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Shen K, Shi Y, Wang X, Leung SW. Cellular Components of the Blood-Brain Barrier and Their Involvement in Aging-Associated Cognitive Impairment. Aging Dis 2024:AD.202.0424. [PMID: 39122454 DOI: 10.14336/ad.202.0424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Human life expectancy has been significantly extended, which poses major challenges to our healthcare and social systems. Aging-associated cognitive impairment is attributed to endothelial dysfunction in the cardiovascular system and neurological dysfunction in the central nervous system. The central nervous system is considered an immune-privileged tissue due to the exquisite protection provided by the blood-brain barrier. The present review provides an overview of the structure and function of blood-brain barrier, extending the cell components of blood-brain barrier from endothelial cells and pericytes to astrocytes, perivascular macrophages and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. In particular, the pathological changes in the blood-brain barrier in aging, with special focus on the underlying mechanisms and molecular changes, are presented. Furthermore, the potential preventive/therapeutic strategies against aging-associated blood-brain barrier disruption are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyuan Shen
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Institute of Clinical Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Susan Ws Leung
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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2
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Floryanzia S, Lee S, Nance E. Isolation methods and characterization of primary rat neurovascular cells. J Biol Eng 2024; 18:39. [PMID: 38992711 PMCID: PMC11241874 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-024-00434-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is significant interest in isolating cells of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) for use in in vitro screening of therapeutics and analyzing cell specific roles in neurovascular pathology. Primary brain cells play an advantageous role in BBB models; however, isolation procedures often do not produce cells at high enough yields for experiments. In addition, although numerous reports provide primary cell isolation methods, the field is lacking in documentation and detail of expected morphological changes that occur throughout culturing and there are minimal troubleshooting resources. Here, we present simplified, robust, and reproducible methodology for isolating astrocytes, pericytes, and endothelial cells, and demonstrate several morphological benchmarks for each cell type throughout the process and culture timeframe. We also analyze common considerations for developing neurovascular cell isolation procedures and recommend solutions for troubleshooting. RESULTS The presented methodology isolated astrocytes, pericytes, and endothelial cells and enabled cell attachment, maturation, and cell viability. We characterized milestones in cell maturation over 12 days in culture, a common timeline for applications of these cell types in BBB models. Phase contrast microscopy was used to show initial cell plating, attachment, and daily growth of isolated cells. Confocal microscopy images were analyzed to determine the identity of cell types and changes to cell morphology. Nuclear staining was also used to show the viability and proliferation of glial cells at four time points. Astrocyte branches became numerous and complex with increased culture time. Microglia, oligodendrocytes, and neurons were present in mixed glial cultures for 12 days, though the percentage of microglia and neurons expectedly decreased after passaging, with microglia demonstrating a less branched morphology. CONCLUSIONS Neurovascular cells can be isolated through our optimized protocols that minimize cell loss and encourage the adhesion and proliferation of isolated cells. By identifying timepoints of viable glia and neurons within an astrocyte-dominant mixed culture, these cells can be used to evaluate drug targeting, uptake studies, and response to pathological stimulus in the neurovascular unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Floryanzia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Seoyoung Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Elizabeth Nance
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
- Department of Molecular Engineering and Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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3
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Kang M, Yao Y. Oligodendrocyte-derived laminin-γ1 regulates the blood-brain barrier and CNS myelination in mice. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114123. [PMID: 38635399 PMCID: PMC11154164 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Although oligodendrocytes (OLs) synthesize laminin-γ1, the most widely used γ subunit, its functional significance in the CNS remains unknown. To answer this important question, we generated a conditional knockout mouse line with laminin-γ1 deficiency in OL lineage cells (γ1-OKO). γ1-OKO mice exhibit weakness/paralysis and die by post-natal day 33. Additionally, they develop blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption in the cortex and striatum. Subsequent studies reveal decreased major facilitator superfamily domain containing 2a expression and increased endothelial caveolae vesicles, but unaltered tight junction protein expression and tight junction ultrastructure, indicating a transcellular, rather than a paracellular, mechanism of BBB breakdown. Furthermore, significantly reduced OL lineage cells, OL precursor cells (OPCs), proliferating OPCs, and mature OLs are observed in γ1-OKO brains in a region-specific manner. Consistent with this finding, various defects in myelination are detected in γ1-OKO brains at biochemical and ultrastructural levels. Overall, these results highlight important roles of OL-derived laminin-γ1 in BBB maintenance and OL biology (proliferation, differentiation, and myelination).
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyung Kang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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Tian M, Zhan Y, Cao J, Gao J, Sun J, Zhang L. Targeting blood-brain barrier for sepsis-associated encephalopathy: Regulation of immune cells and ncRNAs. Brain Res Bull 2024; 209:110922. [PMID: 38458135 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.110922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Sepsis causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide, most surviving patients show acute or chronic mental disorders, which are known as sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE). SAE involves many pathological processes, including the blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage. The BBB is located at the interface between the central nervous system and the surrounding environment, which protects the central nervous system (CNS) from the invasion of exogenous molecules, harmful substances or microorganisms in the blood. Recently, a growing number of studies have indicated that the BBB destruction was involved in SAE and played an important role in SAE-induced brain injury. In the present review, we firstly reveal the pathological processes of SAE such as the neurotransmitter disorders, oxidative stress, immune dysfunction and BBB destruction. Moreover, we introduce the structure of BBB, and describe the immune cells including microglia and astrocytes that participate in the BBB destruction after SAE. Furthermore, in view of the current research on non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), we explain the regulatory mechanism of ncRNAs including long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) on BBB in the processes of SAE. Finally, we propose some challenges and perspectives of regulating BBB functions in SAE. Hence, on the basis of these effects, both immune cells and ncRNAs may be developed as therapeutic targets to protect BBB for SAE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yunliang Zhan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jinyuan Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jinqi Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Wang Y, Liu W, Geng P, Du W, Guo C, Wang Q, Zheng GQ, Jin X. Role of Crosstalk between Glial Cells and Immune Cells in Blood-Brain Barrier Damage and Protection after Acute Ischemic Stroke. Aging Dis 2023:AD.2023.1010. [PMID: 37962453 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.1010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage is the main pathological basis for acute ischemic stroke (AIS)-induced cerebral vasogenic edema and hemorrhagic transformation (HT). Glial cells, including microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs)/oligodendrocytes (OLs) play critical roles in BBB damage and protection. Recent evidence indicates that immune cells also have an important role in BBB damage, vasogenic edema and HT. Therefore, regulating the crosstalk between glial cells and immune cells would hold the promise to alleviate AIS-induced BBB damage. In this review, we first introduce the roles of glia cells, pericytes, and crosstalk between glial cells in the damage and protection of BBB after AIS, emphasizing the polarization, inflammatory response and crosstalk between microglia, astrocytes, and other glia cells. We then describe the role of glial cell-derived exosomes in the damage and protection of BBB after AIS. Next, we specifically discuss the crosstalk between glial cells and immune cells after AIS. Finally, we propose that glial cells could be a potential target for alleviating BBB damage after AIS and we discuss some molecular targets and potential strategies to alleviate BBB damage by regulating glial cells after AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Wencao Liu
- Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Panpan Geng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Weihong Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Chun Guo
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK
| | - Qian Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinchun Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
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Hu J, Ji Y, Lang X, Zhang XY. Prevalence and clinical correlates of abnormal lipid metabolism in first-episode and drug-naïve patients with major depressive disorder: A large-scale cross-sectional study. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 163:55-62. [PMID: 37201238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies have shown an association between abnormal lipid profiles and MDD, but there are few studies on the clinical correlates of lipid abnormalities in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of abnormal lipid metabolism and its correlates in Chinese first-episode and drug-naïve MDD patients, which has not yet been reported. METHODS A total of 1718 outpatients with first-episode and drug-naïve MDD were included. Demographic data were collected by a standardized questionnaire and blood lipid levels were measured, including total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein (HDL-C). The Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD), Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA), Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) positive subscale, and Clinical Global Impression of Severity Scale (CGI-S) were assessed for each patient. RESULTS The prevalence of abnormal lipid metabolism was 72.73% (1301/1718), and the rates of high TC, high TG, high LDL-C and low HDL-C were 51.05% (877/1718), 61.18% (1051/1718), 30.09% (517/1718), 23.40% (402/1718), respectively. Logistic regression showed the risk factors for abnormal lipid metabolism were severe anxiety, HAMD score, CGI-S score, BMI and systolic blood pressure (SBP). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that age at onset, SBP, HAMD score, HAMA score, PANSS positive subscale score, and CGI-S were independently associated with TC levels. BMI, HAMD score, PANSS positive subscale score and CGI-S score were independently associated with TG levels. SBP, HAMD score, PANSS positive subscale score and CGI-S score were independently associated with LDL-C levels. Age of onset, SBP and CGI-S score were independently associated with HDL-C levels. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of abnormal lipid metabolism in first-episode and drug-naïve MDD patients is quite high. The severity of psychiatric symptoms may be closely associated with the presence of abnormal lipid metabolism in patients with MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieqiong Hu
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunxin Ji
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - XiaoE Lang
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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7
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Gao L, Pan X, Zhang JH, Xia Y. Glial cells: an important switch for the vascular function of the central nervous system. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1166770. [PMID: 37206667 PMCID: PMC10188976 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1166770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we first describe the current understanding of glial-mediated vascular function affecting the role of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in central nervous system (CNS) disorders. BBB, mainly composed of glial and endothelial cells (ECs), is the protective structure that orchestrates the transport of substances, including ions, molecules, and cells from brain vessels into or out of the CNS. Then, we display the multiple communication between glial and vascular function based on angiogenesis, vascular wrapping, and blood perfusion in the brain. Glial can support microvascular ECs to form a blood network connecting to neurons. Astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes are the common types of glial surrounding the brain vessel. Glial-vessel interaction is required for the permeability and integrity of BBB. Glial cells surrounding the cerebral blood vessels can transmit communication signals to ECs and regulate the activity of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or Wnt-dependent endothelial angiogenesis mechanism. In addition, these glial cells monitor the blood flow in the brain via Ca2+/K+-dependent pathways. Finally, we provide a potential research direction for the glial-vessel axis in CNS disorders. Microglial activation can trigger astrocyte activation, which suggests that microglia-astrocyte interaction may play a key role in monitoring cerebral blood flow. Thus, microglia-astrocyte interaction can be the key point of follow-up studies focusing on the microglia-blood mechanism. More investigations focus on the mechanism of how oligodendrocyte progenitor cells communicate and interact with ECs. The direct role of oligodendrocytes in modulating vascular function needs to be explored in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Haikou, China
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Xuezhen Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Haikou, China
| | - John H. Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Ying Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Haikou, China
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8
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Al-Hakeim HK, Al-Naqeeb TH, Almulla AF, Maes M. The physio-affective phenome of major depression is strongly associated with biomarkers of astroglial and neuronal projection toxicity which in turn are associated with peripheral inflammation, insulin resistance and lowered calcium. J Affect Disord 2023; 331:300-312. [PMID: 36996718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by elevated activity of peripheral neuro-immune and neuro-oxidative pathways, which may cause neuro-affective toxicity by disrupting neuronal circuits in the brain. No study has explored peripheral indicators of neuroaxis damage in MDD in relation to serum inflammatory and insulin resistance (IR) biomarkers, calcium, and the physio-affective phenome consisting of depressive, anxious, chronic fatigue, and physiosomatic symptoms. METHODS Serum levels of phosphorylated tau protein 217 (P-tau217), platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFR), neurofilament light chain (NF-L), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), C-reactive protein (CRP), calcium and the HOMA2-insulin resistance (IR) index were measured in 94 MDD patients and 47 controls. RESULTS 61.1 % of the variance in the physio-affective phenome (conceptualized as a factor extracted from depression, anxiety, fatigue and physiosomatic symptoms) is explained by the regression on GFAP, NF-L, P-tau2017, PDGFRβ and HOMA2-IR (all positively associated), and decreased calcium. In addition, CRP and HOMA2-IR predicted 28.9 % of the variance in the neuroaxis index. We observed significant indirect effects of CRP and calcium on the physio-affective phenome which were partly mediated by the four neuroaxis biomarkers. Annotation and enrichment analysis revealed that the enlarged GFAP, P-tau217, PDGFR, and NF-L network was enriched in glial cell and neuronal projections, the cytoskeleton and axonal transport, including a mitochondrion. CONCLUSIONS Peripheral inflammation and IR may damage the astroglial and neuronal projections thereby interfering with mitochondrial transport. This neurotoxicity, combined with inflammation, IR and lowered calcium, may, at least in part, induce the phenome of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Abbas F Almulla
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria; School of Medicine, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia; Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea.
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Hu X, Geng P, Zhao X, Wang Q, Liu C, Guo C, Dong W, Jin X. The NG2-glia is a potential target to maintain the integrity of neurovascular unit after acute ischemic stroke. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 180:106076. [PMID: 36921779 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU) plays a critical role in health and disease. In the current review, we discuss the critical role of a class of neural/glial antigen 2 (NG2)-expressing glial cells (NG2-glia) in regulating NVU after acute ischemic stroke (AIS). We first introduce the role of NG2-glia in the formation of NVU during development as well as aging-induced damage to NVU and accompanying NG2-glia change. We then discuss the reciprocal interactions between NG2-glia and the other component cells of NVU, emphasizing the factors that could influence NG2-glia. Damage to the NVU integrity is the pathological basis of edema and hemorrhagic transformation, the most dreaded complication after AIS. The role of NG2-glia in AIS-induced NVU damage and the effect of NG2-glia transplantation on AIS-induced NVU damage are summarized. We next discuss the role of NG2-glia and the effect of NG2-glia transplantation in oligodendrogenesis and white matter repair as well as angiogenesis which is associated with the outcome of the patients after AIS. Finally, we review the current strategies to promote NG2-glia proliferation and differentiation and propose to use the dental pulp stem cells (DPSC)-derived exosome as a promising strategy to reduce AIS-induced injury and promote repair through maintaining the integrity of NVU by regulating endogenous NG2-glia proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Panpan Geng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Changqing Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chun Guo
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK
| | - Wen Dong
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Xinchun Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China.
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10
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He Y, Li Z, Shi X, Ding J, Wang X. Roles of NG2 Glia in Cerebral Small Vessel Disease. Neurosci Bull 2023; 39:519-530. [PMID: 36401147 PMCID: PMC10043141 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00976-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is one of the most prevalent pathologic processes affecting 5% of people over 50 years of age and contributing to 45% of dementia cases. Increasing evidence has demonstrated the pathological roles of chronic hypoperfusion, impaired cerebral vascular reactivity, and leakage of the blood-brain barrier in CSVD. However, the pathogenesis of CSVD remains elusive thus far, and no radical treatment has been developed. NG2 glia, also known as oligodendrocyte precursor cells, are the fourth type of glial cell in addition to astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes in the mammalian central nervous system. Many novel functions for NG2 glia in physiological and pathological states have recently been revealed. In this review, we discuss the role of NG2 glia in CSVD and the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixi He
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhenghao Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, NMU, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xiaoyu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jing Ding
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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11
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Adams Y, Clausen AS, Jensen PØ, Lager M, Wilhelmsson P, Henningson AJ, Lindgren PE, Faurholt-Jepsen D, Mens H, Kraiczy P, Kragh KN, Bjarnsholt T, Kjaer A, Lebech AM, Jensen AR. 3D blood-brain barrier-organoids as a model for Lyme neuroborreliosis highlighting genospecies dependent organotropism. iScience 2023; 26:105838. [PMID: 36686395 PMCID: PMC9851883 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB), a tick-borne infection caused by spirochetes within the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.L.) complex, is among the most prevalent bacterial central nervous system (CNS) infections in Europe and the US. Here we have screened a panel of low-passage B. burgdorferi s.l. isolates using a novel, human-derived 3D blood-brain barrier (BBB)-organoid model. We show that human-derived BBB-organoids support the entry of Borrelia spirochetes, leading to swelling of the organoids and a loss of their structural integrity. The use of the BBB-organoid model highlights the organotropism between B. burgdorferi s.l. genospecies and their ability to cross the BBB contributing to CNS infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Adams
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Maersk Tower, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Anne Skovsbo Clausen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine & Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Østrup Jensen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Malin Lager
- National Reference Laboratory for Borrelia and Other Tick-Borne Bacteria, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Laboratory Medicine, Region Jönköping County and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Peter Wilhelmsson
- National Reference Laboratory for Borrelia and Other Tick-Borne Bacteria, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Laboratory Medicine, Region Jönköping County and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Division of Inflammation and Infection, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anna J. Henningson
- National Reference Laboratory for Borrelia and Other Tick-Borne Bacteria, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Laboratory Medicine, Region Jönköping County and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Division of Inflammation and Infection, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Per-Eric Lindgren
- National Reference Laboratory for Borrelia and Other Tick-Borne Bacteria, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Laboratory Medicine, Region Jönköping County and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Division of Inflammation and Infection, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Daniel Faurholt-Jepsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helene Mens
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Kraiczy
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kasper Nørskov Kragh
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Bjarnsholt
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Kjaer
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine & Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne-Mette Lebech
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anja R. Jensen
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Maersk Tower, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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12
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Schreiner TG, Creangă-Murariu I, Tamba BI, Lucanu N, Popescu BO. In Vitro Modeling of the Blood–Brain Barrier for the Study of Physiological Conditions and Alzheimer’s Disease. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12081136. [PMID: 36009030 PMCID: PMC9405874 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is an essential structure for the maintenance of brain homeostasis. Alterations to the BBB are linked with a myriad of pathological conditions and play a significant role in the onset and evolution of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease. Thus, a deeper understanding of the BBB’s structure and function is mandatory for a better knowledge of neurodegenerative disorders and the development of effective therapies. Because studying the BBB in vivo imposes overwhelming difficulties, the in vitro approach remains the main possible way of research. With many in vitro BBB models having been developed over the last years, the main aim of this review is to systematically present the most relevant designs used in neurological research. In the first part of the article, the physiological and structural–functional parameters of the human BBB are detailed. Subsequently, available BBB models are presented in a comparative approach, highlighting their advantages and limitations. Finally, the new perspectives related to the study of Alzheimer’s disease with the help of novel devices that mimic the in vivo human BBB milieu gives the paper significant originality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gabriel Schreiner
- Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Neurology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Department of Electrical Measurements and Materials, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, 21-23 Professor Dimitrie Mangeron Blvd., 700050 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Ioana Creangă-Murariu
- Advanced Research and Development Center for Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Universitatii Str., No. 16, 700155 Iasi, Romania
| | - Bogdan Ionel Tamba
- Advanced Research and Development Center for Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Universitatii Str., No. 16, 700155 Iasi, Romania
| | - Nicolae Lucanu
- Department of Applied Electronics and Intelligent Systems, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, 21-23 Professor Dimitrie Mangeron Blvd., 700050 Iasi, Romania
| | - Bogdan Ovidiu Popescu
- Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Neurology Department, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Neurosciences and Experimental Myology, “Victor Babes” National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
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13
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Reciprocal Interactions between Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells and the Neurovascular Unit in Health and Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121954. [PMID: 35741083 PMCID: PMC9221698 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are mostly known for their capability to differentiate into oligodendrocytes and myelinate axons. However, they have been observed to frequently interact with cells of the neurovascular unit during development, homeostasis, and under pathological conditions. The functional consequences of these interactions are largely unclear, but are increasingly studied. Although OPCs appear to be a rather homogenous cell population in the central nervous system (CNS), they present with an enormous potential to adapt to their microenvironment. In this review, it is summarized what is known about the various roles of OPC-vascular interactions, and the circumstances under which they have been observed.
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14
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Aazmi A, Zhou H, Lv W, Yu M, Xu X, Yang H, Zhang YS, Ma L. Vascularizing the brain in vitro. iScience 2022; 25:104110. [PMID: 35378862 PMCID: PMC8976127 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is arguably the most fascinating and complex organ in the human body. Recreating the brain in vitro is an ambition restricted by our limited understanding of its structure and interacting elements. One of these interacting parts, the brain microvasculature, is distinguished by a highly selective barrier known as the blood-brain barrier (BBB), limiting the transport of substances between the blood and the nervous system. Numerous in vitro models have been used to mimic the BBB and constructed by implementing a variety of microfabrication and microfluidic techniques. However, currently available models still cannot accurately imitate the in vivo characteristics of BBB. In this article, we review recent BBB models by analyzing each parameter affecting the accuracy of these models. Furthermore, we propose an investigation of the synergy between BBB models and neuronal tissue biofabrication, which results in more advanced models, including neurovascular unit microfluidic models and vascularized brain organoid-based models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdellah Aazmi
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hongzhao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Weikang Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mengfei Yu
- The Affiliated Stomatologic Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xiaobin Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Huayong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Liang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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15
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Lee RX, Tang FR. Radiation-induced neuropathological changes in the oligodendrocyte lineage with relevant clinical manifestations and therapeutic strategies. Int J Radiat Biol 2022; 98:1519-1531. [PMID: 35311621 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2022.2055804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE With technological advancements in radiation therapy for tumors of the central nervous system (CNS), high doses of ionizing radiation can be delivered to the tumors with improved accuracy. Despite the reduction of ionizing radiation-induced toxicity to surrounding tissues of the CNS, a wide array of side effects still occurs, particularly late-delayed changes. These alterations, such as white matter damages and neurocognitive impairments, are often debilitative and untreatable, significantly affecting the quality of life of these patients, especially children. Oligodendrocytes, a major class of glial cells, have been identified to be one of the targets of radiation toxicity and are recognized be involved in late-delayed radiation-induced neuropathological changes. These cells are responsible for forming the myelin sheaths that surround and insulate axons within the CNS. Here, the effects of ionizing radiation on the oligodendrocyte lineage as well as the common clinical manifestations resulting from radiation-induced damage to oligodendrocytes will be discussed. Potential prophylactic and therapeutic strategies against radiation-induced oligodendrocyte damage will also be considered. CONCLUSION Oligodendrocytes and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) are radiosensitive cells of the CNS. Here, general responses of these cells to radiation exposure have been outlined. However, several findings have not been consistent across various studies. For instance, cognitive decline in irradiated animals was observed to be accompanied by obvious demyelination or white matter changes in several studies but not in others. Hence, further studies have to be conducted to elucidate the level of contribution of the oligodendrocyte lineage to the development of late-delayed effects of radiation exposure, as well as to classify the dose and brain region-specific responses of the oligodendrocyte lineage to radiation. Several potential therapeutic approaches against late-delayed changes have been discussed, such as the transplantation of OPCs into irradiated regions and implementation of exercise. Many of these approaches show promising results. Further elucidation of the mechanisms involved in radiation-induced death of oligodendrocytes and OPCs would certainly aid in the development of novel protective and therapeutic strategies against the late-delayed effects of radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xue Lee
- Radiation Physiology Laboratory, Singapore Nuclear Research and Safety Initiative, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Feng Ru Tang
- Radiation Physiology Laboratory, Singapore Nuclear Research and Safety Initiative, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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16
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Li X, Cai Y, Zhang Z, Zhou J. Glial and Vascular Cell Regulation of the Blood-Brain Barrier in Diabetes. Diabetes Metab J 2022; 46:222-238. [PMID: 35299293 PMCID: PMC8987684 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2021.0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As a structural barrier, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is located at the interface between the brain parenchyma and blood, and modulates communication between the brain and blood microenvironment to maintain homeostasis. The BBB is composed of endothelial cells, basement membrane, pericytes, and astrocytic end feet. BBB impairment is a distinguishing and pathogenic factor in diabetic encephalopathy. Diabetes causes leakage of the BBB through downregulation of tight junction proteins, resulting in impaired functioning of endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes, microglia, nerve/glial antigen 2-glia, and oligodendrocytes. However, the temporal regulation, mechanisms of molecular and signaling pathways, and consequences of BBB impairment in diabetes are not well understood. Consequently, the efficacy of therapies diabetes targeting BBB leakage still lags behind the requirements. This review summarizes the recent research on the effects of diabetes on BBB composition and the potential roles of glial and vascular cells as therapeutic targets for BBB disruption in diabetic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Li
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Cai
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zuo Zhang
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiyin Zhou
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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17
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Bharti V, Bhardwaj A, Elias DA, Metcalfe AWS, Kim JS. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Lipid Signatures in Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:847310. [PMID: 35599759 PMCID: PMC9120430 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.847310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research assessing lipid levels in individuals diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has yielded mixed results. This study aimed to employ meta-analytic techniques to characterize the relationship between the levels of lipid profiles and PTSD. METHODS We performed meta-analyses of studies comparing profiles and levels of lipids between PTSD patients and healthy individuals by searching Embase, Ovid Medline, Scopus, PsycINFO, and Cochrane databases for the studies until March 2021. Meta-analyses were performed using random-effects models with the restricted maximum-likelihood estimator to synthesize the effect size assessed by standardized mean difference (SMD) across studies. FINDINGS A total of 8,657 abstracts were identified, and 17 studies were included. Levels of total cholesterol (TC) (SMD = 0.57 95% CI, 0.27-0.87, p = 0.003), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (SMD = 0.48, 95% CI, 0.19-0.76, p = 0.004), and triglyceride (TG) (SMD = 0.46, 95% CI, 0.22-0.70, p = 0.001) were found to be higher, while levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (SMD = -0.47, -0.88 to -0.07, p = 0.026) were found to be lower in PTSD patients compared to healthy controls. Subgroup analysis showed that TG levels were higher in PTSD patients who were on or off of psychotropic medications, both < 40 and ≥ 40 years of age, and having body mass index of < 30 and ≥ 30 compared to healthy controls. INTERPRETATION This work suggested dysregulation of lipids in PTSD that may serve as biomarker to predict the risk. The study will be useful for physicians considering lipid profiles in PTSD patients to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veni Bharti
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Health and Environments Research Centre (HERC) Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Aseem Bhardwaj
- Health and Environments Research Centre (HERC) Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - David A Elias
- Canadian Health Solutions Inc., Saint John, NB, Canada.,Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Arron W S Metcalfe
- Canadian Health Solutions Inc., Saint John, NB, Canada.,Canadian Imaging Research Centre, Saint John, NB, Canada
| | - Jong Sung Kim
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Health and Environments Research Centre (HERC) Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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18
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Platelet-derived growth factor-BB and white matter hyperintensity burden in APOE4 carriers. CEREBRAL CIRCULATION - COGNITION AND BEHAVIOR 2022; 3. [PMID: 35844252 PMCID: PMC9286493 DOI: 10.1016/j.cccb.2022.100131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background The apolipoprotein-e4 (APOE4) gene increases risk for developing late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) and has been linked to increased microvascular dysfunction, including pericyte degeneration and blood-brain barrier breakdown. Platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) is a glycoprotein involved in blood-brain barrier and pericyte maintenance. Increased PDGF-BB levels have been reported in white matter in AD brain tissue. However, the association between circulating levels of PDGF-BB and cerebral white matter damage in older adults remains unknown. Methods Participants included community-dwelling older adults (age range 55–90 years, M = 73.1 years; SD = 7.5; 61.0% male) from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative who underwent venipuncture and blood plasma immunoassay for PDGF-BB, brain MRI scanning with T2-FLAIR for volumetric quantification of white matter hyperintensities (WMH) and APOE4 genotyping (N = 64). Linear regression analyses examined the relationship between plasma PDGF-BB levels and WMH volume, adjusting for age, sex, intracranial volume (ICV) and stratifying by APOE4 status. Results Greater levels of circulating PDGF-BB were related to greater WMH volume, even after accounting for age, sex, ICV and APOE4 carrier status (p = 0.040). Nineteen (29.2%) were APOE4 carriers. When stratified by APOE4 status, the relationship between PDGF-BB and WMH volume was only significant for APOE4 carriers (p = 0.007), but not non-carriers (p = 0.448), after adjusting for age, sex and ICV. Discussion These findings reveal a differential relationship between PDGF-BB and WMH volume for APOE4 carriers versus non-carriers. The APOE4 variant leads to accelerated cerebrovascular injury and cognitive decline. Elevated levels of PDGF-BB in carriers may suggest a role for pericytes and blood-brain barrier dysfunction in white matter damage, vascular cognitive impairment and AD. Additional studies will elucidate the role of PDGF ligands and receptors in these conditions.
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19
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Zhao M, Jiang XF, Zhang HQ, Sun JH, Pei H, Ma LN, Cao Y, Li H. Interactions between glial cells and the blood-brain barrier and their role in Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 72:101483. [PMID: 34610479 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is an irreversible neurodegenerative disorder characterized by senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, is the most common form of dementia worldwide. However, currently, there are no satisfying curative therapies for AD. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) acts as a selective physical barrier and plays protective roles in maintaining brain homeostasis. BBB dysfunction as an upstream or downstream event promotes the onset and progression of AD. Moreover, the pathogenesis of AD caused by BBB injury hasn't been well elucidated. Glial cells, BBB compartments and neurons form a minimal functional unit called the neurovascular unit (NVU). Emerging evidence suggests that glial cells are regulators in maintaining the BBB integrity and neuronal function. Illustrating the regulatory mechanism of glial cells in the BBB assists us in drawing a glial-vascular coupling diagram of AD, which may offer new insight into the pathogenesis of AD and early intervention strategies for AD. This review aims to summarize our current knowledge of glial-BBB interactions and their pathological implications in AD and to provide new therapeutic potentials for future investigations.
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20
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Takata F, Nakagawa S, Matsumoto J, Dohgu S. Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction Amplifies the Development of Neuroinflammation: Understanding of Cellular Events in Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells for Prevention and Treatment of BBB Dysfunction. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:661838. [PMID: 34588955 PMCID: PMC8475767 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.661838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is involved in the onset or progression of various neurodegenerative diseases. Initiation of neuroinflammation is triggered by endogenous substances (damage-associated molecular patterns) and/or exogenous pathogens. Activation of glial cells (microglia and astrocytes) is widely recognized as a hallmark of neuroinflammation and triggers the release of proinflammatory cytokines, leading to neurotoxicity and neuronal dysfunction. Another feature associated with neuroinflammatory diseases is impairment of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The BBB, which is composed of brain endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, maintains brain homeostasis and protects neurons. Impairment of this barrier allows trafficking of immune cells or plasma proteins into the brain parenchyma and subsequent inflammatory processes in the brain. Besides neurons, activated glial cells also affect BBB integrity. Therefore, BBB dysfunction can amplify neuroinflammation and act as a key process in the development of neuroinflammation. BBB integrity is determined by the integration of multiple signaling pathways within brain endothelial cells through intercellular communication between brain endothelial cells and brain perivascular cells (pericytes, astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes). For prevention of BBB disruption, both cellular components, such as signaling molecules in brain endothelial cells, and non-cellular components, such as inflammatory mediators released by perivascular cells, should be considered. Thus, understanding of intracellular signaling pathways that disrupt the BBB can provide novel treatments for neurological diseases associated with neuroinflammation. In this review, we discuss current knowledge regarding the underlying mechanisms involved in BBB impairment by inflammatory mediators released by perivascular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyuko Takata
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Nakagawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Junichi Matsumoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinya Dohgu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
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21
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Bharti V, Bhardwaj A, Hood K, Elias DA, Metcalfe AWS, Kim JS. A systematic review and meta-analysis of lipid metabolomic signatures of Major Depressive Disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 139:197-205. [PMID: 34087517 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this meta-analysis was to provide a comprehensive synthesis of the evidence examining biomarker signatures in MDD patients including lipids, lipid regulatory proteins (LRP), and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) as compared to healthy individuals. We performed meta-analyses and meta-regression of the studies comparing lipid, LRP, and PUFA levels between MDD patients and healthy individuals by searching Embase, Ovid Medline, Scopus, PsycINFO, PubMed, and Cochrane databases. Search was performed in these databases up to September 2019 and 29 studies were included. Levels of lipid parameter triglyceride (TG) (SMD 0.55, 95% CI 0.30-0.80, p < 0.0001) were higher while total cholesterol (TC) (SMD = -0.46, 95%CI -0.93 to -0.001, p = 0.04) and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) (SMD = -0.46, 95%CI -0.71 to -0.20, p = 0.02) were lower in MDD patients than controls. Subgroup analysis for age showed that the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were lower in ≥40-year age group (SMD = -0.38, 95%CI -0.70 to -0.06, p = 0.01) and levels of TC was lower in MDD patients in studies from Asian countries (SMD = -0.74, 95%CI -1.37 to -0.10, p = 0.02). TG levels were found to be high all subgroups in MDD patients than controls. A negative association between TC levels and use of lipid lowering medications and a positive association between smoking and LDL levels was found using meta-regression analysis. This study will be useful for physicians when considering the assessment of lipidand LRP profiles in MDD patients to reduce the cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veni Bharti
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Canada; Health and Environments Research Centre (HERC) Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Canada
| | - Aseem Bhardwaj
- Health and Environments Research Centre (HERC) Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Canada
| | - Kalli Hood
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Canada; Health and Environments Research Centre (HERC) Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Canada
| | - David A Elias
- Canadian Health Solutions, Canada; Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Dalhousie University, Canada
| | - Arron W S Metcalfe
- Canadian Health Solutions, Canada; Canadian Imaging Research Centre, Canada
| | - Jong Sung Kim
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Canada; Health and Environments Research Centre (HERC) Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Canada.
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22
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Ohashi K, Shibasaki K, Nakazawa H, Kunimasa R, Nagayasu K, Shirakawa H, Kaneko S. Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 3 Is Functionally Expressed in Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells and Is Upregulated in Ischemic Demyelinated Lesions. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:181-187. [PMID: 33518671 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b20-00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are glial cells that differentiate into oligodendrocytes and myelinate axons. The number of OPCs is reportedly increased in brain lesions in some demyelinating diseases and during ischemia; however, these cells also secrete cytokines and elicit both protective and deleterious effects in response to brain injury. The mechanism regulating the behaviors of OPCs in physiological and pathological conditions must be elucidated to control these cells and to treat demyelinating diseases. Here, we focused on transient receptor potential melastatin 3 (TRPM3), a Ca2+-permeable channel that is activated by the neurosteroid pregnenolone sulfate (PS) and body temperature. Trpm3+/Pdgfra+ OPCs were detected in the cerebral cortex (CTX) and corpus callosum (CC) of P4 and adult rats by in situ hybridization. Trpm3 expression was detected in primary cultured rat OPCs and was increased by treatment with tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). Application of PS (30-100 µM) increased the Ca2+ concentration in OPCs and this effect was inhibited by co-treatment with the TRP channel blocker Gd3+ (100 µM) or the TRPM3 inhibitor isosakuranetin (10 µM). Stimulation of TRPM3 with PS (50 µM) did not affect the differentiation or migration of OPCs. The number of Trpm3+ OPCs was markedly increased in demyelinated lesions in an endothelin-1 (ET-1)-induced ischemic rat model. In conclusion, TRPM3 is functionally expressed in OPCs in vivo and in vitro and is upregulated in inflammatory conditions such as ischemic insults and TNFα treatment, implying that TRPM3 is involved in the regulation of specific behaviors of OPCs in pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Ohashi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Koji Shibasaki
- Division of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of Human Health Science, University of Nagasaki
| | - Hayaki Nakazawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Ryotaro Kunimasa
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Kazuki Nagayasu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Hisashi Shirakawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Shuji Kaneko
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
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23
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Manukjan N, Ahmed Z, Fulton D, Blankesteijn WM, Foulquier S. A Systematic Review of WNT Signaling in Endothelial Cell Oligodendrocyte Interactions: Potential Relevance to Cerebral Small Vessel Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061545. [PMID: 32630426 PMCID: PMC7349551 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Key pathological features of cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD) include impairment of the blood brain barrier (BBB) and the progression of white matter lesions (WMLs) amongst other structural lesions, leading to the clinical manifestations of cSVD. The function of endothelial cells (ECs) is of major importance to maintain a proper BBB. ECs interact with several cell types to provide structural and functional support to the brain. Oligodendrocytes (OLs) myelinate axons in the central nervous system and are crucial in sustaining the integrity of white matter. The interplay between ECs and OLs and their precursor cells (OPCs) has received limited attention yet seems of relevance for the study of BBB dysfunction and white matter injury in cSVD. Emerging evidence shows a crosstalk between ECs and OPCs/OLs, mediated by signaling through the Wingless and Int-1 (WNT)/β-catenin pathway. As the latter is involved in EC function (e.g., angiogenesis) and oligodendrogenesis, we reviewed the role of WNT/β-catenin signaling for both cell types and performed a systematic search to identify studies describing a WNT-mediated interplay between ECs and OPCs/OLs. Dysregulation of this interaction may limit remyelination of WMLs and render the BBB leaky, thereby initiating a vicious neuroinflammatory cycle. A better understanding of the role of this signaling pathway in EC-OL crosstalk is essential in understanding cSVD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narek Manukjan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; or (W.M.B.)
- CARIM—School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Center+, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (Z.A.); (D.F.)
| | - Zubair Ahmed
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (Z.A.); (D.F.)
| | - Daniel Fulton
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (Z.A.); (D.F.)
| | - W. Matthijs Blankesteijn
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; or (W.M.B.)
- CARIM—School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Center+, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sébastien Foulquier
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; or (W.M.B.)
- CARIM—School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Center+, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, MHeNs—School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center+, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-43-3881409
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Astrocyte and Oligodendrocyte Cross-Talk in the Central Nervous System. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030600. [PMID: 32138223 PMCID: PMC7140446 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade knowledge of the role of astrocytes in central nervous system (CNS) neuroinflammatory diseases has changed dramatically. Rather than playing a merely passive role in response to damage it is clear that astrocytes actively maintain CNS homeostasis by influencing pH, ion and water balance, the plasticity of neurotransmitters and synapses, cerebral blood flow, and are important immune cells. During disease astrocytes become reactive and hypertrophic, a response that was long considered to be pathogenic. However, recent studies reveal that astrocytes also have a strong tissue regenerative role. Whilst most astrocyte research focuses on modulating neuronal function and synaptic transmission little is known about the cross-talk between astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, the myelinating cells of the CNS. This communication occurs via direct cell-cell contact as well as via secreted cytokines, chemokines, exosomes, and signalling molecules. Additionally, this cross-talk is important for glial development, triggering disease onset and progression, as well as stimulating regeneration and repair. Its critical role in homeostasis is most evident when this communication fails. Here, we review emerging evidence of astrocyte-oligodendrocyte communication in health and disease. Understanding the pathways involved in this cross-talk will reveal important insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of CNS diseases.
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25
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Abstract
Knowledge about the transport of active compounds across the blood-brain barrier is of essential importance for drug development. Systemically applied drugs for the central nervous system (CNS) must be able to cross the blood-brain barrier in order to reach their target sites, whereas drugs that are supposed to act in the periphery should not permeate the blood-brain barrier so that they do not trigger any adverse central adverse effects. A number of approaches have been pursued, and manifold in silico, in vitro, and in vivo animal models were developed in order to be able to make a better prediction for humans about the possible penetration of active substances into the CNS. In this particular case, however, in vitro models play a special role, since the data basis for in silico models is usually in need of improvement, and the predictive power of in vivo animal models has to be checked for possible species differences. The blood-brain barrier is a dynamic, highly selective barrier formed by brain capillary endothelial cells. One of its main tasks is the maintenance of homeostasis in the CNS. The function of the barrier is regulated by cells of the microenvironment and the shear stress mediated by the blood flow, which makes the model development most complex. In general, one could follow the credo "as easy as possible, as complex as necessary" for the usage of in vitro BBB models for drug development. In addition to the description of the classical cell culture models (transwell, hollow fiber) and guidance how to apply them, the latest developments (spheroids, microfluidic models) will be introduced in this chapter, as it is attempted to get more in vivo-like and to be applicable for high-throughput usage with these models. Moreover, details about the development of models based on stem cells derived from different sources with a special focus on human induced pluripotent stem cells are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winfried Neuhaus
- Competence Unit Molecular Diagnostics, Center Health and Bioresources, AIT - Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Vienna, Austria.
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