens junctions of CP forms the blood-CSF barrier to control the movement of substances between the blood and ventricles, as microvessels in the stroma of CP have fenestrations in endothelial cells. CP epithelial cells are equipped with several kinds of transporters and ion channels to transport nutrient substances and secrete CSF. In addition, junctional components also contribute to CSF production as well as blood-CSF barrier formation. However, it remains unclear how junctional components as well as transporters and ion channels contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. In this manuscript, recent findings regarding the distribution and significance of transporters, ion channels, and junctional proteins in CP epithelial cells are introduced, and how changes in expression of their epithelial proteins contribute to the pathophysiology of brain disorders are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Ueno
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (Y.C.); (R.M.); (Y.M.); (K.M.); (K.W.)
| | - Yoichi Chiba
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (Y.C.); (R.M.); (Y.M.); (K.M.); (K.W.)
| | - Ryuta Murakami
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (Y.C.); (R.M.); (Y.M.); (K.M.); (K.W.)
| | - Yumi Miyai
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (Y.C.); (R.M.); (Y.M.); (K.M.); (K.W.)
| | - Koichi Matsumoto
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (Y.C.); (R.M.); (Y.M.); (K.M.); (K.W.)
| | - Keiji Wakamatsu
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (Y.C.); (R.M.); (Y.M.); (K.M.); (K.W.)
| | - Toshitaka Nakagawa
- Division of Research Instrument and Equipment, Research Facility Center, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan;
| | - Genta Takebayashi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (G.T.); (N.U.); (K.Y.); (Y.O.)
| | - Naoya Uemura
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (G.T.); (N.U.); (K.Y.); (Y.O.)
| | - Ken Yanase
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (G.T.); (N.U.); (K.Y.); (Y.O.)
| | - Yuichi Ogino
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (G.T.); (N.U.); (K.Y.); (Y.O.)
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Higher Levels of Serum Uric Acid Have a Significant Association with Lower Incidence of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms in Healthy Korean Men. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12070649. [PMID: 35888773 PMCID: PMC9322789 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12070649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gout has been correlated with the risk of incident benign prostatic hyperplasia. In line with increasing prevalence of hyperuricemia, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between serum uric acid (SUA) level and the incidence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) among clinically healthy middle-aged men. We performed a cohort study in 101,091 Korean men without LUTS at baseline who completed health checkups between 2011 and 2016. LUTS were evaluated using the International Prostate Symptom Score, where a score ≥ 8 was defined as significant LUTS. Men were divided into six groups according to their SUA levels in mg/dL (<5.5, 5.5−6.4, 6.5−7.4, 7.5−8.4, 8.5−9.4, and ≥9.5). Throughout the follow-up—encompassing a total of 358,982.6 person years—13,424 people had significant LUTS (37.3 per 1000 person years for incidence rate). The multivariable models demonstrated that the highest level of SUA (≥9.5 mg/dL) was related to the lowest risk of significant LUTS compared with the reference category (<5.5 mg/dL) (0.77 (95% CI 0.59−0.99) for adjusted HR). In this large cohort composed of middle-aged men, higher SUA levels were related to a reduced risk of LUTS. This result suggests another potential role of SUA in restraining LUTS. Additional studies are needed to explain the underlying biological mechanisms of this phenomenological relationship.
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Metabolites and Biomarker Compounds of Neurodegenerative Diseases in Cerebrospinal Fluid. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12040343. [PMID: 35448530 PMCID: PMC9031591 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12040343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in diagnostic procedures for neurological disorders, it is still difficult to definitively diagnose some neurodegenerative diseases without neuropathological examination of autopsied brain tissue. As pathological processes in the brain are frequently reflected in the components of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), CSF samples are sometimes useful for diagnosis. After CSF is secreted from the choroid plexus epithelial cells in the ventricles, some flows in the brain, some is mixed with intracerebral interstitial fluid, and some is excreted through two major drainage pathways, i.e., the intravascular periarterial drainage pathway and the glymphatic system. Accordingly, substances produced by metabolic and pathological processes in the brain may be detectable in CSF. Many papers have reported changes in the concentration of substances in the CSF of patients with metabolic and neurological disorders, some of which can be useful biomarkers of the disorders. In this paper, we show the significance of glucose- and neurotransmitter-related CSF metabolites, considering their transporters in the choroid plexus; summarize the reported candidates of CSF biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases, including amyloid-β, tau, α-synuclein, microRNAs, and mitochondrial DNA; and evaluate their potential as efficient diagnostic tools.
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Deng S, Gan L, Liu C, Xu T, Zhou S, Guo Y, Zhang Z, Yang GY, Tian H, Tang Y. Roles of Ependymal Cells in the Physiology and Pathology of the Central Nervous System. Aging Dis 2022; 14:468-483. [PMID: 37008045 PMCID: PMC10017161 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.0826-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ependymal cells are indispensable components of the central nervous system (CNS). They originate from neuroepithelial cells of the neural plate and show heterogeneity, with at least three types that are localized in different locations of the CNS. As glial cells in the CNS, accumulating evidence demonstrates that ependymal cells play key roles in mammalian CNS development and normal physiological processes by controlling the production and flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), brain metabolism, and waste clearance. Ependymal cells have been attached to great importance by neuroscientists because of their potential to participate in CNS disease progression. Recent studies have demonstrated that ependymal cells participate in the development and progression of various neurological diseases, such as spinal cord injury and hydrocephalus, raising the possibility that they may serve as a potential therapeutic target for the disease. This review focuses on the function of ependymal cells in the developmental CNS as well as in the CNS after injury and discusses the underlying mechanisms of controlling the functions of ependymal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yaohui Tang
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Yaohui Tang, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. .
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Pacholko AG, Bekar LK. Lithium orotate: A superior option for lithium therapy? Brain Behav 2021; 11:e2262. [PMID: 34196467 PMCID: PMC8413749 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) poses a significant public health concern, with roughly one-quarter of sufferers attempting suicide. BD is characterized by manic and depressive mood cycles, the recurrence of which can be effectively curtailed through lithium therapy. Unfortunately, the most frequently employed lithium salt, lithium carbonate (Li2 CO3 ), is associated with a host of adverse health outcomes following chronic use: these unwanted effects range from relatively minor inconveniences (e.g., polydipsia and polyuria) to potentially major complications (e.g., hypothyroidism and/or renal impairment). As these undesirable effects can limit patient compliance, an alternative lithium compound with a lesser toxicity profile would dramatically improve treatment efficacy and outcomes. Lithium orotate (LiC5 H3 N2 O4 ; henceforth referred to as LiOr), a compound largely abandoned since the late 1970s, may represent such an alternative. LiOr is proposed to cross the blood-brain barrier and enter cells more readily than Li2 CO3 , which will theoretically allow for reduced dosage requirements and ameliorated toxicity concerns. This review addresses the controversial history of LiOr, complete with discussions of experimental and clinical efficacy, putative mechanisms of action, adverse effects, and its potential future in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony G Pacholko
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Lane K Bekar
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Abstract
Uric acid, the end product of purine metabolism, plays a key role in the pathogenesis of gout and other disease processes. The circulating serum uric acid concentration is governed by the relative balance of hepatic production, intestinal secretion, and renal tubular reabsorption and secretion. An elegant synergy between genome-wide association studies and transport physiology has led to the identification and characterization of the major transporters involved with urate reabsorption and secretion, in both kidney and intestine. This development, combined with continued analysis of population-level genetic data, has yielded an increasingly refined mechanistic understanding of uric acid homeostasis as well as greater understanding of the genetic and acquired influences on serum uric acid concentration. The continued delineation of novel and established regulatory pathways that regulate uric acid homeostasis promises to lead to a more complete understanding of uric acid-associated diseases and to identify new targets for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Asim K Mandal
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - David B Mount
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Renal Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
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Chiba Y, Murakami R, Matsumoto K, Wakamatsu K, Nonaka W, Uemura N, Yanase K, Kamada M, Ueno M. Glucose, Fructose, and Urate Transporters in the Choroid Plexus Epithelium. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7230. [PMID: 33008107 PMCID: PMC7582461 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The choroid plexus plays a central role in the regulation of the microenvironment of the central nervous system by secreting the majority of the cerebrospinal fluid and controlling its composition, despite that it only represents approximately 1% of the total brain weight. In addition to a variety of transporter and channel proteins for solutes and water, the choroid plexus epithelial cells are equipped with glucose, fructose, and urate transporters that are used as energy sources or antioxidative neuroprotective substrates. This review focuses on the recent advances in the understanding of the transporters of the SLC2A and SLC5A families (GLUT1, SGLT2, GLUT5, GLUT8, and GLUT9), as well as on the urate-transporting URAT1 and BCRP/ABCG2, which are expressed in choroid plexus epithelial cells. The glucose, fructose, and urate transporters repertoire in the choroid plexus epithelium share similar features with the renal proximal tubular epithelium, although some of these transporters exhibit inversely polarized submembrane localization. Since choroid plexus epithelial cells have high energy demands for proper functioning, a decline in the expression and function of these transporters can contribute to the process of age-associated brain impairment and pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Chiba
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (Y.C.); (R.M.); (K.M.); (K.W.)
| | - Ryuta Murakami
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (Y.C.); (R.M.); (K.M.); (K.W.)
| | - Koichi Matsumoto
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (Y.C.); (R.M.); (K.M.); (K.W.)
| | - Keiji Wakamatsu
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (Y.C.); (R.M.); (K.M.); (K.W.)
| | - Wakako Nonaka
- Department of Supportive and Promotive Medicine of the Municipal Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan;
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Naoya Uemura
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (N.U.); (K.Y.)
| | - Ken Yanase
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (N.U.); (K.Y.)
| | - Masaki Kamada
- Department of Neurological Intractable Disease Research, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan;
| | - Masaki Ueno
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (Y.C.); (R.M.); (K.M.); (K.W.)
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Investigation of the Effects and Mechanisms of Dendrobium loddigesii Rolfe Extract on the Treatment of Gout. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:4367347. [PMID: 33062010 PMCID: PMC7547349 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4367347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective Gout is a chronic disease that causes inflammatory arthritis, which is closely related to urate accumulation induced by a disorder of uric acid metabolism and the consequent deposition of monosodium urate crystals. Dendrobium loddigesii Rolfe is an herbal medicine that has been used in some traditional Chinese medicine formulae in the treatment of gout. This study aimed to explore and verify the antigout activity of Dendrobium loddigesii extract (DLE) on alleviating the hyperuricaemia of mice and the acute gouty arthritis of rats. Methods An animal model of hyperuricaemia was established using potassium oxonate (PO). We analysed the expression of uric acid transporter mRNA in the kidney in the hyperuricaemic mice after treatment with DLE. Simultaneously, a monosodium urate crystal-induced acute gouty arthritis rat model was used to evaluate the effects of DLE, according to the level of ankle swelling, as well as the protein levels of inflammatory receptors and cytokines, as assayed by WB and ELISA. Results DLE alleviated hyperuricaemia in mice and inhibited acute gouty arthritis in rats (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, DLE regulated the levels of uric acid transporters mRNA transcripts, including mouse organic anion transporter 1 (mOAT1), organic anion transporter 3 (mOAT3), urate transporter 1 (mURAT1), and glucose transporter 9 (mGLUT9) in the kidney (P < 0.05), suggesting that DLE promoted uric acid metabolism. Furthermore, DLE significantly suppressed the protein levels of TLRs, MyD88, and NF-κB in the ankle joint's synovium (P < 0.05), and the serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were also reduced, which demonstrated the anti-inflammatory effects of DLE. Conclusion DLE alleviates hyperuricaemia by regulating the transcription level of uric acid transporters in the kidney. It also inhibits acute gouty arthritis by inhibiting the pathway of TLRs/MyD88/NF-κB in the ankle joint's synovium. The findings of the present study imply that DLE alleviates gout by promoting uric acid metabolism and inhibiting inflammation related to the TLRs/MyD88/NF-κB pathway.
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Chiba Y, Sugiyama Y, Nishi N, Nonaka W, Murakami R, Ueno M. Sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 is expressed in choroid plexus epithelial cells and ependymal cells in human and mouse brains. Neuropathology 2020; 40:482-491. [PMID: 32488949 PMCID: PMC7587001 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is now recognized as one of the risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD), and the disease‐modifying effects of anti‐diabetic drugs on AD have recently been attracting great attention. Sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a new class of anti‐diabetic drugs targeting the SGLT2/solute carrier family 5 member 2 (SLC5A2) protein, which is known to localize exclusively in the brush border membrane of early proximal tubules in the kidney. However, recent data suggest that it is also expressed in other tissues. In the present study, we investigated the expression of SGLT2/SLC5A2 in human and mouse brains. Immunohistochemical staining of paraffin sections from autopsied human brains and C3H/He mouse brains revealed granular cytoplasmic immunoreactivity in choroid plexus epithelial cells and ependymal cells. Immunoblot analysis of the membrane fraction of mouse choroid plexus showed distinct immunoreactive bands at 70 and 26 kDa. Band patterns around 70 kDa in the membrane fraction of the choroid plexus were different from those in the kidney. Reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction analysis confirmed the expression of Slc5a2 mRNA in the mouse choroid plexus. Our results provide in vivo evidence that SGLT2/SLC5A2 is expressed in cells facing the cerebrospinal fluid, in addition to early proximal tubular epithelial cells. These findings suggest that SGLT2 inhibitors may have another site of action in the brain. The effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on brain function and AD progression merit further investigation to develop better treatment options for DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Chiba
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | | | - Nozomu Nishi
- Life Science Research Center, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Wakako Nonaka
- Department of Supportive and Promotive Medicine of the Municipal Hospital, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Ryuta Murakami
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Masaki Ueno
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
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Gong M, Wen S, Nguyen T, Wang C, Jin J, Zhou L. Converging Relationships of Obesity and Hyperuricemia with Special Reference to Metabolic Disorders and Plausible Therapeutic Implications. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:943-962. [PMID: 32280253 PMCID: PMC7125338 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s232377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and hyperuricemia mutually influence metabolic syndrome. This study discusses the metabolic relationships between obesity and hyperuricemia in terms of pathophysiology, complications, and treatments. METHODS We searched for preclinical or clinical studies on the pathophysiology, complications, and therapy of obesity and hyperuricemia on the PubMed database. RESULTS In this systemic review, we summarized our searching results on topics of pathophysiology, complications and therapeutic strategy. In pathophysiology, we firstly introduce genetic variations for obesity, hyperuricemia and their relationships by genetic studies. Secondly, we talk about the epigenetic influences on obesity and hyperuricemia. Thirdly, we describe the central metabolic regulation and the role of hyperuricemia. Then, we refer to the character of adipose tissue inflammation and oxidative stress in the obesity and hyperuricemia. In the last part of this topic, we reviewed the critical links of gut microbiota in the obesity and hyperuricemia. In the following part, we review the pathophysiology of major complications in obesity and hyperuricemia including insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular diseases, and cancers. Finally, we recapitulate the therapeutic strategies especially the novel pharmaceutic interventions for obesity and hyperuricemia, which concurrently show the mutual metabolic influences between two diseases. CONCLUSION The data reviewed here delineate the metabolic relationships between obesity and hyperuricemia, and provide a comprehensive overview of the therapeutic targets for the management of metabolic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gong
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai201399, People’s Republic of China
| | - Song Wen
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai201399, People’s Republic of China
| | - Thiquynhnga Nguyen
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai201399, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chaoxun Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai201399, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianlan Jin
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai201399, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ligang Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai201399, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Ligang Zhou Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai201399, ChinaTel +8613611927616 Email
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