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Chen CW, Yeh WL, Charoensaensuk V, Lin C, Yang LY, Xie SY, Lane HY, Lin CH, Wang YW, Tsai CF, Lu DY. Ramelteon protects against social defeat stress-associated abnormal behaviors. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2024; 241:173794. [PMID: 38834160 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Psychological stress affects the neuroendocrine regulation, which modulates mental status and behaviors. Melatonin, a hormone synthesized primarily by the pineal gland, regulates many brain functions, including circadian rhythms, pain, sleep, and mood. Selective pharmacological melatonin agonist ramelteon has been clinically used to treat mood and sleep disorders. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric condition associated with severe trauma; it is generally triggered by traumatic events, which lead to severe anxiety and uncontrollable trauma recall. We recently reported that repeated social defeat stress (RSDS) may induce robust anxiety-like behaviors and social avoidance in mice. In the present study, we investigated whether melatonin receptor activation by melatonin and ramelteon regulates RSDS-induced behavioral changes. Melatonin treatment improved social avoidance and anxiety-like behaviors in RSDS mice. Moreover, treatment of the non-selective MT1/MT2 receptor agonist, ramelteon, markedly ameliorated RSDS-induced social avoidance and anxiety-like behaviors. Moreover, activating melatonin receptors also balanced the expression of monoamine oxidases, glucocorticoid receptors, and endogenous antioxidants in the hippocampus. Taken together, our findings indicate that the activation of both melatonin and ramelteon regulates RSDS-induced anxiety-like behaviors and PTSD symptoms. The current study also showed that the regulatory effects of neuroendocrine mechanisms and cognitive behaviors on melatonin receptor activation in repeated social defeat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Wei Chen
- Institute of Translational Medicine and New Drug Development, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lan Yeh
- Institute of Translational Medicine and New Drug Development, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Vichuda Charoensaensuk
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chingju Lin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Yo Yang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yun Xie
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Yuan Lane
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Hsin Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Wang
- Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Technology, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Fang Tsai
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Dah-Yuu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Mohammed RA, Sayed RH, El-Sahar AE, Khattab MA, Saad MA. Insights into the role of pERK1/2 signaling in post-cerebral ischemia reperfusion sexual dysfunction in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 933:175258. [PMID: 36096157 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of ERK1/2 inhibition on both the amygdala and hippocampal structures, and to investigate its role in regulating memory for sexual information. This study utilized a cerebral ischemia reperfusion (IR) model to produce a stressful brain condition that highlights the possible involvement of a hippocampal GC/pERK1/2/BDNF pathway in the resulting sexual consequences of this ailment. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: (1) sham; (2) IR: subjected to 45 min of ischemia followed by 48 h of reperfusion; (3) PD98059: received PD98059 at 0.3 mg/kg, i.p.; (4) IR + PD98059. This study provides new evidence for cerebral IR-induced amygdala injury and the sexual impairments that are associated with motor and cognitive deficits in rats. These findings were correlated with histopathological changes that are defined by extensive neuronal loss in both the hippocampus and the amygdala. The current study postulated that the ERK inhibitor PD98059 could reverse IR-induced injury in the amygdala as well as reversing IR-induced sexual impairments. This hypothesis is supported by the ability of PD98059 to: (1) restore luteinizing hormone and testosterone levels; (2) increase sexual arousal and copulatory performance (as evidenced by modulating mount, intromission, ejaculation latencies, and post-ejaculatory intervals); (3) improve the histological profile in the amygdala that is associated with reduced glutamate levels, c-Fos expression, and elevated gamma aminobutyric acid levels. In conclusion, the present findings introduce pERK1/2 inhibition as a possible strategy for enhancing sexual activity in survivors of IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reham A Mohammed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rabab H Sayed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Ayman E El-Sahar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Khattab
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Muhammed A Saad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, 4184, United Arab Emirates
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Upregulation of Mineralocorticoid Receptor Contributes to Development of Salt-Sensitive Hypertension after Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147831. [PMID: 35887178 PMCID: PMC9324399 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) of rat kidneys is used as a model of acute kidney injury. Salt-sensitive hypertension occurs in rats after IRI, and the distal nephrons play important roles in the development of this condition. We investigated the role of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in the progression of IRI-induced salt-sensitive hypertension in rats. Fourteen days after right-side nephrectomy, IRI was induced by clamping the left renal artery, with sham surgery performed as a control. IRI rats were provided with normal water or water with 1.0% NaCl (IRI/NaCl), or they were implanted with an osmotic mini-pump to infuse vehicle or aldosterone (IRI/Aldo). Esaxerenone, a non-steroidal MR blocker (MRB), was administered to IRI/NaCl and IRI/Aldo rats for 6 weeks. MR expression increased by day 7 post-IRI. Blood pressure and urinary protein excretion increased in IRI/NaCl and IRI/Aldo rats over the 6-week period, but these effects were negated by MRB administration. The MRB attenuated the expression of the gamma-epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and renal damage. The ENaC inhibitor, amiloride, ameliorated hypertension and renal damage in IRI/NaCl and IRI/Aldo rats. Our findings thus showed that MR upregulation may play a pivotal role in ENaC-mediated sodium uptake in rats after IRI, resulting in the development of salt-sensitive hypertension in response to salt overload or the activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
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Chansawhang A, Phochantachinda S, Temviriyanukul P, Chantong B. Corticosterone potentiates ochratoxin A-induced microglial activation. Biomol Concepts 2022; 13:230-241. [DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2022-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Microglial activation in the central nervous system (CNS) has been associated with brain damage and neurodegenerative disorders. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin that occurs naturally in food and feed and has been associated with neurotoxicity, while corticosteroids are CNS’ physiological function modulators. This study examined how OTA affected microglia activation and how corticosteroids influenced microglial neuroinflammation. Murine microglial cells (BV-2) were stimulated by OTA, and the potentiation effects on OTA-induced inflammation were determined by corticosterone pre-treatment. Expressions of pro-inflammatory mediators including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were determined. Phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) was analyzed by western blotting. OTA significantly increased the mRNA expression of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, and iNOS and also elevated IL-6 and NO levels. Corticosterone pre-treatment enhanced the neuroinflammatory response to OTA in a mineralocorticoid receptor (MR)-dependent mechanism, which is associated with increases in extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 MAPK activation. In response to OTA, microglial cells produced pro-inflammatory cytokines and NO, while corticosterone increased OTA-induced ERK and p38 MAPK phosphorylation via MR. Findings indicated the direct role of OTA in microglia activation and neuroinflammatory response and suggested that low corticosterone concentrations in the brain exacerbated neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anchana Chansawhang
- The Center for Veterinary Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University , Salaya , Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170 , Thailand
| | - Sataporn Phochantachinda
- Prasu-Arthorn Animal Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University , Salaya , Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170 , Thailand
| | - Piya Temviriyanukul
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University , Salaya , Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170 , Thailand
| | - Boonrat Chantong
- Department of Pre-clinical and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University , Salaya , Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170 , Thailand
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D'Alessio L, Mesarosova L, Anink JJ, Kochen S, Solís P, Oddo S, Konopka H, Iyer AM, Mühlebner A, Lucassen PJ, Aronica E, van Vliet EA. Reduced expression of the glucocorticoid receptor in the hippocampus of patients with drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy and comorbid depression. Epilepsia 2020; 61:1595-1605. [PMID: 32652588 PMCID: PMC7496961 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective Depressive disorders are common among about 50% of the patients with drug‐resistant temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). The underlying etiology remains elusive, but hypothalamus‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis activation due to changes in glucocorticoid receptor (GR) protein expression could play an important role. Therefore, we set out to investigate expression of the GR in the hippocampus, an important brain region for HPA axis feedback, of patients with drug‐resistant TLE, with and without comorbid depression. Methods GR expression was studied using immunohistochemistry on hippocampal sections from well‐characterized TLE patients with depression (TLE + D, n = 14) and without depression (TLE − D, n = 12) who underwent surgery for drug‐resistant epilepsy, as well as on hippocampal sections from autopsy control cases (n = 9). Video–electroencephalography (EEG), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and psychiatric and memory assessments were performed prior to surgery. Results Abundant GR immunoreactivity was present in dentate gyrus granule cells and CA1 pyramidal cells of controls. In contrast, neuronal GR expression was lower in patients with TLE, particularly in the TLE + D group. Quantitative analysis showed a smaller GR+ area in TLE + D as compared to TLE − D patients and controls. Furthermore, the ratio between the number of GR+/NeuN+ cells was lower in patients with TLE + D as compared to TLE − D and correlated negatively with the depression severity based on psychiatric history. The expression of the GR was also lower in glial cells of TLE + D compared to TLE − D patients and correlated negatively to the severity of depression. Significance Reduced hippocampal GR expression may be involved in the etiology of depression in patients with TLE and could constitute a biological marker of depression in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana D'Alessio
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, IBCN-CONICET, Centro de Epilepsia Hospital Ramos Mejía y Hospital El Cruce, ENyS-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucia Mesarosova
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of (Neuro) Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jasper J Anink
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of (Neuro) Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Silvia Kochen
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, IBCN-CONICET, Centro de Epilepsia Hospital Ramos Mejía y Hospital El Cruce, ENyS-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patricia Solís
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, IBCN-CONICET, Centro de Epilepsia Hospital Ramos Mejía y Hospital El Cruce, ENyS-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia Oddo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, IBCN-CONICET, Centro de Epilepsia Hospital Ramos Mejía y Hospital El Cruce, ENyS-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Hector Konopka
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, IBCN-CONICET, Centro de Epilepsia Hospital Ramos Mejía y Hospital El Cruce, ENyS-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Anand M Iyer
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of (Neuro) Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Angelika Mühlebner
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of (Neuro) Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paul J Lucassen
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of (Neuro) Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede, the Netherlands
| | - Erwin A van Vliet
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of (Neuro) Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Zhang Y, Zhan Y, Kou Y, Yin X, Wang Y, Zhang D. Identification of biological pathways and genes associated with neurogenic heterotopic ossification by text mining. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8276. [PMID: 31915578 PMCID: PMC6944123 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neurogenic heterotopic ossification is a disorder of aberrant bone formation affecting one in five patients sustaining a spinal cord injury or traumatic brain injury (SCI-TBI-HO). However, the underlying mechanisms of SCI-TBI-HO have proven difficult to elucidate. The aim of the present study is to identify the most promising candidate genes and biological pathways for SCI-TBI-HO. Methods In this study, we used text mining to generate potential explanations for SCI-TBI-HO. Moreover, we employed several additional datasets, including gene expression profile data, drug data and tissue-specific gene expression data, to explore promising genes that associated with SCI-TBI-HO. Results We identified four SCI-TBI-HO-associated genes, including GDF15, LDLR, CCL2, and CLU. Finally, using enrichment analysis, we identified several pathways, including integrin signaling, insulin pathway, internalization of ErbB1, urokinase-type plasminogen activator and uPAR-mediated signaling, PDGFR-beta signaling pathway, EGF receptor (ErbB1) signaling pathway, and class I PI3K signaling events, which may be associated with SCI-TBI-HO. Conclusions These results enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of SCI-TBI-HO and offer new leads for researchers and innovative therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichong Zhang
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanbo Zhan
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Mucosa, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yuhui Kou
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yin
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhua Wang
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dianying Zhang
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
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Meyer M, Kruse MS, Garay L, Lima A, Roig P, Hunt H, Belanoff J, de Kloet ER, Deniselle MCG, De Nicola AF. Long-term effects of the glucocorticoid receptor modulator CORT113176 in murine motoneuron degeneration. Brain Res 2019; 1727:146551. [PMID: 31726042 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Wobbler mouse spinal cord shows vacuolated motoneurons, glial reaction, inflammation and abnormal glutamatergic parameters. Wobblers also show deficits of motor performance. These conditions resemble amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Wobbler mice also show high levels of corticosterone in blood, adrenals and brain plus adrenal hypertrophy, suggesting that chronically elevated glucocorticoids prime spinal cord neuroinflammation. Therefore, we analyzed if treatment of Wobbler mice with the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist CORT113176 mitigated the mentioned abnormalities. 30 mg/kg CORT113176 given daily for 3 weeks reduced motoneuron vacuolation, decreased astro and microgliosis, lowered the inflammatory mediators high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), toll-like receptor 4, myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88), p50 subunit of nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor, and interleukin 18 (IL18) compared to untreated Wobblers. CORT113176 increased the survival signal pAKT (serine-threonine kinase) and decreased the death signal phosphorylated Junk-N-terminal kinase (pJNK), symptomatic of antiapoptosis. There was a moderate positive effect on glutamine synthase and astrocyte glutamate transporters, suggesting decreased glutamate excitotoxicity. In this pre-clinical study, Wobblers receiving CORT113176 showed enhanced resistance to fatigue in the rota rod test and lower forelimb atrophy at weeks 2-3. Therefore, long-term treatment with CORT113176 attenuated degeneration and inflammation, increased motor performance and decreased paw deformity. Antagonism of the GR may be of potential therapeutic value for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Meyer
- Laboratories of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry and Neurobiology, Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Obligado 2490, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Sol Kruse
- Laboratories of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry and Neurobiology, Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Obligado 2490, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Garay
- Laboratories of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry and Neurobiology, Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Obligado 2490, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dept. of Human Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, 1425 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Analia Lima
- Laboratories of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry and Neurobiology, Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Obligado 2490, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paulina Roig
- Laboratories of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry and Neurobiology, Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Obligado 2490, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Hazel Hunt
- CORCEPT Therapeutics, 149 Commonwealth Dr, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Joseph Belanoff
- CORCEPT Therapeutics, 149 Commonwealth Dr, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - E Ronald de Kloet
- Division of Endocrinology, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Claudia Gonzalez Deniselle
- Laboratories of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry and Neurobiology, Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Obligado 2490, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dept. of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, 1425 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro F De Nicola
- Laboratories of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry and Neurobiology, Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Obligado 2490, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dept. of Human Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, 1425 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Concepcion KR, Zhang L. Corticosteroids and perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:1718-1732. [PMID: 29778695 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury is the major cause of neonatal mortality and severe long-term neurological morbidity. Yet, the effective therapeutic interventions currently available are extremely limited. Corticosteroids act on both mineralocorticoid (MR) and glucocorticoid (GR) receptors and modulate inflammation and apoptosis in the brain. Neuroinflammatory response to acute cerebral HI is a major contributor to the pathophysiology of perinatal brain injury. Here, we give an overview of current knowledge of corticosteroid-mediated modulations of inflammation and apoptosis in the neonatal brain, focusing on key regulatory cells of the innate and adaptive immune response. In addition, we provide new insights into targets of MR and GR in potential therapeutic strategies that could be beneficial for the treatment of infants with HI brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Concepcion
- Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
| | - Lubo Zhang
- Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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de Kloet ER, Meijer OC, de Nicola AF, de Rijk RH, Joëls M. Importance of the brain corticosteroid receptor balance in metaplasticity, cognitive performance and neuro-inflammation. Front Neuroendocrinol 2018; 49:124-145. [PMID: 29428549 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Bruce McEwen's discovery of receptors for corticosterone in the rat hippocampus introduced higher brain circuits in the neuroendocrinology of stress. Subsequently, these receptors were identified as mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) that are involved in appraisal processes, choice of coping style, encoding and retrieval. The MR-mediated actions on cognition are complemented by slower actions via glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) on contextualization, rationalization and memory storage of the experience. These sequential phases in cognitive performance depend on synaptic metaplasticity that is regulated by coordinate MR- and GR activation. The receptor activation includes recruitment of coregulators and transcription factors as determinants of context-dependent specificity in steroid action; they can be modulated by genetic variation and (early) experience. Interestingly, inflammatory responses to damage seem to be governed by a similarly balanced MR:GR-mediated action as the initiating, terminating and priming mechanisms involved in stress-adaptation. We conclude with five questions challenging the MR:GR balance hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R de Kloet
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - O C Meijer
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - A F de Nicola
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - R H de Rijk
- Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands & Department of Clinical Psychology, Leiden University, The Netherlands.
| | - M Joëls
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Stress Increases Peripheral Axon Growth and Regeneration through Glucocorticoid Receptor-Dependent Transcriptional Programs. eNeuro 2017; 4:eN-NWR-0246-17. [PMID: 28828403 PMCID: PMC5563843 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0246-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress and glucocorticoid (GC) release are common behavioral and hormonal responses to injury or disease. In the brain, stress/GCs can alter neuron structure and function leading to cognitive impairment. Stress and GCs also exacerbate pain, but whether a corresponding change occurs in structural plasticity of sensory neurons is unknown. Here, we show that in female mice (Mus musculus) basal GC receptor (Nr3c1, also known as GR) expression in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory neurons is 15-fold higher than in neurons in canonical stress-responsive brain regions (M. musculus). In response to stress or GCs, adult DRG neurite growth increases through mechanisms involving GR-dependent gene transcription. In vivo, prior exposure to an acute systemic stress increases peripheral nerve regeneration. These data have broad clinical implications and highlight the importance of stress and GCs as novel behavioral and circulating modifiers of neuronal plasticity.
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Koyama Y, Ukita A, Abe K, Iwamae K, Tokuyama S, Tanaka K, Kotake Y. Dexamethasone Downregulates Endothelin Receptors and Reduces Endothelin-Induced Production of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Cultured Rat Astrocytes. Mol Pharmacol 2017; 92:57-66. [PMID: 28461586 DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.107300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In brain disorders, astrocytes change phenotype to reactive astrocytes and are involved in the induction of neuroinflammation and brain edema. The administration of glucocorticoids (GCs), such as dexamethasone (Dex), reduces astrocytic activation, but the mechanisms underlying this inhibitory action are not well understood. Endothelins (ETs) promote astrocytic activation. Therefore, the effects of Dex on ET receptor expressions were examined in cultured rat astrocytes. Treatment with 300 nM Dex for 6-48 hours reduced the mRNA expression of astrocytic ETA and ETB receptors to 30-40% of nontreated cells. Levels of ETA and ETB receptor proteins became about 50% of nontreated cells after Dex treatment. Astrocytic ETA and ETB receptor mRNAs were decreased by 300 nM hydrocortisone. The effects of Dex and hydrocortisone on astrocytic ET receptors were abolished in the presence of mifepristone, a GC receptor antagonist. Although Dex did not decrease the basal levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 3 and MMP9 mRNAs, pretreatment with Dex reduced ET-induced increases in MMP mRNAs. The effects of ET-1 on the release of MMP3 and MMP9 proteins were attenuated by pretreatment with Dex. ET-1 stimulated the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) in cultured astrocytes. Pretreatment with Dex reduced the ET-induced increases in ERK1/2 phosphorylation. In contrast, pretreatment with Dex did not affect MMP production or ERK1/2 phosphorylation induced by phorbol myristate acetate, a protein kinase C activator. These results indicate that Dex downregulates astrocytic ET receptors and reduces ET-induced MMP production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Koyama
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tonda-bayashi, Osaka, Japan (Y.Koy., A.U., K.A., K.I., K.T., Y.Kot.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Minatojima, Kobe, Japan (S.T.)
| | - Ayano Ukita
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tonda-bayashi, Osaka, Japan (Y.Koy., A.U., K.A., K.I., K.T., Y.Kot.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Minatojima, Kobe, Japan (S.T.)
| | - Kana Abe
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tonda-bayashi, Osaka, Japan (Y.Koy., A.U., K.A., K.I., K.T., Y.Kot.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Minatojima, Kobe, Japan (S.T.)
| | - Kuniaki Iwamae
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tonda-bayashi, Osaka, Japan (Y.Koy., A.U., K.A., K.I., K.T., Y.Kot.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Minatojima, Kobe, Japan (S.T.)
| | - Shogo Tokuyama
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tonda-bayashi, Osaka, Japan (Y.Koy., A.U., K.A., K.I., K.T., Y.Kot.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Minatojima, Kobe, Japan (S.T.)
| | - Keisuke Tanaka
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tonda-bayashi, Osaka, Japan (Y.Koy., A.U., K.A., K.I., K.T., Y.Kot.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Minatojima, Kobe, Japan (S.T.)
| | - Yuki Kotake
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tonda-bayashi, Osaka, Japan (Y.Koy., A.U., K.A., K.I., K.T., Y.Kot.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Minatojima, Kobe, Japan (S.T.)
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12
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Barra de la Tremblaye P, Plamondon H. Alterations in the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurocircuitry: Insights into post stroke functional impairments. Front Neuroendocrinol 2016; 42:53-75. [PMID: 27455847 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Although it is well accepted that changes in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis may increase susceptibility to affective disorders in the general population, this link has been less examined in stroke patients. Yet, the bidirectional association between depression and cardiovascular disease is strong, and stress increases vulnerability to stroke. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is the central stress hormone of the HPA axis pathway and acts by binding to CRH receptors (CRHR) 1 and 2, which are located in several stress-related brain regions. Evidence from clinical and animal studies suggests a role for CRH in the neurobiological basis of depression and ischemic brain injury. Given its importance in the regulation of the neuroendocrine, autonomic, and behavioral correlates of adaptation and maladaptation to stress, CRH is likely associated in the pathophysiology of post stroke emotional impairments. The goals of this review article are to examine the clinical and experimental data describing (1) that CRH regulates the molecular signaling brain circuit underlying anxiety- and depression-like behaviors, (2) the influence of CRH and other stress markers in the pathophysiology of post stroke emotional and cognitive impairments, and (3) context and site specific interactions of CRH and BDNF as a basis for the development of novel therapeutic targets. This review addresses how the production and release of the neuropeptide CRH within the various regions of the mesocorticolimbic system influences emotional and cognitive behaviors with a look into its role in psychiatric disorders post stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Barra de la Tremblaye
- School of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience Program, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Vanier Building, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - H Plamondon
- School of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience Program, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Vanier Building, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada.
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13
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Sasaki K, Yoshizaki F. Investigation into hippocampal nerve cell damage through the mineralocorticoid receptor in mice. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:7211-20. [PMID: 26459855 PMCID: PMC4626142 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress-associated neuropsychiatric disease is associated with glucocorticoid levels; however, the behavior of mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) under conditions of stress remain to be elucidated. Steroid receptors in the brain are classified into glucocorticoid receptors (GR) and/or MR, exhibiting a difference in affinity for corticosteroids. The hippocampus is one of the most stress-susceptible regions in the brain. In the present study, it was investigated whether the two steroid receptors affect hippocampal neuron damage. The effect of fludrocortisones (FD) on hippocampal neurons caused by FD-containing cholesterol pellets subcutaneously embedded in the backs of mice (FD pellet group, 80 mg cholesterol and 20 mg FD) was investigated. A significant extension of the tail length by ~2.22 fold was observed in the FD pellet group compared with that in the control group as elucidated via the comet assay. Cytotoxicity (pyknosis and degranulation) and DNA fragmentation due to the death of nerve cells were observed using Kluver-Barrera staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling. Compared with the sham group mice, hippocampal neuron damage was observed in the adrenalectomized mice and the damage was suppressed by the combinatorial use of spironolactone, which suggested MR-induced hippocampal neuron damage. In conclusion, the present study clearly indicated a regional difference in vulnerability and/or sensitivity to corticosteroids. MR sensitivity to corticosteroids was high in the CA3 region and pyramidal cells of the hippocampus, which may therefore be vulnerable to corticosteroids. Thus, it is clearly suggested that MR function is important in the stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenroh Sasaki
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi 981‑8558, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Yoshizaki
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi 981‑8558, Japan
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14
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Varvarousi G, Stefaniotou A, Varvaroussis D, Xanthos T. Glucocorticoids as an emerging pharmacologic agent for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2015; 28:477-88. [PMID: 25163464 PMCID: PMC4163188 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-014-6547-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although cardiac arrest (CA) constitutes a major health problem with dismal prognosis, no specific drug therapy has been shown to improve survival to hospital discharge. CA causes adrenal insufficiency which is associated with poor outcome and increased mortality. Adrenal insufficiency may manifest as an inability to increase cortisol secretion during and after cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Several studies suggest that glucocorticoids during and after CPR seem to confer benefits with respect to return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) rates and long term survival. They have beneficial hemodynamic effects that may favor their use during CPR and in the early post-resuscitation period. Moreover, they have anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties that improve organ function by reducing ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, glucocorticoid supplementation has shown conflicting results with regard to survival to hospital discharge and neurological outcome. The purpose of this article is to review the pathophysiology of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis during CPR. Furthermore, this article reviews the effects of glucocorticoids use during CRP and the post-resuscitation phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giolanda Varvarousi
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, MSc "Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation", Athens, Greece,
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15
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Role of astrocytes in memory and psychiatric disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 108:240-51. [PMID: 25169821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphysparis.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the traditional description of astrocytes as being merely accessories to brain function has shifted to one in which their role has been pushed into the forefront of importance. Current views suggest that astrocytes:(1) are excitable through calcium fluctuations and respond to neurotransmitters released at synapses; (2) communicate with each other via calcium waves and release their own gliotransmitters which are essential for synaptic plasticity; (3) activate hundreds of synapses at once, thereby synchronizing neuronal activity and activating or inhibiting complete neuronal networks; (4) release vasoactive substances to the smooth muscle surrounding blood vessels enabling the coupling of circulation (blood flow) to local brain activity; and (5) release lactate in an activity-dependent manner in order to supply neuronal metabolic demand. In consequence, the role of astrocytes and astrocytic gliotransmitters is now believed to be critical for higher brain function and recently, evidence begins to gather suggesting that astrocytes are pivotal for learning and memory. All of the above are reviewed here while focusing on the role of astrocytes in memory and psychiatric disorders.
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Chen A, Huang BS, Wang HW, Ahmad M, Leenen FHH. Knockdown of mineralocorticoid or angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene expression in the paraventricular nucleus prevents angiotensin II hypertension in rats. J Physiol 2014; 592:3523-36. [PMID: 24973408 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.275560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating Ang II activates an aldosterone-mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) - angiotensin II (Ang II) - angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) pathway in the hypothalamus. To obtain insights into the actual neuronal projections involved, adeno-associated virus carrying small interfering RNA against either AT1aR (AAV-AT1aR-siRNA) or MR (AAV-MR-siRNA) were infused into the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in Wistar rats. Intra-PVN infusion of AAV-AT1aR-siRNA or AAV-MR-siRNA decreased AT1R or MR expression in the PVN but not in the subfornical organ (SFO) or supraoptic nucleus (SON). Subcutaneous infusion of Ang II at 500 ng kg(-1) min(-1) for 2 weeks increased mean arterial pressure by 60-70 mmHg, and increased AT1R and MR expression in the SFO, SON and PVN. Intra-PVN AT1aR-siRNA prevented the Ang II-induced increase in AT1R but not MR expression in the PVN, and MR-siRNA prevented MR but not AT1R expression in the PVN. The increases in AT1R and MR expression in both the SFO and the SON were not changed by the two AAV-siRNAs. Specific knockdown of AT1R or MR in the PVN by AAV-siRNA each prevented most of the Ang II-induced hypertension. Prevention of the subcutaneous Ang II-induced increase in MR but not the increase in AT1R by knockdown of MR and vice versa suggests an independent regulation of MR and AT1R expression in the PVN. Both AT1R and MR activation in the PVN play a critical role in Ang II-induced hypertension in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidong Chen
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Bing S Huang
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Hong-Wei Wang
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Monir Ahmad
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Frans H H Leenen
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4W7, Canada
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Walker FR, Nilsson M, Jones K. Acute and chronic stress-induced disturbances of microglial plasticity, phenotype and function. Curr Drug Targets 2014; 14:1262-76. [PMID: 24020974 PMCID: PMC3788324 DOI: 10.2174/13894501113149990208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, microglia have been considered to act as macrophages of the central nervous system. While this concept still remains true it is also becoming increasingly apparent that microglia are involved in a host of non-immunological activities, such as monitoring synaptic function and maintaining synaptic integrity. It has also become apparent that microglia are exquisitely sensitive to perturbation by environmental challenges. The aim of the current review is to critically examine the now substantial literature that has developed around the ability of acute, sub-chronic and chronic stressors to alter microglial structure and function. The vast majority of studies have demonstrated that stress promotes significant structural remodelling of microglia, and can enhance the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from microglia. Mechanistically, many of these effects appear to be driven by traditional stress-linked signalling molecules, namely corticosterone and norepinephrine. The specific effects of these signalling molecules are, however, complex as they can exert both inhibitory and suppressive effects on microglia depending upon the duration and intensity of exposure. Importantly, research has now shown that these stress-induced microglial alterations, rather than being epiphenomena, have broader behavioural implications, with the available evidence implicating microglia in directly regulating certain aspects of cognitive function and emotional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Rohan Walker
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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18
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de la Tremblaye PB, Raymond J, Milot MR, Merali Z, Plamondon H. Evidence of lasting dysregulation of neuroendocrine and HPA axis function following global cerebral ischemia in male rats and the effect of Antalarmin on plasma corticosterone level. Horm Behav 2014; 65:273-84. [PMID: 24444675 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal function of the neuroendocrine stress system has been implicated in the behavioral impairments observed following brain ischemia. The current study examined long-term changes in stress signal regulation 30days following global cerebral ischemia. Experiment 1 investigated changes in the expression of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) and its subtype 1 receptor (CRHR1), glucocorticoid receptors (GR) in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), and the CA1 subfield of the hippocampus. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) was determined at the locus coeruleus (LC). Experiment 2 investigated the role of central CRHR1 activation on corticosterone (CORT) secretion at multiple time intervals following global ischemia after exposure to an acute stressor. Findings from Experiment 1 demonstrated a persistent increase in GR, CRH and CRHR1 immunoreactivity (ir) at the PVN, reduced GR and CRHR1 expression in pyramidal CA1 neurons, and increased LC TH expression in ischemic rats displaying working memory errors in the radial arm Maze. Findings from Experiment 2 revealed increased CORT secretion up to 7 days, but no longer present 14 and 21 days post ischemia. However upon an acute restraint stress induced 27 days following reperfusion, ischemic rats had increased plasma CORT secretions compared to sham-operated animals, suggesting HPA axis hypersensitivity. Antalarmin (2 μg/2 μl) pretreatment significantly attenuated post ischemic elevation of basal and stress-induced CORT secretion. These findings support persistent neuroendocrine dysfunctions following brain ischemia likely to contribute to emotional and cognitive impairments observed in survivors of cardiac arrest and stroke.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Behavior, Animal/physiology
- Brain Ischemia/metabolism
- Brain Ischemia/physiopathology
- CA1 Region, Hippocampal/metabolism
- Central Amygdaloid Nucleus/metabolism
- Corticosterone/blood
- Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/metabolism
- Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/drug effects
- Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/metabolism
- Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/physiopathology
- Limbic System/drug effects
- Limbic System/metabolism
- Locus Coeruleus/metabolism
- Male
- Memory, Short-Term/physiology
- Neurosecretory Systems/drug effects
- Neurosecretory Systems/metabolism
- Neurosecretory Systems/physiopathology
- Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus/metabolism
- Pituitary-Adrenal System/drug effects
- Pituitary-Adrenal System/metabolism
- Pituitary-Adrenal System/physiopathology
- Pyrimidines/administration & dosage
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- Pyrroles/administration & dosage
- Pyrroles/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/metabolism
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/metabolism
- Stress, Psychological/metabolism
- Stress, Psychological/physiopathology
- Time Factors
- Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia B de la Tremblaye
- Behavioural Neuroscience Group, School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Julie Raymond
- Behavioural Neuroscience Group, School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Marc R Milot
- Behavioural Neuroscience Group, School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Zul Merali
- Behavioural Neuroscience Group, School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada; University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research (IMHR), 1145 Carling Avenue Ottawa, Ontario K1Z 7K4, Canada
| | - Hélène Plamondon
- Behavioural Neuroscience Group, School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
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19
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Büsst CJ. Blood pressure regulation via the epithelial sodium channel: from gene to kidney and beyond. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2014; 40:495-503. [PMID: 23710770 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) has long been recognized as playing a vital role in blood pressure (BP) regulation due to its involvement in fluid balance. The genes encoding the three ENaC subunits are likewise important contributors to hypertension, both in rare monogenic diseases and in the general population. The unusually high numbers of genetic variants associated with complex traits, including BP, that are located in non-coding areas suggest an involvement of these variants in regulatory functions. This may involve differential regulation of expression in different tissues. Emerging evidence indicates that the ENaC plays an important role in BP determination not only via its actions in the kidney, but also in other tissues commonly involved in BP regulation. The ENaC in the central nervous system is proposed to regulate BP via sympathetic nervous system activity. Recent evidence suggests that the ENaC contributes to vascular function and the myogenic response. Additional roles potentially include initiation of the baroreceptor reflex via ENaC in the baroreceptors and driving high salt intake with a 'taste for salt' via ENaC in the tongue. The present review describes the involvement of the ENaC in the determination of BP at a genetic and physiological level, detailing recent evidence for its role in the kidney and in other pertinent tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara J Büsst
- Departments of Physiology, The University of Melbourne and Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.
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20
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Lose dose genistein inhibits glucocorticoid receptor and ischemic brain injury in female rats. Neurochem Int 2014; 65:14-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Matsusue Y, Horii-Hayashi N, Kirita T, Nishi M. Distribution of corticosteroid receptors in mature oligodendrocytes and oligodendrocyte progenitors of the adult mouse brain. J Histochem Cytochem 2013; 62:211-26. [PMID: 24309510 DOI: 10.1369/0022155413517700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) was investigated immunohistochemically in two different lineages of oligodendrocytes, using carbonic anhydrase (CA) II and neuron glial antigen (NG) 2 as markers of mature oligodendrocytes and oligodendrocyte progenitors, respectively. We focused on the gray matter regions, including CA1, CA3 and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, the primary somatosensory cortex barrel field and the basolateral amygdala, and the white matter regions, including the corpus callosum, external capsule and fimbria of the hippocampus. More than 80% of CAII-immunoreactive (IR) cells and more than 95% of NG2-IR cells expressed GRs in various regions of the brain. In contrast, neither CAII-IR cells nor NG2-IR cells expressed mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) in the same regions. The intensity of GR expression was drastically reduced in CA II-IR cells and NG2-IR cells in the same regions in adrenalectomized mice. Finally, steroid receptor co-activator (SRC)-1 and p300, both of which are cofactors for GR, were expressed in the gray and white matter regions in NG2-IR cells, but not in CAII-IR cells. These results suggest that the expression of GRs in oligodendrocytes and their progenitor cells mediates several functions in vivo, including differentiation and myelination, as a major target of glucocorticoids and their cofactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Matsusue
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nara Medical University (YM, TK)
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22
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Inhibition of proteasomal glucocorticoid receptor degradation restores dexamethasone-mediated stabilization of the blood-brain barrier after traumatic brain injury. Crit Care Med 2013; 41:1305-15. [PMID: 23474678 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e31827ca494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To establish the molecular background for glucocorticoid insensitivity, that is, failure to reduce edema formation and to protect blood-brain barrier integrity after acute traumatic brain injury. DESIGN Controlled animal study. SETTING University research laboratory. SUBJECTS Male C57Bl/6N mice. INTERVENTIONS Mechanical brain lesion by controlled cortical impact. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Our study demonstrates that 1) proteasomal glucocorticoid receptor degradation is established in brain endothelial cells after traumatic brain injury as a form of posttranslational glucocorticoid receptor modification; 2) inhibition of the proteasomal degradation pathway with bortezomib (0.2 mg/kg) in combination with the glucocorticoid dexamethasone (10 mg/kg) by subcutaneous injection 30 minutes postinjury restores levels of barrier sealing glucocorticoid receptor target occludin in brain endothelial cells, improves blood-brain barrier integrity, reduces edema formation, and limits neuronal damage after brain trauma. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that the stabilizing effect of glucocorticoids on the blood-brain barrier is hampered after cerebral lesions by proteasomal glucocorticoid receptor degradation in brain endothelial cells and restored by inhibition of proteasomal degradation pathways. The results provide underlying mechanisms for the clinically observed inefficacy of glucocorticoids. The novel combined treatment strategy might help to attenuate trauma-induced brain edema formation and neuronal damage as secondary effects of brain trauma.
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23
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Teng Z, Zhang M, Zhao M, Zhang W. Glucocorticoid exerts its non-genomic effect on IPSC by activation of a phospholipase C-dependent pathway in prefrontal cortex of rats. J Physiol 2013; 591:3341-53. [PMID: 23652592 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.254961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to stressor, the brain activates a comprehensive stress system. Among others, this stress system causes release of glucocorticoids that also feed back to the brain. Glucocorticoids affect brain function by activation of both delayed, genomic and rapid, non-genomic mechanisms in rodents. Here we report that application of the potent glucocorticoid receptor agonist dexamethasone (DEX) caused a rapid increase of spontaneous and miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) and elicited intermittent burst activities through a non-genomic pathway, involving membrane-located receptors. The onset of the rapid effect in prefrontal cortex (PFC, <15 min) was much slower than in hippocampus (<5 min). The intermittent burst activities were abolished in the presence of TTX. Furthermore, the nitric oxide (NO) pathway was present and endogenously activated in PFC. Part of the rapid DEX effect in PFC remained after blocking NO-sensitive guanylyl cyclase that was due to activation of a phospholipase C-diacylglycerol-dependent signalling pathway. Thus, our data demonstrated that glucocorticoids could rapidly enhance IPSCs and evoke burst activities by activation of at least two different signalling pathways in hippocampus and PFC of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenghui Teng
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Westfälische Wilhelms-University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Gebäude 9a, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Yang CY, Matsuzaki T, Iijima N, Kajimura N, Ozawa H. Morphofunctional changes of the astrocyte in rat hippocampus under different corticosteroid conditions. Med Mol Morphol 2012; 45:206-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00795-011-0561-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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25
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Gao W, Xu H, Liang M, Huang JH, He X. Association between reduced expression of hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors and cognitive dysfunction in a rat model of traumatic brain injury due to lateral head acceleration. Neurosci Lett 2012. [PMID: 23200726 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Expression of hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) and spatial learning and memory were observed in rat model of diffuse traumatic brain injury (TBI) due to lateral head acceleration with an aim at investigating the relation between GRs expression and cognitive deficits. Immunohistochemical staining, Western blotting, and RT-PCR indicated that down-regulation of GRs expression occurred in the hippocampus among TBI-rats which demonstrated reduced performance of learning and memory in Morris water maze. As the GRs expression bounced up, the cognitive function approached to normal. It is concluded that reduced expression of hippocampal GRs was closely associated with learning and memory deficits in TBI-rats. Hippocampal GRs was involved in the biochemical mechanisms of cognitive deficits after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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26
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Dinh QN, Arumugam TV, Young MJ, Drummond GR, Sobey CG, Chrissobolis S. Aldosterone and the mineralocorticoid receptor in the cerebral circulation and stroke. EXPERIMENTAL & TRANSLATIONAL STROKE MEDICINE 2012; 4:21. [PMID: 23110876 PMCID: PMC3549949 DOI: 10.1186/2040-7378-4-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Elevated plasma aldosterone levels are an independent cardiovascular risk factor and are thought to contribute to hypertension, a major risk factor for stroke. Evidence from both experimental and human studies supports a role for aldosterone and/or the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in contributing to detrimental effects in the cerebral vasculature and to the incidence and outcome of ischemic stroke. This article reviews the evidence, including the protective effects of MR antagonism. Specifically, the effects of aldosterone and/or MR activation on cerebral vascular structure and on immune cells will be reviewed. The existing evidence suggests that aldosterone and the MR contribute to cerebral vascular pathology and to the incidence and outcome of stroke. We suggest that further research into the signaling mechanisms underlying the effects of aldosterone and MR activation in the brain and its vasculature, especially with regard to cell-specific actions, will provide important insight into causes and potential treatments for cerebrovascular disease and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quynh N Dinh
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
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Stress and social isolation increase vulnerability to stroke. Exp Neurol 2012; 233:33-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Milot MR, Plamondon H. Changes in HPA reactivity and noradrenergic functions regulate spatial memory impairments at delayed time intervals following cerebral ischemia. Horm Behav 2011; 59:594-604. [PMID: 21376725 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the association of ischemia-induced spatial memory impairment to alterations of the HPA axis and noradrenergic activation post insult. Experiment 1 characterized the effects of 10 min forebrain ischemia on corticosterone (CORT) secretion following ischemia and in response to spatial memory assessment in the Barnes maze, as well as the impact of pre-ischemia treatment with the glucocorticoid inhibitor metyrapone (175 mg/kg; s.c.). The results showed that cerebral ischemia represents a significant physiological stressor that upregulated CORT secretion 1, 24 and 72 h post-ischemia but not at 7 days. In response to testing in the Barnes maze ischemic animals showed elevated CORT secretion simultaneously with spatial memory deficits. The single dose of metyrapone attenuated the ischemia-induced adrenocortical hyper-responsiveness and subsequent memory deficits despite not providing neuroprotection in the hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells. To complement these findings, we examined whether norepinephrine which provides positive feedback to the HPA axis and is upregulated following brain ischemia could influence memory performance at delayed intervals after ischemia. Experiment 2 demonstrated that pre-testing administration of the alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist clonidine (.04 mg/kg, s.c.) attenuated ischemia-induced working memory impairments in a radial maze while opposite effects were obtained with the antagonist yohimbine (.3 mg/kg, s.c.). Post-testing administration of clonidine produced spatial reference memory impairments in ischemic rats. The findings from the current study demonstrate increased sensitization and responsiveness of systems regulating stress hormones at long intervals post ischemia. Importantly, we demonstrate that these effects contribute to post ischemic cognitive impairments which can be attenuated pharmacologically even in the presence of hippocampal degeneration at time of testing.
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Park JH, Yoo KY, Lee CH, Kim IH, Shin BN, Choi JH, Park JH, Hwang IK, Won MH. Comparison of Glucocorticoid Receptor and Ionized Calcium-Binding Adapter Molecule 1 Immunoreactivity in the Adult and Aged Gerbil Hippocampus Following Repeated Restraint Stress. Neurochem Res 2011; 36:1037-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0444-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Huang BS, Leenen FHH. Mineralocorticoid Actions in the Brain and Hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 2011; 13:214-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s11906-011-0192-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Rybnikova E, Glushchenko T, Churilova A, Pivina S, Samoilov M. Expression of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors in hippocampus of rats exposed to various modes of hypobaric hypoxia: Putative role in hypoxic preconditioning. Brain Res 2011; 1381:66-77. [PMID: 21223951 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Effects of mild (preconditioning) and severe injurious hypobaric hypoxia (SH), as well as of their combination on hippocampal expression of glucocorticoid (GR) and mineralocorticoid (MR) receptors and HPA axis activity have been examined in rats. As revealed by quantitative immunocytochemistry, three-trial exposure to mild hypoxia produced robust GR and MR overexpression located mainly in the neuronal nuclei in the dentate gyrus (DG) but only MR overexpression was observed in the CA1. SH induced sharp reduction of MR levels and enhanced GR expression in the CA1, suggesting that the unbalance of GR and MR observed might be at the bottom of the extensive neuronal loss seen in this area in response to SH. Contrastingly, SH in tolerant (preconditioned) rats failed to imbalance GR and MR expression in CA1 and up-regulated GR levels in DG. Radioimmunoassay of serum corticosterone showed that both preconditioning hypoxia itself and SH in tolerant rats produced moderate activation of HPA axis followed by its proper inactivation. In the non-preconditioned rats, HPA axis response to SH was impaired. Taken together, these novel results suggest that modifications of the hippocampal expression of GR and MR produced by preconditioning may contribute to the molecular and neuroendocrine mechanisms of tolerance to severe hypoxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Rybnikova
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation.
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Antioxidant enzymes are differently changed in experimental ischemic hippocampal CA1 region following repeated restraint stress. J Neurol Sci 2011; 302:33-42. [PMID: 21215418 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2010.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Restraint stress induces physiological changes in the brain. In the present study, we observed the effects of repeated stress on ischemic damage associated with oxidative stress in gerbils. Animals were placed into restrainers for 5h (between 09:30 h and 14:30 h) for 21 consecutive days prior to 5 min of transient cerebral ischemia. Experimental groups were divided into 4 groups; 1) sham-operated control-group (sham-group), 2) ischemia-operated control-group (ischemia-group), 3) sham-operated stress-group (stressed-sham-group), and 4) ischemia-operated stress-group (stressed-ischemia-group). Serum corticosterone level in the ischemia-group was highest (330% vs the sham-group) at 12h post-ischemia, and serum corticosterone levels in the stressed-ischemia-group were significantly lower than the ischemia-group. Locomotor activity in the ischemia-group was significantly increased (300% vs the sham-group) at 1 day post-ischemia; however, locomotor activity in the stressed-ischemia-group was less increased compared to the ischemia-group. A few NeuN (neuron-specific soluble nuclear antigen)-positive ((+)) cells were found in the stratum pyramidale (SP) of the hippocampal CA1 region (CA1) 4 days post-ischemia in the ischemia-group; however, in the stressed-ischemia-group at 4 days post-ischemia, 83.8% of NeuN(+) neurons were found. In addition, we found a few Fluro-Jade B (a marker for neuronal degeneration)(+) and TUNEL(+) cells in the stressed-ischemia-group at 4 days post-ischemia. In gliosis, glial fibrillary acidic protein(+) astrocytes in the stressed-ischemia-groups was similar to the ischemia-groups; however, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1(+) microglia in the stressed-ischemia-groups were much less activated than the ischemia-groups. Among antioxidants, Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) immunoreactivity in the SP was higher in the stressed-ischemia-groups than the ischemia-groups. Catalase immunoreactivity in the SP of the stressed-ischemia-groups was similar to the ischemia-groups. However, Mn-superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase immunoreactivity were lower than the ischemia-groups. In brief, our results indicate that repeated restraint stress significantly attenuates ischemic neuronal damage and locomotor activity following ischemia. In addition, SOD1 among antioxidants significantly increases in the stressed-ischemia-groups.
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Changes in corticosteroid hormone receptors in the ischemic gerbil hippocampal CA1 region following repeated restraint stress. Neurochem Res 2011; 36:701-12. [PMID: 21207139 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-010-0384-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Restraint stress produces physiological changes including suppression of long-term potentiation in the brain. We observed the effects of repeated stress on ischemic damage associated with corticosteroid hormone receptors in gerbils. Animals were placed into restrainers for 5 h (between 09:30 h and 14:30 h) for 21 consecutive days prior to induction of transient cerebral ischemia. The animals were divided into 4 groups; (1) sham-operated-control-group (sham-group), (2) ischemia-operated-control-group (ischemia-group), (3) sham-operated-stress-group (stressed-sham-group), and (4) ischemia-operated-stress-group (stressed-ischemia-group). We found that serum corticosterone level in the ischemia-group was highest (374% of the sham-group) 12 h after ischemia/reperfusion and its level in the stressed-ischemia-group was significantly lower than the ischemia-group. Locomotor activity in the ischemia-group was significantly increased (295% of the sham-group) at 1 day post-ischemia; however, the locomotor activity in the stressed-ischemia-group was less increased compared to the ischemia-group. Cresyl violet positive (CV(+)) cells were significantly decreased in the stratum pyramidale (SP) of the hippocampal CA1 region (CA1) of the 4 days post-ischemia-group, while 79.4% of CV(+) cells were detected in the CA1 of the stressed-ischemia-group. Also, a few NeuN (neuron-specific soluble nuclear antigen)(+) cells were detected in the SP of the 4 days post-ischemia-group; however, in the 4 days stressed-post-ischemia-group, 77.2% of NeuN(+) neurons were found in the SP. Glial fibrillary acidic protein(+) astrocytes in the CA1 in the stressed-ischemia-groups were similar to those in the ischemia-groups; however, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1(+) microglia in the stressed-ischemia-groups were less activated compared to the ischemia-groups. Mineralocorticoid receptor (MCR) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) immunoreactivity in the SP of the stressed-ischemia-group were higher than the ischemia-group; at 4 days post-ischemia, MCR and GR immunoreactivity were expressed in non-pyramidal cells. In brief, our results indicate that repeated restraint stress significantly increase levels of corticosteroid hormone receptors and attenuates neuronal damage in the ischemic hippocampal CA1 region.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The discovery that glial activation plays a critical role in the modulation of neuronal functions and affects the spinal processing of nociceptive signalling has brought new understanding on the mechanisms underlying central sensitization involved in chronic pain facilitation. Spinal glial activation is now considered an important component in the development and maintenance of allodynia and hyperalgesia in various models of chronic pain, including neuropathic pain and pain associated with peripheral inflammation. In addition, spinal glial activation is also involved in some forms of visceral hyperalgesia. PURPOSE We discuss the signalling pathways engaged in central glial activation, including stress pathways, and the neuron-glia bidirectional relationships involved in the modulation of synaptic activity and pain facilitation. In this expanding field of research, the characterization of the mechanisms by which glia affect spinal neuro-transmission will increase our understanding of central pain facilitation, and has the potential for the development of new therapeutic agents for common chronic pain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bradesi
- Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, VAGLA HC, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Rogalska J, Caputa M. Neonatal asphyxia under hyperthermic conditions alters HPA axis function in juvenile rats. Neurosci Lett 2010; 472:68-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Revised: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Rogalska J. Mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors in hippocampus: their impact on neurons survival and behavioral impairment after neonatal brain injury. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2010; 82:391-419. [PMID: 20472149 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(10)82020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GC) exert multiple effects within the central nervous system via mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) and glucocorticoid receptors (GR) activation. MR expression is associated with a neuroprotective phenotype, whereas GR activation is implicated in the induction of an endangered neural phenotype and the opposite actions are most evident in hippocampus, where these receptors are predominantly present. Hippocampus has an overall inhibitory influence on the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and it has been suggested that efficient learning and adequate stress response depend on the appropriate functioning of the axis brought by coordinated activation of MR and GR in this region. There is a growing body of evidence that perinatal asphyxia causes irreversible damage to the brain leading to neurons loss in regions vulnerable to oxygen shortage especially in hippocampus. In the present review, some aspects of recently acquired insight in the role of GC receptors in promoting neuronal death and survival after hippocampal injury are discussed. Since the unbalance of MR and GR in hippocampus creates a condition of disturbed neuroendocrine regulation their potential impact on behavioral impairment will also be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Rogalska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of General and Molecular Biology, N. Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
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Yi SS, Hwang IK, Chun MS, Kim YN, Kim IY, Lee IS, Seong JK, Yoon YS. Glucocorticoid receptor changes associate with age in the paraventricular nucleus of type II diabetic rat model. Neurochem Res 2008; 34:851-8. [PMID: 18758953 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-008-9836-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a metabolic disorder that is associated with the dysregulation of a number of systems within the body. In the present study, we investigated glucocorticoid receptor (GR) immunoreactivity and its protein levels in the paraventricular nuclei of 4-, 12-, 20- and 30-week-old Zucker diabetic fatty (fa/fa, ZDF) and in Zucker lean control (fa/+ or +/+, ZLC) rats, because the progressive induction of diabetes is detectable in this model after 7 weeks of age and chronic diabetic conditions are maintained after 12 weeks of age. GR immunoreactivity was detected in parvocellular paraventricular nuclei and this and GR protein levels were exponentially increased according to the ages. In particular, GR immunoreactivities and protein levels were markedly more increased in 30-week-old ZDF rats than in age-matched ZLC group and in younger ZDF group. The present study suggests that GR immunoreactivity and its protein level is associated with a degenerative phenotype in the hypothalamus of from 12-weeks old in the ZDF rat type II diabetes model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Shin Yi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Sierra A, Gottfried-Blackmore A, Milner TA, McEwen BS, Bulloch K. Steroid hormone receptor expression and function in microglia. Glia 2008; 56:659-74. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.20644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Changes in immunoreactivity of HSP60 and its neuroprotective effects in the gerbil hippocampal CA1 region induced by transient ischemia. Exp Neurol 2007; 208:247-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2007] [Revised: 08/16/2007] [Accepted: 08/22/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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The relation of cortisol levels with hippocampus volumes under baseline and challenge conditions. Brain Res 2007; 1179:70-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2006] [Revised: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 05/19/2007] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Zhou QG, Hu Y, Hua Y, Hu M, Luo CX, Han X, Zhu XJ, Wang B, Xu JS, Zhu DY. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase contributes to chronic stress-induced depression by suppressing hippocampal neurogenesis. J Neurochem 2007; 103:1843-54. [PMID: 17854383 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04914.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that depression may be associated with a lack of hippocampal neurogenesis. It is well established that neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)-derived NO exerts a negative control on the hippocampal neurogenesis. Using genetic and pharmacological methods, we investigated the roles of nNOS in depression induced by chronic mild stress (CMS) in mice. Hippocampal nNOS over-expression was first observed 4 days and remained elevated 21 and 56 days after exposure to CMS. The mice exposed to CMS exhibited behavioral changes typical of depression, and impaired neurogenesis in the hippocampus. The CMS-induced behavioral despair and hippocampal neurogenesis impairment were prevented and reversed in the null mutant mice lacking nNOS gene (nNOS-/-) and in the mice receiving nNOS inhibitor. Disrupting hippocampal neurogenesis blocked the antidepressant effect of nNOS inhibition. Moreover, nNOS-/- mice exhibited antidepressant-like properties. Our findings suggest that nNOS over-expression in the hippocampus is essential for chronic stress-induced depression and inhibiting nNOS signaling in brain may represent a novel approach for the treatment of depressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Gang Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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