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Hilton JBW, Kysenius K, Liddell JR, Mercer SW, Rautengarten C, Hare DJ, Buncic G, Paul B, Murray SS, McLean CA, Kilpatrick TJ, Beckman JS, Ayton S, Bush AI, White AR, Roberts BR, Donnelly PS, Crouch PJ. Integrated elemental analysis supports targeting copper perturbations as a therapeutic strategy in multiple sclerosis. Neurotherapeutics 2024:e00432. [PMID: 39164165 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurot.2024.e00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating affliction of the central nervous system (CNS) that involves demyelination of neuronal axons and neurodegeneration resulting in disability that becomes more pronounced in progressive forms of the disease. The involvement of neurodegeneration in MS underscores the need for effective neuroprotective approaches necessitating identification of new therapeutic targets. Herein, we applied an integrated elemental analysis workflow to human MS-affected spinal cord tissue utilising multiple inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry methodologies. These analyses revealed shifts in atomic copper as a notable aspect of disease. Complementary gene expression and biochemical analyses demonstrated that changes in copper levels coincided with altered expression of copper handling genes and downstream functionality of cuproenzymes. Copper-related problems observed in the human MS spinal cord were largely reproduced in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model during the acute phase of disease characterised by axonal demyelination, lesion formation, and motor neuron loss. Treatment of EAE mice with the CNS-permeant copper modulating compound CuII(atsm) resulted in recovery of cuproenzyme function, improved myelination and lesion volume, and neuroprotection. These findings support targeting copper perturbations as a therapeutic strategy for MS with CuII(atsm) showing initial promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B W Hilton
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Kai Kysenius
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jeffrey R Liddell
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Stephen W Mercer
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | - Dominic J Hare
- Atomic Medicine Initiative, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
| | - Gojko Buncic
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Bence Paul
- School of Geography, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; Elemental Scientific Lasers, LLC, 685 Old Buffalo Trail, Bozeman, MT 59715, United States
| | - Simon S Murray
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | - Trevor J Kilpatrick
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Joseph S Beckman
- Linus Pauling Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, 97331, United States
| | - Scott Ayton
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ashley I Bush
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Anthony R White
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research Berghofer, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Blaine R Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Paul S Donnelly
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Peter J Crouch
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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2
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Louie AY, Drnevich J, Johnson JL, Woodard M, Kukekova AV, Johnson RW, Steelman AJ. Respiratory infection with influenza A virus delays remyelination and alters oligodendrocyte metabolism. iScience 2024; 27:110464. [PMID: 39104416 PMCID: PMC11298649 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Peripheral viral infection disrupts oligodendrocyte (OL) homeostasis such that endogenous remyelination may be affected. Here, we demonstrate that influenza A virus infection perpetuated a demyelination- and disease-associated OL phenotype following cuprizone-induced demyelination that resulted in delayed OL maturation and remyelination in the prefrontal cortex. Furthermore, we assessed cellular metabolism ex vivo, and found that infection altered brain OL and microglia metabolism in a manner that opposed the metabolic profile induced by remyelination. Specifically, infection increased glycolytic capacity of OLs and microglia, an effect that was recapitulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation of mixed glia cultures. In contrast, mitochondrial dependence was increased in OLs during remyelination, which was similarly observed in OLs of myelinating P14 mice compared to adult and aged mice. Collectively, our data indicate that respiratory viral infection is capable of suppressing remyelination, and suggest that metabolic dysfunction of OLs is implicated in remyelination impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Y. Louie
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jenny Drnevich
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Johnson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Meagan Woodard
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Anna V. Kukekova
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Rodney W. Johnson
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Andrew J. Steelman
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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Nguyen PT, Makowiecki K, Lewis TS, Fortune AJ, Clutterbuck M, Reale LA, Taylor BV, Rodger J, Cullen CL, Young KM. Low intensity repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation enhances remyelination by newborn and surviving oligodendrocytes in the cuprizone model of toxic demyelination. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:346. [PMID: 39134808 PMCID: PMC11335270 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05391-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
In people with multiple sclerosis (MS), newborn and surviving oligodendrocytes (OLs) can contribute to remyelination, however, current therapies are unable to enhance or sustain endogenous repair. Low intensity repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (LI-rTMS), delivered as an intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS), increases the survival and maturation of newborn OLs in the healthy adult mouse cortex, but it is unclear whether LI-rTMS can promote remyelination. To examine this possibility, we fluorescently labelled oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs; Pdgfrα-CreER transgenic mice) or mature OLs (Plp-CreER transgenic mice) in the adult mouse brain and traced the fate of each cell population over time. Daily sessions of iTBS (600 pulses; 120 mT), delivered during cuprizone (CPZ) feeding, did not alter new or pre-existing OL survival but increased the number of myelin internodes elaborated by new OLs in the primary motor cortex (M1). This resulted in each new M1 OL producing ~ 471 µm more myelin. When LI-rTMS was delivered after CPZ withdrawal (during remyelination), it significantly increased the length of the internodes elaborated by new M1 and callosal OLs, increased the number of surviving OLs that supported internodes in the corpus callosum (CC), and increased the proportion of axons that were myelinated. The ability of LI-rTMS to modify cortical neuronal activity and the behaviour of new and surviving OLs, suggests that it may be a suitable adjunct intervention to enhance remyelination in people with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Tram Nguyen
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Kalina Makowiecki
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Thomas S Lewis
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Alastair J Fortune
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Mackenzie Clutterbuck
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Laura A Reale
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Bruce V Taylor
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Jennifer Rodger
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Carlie L Cullen
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Kaylene M Young
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia.
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4
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Radulescu CI, Ferrari Bardile C, Garcia-Miralles M, Sidik H, Yusof NABM, Pouladi MA. Environmental Deprivation Effects on Myelin Ultrastructure in Huntington Disease and Wildtype Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:4278-4288. [PMID: 38079108 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03799-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Environmental deprivation can have deleterious effects on adaptive myelination and oligodendroglia function. Early stage Huntington disease (HD) is characterised by white-matter myelin abnormalities in both humans and animal models. However, whether deprived environments exacerbate myelin-related pathological features of HD is not clearly understood. Here, we investigated the impact of deprivation and social isolation on ultrastructural features of myelin in the corpus callosum of the YAC128 mouse model of HD and wildtype (WT) mice using transmission electron microscopy. HD pathology on its own leads to increased representation of altered myelin features, such as thinner sheaths and compromised morphology. Interestingly, deprivation mirrors these effects in WT mice but does not greatly exacerbate the already aberrant myelin in HD mice, indicating a disease-related floor effect in the latter animals. These novel findings indicate that environmental deprivation causes abnormalities in myelin ultrastructure in the otherwise healthy corpus callosum of wild-type mice but has distinct effects on HD mice, where compromised myelin integrity is manifest from early stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola I Radulescu
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine (TLGM), Singapore, 138648, Singapore
- UK Dementia Research Institute (DRI), Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Costanza Ferrari Bardile
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine (TLGM), Singapore, 138648, Singapore
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Marta Garcia-Miralles
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine (TLGM), Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Harwin Sidik
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine (TLGM), Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Nur Amirah Binte Mohammad Yusof
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine (TLGM), Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Mahmoud A Pouladi
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine (TLGM), Singapore, 138648, Singapore.
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, V5Z 4H4, Canada.
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5
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Song LJ, Han QX, Ding ZB, Liu K, Zhang XX, Guo MF, Ma D, Wang Q, Xiao BG, Ma CG. Icariin ameliorates the cuprizone-induced demyelination associated with antioxidation and anti-inflammation. Inflammopharmacology 2024; 32:809-823. [PMID: 38177566 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01388-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
The treatment of immunomodulation in multiple sclerosis (MS) can alleviate the severity and relapses. However, it cannot improve the neurological disability of patients due to a lack of myelin protection and regeneration. Therefore, remyelinating therapies may be one of the feasible strategies that can prevent axonal degeneration and restore neurological disability. Natural product icariin (ICA) is a flavonol compound extracted from epimedium flavonoids, which has neuroprotective effects in several models of neurological diseases. Here, we attempt to explore whether ICA has the potential to treat demyelination and its possible mechanisms of action using lipopolysaccharide-treated BV2 microglia, primary microglia, bone marrow-derived macrophages, and cuprizone-induced demyelination model. The indicators of oxidative stress and inflammatory response were evaluated using commercial kits. The results showed that ICA significantly reduced the levels of oxidative intermediates nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, and inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and increased the levels of antioxidants superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β in vitro cell experiments. In vivo demyelination model, ICA significantly alleviated the behavioral abnormalities and enhanced the integrated optical density/mm2 of Black Gold II and myelin basic protein myelin staining, accompanied by the inhibition of oxidative stress/inflammatory response. Immunohistochemical staining showed that ICA significantly induced the expression of nuclear factor erythroid derived 2/heme oxygenase-1 (Nrf2/HO-1) and inhibited the expression of toll-like receptor 4/ nuclear factor kappa B (TLR4/NF-κB), which are two key signaling pathways in antioxidant and anti-inflammatory processes. Our results strongly suggest that ICA may be used as a potential agent to treat demyelination via regulating Nrf2/HO-1-mediated antioxidative stress and TLR4/NF-κB-mediated inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Song
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sinopharm Tongmei General Hospital, Datong, China
| | - Qing-Xian Han
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhi-Bin Ding
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Kexin Liu
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiao-Xu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sinopharm Tongmei General Hospital, Datong, China
| | - Min-Fang Guo
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Dong Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sinopharm Tongmei General Hospital, Datong, China
| | - Qing Wang
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China.
| | - Bao-Guo Xiao
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Cun-Gen Ma
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China.
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China.
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Ancău M, Tanti GK, Butenschoen VM, Gempt J, Yakushev I, Nekolla S, Mühlau M, Scheunemann C, Heininger S, Löwe B, Löwe E, Baer S, Fischer J, Reiser J, Ayachit SS, Liesche-Starnecker F, Schlegel J, Matiasek K, Schifferer M, Kirschke JS, Misgeld T, Lueth T, Hemmer B. Validating a minipig model of reversible cerebral demyelination using human diagnostic modalities and electron microscopy. EBioMedicine 2024; 100:104982. [PMID: 38306899 PMCID: PMC10850420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.104982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system, such as multiple sclerosis, are significant sources of morbidity in young adults despite therapeutic advances. Current murine models of remyelination have limited applicability due to the low white matter content of their brains, which restricts the spatial resolution of diagnostic imaging. Large animal models might be more suitable but pose significant technological, ethical and logistical challenges. METHODS We induced targeted cerebral demyelinating lesions by serially repeated injections of lysophosphatidylcholine in the minipig brain. Lesions were amenable to follow-up using the same clinical imaging modalities (3T magnetic resonance imaging, 11C-PIB positron emission tomography) and standard histopathology protocols as for human diagnostics (myelin, glia and neuronal cell markers), as well as electron microscopy (EM), to compare against biopsy data from two patients. FINDINGS We demonstrate controlled, clinically unapparent, reversible and multimodally trackable brain white matter demyelination in a large animal model. De-/remyelination dynamics were slower than reported for rodent models and paralleled by a degree of secondary axonal pathology. Regression modelling of ultrastructural parameters (g-ratio, axon thickness) predicted EM features of cerebral de- and remyelination in human data. INTERPRETATION We validated our minipig model of demyelinating brain diseases by employing human diagnostic tools and comparing it with biopsy data from patients with cerebral demyelination. FUNDING This work was supported by the DFG under Germany's Excellence Strategy within the framework of the Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (EXC 2145 SyNergy, ID 390857198) and TRR 274/1 2020, 408885537 (projects B03 and Z01).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai Ancău
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Goutam Kumar Tanti
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Vicki Marie Butenschoen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Gempt
- Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Igor Yakushev
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Nekolla
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Mark Mühlau
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Scheunemann
- Institute of Micro Technology and Medical Device Technology, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany; Ergosurg GmbH, Ismaning, Germany
| | - Sebastian Heininger
- Institute of Micro Technology and Medical Device Technology, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany; Ergosurg GmbH, Ismaning, Germany
| | - Benjamin Löwe
- Institute of Micro Technology and Medical Device Technology, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany; Ergosurg GmbH, Ismaning, Germany
| | - Erik Löwe
- Institute of Micro Technology and Medical Device Technology, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany; Ergosurg GmbH, Ismaning, Germany
| | - Silke Baer
- Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Fischer
- Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Judith Reiser
- Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sai S Ayachit
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Germany
| | - Friederike Liesche-Starnecker
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich School of Medicine, Munich, Germany; Medical Faculty, Institute of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schlegel
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Kaspar Matiasek
- Clinical and Comparative Neuropathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Schifferer
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Jan S Kirschke
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Misgeld
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tim Lueth
- Institute of Micro Technology and Medical Device Technology, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany; Ergosurg GmbH, Ismaning, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hemmer
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
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Alavi O, Alizadeh A, Dehghani F, Alipour H, Tanideh N. Anti-inflammatory Effects of Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell and Autologous Conditioned Serum on Oligodendrocyte, Astrocyte, and Microglial Specific Gene in Cuprizone Animal Model. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 19:71-82. [PMID: 36852798 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x18666230228102731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation, myelin loss, astrocytosis, and microgliosis are pathological signs of the autoimmune and demyelinating disease known as multiple sclerosis (MS). Axonal and neuronal degenerations have basic molecular pathways. The remyelination process can be influenced by the secretome of mesenchymal stem cells due to their capacity for immunomodulation, differentiation, and neuroprotection. Microglial cells are divided into two subgroups: M1 and M2 phenotypes. A crucial component of the microglial function is the colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R). We aimed to evaluate the immunomodulating effects of secretome and conditioned serum on the microglial phenotypes and improvement of demyelination in a cuprizone model of MS. METHODS The study used 48 male C57BL/6 mice, which were randomly distributed into 6 subgroups (n = 8), i.e., control, cuprizone, MSC (confluency 40% and 80%) secretome group, and blood derived conditioned serum (autologous and humanized). The animals were fed with 0.2% cuprizone diet for 12 weeks. Supplements were injected into the lateral tail vein using a 27-gauge needle every 3 days 500 μl per injection. RESULTS At 14 days after transplantation, animals from each group were sacrificed and analyzed by Real time PCR. The results showed that the administration of MSC secretome can efficiently reduce expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL6 and TNF-α) in the corpus callosum; also, conditioned serum downregulated IL-1. Moreover, the oligodendrocyte-specific gene was upregulated by secretome and conditioned serum treatment. Also, the expression of microglial- specific gene was reduced after treatment. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrated that the secretome isolated from MSCs used as a therapy decreased and increased the M1 and M2 levels, respectively, to control neuroinflammation in CPZ mice. In conclusion, the current study showed the viability of devising a method to prepare suitable MSCs and secreted factor to cure neurodegenerative diseases, as well as the capability of regulating MSC secretome patterns by manipulating the cell density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Alavi
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Aliakbar Alizadeh
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Dehghani
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Histomorphometry and Stereology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hamed Alipour
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nader Tanideh
- Stem Cells Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iranaz Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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8
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Holloman JP, Dimas SH, Archambault AS, Filipello F, Du L, Feng J, Zhao Y, Bollman B, Piccio L, Steelman AJ, Hu H, Wu GF. Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4-Dependent Microglial Function in Myelin Injury and Repair. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17097. [PMID: 38069420 PMCID: PMC10706888 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242317097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are found pathologically at all stages of multiple sclerosis (MS) lesion development and are hypothesized to contribute to both inflammatory injury and neuroprotection in the MS brain. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) channels are widely expressed, play an important role as environmental sensors, and are involved in calcium homeostasis for a variety of cells. TRPV4 modulates myeloid cell phagocytosis in the periphery and microglial motility in the central nervous system. We hypothesized that TRPV4 deletion would alter microglia phagocytosis in vitro and lessen disease activity and demyelination in experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) and cuprizone-induced demyelination. We found that genetic deletion of TRPV4 led to increased microglial phagocytosis in vitro but did not alter the degree of demyelination or remyelination in the cuprizone mouse model of MS. We also found no difference in disease in EAE following global or microglia-specific deletion of Trpv4. Additionally, lesioned and normal appearing white matter from MS brains exhibited similar TRPV4 expression compared to healthy brain tissue. Taken together, these findings indicate that TRPV4 modulates microglial activity but does not impact disease activity in mouse models of MS, suggesting a muted and/or redundant role in MS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jameson P. Holloman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA (F.F.)
| | - Sophia H. Dimas
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (S.H.D.)
| | - Angela S. Archambault
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA (F.F.)
| | - Fabia Filipello
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA (F.F.)
| | - Lixia Du
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA (Y.Z.)
| | - Jing Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA (Y.Z.)
| | - Yonghui Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA (Y.Z.)
| | - Bryan Bollman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA (F.F.)
| | - Laura Piccio
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA (F.F.)
| | - Andrew J. Steelman
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (S.H.D.)
- Department Neuroscience Program, Division of Nutritional Sciences, and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Hongzhen Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA (Y.Z.)
| | - Gregory F. Wu
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA (F.F.)
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
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9
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Kipp M. Astrocytes: Lessons Learned from the Cuprizone Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16420. [PMID: 38003609 PMCID: PMC10671869 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A diverse array of neurological and psychiatric disorders, including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and schizophrenia, exhibit distinct myelin abnormalities at both the molecular and histological levels. These aberrations are closely linked to dysfunction of oligodendrocytes and alterations in myelin structure, which may be pivotal factors contributing to the disconnection of brain regions and the resulting characteristic clinical impairments observed in these conditions. Astrocytes, which significantly outnumber neurons in the central nervous system by a five-to-one ratio, play indispensable roles in the development, maintenance, and overall well-being of neurons and oligodendrocytes. Consequently, they emerge as potential key players in the onset and progression of a myriad of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Furthermore, targeting astrocytes represents a promising avenue for therapeutic intervention in such disorders. To gain deeper insights into the functions of astrocytes in the context of myelin-related disorders, it is imperative to employ appropriate in vivo models that faithfully recapitulate specific aspects of complex human diseases in a reliable and reproducible manner. One such model is the cuprizone model, wherein metabolic dysfunction in oligodendrocytes initiates an early response involving microglia and astrocyte activation, culminating in multifocal demyelination. Remarkably, following the cessation of cuprizone intoxication, a spontaneous process of endogenous remyelination occurs. In this review article, we provide a historical overview of studies investigating the responses and putative functions of astrocytes in the cuprizone model. Following that, we list previously published works that illuminate various aspects of the biology and function of astrocytes in this multiple sclerosis model. Some of the studies are discussed in more detail in the context of astrocyte biology and pathology. Our objective is twofold: to provide an invaluable overview of this burgeoning field, and, more importantly, to inspire fellow researchers to embark on experimental investigations to elucidate the multifaceted functions of this pivotal glial cell subpopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kipp
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
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10
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Zhang X, Weickenmeier J. Brain Stiffness Follows Cuprizone-Induced Variations in Local Myelin Content. Acta Biomater 2023; 170:507-518. [PMID: 37660962 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Brain maturation and neurological diseases are intricately linked to microstructural changes that inherently affect the brain's mechanical behavior. Animal models are frequently used to explore relative brain stiffness changes as a function of underlying microstructure. Here, we are using the cuprizone mouse model to study indentation-derived stiffness changes resulting from acute and chronic demyelination during a 15-week observation period. We focus on the corpus callosum, cingulum, and cortex which undergo different degrees of de- and remyelination and, therefore, result in region-specific stiffness changes. Mean stiffness of the corpus callosum starts at 1.1 ± 0.3 kPa in untreated mice, then cuprizone treatment causes stiffness to drop to 0.6 ± 0.1 kPa by week 3, temporarily increase to 0.9 ± 0.3 kPa by week 6, and ultimately stabilize around 0.7 ± 0.1 kPa by week 9 for the rest of the observation period. The cingulum starts at 3.2 ± 0.9 kPa, then drops to 1.6 ± 0.4 kPa by week 3, and then gradually stabilizes around 1.4 ± 0.3 kPa by week 9. Cortical stiffness exhibits less stiffness variations overall; it starts at 4.2 ± 1.3 kPa, drops to 2.4 ± 0.6 kPa by week 3, and stabilizes around 2.7 ± 0.9 kPa by week 6. We also assess the impact of tissue fixation on indentation-based mechanical tissue characterization. On the one hand, fixation drastically increases untreated mean tissue stiffness by a factor of 3.3 for the corpus callosum, 2.9 for the cingulum, and 3.6 for the cortex; on the other hand, fixation influences interregional stiffness ratios during demyelination, thus suggesting that fixation affects individual brain tissues differently. Lastly, we determine the spatial correlation between stiffness measurements and myelin density and observe a region-specific proportionality between myelin content and tissue stiffness. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Despite extensive work, the relationship between microstructure and mechanical behavior in the brain remains mostly unknown. Additionally, the existing variation of measurement results reported in literature requires in depth investigation of the impact of individual cell and protein populations on tissue stiffness and interregional stiffness ratios. Here, we used microindentation measurements to show that brain stiffness changes with myelin density in the cuprizone-based demyelination mouse model. Moreover, we explored the impact of tissue fixation prior to mechanical characterization because of conflicting results reported in literature. We observe that fixation has a distinctly different impact on our three regions of interest, thus causing region-specific tissue stiffening and, more importantly, changing interregional stiffness ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030 United States
| | - Johannes Weickenmeier
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030 United States.
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11
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Clawson ED, Radecki DZ, Samanta J. Immunofluorescence assay for demyelination, remyelination, and proliferation in an acute cuprizone mouse model. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:102072. [PMID: 36853716 PMCID: PMC9918794 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we present a protocol to assess demyelination in the corpus callosum of an acute cuprizone mouse model, which is routinely used to induce demyelination for studying myelin regeneration in the rodent brain. We describe the tracing of neural stem cells via intraperitoneal injection of tamoxifen into adult Gli1CreERT2;Ai9 mice and the induction of demyelination with cuprizone diet. We also detail EdU administration, cryosectioning of the mouse brain, EdU labeling, and immunofluorescence staining to examine proliferation and myelination. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Radecki et al. (2020).1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth D Clawson
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Daniel Z Radecki
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jayshree Samanta
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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12
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Chen L, Yu Z, Xie L, He X, Mu X, Chen C, Yang W, Tong X, Liu J, Gao Z, Sun S, Xu N, Lu Z, Zheng J, Zhang Y. ANGPTL2 binds MAG to efficiently enhance oligodendrocyte differentiation. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:42. [PMID: 36855057 PMCID: PMC9976406 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-00970-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oligodendrocytes have robust regenerative ability and are key players in remyelination during physiological and pathophysiological states. However, the mechanisms of brain microenvironmental cue in regulation of the differentiation of oligodendrocytes still needs to be further investigated. RESULTS We demonstrated that myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) was a novel receptor for angiopoietin-like protein 2 (ANGPTL2). The binding of ANGPTL2 to MAG efficiently promoted the differentiation of oligodendrocytes in vitro, as evaluated in an HCN cell line. Angptl2-null mice had a markedly impaired myelination capacity in the early stage of oligodendrocyte development. These mice had notably decreased remyelination capacities and enhanced motor disability in a cuprizone-induced demyelinating mouse model, which was similar to the Mag-null mice. The loss of remyelination ability in Angptl2-null/Mag-null mice was similar to the Angptl2-WT/Mag-null mice, which indicated that the ANGPTL2-mediated oligodendrocyte differentiation effect depended on the MAG receptor. ANGPTL2 bound MAG to enhance its phosphorylation level and recruit Fyn kinase, which increased Fyn phosphorylation levels, followed by the transactivation of myelin regulatory factor (MYRF). CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated an unexpected cross-talk between the environmental protein (ANGPTL2) and its surface receptor (MAG) in the regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation, which may benefit the treatment of many demyelination disorders, including multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Zhuo Yu
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Li Xie
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xiaoxiao He
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xingmei Mu
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Chiqi Chen
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Wenqian Yang
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xiaoping Tong
- Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junling Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengliang Gao
- Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), Tongji Univeirsity School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Suya Sun
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - NanJie Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhigang Lu
- The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, The International Co-Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Junke Zheng
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Yaping Zhang
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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13
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Al-Otaibi KM, Alghamdi BS, Al-Ghamdi MA, Mansouri RA, Ashraf GM, Omar UM. Therapeutic effect of combination vitamin D3 and siponimod on remyelination and modulate microglia activation in cuprizone mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 16:1068736. [PMID: 36688131 PMCID: PMC9849768 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.1068736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of remyelination is critical for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) to alleviate symptoms and protect the myelin sheath from further damage. The current study aimed to investigate the possible therapeutic effects of combining vitamin D3 (Vit D3) and siponimod (Sipo) on enhancing remyelination and modulating microglia phenotypes in the cuprizone (CPZ) demyelination mouse model. The study was divided into two stages; demyelination (first 5 weeks) and remyelination (last 4 weeks). In the first 5 weeks, 85 mice were randomly divided into two groups, control (n = 20, standard rodent chow) and CPZ (n = 65, 0.3% CPZ mixed with chow for 6 weeks, followed by 3 weeks of standard rodent chow). At week 5, the CPZ group was re-divided into four groups (n = 14) for remyelination stages; untreated CPZ (0.2 ml of CMC orally), CPZ+Vit D3 (800 IU/kg Vit D3 orally), CPZ+Sipo (1.5 mg/kg Sipo orally), and CPZ+Vit D3 (800 IU/kg Vit D3) + Sipo (1.5 mg/kg Sipo orally). Various behavioral tasks were performed to evaluate motor performance. Luxol Fast Blue (LFB) staining, the expression level of myelin basic protein (MBP), and M1/M2 microglia phenotype genes were assessed in the corpus callosum (CC). The results showed that the combination of Vit D3 and Sipo improved behavioral deficits, significantly promoted remyelination, and modulated expression levels of microglia phenotype genes in the CC at early and late remyelination stages. These results demonstrate for the first time that a combination of Vit D3 and Sipo can improve the remyelination process in the cuprizone (CPZ) mouse model by attenuating the M1 microglia phenotype. This may help to improve the treatment of MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kholoud M. Al-Otaibi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Albaha University, Albaha, Saudi Arabia,*Correspondence: Badrah S. Alghamdi Kholoud M. Al-Otaibi
| | - Badrah S. Alghamdi
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Unit, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,*Correspondence: Badrah S. Alghamdi Kholoud M. Al-Otaibi
| | - Maryam A. Al-Ghamdi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,Vitamin D Pharmacogenomics Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rasha A. Mansouri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ulfat M. Omar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,Princess Dr. Najla Bint Saud Al-Saud Center for Excellence Research in Biotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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14
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Samtani G, Kim S, Michaud D, Hillhouse AE, Szule JA, Konganti K, Li J. Brain region dependent molecular signatures and myelin repair following chronic demyelination. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1169786. [PMID: 37180951 PMCID: PMC10171432 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1169786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most prevalent demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, characterized by myelin destruction, axonal degeneration, and progressive loss of neurological functions. Remyelination is considered an axonal protection strategy and may enable functional recovery, but the mechanisms of myelin repair, especially after chronic demyelination, remain poorly understood. Here, we used the cuprizone demyelination mouse model to investigate spatiotemporal characteristics of acute and chronic de- and remyelination and motor functional recovery following chronic demyelination. Extensive remyelination occurred after both the acute and chronic insults, but with less robust glial responses and slower myelin recovery in the chronic phase. Axonal damage was found at the ultrastructural level in the chronically demyelinated corpus callosum and in remyelinated axons in the somatosensory cortex. Unexpectedly, we observed the development of functional motor deficits after chronic remyelination. RNA sequencing of isolated brain regions revealed significantly altered transcripts across the corpus callosum, cortex and hippocampus. Pathway analysis identified selective upregulation of extracellular matrix/collagen pathways and synaptic signaling in the chronically de/remyelinating white matter. Our study demonstrates regional differences of intrinsic reparative mechanisms after a chronic demyelinating insult and suggests a potential link between long-term motor function alterations and continued axonal damage during chronic remyelination. Moreover, the transcriptome dataset of three brain regions and over an extended de/remyelination period provides a valuable platform for a better understanding of the mechanisms of myelin repair as well as the identification of potential targets for effective remyelination and neuroprotection for progressive MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Samtani
- Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Sunja Kim
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Danielle Michaud
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Andrew E. Hillhouse
- Texas A&M Institute for Genome Sciences and Society, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Joseph A. Szule
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Kranti Konganti
- Texas A&M Institute for Genome Sciences and Society, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Jianrong Li
- Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Jianrong Li,
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15
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Inhomogeneous Magnetization Transfer (ihMT) imaging in the acute cuprizone mouse model of demyelination/remyelination. Neuroimage 2023; 265:119785. [PMID: 36464096 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the association of ihMT (inhom signals with the demyelination and remyelination phases of the acute cuprizone mouse model in comparison with histology, and to assess the extent of tissue damage and repair from MRI data. METHODS Acute demyelination by feeding 0.2% cuprizone for five weeks, followed by a four-week remyelination period was applied on genetically modified plp-GFP mice. Animals were scanned at different time points of the demyelination and remyelination phases of the cuprizone model using a multimodal MRI protocol, including ihMT T1D-filters, MPF (Macromolecular Proton Fraction) and R1 (longitudinal relaxation rate). For histology, plp-GFP (proteolipid protein - Green Fluorescent Protein) microscopy and LFB (Luxol Fast Blue) staining were employed as references for the myelin content. Comparison of MRI with histology was performed in the medial corpus callosum (mCC) and cerebral cortex (CTX) at two brain levels whereas ROI-wise and voxel-based analyses of the MRI metrics allowed investigating in vivo the spatial extent of myelin alterations. RESULTS IhMT high-pass T1D-filters, targeted toward long T1D components, showed significant temporal variations in the mCC consistent with the effects induced by the cuprizone toxin. In addition, the corresponding signals correlated strongly and significantly with the myelin content assessed by GFP fluorescence and LFB staining over the demyelination and the remyelination phases. The signal of the band-pass T1D-filter, which isolates short T1D components, showed changes over time that were poorly correlated with histology, hence suggesting a sensitivity to pathological processes possibly not related to myelin. Although MPF was also highly correlated to histology, ihMT high-pass T1D-filters showed better capability to characterize the spatial-temporal patterns during the demyelination and remyelination phases of the acute cuprizone model (e.g., rostro-caudal gradient of demyelination in the mCC previously described in the literature). CONCLUSIONS IhMT sequences selective for long T1D components are specific and sensitive in vivo markers of demyelination and remyelination and have successfully captured the spatially heterogeneous pattern of the demyelination and remyelination mechanisms in the cuprizone model. Interestingly, differences in signal variations between the ihMT high-pass and band-pass T1D-filter, suggest a sensitivity of the ihMT sequences targeted to short T1Ds to alterations other than those of myelin. Future studies will need to further address these differences by examining more closely the origin of the short T1D components and the variation of each T1D component in pathology.
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16
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Gharagozloo M, Mace JW, Calabresi PA. Animal models to investigate the effects of inflammation on remyelination in multiple sclerosis. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:995477. [PMID: 36407761 PMCID: PMC9669474 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.995477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory, demyelinating, and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS). In people with MS, impaired remyelination and axonal loss lead to debilitating long-term neurologic deficits. Current MS disease-modifying drugs mainly target peripheral immune cells and have demonstrated little efficacy for neuroprotection or promoting repair. To elucidate the pathological mechanisms and test therapeutic interventions, multiple animal models have been developed to recapitulate specific aspects of MS pathology, particularly the acute inflammatory stage. However, there are few animal models that facilitate the study of remyelination in the presence of inflammation, and none fully replicate the biology of chronic demyelination in MS. In this review, we describe the animal models that have provided insight into the mechanisms underlying demyelination, myelin repair, and potential therapeutic targets for remyelination. We highlight the limitations of studying remyelination in toxin-based demyelination models and discuss the combinatorial models that recapitulate the inflammatory microenvironment, which is now recognized to be a major inhibitor of remyelination mechanisms. These models may be useful in identifying novel therapeutics that promote CNS remyelination in inflammatory diseases such as MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Gharagozloo
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jackson W. Mace
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Peter A. Calabresi
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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17
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Silva Oliveira Junior M, Schira-Heinen J, Reiche L, Han S, de Amorim VCM, Lewen I, Gruchot J, Göttle P, Akkermann R, Azim K, Küry P. Myelin repair is fostered by the corticosteroid medrysone specifically acting on astroglial subpopulations. EBioMedicine 2022; 83:104204. [PMID: 35952494 PMCID: PMC9385547 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis is characterised by inflammation, oligodendrocyte loss and axonal demyelination and shows an additional impact on astrocytes, and their polarization. Although a certain degree of spontaneous myelin repair can be observed, disease progression, and aging impair regeneration efforts highlighting the need to better understand glial cell dynamics to establish specific regenerative treatments. Methods Applying a chronic demyelination model, we here analysed demyelination and remyelination related effects on astrocytes and stem cell niches and studied the consequences of medrysone application on myelin repair, and astrocyte polarization. Findings Medrysone induced recovery of mature oligodendrocytes, myelin expression and node formation. In addition, C3d/S100a10 co-expression in astrocytes was enhanced. Moreover, Timp1 expression in C3d positive astrocytes revealed another astrocytic phenotype with a myelination promoting character. Interpretation Based on these findings, specific astrocyte subpopulations are suggested to act in a myelin regenerative way and manner the regulation of which can be positively modulated by this corticosteroid. Funding This work was supported by the Jürgen Manchot Stiftung, the Research Commission of the medical faculty of the Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, the Christiane and Claudia Hempel Foundation for clinical stem cell research and the James and Elisabeth Cloppenburg, Peek and Cloppenburg Düsseldorf Stiftung.
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18
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Honarvar F, Hojati V, Zare L, Bakhtiari N, Javan M. Ursolic Acid Enhances Myelin Repair in Adult Mice Brains and Stimulates Exhausted Oligodendrocyte Progenitors to Remyelinate. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:2081-2093. [PMID: 35976486 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-022-02059-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In multiple sclerosis patients, long-term inflammation makes the oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) exhausted; therefore, a new therapy that makes them responsive to insults to participate in remyelination is highly in demand. Here, we investigated the effect of ursolic acid (UA) on myelin repair after mid-term and long-term demyelination periods induced by 6 or 12 weeks of cuprizone treatment followed by 2 weeks of recovery with or without UA. Immunohistochemistry studies and myelin genes expression assessment were used to evaluate the myelination status of mouse corpora callosa and the cellular mechanisms of myelin repair. Results showed that UA significantly promoted recovery from myelin loss after discontinuing 6 or 12 weeks of cuprizone feeding, as measured by luxol fast blue (LFB), fluoroMyelin (FM), anti-myelin basic protein (MBP) staining, and oligodendrocyte progenitor cell counts. It led to reduced inflammation and gliosis as evaluated by glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Iba1, or other marker gene transcripts. Following long-term demyelination, gliosis and TNF-α were observed as potential players in lesion pathology, which were restored by UA. An increased IL-10 may contribute to UA anti-inflammatory effect and making responsive the exhausted OPCs. UA increased the number of new oligodendrocyte lineage cells and myelination. Our findings indicated that UA can enhance myelin repair after cuprizone challenge through the prevention of gliosis and increasing the newly generated myelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Honarvar
- Department of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
| | - Vida Hojati
- Department of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
| | - Leila Zare
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nuredin Bakhtiari
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. .,Institute for Brain and Cognition, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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ELBini-Dhouib I, Manai M, Neili NE, Marzouki S, Sahraoui G, Ben Achour W, Zouaghi S, BenAhmed M, Doghri R, Srairi-Abid N. Dual Mechanism of Action of Curcumin in Experimental Models of Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158658. [PMID: 35955792 PMCID: PMC9369178 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by a combination of inflammatory and demyelination processes in the spinal cord and brain. Conventional drugs generally target the autoimmune response, without any curative effect. For that reason, there is a great interest in identifying novel agents with anti-inflammatory and myelinating effects, to counter the inflammation and cell death distinctive of the disease. Methods and results: An in vitro assay showed that curcumin (Cur) at 10 µM enhanced the proliferation of C8-D1A cells and modulated the production of Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines in the cells stimulated by LPS. Furthermore, two in vivo pathophysiological experimental models were used to assess the effect of curcumin (100 mg/kg). The cuprizone model mimics the de/re-myelination aspect in MS, and the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model (EAE) reflects immune-mediated events. We found that Cur alleviated the neurological symptomatology in EAE and modulated the expression of lymphocytes CD3 and CD4 in the spinal cord. Interestingly, Cur restored motor and behavioral deficiencies, as well as myelination, in demyelinated mice, as indicated by the higher index of luxol fast blue (LFB) and the myelin basic protein (MBP) intensity in the corpus callosum. Conclusions: Curcumin is a potential therapeutic agent that can diminish the MS neuroimmune imbalance and demyelination through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines ELBini-Dhouib
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Venins et Applications Théranostiques (LR20IPT01), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
- Correspondence: or
| | - Maroua Manai
- Laboratoire de Génétique Humaine (LR99ES10), Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia or
| | - Nour-elhouda Neili
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Venins et Applications Théranostiques (LR20IPT01), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Soumaya Marzouki
- Laboratoire de Transmission, Contrôle et Immunobiologie des Infections (LR11IPT02), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Ghada Sahraoui
- Laboratoire de Médecine de Précision, Médecine Personnalisée et Investigation en Oncologie (LR21SP01), Service d’Anatomie Pathologique, Institut Salah Azaiez, Bab Saadoun, Tunis 1006, Tunisia
- Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia
| | - Warda Ben Achour
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Venins et Applications Théranostiques (LR20IPT01), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Sondes Zouaghi
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Venins et Applications Théranostiques (LR20IPT01), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Melika BenAhmed
- Laboratoire de Transmission, Contrôle et Immunobiologie des Infections (LR11IPT02), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
- Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia
| | - Raoudha Doghri
- Laboratoire de Médecine de Précision, Médecine Personnalisée et Investigation en Oncologie (LR21SP01), Service d’Anatomie Pathologique, Institut Salah Azaiez, Bab Saadoun, Tunis 1006, Tunisia
- Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia
| | - Najet Srairi-Abid
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Venins et Applications Théranostiques (LR20IPT01), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
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20
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Kawabe Y, Tanaka T, Isonishi A, Nakahara K, Tatsumi K, Wanaka A. Characterization of Glial Populations in the Aging and Remyelinating Mouse Corpus Callosum. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:2826-2838. [PMID: 35859078 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03676-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cells in the white matter of the adult brain have a characteristic distribution pattern in which several cells are contiguously connected to each other, making a linear array (LA) resembling pearls-on-a-string parallel to the axon axis. We have been interested in how this pattern of cell distribution changes during aging and remyelination after demyelination. In the present study, with a multiplex staining method, semi-quantitative analysis of the localization of oligodendrocyte lineage cells (oligodendrocyte progenitors, premyelinating oligodendrocytes, and mature oligodendrocytes), astrocytes, and microglia in 8-week-old (young adult) and 32-week-old (aged) corpus callosum showed that young adult cells still include immature oligodendrocytes and that LAs contain a higher proportion of microglia than isolated cells. In aged mice, premyelinating oligodendrocytes were decreased, but microglia continued to be present in the LAs. These results suggest that the presence of microglia is important for the characteristic cell localization pattern of LAs. In a cuprizone-induced demyelination model, we observed re-formation of LAs after completion of cuprizone treatment, concurrent with remyelination. These re-formed LAs again contained more microglia than the isolated cells. This finding supports the hypothesis that microglia contribute to the formation and maintenance of LAs. In addition, regardless of the distribution of cells (LAs or isolated cells), astrocytes were found to be more abundant than in the normal corpus callosum at 24 weeks after cuprizone treatment when remyelination is completed. This suggests that astrocytes are involved in maintaining the functions of remyelinated white matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshie Kawabe
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nara Medical University, Faculty of Medicine, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara City, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Tatsuhide Tanaka
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nara Medical University, Faculty of Medicine, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara City, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Ayami Isonishi
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nara Medical University, Faculty of Medicine, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara City, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nakahara
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nara Medical University, Faculty of Medicine, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara City, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Kouko Tatsumi
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nara Medical University, Faculty of Medicine, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara City, Nara, 634-8521, Japan.
| | - Akio Wanaka
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nara Medical University, Faculty of Medicine, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara City, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
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Dupree JL, Paez PM, Tiwari-Woodruff SK, Denton TT, Hensley K, Angeliu CG, Boullerne AI, Kalinin S, Egge S, Cheli VT, Denaroso G, Atkinson KC, Feri M, Feinstein DL. Lanthionine Ketimine Ethyl Ester Accelerates Remyelination in a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis. ASN Neuro 2022; 14:17590914221112352. [PMID: 35791633 PMCID: PMC9272172 DOI: 10.1177/17590914221112352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although over 20 disease modifying therapies are approved to treat Multiple Sclerosis (MS), these do not increase remyelination of demyelinated axons or mitigate axon damage. Previous studies showed that lanthionine ketenamine ethyl ester (LKE) reduces clinical signs in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model of MS and increased maturation of oligodendrocyte (OL) progenitor cells (OPCs) in vitro. In the current study, we used the cuprizone (CPZ) demyelination model of MS to test if LKE could increase remyelination. The corpus callosum (CC) and somatosensory cortex was examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC), electron microscopy and for mRNA expression changes in mice provided 5 weeks of CPZ diet followed by 2 weeks of normal diet in the presence of LKE or vehicle. A significant increase in the number of myelinated axons, and increased myelin thickness was observed in the CC of LKE-treated groups compared to vehicle-treated groups. LKE also increased myelin basic protein and proteolipid protein expression in the CC and cortex, and increased the number of mature OLs in the cortex. In contrast, LKE did not increase the percentage of proliferating OPCs suggesting effects on OPC survival and differentiation but not proliferation. The effects of LKE on OL maturation and remyelination were supported by similar changes in their relative mRNA levels. Interestingly, LKE did not have significant effects on GFAP or Iba1 immunostaining or mRNA levels. These findings suggest that remyelinating actions of LKE can potentially be formulated to induce remyelination in neurological diseases associated with demyelination including MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L. Dupree
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,Research Service, HH McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Pablo M. Paez
- Institute for Myelin and Glia Exploration, Department of Pharmacology and
Toxicology, University at Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Seema K. Tiwari-Woodruff
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine at the University of California
Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Travis T. Denton
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy &
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane, WA,
USA,Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Elson S. Floyd College
of Medicine, Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane, WA, USA,Steve Gleason Institute for Neuroscience, Washington State University Health Sciences
Spokane, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Kenneth Hensley
- Arkansas College of Osteopathic
Medicine, Fort Smith, AR, USA
| | - Christina G. Angeliu
- Institute for Myelin and Glia Exploration, Department of Pharmacology and
Toxicology, University at Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | - Sergey Kalinin
- Department Anesthesiology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sophia Egge
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Veronica T. Cheli
- Institute for Myelin and Glia Exploration, Department of Pharmacology and
Toxicology, University at Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Giancarlo Denaroso
- Institute for Myelin and Glia Exploration, Department of Pharmacology and
Toxicology, University at Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kelley C. Atkinson
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine at the University of California
Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Micah Feri
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine at the University of California
Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Douglas L. Feinstein
- Department Anesthesiology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA,Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA,Douglas L. Feinstein, Department of Anesthesiology,
University of Illinois, 835 South Wolcott Avenue, MC 513, Chicago IL, 60612, USA.
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22
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Palavra F, Viana SD, Henriques S, Dinis J, Martins J, Madeira MH, Santiago R, Petrella L, Sereno J, Castelo-Branco M, Pereira FC, Almeida L, Ambrósio AF, Reis F. Defining milestones for the study of remyelination using the cuprizone mouse model: how early is early? Mult Scler Relat Disord 2022; 63:103886. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.103886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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23
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Astroglial and oligodendroglial markers in the cuprizone animal model for de- and remyelination. Histochem Cell Biol 2022; 158:15-38. [PMID: 35380252 PMCID: PMC9246805 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-022-02096-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Myelin loss with consecutive axon degeneration and impaired remyelination are the underlying causes of progressive disease in patients with multiple sclerosis. Astrocytes are suggested to play a major role in these processes. The unmasking of distinct astrocyte identities in health and disease would help to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms in which astrocytes are involved. However, the number of specific astrocyte markers is limited. Therefore, we performed immunohistochemical studies and analyzed various markers including GFAP, vimentin, S100B, ALDH1L1, and LCN2 during de- and remyelination using the toxic murine cuprizone animal model. Applying this animal model, we were able to confirm overlapping expression of vimentin and GFAP and highlighted the potential of ALDH1L1 as a pan-astrocytic marker, in agreement with previous data. Only a small population of GFAP-positive astrocytes in the corpus callosum highly up-regulated LCN2 at the peak of demyelination and S100B expression was found in a subset of oligodendroglia as well, thus S100B turned out to have a limited use as a particular astroglial marker. Additionally, numerous GFAP-positive astrocytes in the lateral corpus callosum did not express S100B, further strengthening findings of heterogeneity in the astrocytic population. In conclusion, our results acknowledged that GFAP, vimentin, LCN2, and ALDH1L1 serve as reliable marker to identify activated astrocytes during cuprizone-induced de- and remyelination. Moreover, there were clear regional and temporal differences in protein and mRNA expression levels and patterns of the studied markers, generally between gray and white matter structures.
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24
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Wilczynski E, Sasson E, Eliav U, Navon G, Nevo U. An in vivo implementation of the MEX MRI for myelin fraction of mice brain. MAGMA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 35:267-276. [PMID: 34357453 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-021-00950-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Magnetization EXchange (MEX) sequence measures a signal linearly dependent on the myelin proton fraction by selective suppression of water magnetization and a recovery period. Varying the recovery period enables extraction of the percentile fraction of myelin bound protons. We aim to demonstrate the MEX sequence sensitivity to the fraction of protons associated with myelin in mice brain, in vivo. METHODS The cuprizone mouse model was used to manipulate the myelin content. Mice fed cuprizone (n = 15) and normal chow (n = 8) were imaged in vivo using MEX sequence. MR images were segmented into corpus callosum and internal capsule (white matter) and cortical gray matter, and fitted to the recovery equation. Results were analyzed with correlation to MWF and histopathology. RESULTS The extracted parameters show significant differences in the corpus callosum between the cuprizone and control groups. The cuprizone group exhibited reduced myelin fraction 26.5% (P < 0.01). The gray matter values were less affected, with 13.5% reduction (P < 0.05); no changes were detected in the internal capsule. Results were validated by MWF scans and good correlation to the histology analysis (R2 = 0.685). CONCLUSION The results of this first in vivo implementation of the MEX sequence provide a quantitative measure of demyelination in brain white matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella Wilczynski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Efrat Sasson
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Uzi Eliav
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gil Navon
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Uri Nevo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. .,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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25
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Bauch J, Ort SV, Ulc A, Faissner A. Tenascins Interfere With Remyelination in an Ex Vivo Cerebellar Explant Model of Demyelination. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:819967. [PMID: 35372366 PMCID: PMC8965512 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.819967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes form myelin membranes and thereby secure the insulation of axons and the rapid conduction of action potentials. Diseases such as multiple sclerosis highlight the importance of this glial cell population for brain function. In the adult brain, efficient remyelination following the damage to oligodendrocytes is compromised. Myelination is characterized by proliferation, migration, and proper integration of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). These processes are among others controlled by proteins of the extracellular matrix (ECM). As a prominent representative ECM molecule, tenascin-C (Tnc) exerts an inhibitory effect on the migration and differentiation of OPCs. The structurally similar paralogue tenascin-R (Tnr) is known to promote the differentiation of oligodendrocytes. The model of lysolecithin-induced demyelination of cerebellar slice cultures represents an important tool for the analysis of the remyelination process. Ex vivo cerebellar explant cultures of Tnc−/− and Tnr−/− mouse lines displayed enhanced remyelination by forming thicker myelin membranes upon exposure to lysolecithin. The inhibitory effect of tenascins on remyelination could be confirmed when demyelinated wildtype control cultures were exposed to purified Tnc or Tnr protein. In that approach, the remyelination efficiency decreased in a dose-dependent manner with increasing concentrations of ECM molecules added. In order to examine potential roles in a complex in vivo environment, we successfully established cuprizone-based acute demyelination to analyze the remyelination behavior after cuprizone withdrawal in SV129, Tnc−/−, and Tnr−/− mice. In addition, we documented by immunohistochemistry in the cuprizone model the expression of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans that are inhibitory for the differentiation of OPCs. In conclusion, inhibitory properties of Tnc and Tnr for myelin membrane formation could be demonstrated by using an ex vivo approach.
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26
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What Can We Learn from Animal Models to Study Schizophrenia? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1400:15-33. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-97182-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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27
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Zhang J, Buller BA, Zhang ZG, Zhang Y, Lu M, Rosene DL, Medalla M, Moore TL, Chopp M. Exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells promote remyelination and reduce neuroinflammation in the demyelinating central nervous system. Exp Neurol 2022; 347:113895. [PMID: 34653510 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Injury of oligodendrocytes (OLs) induces demyelination, and patients with neurodegenerative diseases exhibit demyelination concomitantly with neurological deficit and cognitive impairment. Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) are present in the adult central nervous system (CNS), and they can proliferate, differentiate, and remyelinate axons after damage. However, remyelination therapies are not in clinical use. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a major demyelinating disease in the CNS. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have demonstrated therapeutic promise in animal models and in clinical trials of MS. Exosomes are nanoparticles generated by nearly all cells and they mediate cell-cell communication by transferring cargo biomaterials. Here, we hypothesize that exosomes harvested from MSCs have a similar therapeutic effect on enhancement of remyelination as that of MSCs. In the present study we employed exosomes derived from rhesus monkey MSCs (MSC-Exo). Two mouse models of demyelination were employed: 1) experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS; and 2) cuprizone (CPZ) diet model, a toxic demyelination model. MSC-Exo or PBS were intravenously injected twice a week for 4 weeks, starting on day 10 post immunization in EAE mice, or once a week for 2 weeks starting on the day of CPZ diet withdrawal. Neurological and cognitive function were tested, OPC differentiation and remyelination, neuroinflammation and the potential underlying mechanisms were investigated using immunofluorescent staining, transmission electron microscopy and Western blot. Data generated from the EAE model revealed that MSC-Exo cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) and target neural cells. Compared with the controls (p < 0.05), treatment with MSC-Exo: 1) significantly improved neurological outcome; 2) significantly increased the numbers of newly generated OLs (BrdU+/APC+) and mature OLs (APC+), and the level of myelin basic protein (MBP); 3) decreased amyloid-β precursor protein (APP)+ density; 4) decreased neuroinflammation by increasing the M2 phenotype and decreasing the M1 phenotype of microglia, as well as their related cytokines; 5) inhibited the TLR2/IRAK1/NFκB pathway. Furthermore, we confirmed that the MSC-Exo treatment significantly improved cognitive function, promoted remyelination, increased polarization of M2 phenotype and blocked TLR2 signaling in the CPZ model. Collectively, MSC-Exo treatment promotes remyelination by both directly acting on OPCs and indirectly by acting on microglia in the demyelinating CNS. This study provides the cellular and molecular basis for this cell-free exosome therapy on remyelination and modulation of neuroinflammation in the CNS, with great potential for treatment of demyelinating and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America.
| | - Benjamin A Buller
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Zheng Gang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Mei Lu
- Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Douglas L Rosene
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Maria Medalla
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tara L Moore
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America; Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, United States of America
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28
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Xie H, Yang X, Cao Y, Long X, Shang H, Jia Z. Role of lipoic acid in multiple sclerosis. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 28:319-331. [PMID: 34964271 PMCID: PMC8841304 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipoic acid (LA) is an endogenous antioxidant that exists widely in nature. Supplementation with LA is a promising approach to improve the outcomes of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). This systematic review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of both in vitro and in vivo studies describing the pharmacokinetics, efficacy, safety, and mechanism of LA in MS‐related experiments and clinical trials. A total of 516 records were identified by searching five databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane Library. Overall, we included 20 studies reporting LA effects in cell and mouse models of MS and 12 studies reporting LA effects in patients with MS. Briefly, cell experiments revealed that LA protected neurons by inhibiting the expression of inflammatory mediators and activities of immune cells. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mouse experiments demonstrated that LA consistently reduced the number of infiltrating immune cells in the central nervous system and decreased the clinical disability scores. Patients with MS showed relatively stable Expanded Disability Status Scale scores and better walking performance with few adverse events after the oral administration of LA. Notably, heterogeneity of this evidence existed among modeling methods, LA usage, MS stage, and trial duration. In conclusion, this review provides evidence for the anti‐inflammatory and antioxidative effects of LA in both in vitro and in vivo experiments; therefore, patients with MS may benefit from LA administration. Whether LA can be a routine supplementary therapy warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongsheng Xie
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiufang Yang
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Cao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xipeng Long
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huifang Shang
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiyun Jia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Toomey LM, Papini M, Lins B, Wright AJ, Warnock A, McGonigle T, Hellewell SC, Bartlett CA, Anyaegbu C, Fitzgerald M. Cuprizone feed formulation influences the extent of demyelinating disease pathology. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22594. [PMID: 34799634 PMCID: PMC8604913 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01963-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cuprizone is a copper-chelating agent that induces pathology similar to that within some multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions. The reliability and reproducibility of cuprizone for inducing demyelinating disease pathology depends on the animals ingesting consistent doses of cuprizone. Cuprizone-containing pelleted feed is a convenient way of delivering cuprizone, but the efficacy of these pellets at inducing demyelination has been questioned. This study compared the degree of demyelinating disease pathology between mice fed cuprizone delivered in pellets to mice fed a powdered cuprizone formulation at an early 3 week demyelinating timepoint. Within rostral corpus callosum, cuprizone pellets were more effective than cuprizone powder at increasing astrogliosis, microglial activation, DNA damage, and decreasing the density of mature oligodendrocytes. However, cuprizone powder demonstrated greater protein nitration relative to controls. Furthermore, mice fed control powder had significantly fewer mature oligodendrocytes than those fed control pellets. In caudal corpus callosum, cuprizone pellets performed better than cuprizone powder relative to controls at increasing astrogliosis, microglial activation, protein nitration, DNA damage, tissue swelling, and reducing the density of mature oligodendrocytes. Importantly, only cuprizone pellets induced detectable demyelination compared to controls. The two feeds had similar effects on oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) dynamics. Taken together, these data suggest that demyelinating disease pathology is modelled more effectively with cuprizone pellets than powder at 3 weeks. Combined with the added convenience, cuprizone pellets are a suitable choice for inducing early demyelinating disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian M Toomey
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia.,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute Building, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Melissa Papini
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Brittney Lins
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Alexander J Wright
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Andrew Warnock
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Terence McGonigle
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Sarah C Hellewell
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Carole A Bartlett
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Chidozie Anyaegbu
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Melinda Fitzgerald
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia. .,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute Building, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia.
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30
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An J, He Y, Yin JJ, Ding ZB, Han QX, Chen YY, Wang Q, Chai Z, Yu JZ, Song LJ, Xiao BG, Ma CG. Temporal and spatial evolution of various functional neurons during demyelination induced by cuprizone. J Neurophysiol 2021; 126:1756-1771. [PMID: 34669500 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00224.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating, and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Here we report the temporal and spatial evolution of various functional neurons during demyelination in a cuprizone (CPZ)-induced mouse model. CPZ did not significantly induce the damage of axons and neurons after 2 wk of feeding. However, after 4-6 wk of CPZ feeding, axons and neurons were markedly reduced in the cortex, posterior thalamic nuclear group, and hippocampus. Simultaneously, the expression of TPH+ tryptophan neurons and VGLUT1+ glutamate neurons was obviously decreased, and the expression of TH+ dopaminergic neurons was slightly decreased in the tail part of the substantia nigra striatum, whereas the number of ChAT+ cholinergic neurons was not significantly different in the brain. In the second week of feeding, CPZ caused a higher level of glutamate secretion and upregulated the expression of EAAT2 on astrocytes, which should contribute to rapid and sufficient glutamate uptake and removal. This finding reveals that astrocyte-driven glutamate reuptake protected the CNS from excitotoxicity by rapid reuptake of glutamate in 4-6 wk of CPZ feeding. At this stage, although NG2+ oligodendroglia progenitor cells (OPCs) were enhanced in the demyelination foci, the myelin sheath was still absent. In conclusion, we comprehensively observed the temporal and spatial evolution of various functional neurons. Our results will assist with understanding how demyelination affects neurons during CPZ-induced demyelination and provide novel information for neuroprotection in myelin regeneration and demyelinating diseases.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our results further indicate temporal and spatial evolution of various functional neurons during the demyelination in a cuprizone (CPZ)-induced mouse model, which mainly occur 4-6 wk after CPZ feeding. At the same time, the axonal compartment is damaged and, consequently, neuronal death occurs, while glutamate neurons are lost obviously. The astrocyte-mediated glutamate reuptake could protect the neurons from the excitatory effects of glutamate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun An
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yan He
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jun-Jun Yin
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhi-Bin Ding
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China.,Department of Physiology and Neurology, Affiliated Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qing-Xian Han
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yang-Yang Chen
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qing Wang
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhi Chai
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jie-Zhong Yu
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Li-Juan Song
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China.,Department of Physiology and Neurology, Affiliated Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Bao-Guo Xiao
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cun-Gen Ma
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China.,Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
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31
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Tahmasebi F, Barati S, Kashani IR. Effect of CSF1R inhibitor on glial cells population and remyelination in the cuprizone model. Neuropeptides 2021; 89:102179. [PMID: 34274854 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2021.102179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a kind of autoimmune and demyelinating disease with pathological symptoms such as inflammation, myelin loss, astrocytosis, and microgliosis. The colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) is an essential factor for the microglial function, and PLX3397 (PLX) is its specific inhibitor. In this wstudy, we assessed the effect of different doses of PLX for microglial ablation on glial cell population and remyelination process. Sixty male C57BL/6 mice (8 weeks old) were divided into 6 groups. The animals were fed with 0.2% cuprizone diet for 12 weeks. For microglial ablation, PLX (290 mg/kg) was added to the animal food for 3, 7, 14 and 21 days. Glial cell population was measured using immunohistochemistry. The rate of remyelination was evaluated using electron microscopy and Luxol Fast Blue staining. The expression levels of all genes were assessed by qRT-PCR method. Data were analysed using GraphPad Prism and SPSS software. The results showed that the administration of different doses of PLX significantly reduced microglial cells (p ≤ .001). PLX administration also significantly increased oligodendrocytes population (p ≤ .001) and remyelination compared to the cuprizone mice, which was aligned with the results of LFB and TEM. Gene results showed that PLX treatment reduced CSF1R expression. According to the results, the administration of PLX for 21 days enhanced remyelination by increasing oligodendrocytes in the chronic demyelination model. These positive effects could be related to the reduction of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Tahmasebi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Shirin Barati
- Department of Anatomy, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
| | - Iraj Ragerdi Kashani
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Untargeted Metabolomic Profiling of Cuprizone-Induced Demyelination in Mouse Corpus Callosum by UPLC-Orbitrap/MS Reveals Potential Metabolic Biomarkers of CNS Demyelination Disorders. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:7093844. [PMID: 34567412 PMCID: PMC8457991 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7093844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by periodic neuronal demyelination, which leads to a range of symptoms and eventually to disability. The goal of this research was to use UPLC-Orbitrap/MS to identify validated biomarkers and explore the metabolic mechanisms of MS in mice. Thirty-two C57BL/6 male mice were randomized into two groups that were fed either normal food or 0.2% CPZ for 11 weeks. The mouse demyelination model was assessed by LFB and the expression of MBP by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry. The metabolites of the corpus callosum were quantified using UPLC-Orbitrap/MS. The mouse pole climbing experiment was used to assess coordination ability. Multivariate statistical analysis was adopted for screening differential metabolites, and the ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) was used to reveal the metabolite interaction network. We successfully established the demyelination model. The CPZ group slowly lost weight and showed an increased pole climbing time during feeding compared to the CON group. A total of 81 metabolites (VIP > 1 and P < 0.05) were determined to be enriched in 24 metabolic pathways; 41 metabolites were markedly increased, while 40 metabolites were markedly decreased in the CPZ group. The IPA results revealed that these 81 biomarker metabolites were associated with neuregulin signaling, PI3K-AKT signaling, mTOR signaling, and ERK/MAPK signaling. KEGG pathway analysis showed that two significantly different metabolic pathways were enriched, namely, the glycerophospholipid and sphingolipid metabolic pathways, comprising a total of nine biomarkers. Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that the metabolites (e.g., PE (16 : 0/22 : 6(4Z, 7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z, 19Z)), PC (18 : 0/22 : 4(7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z)), cytidine 5′-diphosphocholine, PS (18 : 0/22 : 6(4Z, 7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z, 19Z)), glycerol 3-phosphate, SM (d18 : 0/16 : 1(9Z)), Cer (d18:1/18 : 0), galabiosylceramide (d18:1/18 : 0), and GlcCer (d18:1/18 : 0)) have good discrimination ability for the CPZ group. In conclusion, the differential metabolites have great potential to serve as biomarkers of demyelinating diseases. In addition, we identified metabolic pathways associated with CPZ-induced demyelination pathogenesis, which provided a new perspective for understanding the relationship between metabolites and CNS demyelination pathogenesis.
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33
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Shu Y, Luo T, Wang M, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Xiao Z, Wang Q, Zhang Q, Zou J, Yu C, Xu S, Yu T, Zhou L, Yu S. Gastrodin promotes CNS myelination via a lncRNA Gm7237/miR-142a/MRF pathway. RNA Biol 2021; 18:1279-1290. [PMID: 33151124 PMCID: PMC8354603 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2020.1841976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of central nervous system (CNS) demyelination is greatly hindered by lack of the knowledge regarding to underlying molecular mechanisms as well as therapeutic agents. Here, we report a novel small molecule agent, gastrodin (GAS), which can significantly promote CNS myelination in in vivo mice models. By using high-throughput sequencing analysis, we discover a key long non-coding RNA Gm7237 that can enhance CNS myelination and is up-regulated by GAS. Through using bioinformatic analysis and experimental validations, we further unravel that microRNA-142a (miR-142a) and its target myelin gene regulatory factor (MRF) is under the direct regulation by Gm7237. Finally, we demonstrate that Gm7237/miR-142a/MRF axis is the key pathway involved in CNS myelination mediated by GAS. Overall, our results provide not only a novel agent for therapeutic treatment of CNS demyelination but also a molecular basis responsible for GAS-promoted CNS myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Shu
- Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Tianyuan Luo
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Mingda Wang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Department of Cell Biology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Zhi Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qianxing Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Department of Cerebrovascular, Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jia Zou
- Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Changyin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Shangfu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Tian Yu
- Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Shouyang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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34
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Roufagalas I, Avloniti M, Fortosi A, Xingi E, Thomaidou D, Probert L, Kyrargyri V. Novel cell-based analysis reveals region-dependent changes in microglial dynamics in grey matter in a cuprizone model of demyelination. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 157:105449. [PMID: 34274460 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are key players in Multiple Sclerosis (MS), expressing many susceptibility genes for this disease. They constantly survey the brain microenvironment, but the precise functional relationships between microglia and pathological processes remain unknown. We performed a detailed assessment of microglial dynamics in three distinct grey matter regions in a cuprizone-induced demyelination model. We found that microglial activation preceded detectable demyelination and showed regional specificities, such as prominent phagocytic activity in cortical layer 5 and early hypertrophic morphology in hippocampal CA1. Demyelination happened earliest in cortical layer 5, although was more complete in CA1. In cortical layer 2/3, microglial activation and demyelination were less pronounced but microglia became hyper-ramified with slower process movement during remyelination, thereby maintaining local brain surveillance. Profiling of microglia using specific morphological and motility parameters revealed region-specific heterogeneity of microglial responses in the grey matter that might serve as sensitive indicators of progression in CNS demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Roufagalas
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Avloniti
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandra Fortosi
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia Xingi
- Light Microscopy Unit, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitra Thomaidou
- Light Microscopy Unit, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece; Department of Neurobiology, Neural Stem Cells & Neuroimaging Group, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Lesley Probert
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Kyrargyri
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece.
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35
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Brousse B, Mercier O, Magalon K, Daian F, Durbec P, Cayre M. Endogenous neural stem cells modulate microglia and protect against demyelination. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:1792-1804. [PMID: 34087164 PMCID: PMC8282429 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to corpus callosum (CC) demyelination, subventricular zone-derived neural progenitors (SVZdNPs) are mobilized and generate new myelinating oligodendrocytes (OLG). Here, we examine the putative immunomodulatory properties of endogenous SVZdNPs during demyelination in the cuprizone model. SVZdNP density was higher in the lateral and rostral CC regions, and demyelination was inversely correlated with activated microglial density and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. Single-cell RNA sequencing showed that CC areas with high levels of SVZdNP mobilization were enriched in a microglial cell subpopulation with an immunomodulatory signature. We propose MFGE8 (milk fat globule-epidermal growth factor-8) and β3 integrin as a ligand/receptor pair involved in dialogue between SVZdNPs and microglia. Immature SVZdNPs mobilized to the demyelinated CC were found highly enriched in MFGE8, which promoted the phagocytosis of myelin debris in vitro. Overall, these results demonstrate that, in addition to their cell replacement capacity, endogenous progenitors have immunomodulatory properties, highlighting a new role for endogenous SVZdNPs in myelin regeneration. Demyelination is limited in corpus callosum areas rich in subventricular zone–derived progenitors In these areas microglial cells adopt an immunomodulatory phenotype Mobilized SVZ progenitors secrete MFGE8, which promotes myelin debris phagocytosis SVZ-derived progenitors minimize demyelination by modulating microglial activity
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Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Brousse
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (IBDM), IBDM-UMR 7288, Case 907, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Marseille Cedex 09 13288, France
| | - Océane Mercier
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (IBDM), IBDM-UMR 7288, Case 907, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Marseille Cedex 09 13288, France
| | - Karine Magalon
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (IBDM), IBDM-UMR 7288, Case 907, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Marseille Cedex 09 13288, France
| | - Fabrice Daian
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (IBDM), IBDM-UMR 7288, Case 907, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Marseille Cedex 09 13288, France
| | - Pascale Durbec
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (IBDM), IBDM-UMR 7288, Case 907, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Marseille Cedex 09 13288, France
| | - Myriam Cayre
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (IBDM), IBDM-UMR 7288, Case 907, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Marseille Cedex 09 13288, France.
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Tian H, Cheng Y, Zhang Y, Bai X, Jiang Y, Li J, Fan S, Ding H. 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid alleviates demyelination by modulating the microglial M1/M2 phenotype in a mouse model of cuprizone-induced demyelination. Neurosci Lett 2021; 755:135871. [PMID: 33812928 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This research aimed to examine the nutritious supplementary function of 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid (18β-GA) in moderating the myelin sheath destruction and behavioral impairments observed in the cuprizone model of demyelination. Mice were fed daily on food containing cuprizone (0.3 %) and given doses of 18β-GA (5 or 1 mg/kg) for a period of five weeks. The groups treated with 18β-GA exhibited improvements in exploratory behavior, locomotive activity, and weight. As assessed using luxol-fast blue and myelin basic protein (MBP) staining, which were used to detect demyelination in the brain, 18β-GA both reduced and prevented instances of cuprizone-induced demyelinating lesions; treatment with 18β-GA also caused the MBP level in the corpus callosum to increase. Furthermore, alongside these positive results following 18β-GA treatment, microglial polarisation was also observed to shift towards the beneficial M2 phenotype. The results of this research thus indicate the potential clinical application of 18β-GA for the prevention of myelin damage and behavioral dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Tian
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yahong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yiyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Xinying Bai
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yuan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Jinjin Li
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Shiqi Fan
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Hong Ding
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
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37
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Cuprizone-Dependent De/Remyelination Responses and Functional Correlates in Mouse Strains Adopted to Model Relapsing, Chronic and Progressive Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:658-666. [PMID: 33475965 PMCID: PMC8096768 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00331-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
NOD mice represent a unique strain that recapitulates some aspects of progressive MS when subjected to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). It is unknown, however, whether a proneness to demyelination and/or defect in remyelination contribute to disease progression in NOD mice. Answering to this question might help deciphering the molecular and cellular events underpinning disease evolution in progressive MS. Here, we compared the cuprizone-dependent demyelination and remyelination responses, as well as their functional correlates, in NOD, C57BL/6, and SJL mice typically adopted to model progressive, chronic or relapsing EAE. We report that demyelination occurred to a similar extent in the three mice strains, and that in none of them there was evidence of axonal degeneration during prolonged demyelination. Moreover, immunostaining for GFAP+ astrocytes, Iba1+ microglia, and NG2+ oligodendrocyte precursor cells similarly increased in the 3 mouse strains after cuprizone exposure. The mice underwent concomitant and complete remyelination 2 weeks after cuprizone withdrawal. On a functional level, NOD mice showed the earliest reduction of spontaneous motility and full recovery, but no impairment of motor skill. Conversely, C57BL/6 animals showed phasic reduction of both spontaneous motility and motor skill. Lastly, SJL mice presented the most severe neurological impairment with long-lasting reduction of spontaneous motility and motor skill. Overall, data suggest that the unique feature of EAE progression in NOD mice is not due to proneness to demyelination or intrinsic defects in myelin formation. Findings also unravel important functional differences in the response of the three mouse stains to cuprizone that can be harnessed to design and interpret future experiments.
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38
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Ineichen BV, Zhu K, Carlström KE. Axonal mitochondria adjust in size depending on g-ratio of surrounding myelin during homeostasis and advanced remyelination. J Neurosci Res 2020; 99:793-805. [PMID: 33368634 PMCID: PMC7898477 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Demyelinating pathology is common in many neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis, stroke, and Alzheimer's disease and results in axonal energy deficiency, dysfunctional axonal propagation, and neurodegeneration. During myelin repair and also during myelin homeostasis, mutual regulative processes between axons and myelin sheaths are known to be essential. However, proficient tools are lacking to characterize axon‐myelin interdependence during (re)myelination. Thus, we herein investigated adaptions in myelin sheath g‐ratio as a proxy for myelin thickness and axon metabolic status during homeostasis and myelin repair, by using axonal mitochondrial size as a proxy for axonal metabolic status. We found that axons with thinner myelin sheaths had larger axonal mitochondria; this was true for across different central nervous system tracts as well as across species, including humans. The link between myelin sheath thickness and mitochondrial size was temporarily absent during demyelination but reestablished during advanced remyelination, as shown in two commonly used animal models of toxic demyelination. By further exploring this association in mice with either genetically induced mitochondrial or myelin dysfunction, we show that axonal mitochondrial size adjusts in response to the thickness of the myelin sheath but not vice versa. This pinpoints the relevance of mitochondrial adaptation upon myelin repair and might open a new therapeutic window for remyelinating therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin V Ineichen
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital at Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Keying Zhu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital at Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl E Carlström
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital at Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.,Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Cisbani G, Poggini S, Laflamme N, Pons V, Tremblay MÈ, Branchi I, Rivest S. The Intellicage system provides a reproducible and standardized method to assess behavioral changes in cuprizone-induced demyelination mouse model. Behav Brain Res 2020; 400:113039. [PMID: 33279637 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.113039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by myelin loss in the brain parenchyma. To mimic the disease, mice are fed a cuprizone-supplemented diet for 5 weeks, which leads to demyelination of white and grey matter regions, with the corpus callosum being the most susceptible to cuprizone intoxication. Although this model is highly exploited, classical behavioural tests showed inconsistent results. OBJECTIVE In our study, we aimed to use the automated system Intellicage to phenotype the behaviour of cuprizone-fed mice. METHODS Mice were continuously monitored during the 5 weeks of intoxication in their home cages, with minimal interference from the experimenter. Mice were assessed for spontaneous activity, fine movements, and impulsivity. RESULTS Consistently, cuprizone-fed mice showed reduced activity and impulsivity throughout the test period. These behavioral results were confirmed by repeating the battery of behavioral tests in a second cohort of cuprizone-fed mice. Our results suggest that the behavioural phenotyping of cuprizone-fed mice using Intellicage is reproducible and sensitive enough to detect changes normally missed in standard behavioral test batteries. CONCLUSION Using a reproducible and standardized method to assess behavioral changes in mice intoxicated with cuprizone is crucial to better understand the disease as well as the functional outcome of treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Cisbani
- CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boul., Québec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Silvia Poggini
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Roma, Italy
| | - Nataly Laflamme
- CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boul., Québec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Vincent Pons
- CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boul., Québec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boul., Québec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada; Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Igor Branchi
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Roma, Italy
| | - Serge Rivest
- CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boul., Québec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada.
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Acquired demyelination but not genetic developmental defects in myelination leads to brain tissue stiffness changes. BRAIN MULTIPHYSICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brain.2020.100019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Ferroptosis Mediates Cuprizone-Induced Loss of Oligodendrocytes and Demyelination. J Neurosci 2020; 40:9327-9341. [PMID: 33106352 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1749-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating disease of the CNS. Cuprizone (CZ), a copper chelator, is widely used to study demyelination and remyelination in the CNS, in the context of MS. However, the mechanisms underlying oligodendrocyte (OL) cell loss and demyelination are not known. As copper-containing enzymes play important roles in iron homeostasis and controlling oxidative stress, we examined whether chelating copper leads to disruption of molecules involved in iron homeostasis that can trigger iron-mediated OL loss. We show that giving mice (male) CZ in the diet induces rapid loss of OL in the corpus callosum by 2 d, accompanied by expression of several markers for ferroptosis, a relatively newly described form of iron-mediated cell death. In ferroptosis, iron-mediated free radicals trigger lipid peroxidation under conditions of glutathione insufficiency, and a reduced capacity to repair lipid damage. This was further confirmed using a small-molecule inhibitor of ferroptosis that prevents CZ-induced loss of OL and demyelination, providing clear evidence of a copper-iron connection in CZ-induced neurotoxicity. This work has wider implications for disorders, such as multiple sclerosis and CNS injury.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Cuprizone (CZ) is a copper chelator that induces demyelination. Although it is a widely used model to study demyelination and remyelination in the context of multiple sclerosis, the mechanisms mediating demyelination is not fully understood. This study shows, for the first time, that CZ induces demyelination via ferroptosis-mediated rapid loss of oligodendrocytes. This work shows that chelating copper with CZ leads to the expression of molecules that rapidly mobilize iron from ferritin (an iron storage protein), that triggers iron-mediated lipid peroxidation and oligodendrocyte loss (via ferroptosis). Such rapid mobilization of iron from cellular stores may also play a role in cell death in other neurologic conditions.
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Sen MK, Almuslehi MSM, Shortland PJ, Coorssen JR, Mahns DA. Revisiting the Pathoetiology of Multiple Sclerosis: Has the Tail Been Wagging the Mouse? Front Immunol 2020; 11:572186. [PMID: 33117365 PMCID: PMC7553052 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.572186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is traditionally considered an autoimmune-mediated demyelinating disease, the pathoetiology of which is unknown. However, the key question remains whether autoimmunity is the initiator of the disease (outside-in) or the consequence of a slow and as yet uncharacterized cytodegeneration (oligodendrocytosis), which leads to a subsequent immune response (inside-out). Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis has been used to model the later stages of MS during which the autoimmune involvement predominates. In contrast, the cuprizone (CPZ) model is used to model early stages of the disease during which oligodendrocytosis and demyelination predominate and are hypothesized to precede subsequent immune involvement in MS. Recent studies combining a boost, or protection, to the immune system with disruption of the blood brain barrier have shown CPZ-induced oligodendrocytosis with a subsequent immune response. In this Perspective, we review these recent advances and discuss the likelihood of an inside-out vs. an outside-in pathoetiology of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monokesh K Sen
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Mohammed S M Almuslehi
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia.,Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Diyala, Baqubah, Iraq
| | - Peter J Shortland
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Jens R Coorssen
- Departments of Health Sciences and Biological Sciences, Faculties of Applied Health Sciences and Mathematics & Science, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - David A Mahns
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
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Dcf1 deficiency induces hypomyelination by activating Wnt signaling. Exp Neurol 2020; 335:113486. [PMID: 32991932 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Myelination is extremely important in achieving neural function. Hypomyelination causes a variety of neurological diseases. However, little is known about how hypomyelination occurs. Here we investigated the effect of dendritic cell factor 1(Dcf1) on myelination, using in vitro and in vivo models and found that Dcf1 is essential for normal myelination, motor coordination and balance. Lack of Dcf1 downregulated myelin-associated proteins, such as myelin basic protein (MBP), myelin associated glycoprotein (MAG), and 2'3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNPase) in the hippocampus and corpus callosum of Dcf1-null mice, as a result, the myelin sheath of these mice became thinner. Transmission electron microscopy revealed hypomyelination in Dcf1-deficient mice. Motor coordination and balance tests confirmed impaired neurological function in Dcf1-null mice. Gain-of-function analysis via In utero electroporation showed that hypomyelination could be rescued by re-expression of Dcf1 in Dcf1-null mouse brain. Dcf1-null mice exhibited a phenotype similar to that of cuprizone-induced demyelinated mice, thereby supporting the finding of hypomyelination caused by Dcf1 knockout. Mechanistically, we further revealed that insufficient Dcf1 leads to hyperactivation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Our work describes the role of Dcf1 in maintaining normal myelination, and this could help improve the current understanding of hypomyelination and its pathogenesis.
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Omotoso GO, Arietarhire LO, Ukwubile II, Gbadamosi IT. The Protective Effect of Kolaviron on Molecular, Cellular, and Behavioral Characterization of Cerebellum in the Rat Model of Demyelinating Diseases. Basic Clin Neurosci 2020; 11:609-618. [PMID: 33643554 PMCID: PMC7878059 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.9.10.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed at assessing the protective mechanisms of Kolaviron (KV) on the cerebellum in a rat model of demyelination. METHODS Twenty-eight male Wistar rats were used in the present study. They were randomly divided into 4 groups of 7 rats. Group A (control) received corn oil (0.5 mL/kg/d); group B received 0.2% Cuprizone (CPZ); group C was treated with 200 mg/kg/d of KV, and group D received 0.2% CPZ and 200 mg/kg/d KV for 6 weeks. CPZ powder was mixed with the regular diet while KV was dissolved in corn oil and administered orally. A behavioral test was conducted at the termination of the experiment. Thereafter, the animals were sacrificed and their brains were removed with the excision of the cerebellum. A part of the cerebelli underwent tissue processing with a series of 5 μm thick sections cut from paraffin blocks for histological and immunohistochemical assessment. Besides, the remaining cerebellar tissues were homogenized for the spectrophotometric assays of Oxidative Stress (OS) parameters. RESULTS The current research findings revealed minimal weight gain following CPZ treatment, but significant weight increase in KV-treated rats. CPZ treatment was associated with a reduction in the number of the line crossed, rearing frequency, rearing duration, center square entry, and center square duration; however, it increased the freezing time, i.e. significantly reversed in the KV-treated animals. Oxidative markers, such as Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and GPx were reduced in CPZ-treated rats with elevated MDA levels. However, these data were significantly reversed by the co-administration of CPZ and KV. At the tissue level, the cerebellar cortex was characterized by poorly defined layers, cryptic granules, as well as chromatolysis and pyknotic Purkinje cells with the evidence of hypertrophic astrogliosis. CONCLUSION CPZ treatment significantly depressed locomotor and exploratory activities. Furthermore, it increased OS and cerebellar toxicity. However, KV intervention significantly enhanced behavioral functions and ameliorated CPZ-induced cerebellar degeneration. Moreover, it considerably regulated OS markers in the cerebellum of the rat model of demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Olaiya Omotoso
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | | | - Ileje Inelo Ukwubile
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Ismail Temitayo Gbadamosi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
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Motavaf M, Sadeghizadeh M, Babashah S, Zare L, Javan M. Dendrosomal nanocurcumin promotes remyelination through induction of oligodendrogenesis in experimental demyelination animal model. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 14:1449-1464. [DOI: 10.1002/term.3110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Motavaf
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
| | - Majid Sadeghizadeh
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
| | - Sadegh Babashah
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
| | - Leila Zare
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Javan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
- Department of Stem Cell Royan Institute Tehran Iran
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Wetzel LA, Hurtado M, MacDowell Kaswan ZA, McCusker RH, Steelman AJ. Deletion of indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (Ido)1 but not Ido2 exacerbates disease symptoms of MOG 35-55-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Brain Behav Immun Health 2020; 7:100116. [PMID: 34589873 PMCID: PMC8474387 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with pathological features of inflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration. Several lines of evidence suggest that the enzymes indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (Ido)1 and/or Ido2 influences susceptibility to autoimmune diseases. Deletion of Ido1 exacerbates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) an animal model of MS. However, no data exist on the role of Ido2 in the pathogenesis of EAE. We investigated whether deletion of Ido2 affected the pathogenesis of EAE. Temporal expression of interferon gamma (Ifng), Ido1 variants, Ido2 variants, as well as genes encoding enzymes of the kynurenine pathway in the spleen and spinal cord of C57BL/6 mice with or without EAE were determined by RT-qPCR. Moreover, EAE was induced in C57BL/6, two Ido1 knockout strains (Ido1KO and Ido1TK) and one Ido2 knockout mouse strain (Ido2-/-) and disease monitored by clinical scores and weight change. Performance on the rotarod was performed on days 0, 5, 10 and 15 post induction. The extent of demyelination in the spinal cord was determined after staining with Oil red O. The development of EAE altered gene expression in both the spleen and spinal cord. Deletion of Ido1 exacerbated the clinical symptoms of EAE. In stark contrast, EAE in Ido2-/- mice did not differ clinically or histologically from control mice. These results confirm a protective role for Ido1, on the pathogenesis of MOG35-55-induced EAE in C57BL/6J mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. Wetzel
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Myrna Hurtado
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Zoe A. MacDowell Kaswan
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Robert H. McCusker
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Andrew J. Steelman
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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Tyrosine Kinase Receptors Axl and MerTK Mediate the Beneficial Effect of Electroacupuncture in a Cuprizone-Induced Demyelinating Model. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:3205176. [PMID: 32714402 PMCID: PMC7355344 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3205176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Electroacupuncture has been shown to promote remyelination in a demyelinating model of multiple sclerosis (MS) through enhanced microglial clearance of degraded myelin debris. However, the mechanisms involved in this process are yet to be clearly elucidated. It has been revealed that TAM receptor tyrosine kinases (Tyro3, Axl, and MerTK) play pivotal roles in regulating multiple features of microglia, including the phagocytic function and myelin clearance. Therefore, the aim of this study is to further confirm whether electroacupuncture improves functional recovery in this model and to characterise the involvement of the TAM receptor during this process. In addition to naive control mice, a cuprizone-induced demyelinating model was established, and long-term electroacupuncture treatment was administrated. To evaluate the efficiency of functional recovery following demyelination, we performed beam-walking test and rotarod performance test; to objectify the degree of remyelination, we performed transmission electron microscopy and protein quantification of mature oligodendrocyte markers. Oil Red O staining was used to evaluate the deposit of myelin debris. We confirmed that, in cuprizone-treated mice, electroacupuncture significantly ameliorates motor-coordinative dysfunction and counteracts demyelinating processes, with less deposit of myelin debris accumulating in the corpus callosum. Surprisingly, mRNA expression of TAM receptors was significantly upregulated after electroacupuncture treatment, and we further confirmed an increased protein expression of Axl and MerTK after electroacupuncture treatment, indicating their involvement during electroacupuncture treatment. Finally, LDC1267, a selective TAM kinase inhibitor, abolished the therapeutic effect of electroacupuncture on motor-coordinative dysfunction. Overall, our data demonstrate that electroacupuncture could mitigate the progression of demyelination by enhancing the TAM receptor expression to facilitate the clearance of myelin debris. Our results also suggest that electroacupuncture may be a potential curative treatment for MS patients.
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Shelestak J, Singhal N, Frankle L, Tomor R, Sternbach S, McDonough J, Freeman E, Clements R. Increased blood-brain barrier hyperpermeability coincides with mast cell activation early under cuprizone administration. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234001. [PMID: 32511268 PMCID: PMC7279587 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cuprizone induced animal model of demyelination is characterized by demyelination in many regions of the brain with high levels of demyelination in the corpus callosum as well as changes in neuronal function by 4–6 weeks of exposure. The model is used as a tool to study demyelination and subsequent degeneration as well as therapeutic interventions on these effects. Historically, the cuprizone model has been shown to contain no alterations to blood-brain barrier integrity, a key feature in many diseases that affect the central nervous system. Cuprizone is generally administered for 4–6 weeks to obtain maximal demyelination and degeneration. However, emerging evidence has shown that the effects of cuprizone on the brain may occur earlier than measurable gross demyelination. This study sought to investigate changes to blood-brain barrier permeability early in cuprizone administration. Results showed an increase in blood-brain barrier permeability and changes in tight junction protein expression as early as 3 days after beginning cuprizone treatment. These changes preceded glial morphological activation and demyelination known to occur during cuprizone administration. Increases in mast cell presence and activity were measured alongside the increased permeability implicating mast cells as a potential source for the blood-brain barrier disruption. These results provide further evidence of blood-brain barrier alterations in the cuprizone model and a target of therapeutic intervention in the prevention of cuprizone-induced pathology. Understanding how mast cells become activated under cuprizone and if they contribute to blood-brain barrier alterations may give further insight into how and when the blood-brain barrier is affected in CNS diseases. In summary, cuprizone administration causes an increase in blood-brain barrier permeability and this permeability coincides with mast cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Shelestak
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Naveen Singhal
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Lana Frankle
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Riely Tomor
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sarah Sternbach
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jennifer McDonough
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ernest Freeman
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Robert Clements
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, United States of America
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Wang SS, Bi HZ, Chu SF, Dong YX, He WB, Tian YJ, Zang YD, Zhang DM, Zhang Z, Chen NH. CZ-7, a new derivative of Claulansine F, promotes remyelination induced by cuprizone by enhancing myelin debris clearance. Brain Res Bull 2020; 159:67-78. [PMID: 32289743 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of demyelinating diseases is controversial, while demyelination and remyeliantion disorder is the acknowledged etiology and therapeutic target. Untill now, there is no efficient therapy for these diseases. CZ-7, a new derivative of Claulansine F, which has been reported before, were investigated its pro-remyelination effect and its associated mechanism in cuprizone (CPZ)-induced demyelination model. In this study, male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to CPZ (300 mg/kg) through intragastric gavage and were orally administered CZ-7 (20 mg/kg) meanwhile. The results of weight monitoring and behavioral testing showed that CZ-7 can significantly improve behavior dysfunction in the demyelinating mice. Luxol-fast blue (LFB) staining, myelin basic protein (MBP) immunostaining, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and QPCR results indicated the therapeutic effect of CZ-7 on CPZ mice model. Furthermore, degraded myelin basic protein (dMBP) immunofluorescent staining and oil red O staining showed that CZ-7 contributed to the clearance of degraded myelin debris. More microglia displayed phagocytic shape assembled in corpus callosum (CC) and there was an active process of phagocytosis in microglia after CZ-7 treatment. Immunofluorescent staining and QPCR analysis revealed the M2-polarized phenotype switch of microglia in the process of myelin debris removel, which demostrated the microenvironment improvement of CZ-7. Moreover, immunofluorescent staining of NG2 and O4 demonstated that more oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) existed in CC after CZ-7 treatment. In conclusion, our results demonstrated CZ-7 has a potential therapeutic effect for MS and other demyelinating diseases through enhancing myelin debris clearance to improve the microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha-Sha Wang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical & Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, 030619, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Hao-Zhi Bi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical & Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, 030619, China
| | - Shi-Feng Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yi-Xiao Dong
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Wen-Bin He
- Institute of Pharmaceutical & Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, 030619, China
| | - Ya-Juan Tian
- Institute of Pharmaceutical & Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, 030619, China
| | - Ying-Da Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Dong-Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical & Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, 030619, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.
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The Cuprizone Model: Dos and Do Nots. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040843. [PMID: 32244377 PMCID: PMC7226799 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Various pre-clinical models with different specific features of the disease are available to study MS pathogenesis and to develop new therapeutic options. During the last decade, the model of toxic demyelination induced by cuprizone has become more and more popular, and it has contributed substantially to our understanding of distinct yet important aspects of the MS pathology. Here, we aim to provide a practical guide on how to use the cuprizone model and which pitfalls should be avoided.
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