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Zhang M, Zhang Z, Niu X, Ti H, Zhou Y, Gao B, Li Y, Liu J, Chen X, Li H. Interplay Between Intracellular Transport Dynamics and Liquid‒Liquid Phase Separation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308338. [PMID: 38447188 PMCID: PMC11109639 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Liquid‒liquid phase separation (LLPS) is a ubiquitous process in which proteins, RNA, and biomolecules assemble into membrane-less compartments, playing important roles in many biological functions and diseases. The current knowledge on the biophysical and biochemical principles of LLPS is largely from in vitro studies; however, the physiological environment in living cells is complex and not at equilibrium. The characteristics of intracellular dynamics and their roles in physiological LLPS remain to be resolved. Here, by using single-particle tracking of quantum dots and dynamic monitoring of the formation of stress granules (SGs) in single cells, the spatiotemporal dynamics of intracellular transport in cells undergoing LLPS are quantified. It is shown that intracellular diffusion and active transport are both reduced. Furthermore, the formation of SG droplets contributes to increased spatial heterogeneity within the cell. More importantly, the study demonstrated that the LLPS of SGs can be regulated by intracellular dynamics in two stages: the reduced intracellular diffusion promotes SG assembly and the microtubule-associated transport facilitates SG coalescences. The work on intracellular dynamics not only improves the understanding of the mechanism of physiology phase separations occurring in nonequilibrium environments but also reveals an interplay between intracellular dynamics and LLPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming‐Li Zhang
- School of Systems Science and Institute of Nonequilibrium SystemsBeijing Normal UniversityBeijing100875China
| | - Ziheng Zhang
- School of Life Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech UniversityShanghai201210China
| | - Xue‐Zhi Niu
- School of Systems Science and Institute of Nonequilibrium SystemsBeijing Normal UniversityBeijing100875China
| | - Hui‐Ying Ti
- School of Systems Science and Institute of Nonequilibrium SystemsBeijing Normal UniversityBeijing100875China
| | - Yu‐Xuan Zhou
- School of Systems Science and Institute of Nonequilibrium SystemsBeijing Normal UniversityBeijing100875China
| | - Bo Gao
- School of Systems Science and Institute of Nonequilibrium SystemsBeijing Normal UniversityBeijing100875China
| | - Yiwei Li
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics – Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key LaboratoryDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringCollege of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
| | - Ji‐Long Liu
- School of Life Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech UniversityShanghai201210China
| | - Xiaosong Chen
- School of Systems Science and Institute of Nonequilibrium SystemsBeijing Normal UniversityBeijing100875China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Systems Science and Institute of Nonequilibrium SystemsBeijing Normal UniversityBeijing100875China
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2
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Priya L, Mehta S, Gevariya D, Sharma R, Panjwani D, Patel S, Ahlawat P, Dharamsi A, Patel A. Quantum Dot-based Bio-conjugates as an Emerging Bioimaging Tool for Cancer Theranostic- A Review. Curr Drug Targets 2024; 25:241-260. [PMID: 38288834 DOI: 10.2174/0113894501283669240123105250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Cancer is the most widely studied disorder in humans, but proper treatment has not yet been developed for it. Conventional therapies, like chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery, have been employed. Such therapies target not only cancerous cells but also harm normal cells. Conventional therapy does not result in specific targeting and hence leads to severe side effects. The main objective of this study is to explore the QDs. QDs are used as nanocarriers for diagnosis and treatment at the same time. They are based on the principle of theranostic approach. QDs can be conjugated with antibodies via various methods that result in targeted therapy. This results in their dual function as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool. Nanotechnology involving such nanocarriers can increase the specificity and reduce the side effects, leaving the normal cells unaffected. This review pays attention to different methods for synthesising QDs. QDs can be obtained using either organic method and synthetic methods. It was found that QDs synthesised naturally are more feasible than the synthetic process. Top or bottom-up approaches have also emerged for the synthesis of QDs. QDs can be conjugated with an antibody via non-covalent and covalent binding. Covalent binding is much more feasible than any other method. Zero-length coupling plays an important role as EDC (1-Ethyl-3-Ethyl dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide is a strong crosslinker and is widely used for conjugating molecules. Antibodies work as surface ligands that lead to antigen- antibody interaction, resulting in site-specific targeting and leaving behind the normal cells unaffected. Cellular uptake of the molecule is done by either passive targeting or active targeting. QDs are tiny nanocrystals that are inorganic in nature and vary in size and range. Based on different sizes, they emit light of specific wavelengths. They have their own luminescent and optical properties that lead to the monitoring, imaging, and transport of the therapeutic moiety to a variety of targets in the body. The surface of the QDs is modified to boost their functioning. They act as a tool for diagnosis, imaging, and delivery of therapeutic moieties. For improved therapeutic effects, nanotechnology leads the cellular uptake of nanoparticles via passive targeting or active targeting. It is a crucial platform that not only leads to imaging and diagnosis but also helps to deliver therapeutic moieties to specific sites. Therefore, this review concludes that there are numerous drawbacks to the current cancer treatment options, which ultimately result in treatment failure. Therefore, nanotechnology that involves such a nanocarrier will serve as a tool for overcoming all limitations of the traditional therapeutic approach. This approach helps in reducing the dose of anticancer agents for effective treatment and hence improving the therapeutic index. QDs can not only diagnose a disease but also deliver drugs to the cancerous site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipika Priya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Parul Institute of Pharmacy, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat-391760, India
| | - Smit Mehta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Parul Institute of Pharmacy, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat-391760, India
| | - Darshan Gevariya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Parul Institute of Pharmacy, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat-391760, India
| | - Raghav Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Parul Institute of Pharmacy, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat-391760, India
| | - Drishti Panjwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Parul Institute of Pharmacy, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat-391760, India
| | - Shruti Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Parul Institute of Pharmacy, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat-391760, India
| | - Priyanka Ahlawat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Parul Institute of Pharmacy, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat-391760, India
| | - Abhay Dharamsi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Parul Institute of Pharmacy, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat-391760, India
| | - Asha Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Parul Institute of Pharmacy, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat-391760, India
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Yin Y, Xie W, Xiong M, Gao Y, Liu Q, Han D, Ke G, Zhang XB. FINDER: A Fluidly Confined CRISPR-Based DNA Reporter on Living Cell Membranes for Rapid and Sensitive Cancer Cell Identification. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309837. [PMID: 37710395 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The accurate, rapid, and sensitive identification of cancer cells in complex physiological environments is significant in biological studies, personalized medicine, and biomedical engineering. Inspired by the naturally confined enzymes on fluid cell membranes, a fluidly confined CRISPR-based DNA reporter (FINDER) was developed on living cell membranes, which was successfully applied for rapid and sensitive cancer cell identification in clinical blood samples. Benefiting from the spatial confinement effect for improved local concentration, and membrane fluidity for higher collision efficiency, the activity of CRISPR-Cas12a was, for the first time, found to be significantly enhanced on living cell membranes. This new phenomenon was then combined with multiple aptamer-based DNA logic gate for cell recognition, thus a FINDER system capable of accurate, rapid and sensitive cancer cell identification was constructed. The FINDER rapidly identified target cells in only 20 min, and achieved over 80 % recognition efficiency with only 0.1 % of target cells presented in clinical blood samples, indicating its potential application in biological studies, personalized medicine, and biomedical engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yin
- Molecular Sciences and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo / Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Wei Xie
- Molecular Sciences and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo / Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Mengyi Xiong
- Molecular Sciences and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo / Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Yingying Gao
- Molecular Sciences and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo / Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Qin Liu
- Molecular Sciences and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo / Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Da Han
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Guoliang Ke
- Molecular Sciences and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo / Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Zhang
- Molecular Sciences and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo / Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
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Choosing the Probe for Single-Molecule Fluorescence Microscopy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314949. [PMID: 36499276 PMCID: PMC9735909 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Probe choice in single-molecule microscopy requires deeper evaluations than those adopted for less sensitive fluorescence microscopy studies. Indeed, fluorophore characteristics can alter or hide subtle phenomena observable at the single-molecule level, wasting the potential of the sophisticated instrumentation and algorithms developed for advanced single-molecule applications. There are different reasons for this, linked, e.g., to fluorophore aspecific interactions, brightness, photostability, blinking, and emission and excitation spectra. In particular, these spectra and the excitation source are interdependent, and the latter affects the autofluorescence of sample substrate, medium, and/or biological specimen. Here, we review these and other critical points for fluorophore selection in single-molecule microscopy. We also describe the possible kinds of fluorophores and the microscopy techniques based on single-molecule fluorescence. We explain the importance and impact of the various issues in fluorophore choice, and discuss how this can become more effective and decisive for increasingly demanding experiments in single- and multiple-color applications.
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5
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Muraoka T, Saio T, Okumura M. Biophysical elucidation of neural network and chemical regeneration of neural tissue. Biophys Physicobiol 2022; 19:e190024. [PMID: 36071879 PMCID: PMC9402262 DOI: 10.2142/biophysico.bppb-v19.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Muraoka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Tomohide Saio
- Division of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University
| | - Masaki Okumura
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University
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6
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Gagliano G, Nelson T, Saliba N, Vargas-Hernández S, Gustavsson AK. Light Sheet Illumination for 3D Single-Molecule Super-Resolution Imaging of Neuronal Synapses. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2021; 13:761530. [PMID: 34899261 PMCID: PMC8651567 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2021.761530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The function of the neuronal synapse depends on the dynamics and interactions of individual molecules at the nanoscale. With the development of single-molecule super-resolution microscopy over the last decades, researchers now have a powerful and versatile imaging tool for mapping the molecular mechanisms behind the biological function. However, imaging of thicker samples, such as mammalian cells and tissue, in all three dimensions is still challenging due to increased fluorescence background and imaging volumes. The combination of single-molecule imaging with light sheet illumination is an emerging approach that allows for imaging of biological samples with reduced fluorescence background, photobleaching, and photodamage. In this review, we first present a brief overview of light sheet illumination and previous super-resolution techniques used for imaging of neurons and synapses. We then provide an in-depth technical review of the fundamental concepts and the current state of the art in the fields of three-dimensional single-molecule tracking and super-resolution imaging with light sheet illumination. We review how light sheet illumination can improve single-molecule tracking and super-resolution imaging in individual neurons and synapses, and we discuss emerging perspectives and new innovations that have the potential to enable and improve single-molecule imaging in brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Gagliano
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
- Applied Physics Program, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
- Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Tyler Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
- Applied Physics Program, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
- Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nahima Saliba
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sofía Vargas-Hernández
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
- Systems, Synthetic, and Physical Biology Program, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
- Institute of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Anna-Karin Gustavsson
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
- Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
- Institute of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
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7
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Yamagata M, Bannai H. Editorial: Neuroscience and Neurotechnology of Neuronal Cell Surface Molecules in Neural Circuits. Front Neural Circuits 2021; 15:703300. [PMID: 34248506 PMCID: PMC8261147 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.703300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Yamagata
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Hiroko Bannai
- School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Chang CY, Luo DZ, Pei JC, Kuo MC, Hsieh YC, Lai WS. Not Just a Bystander: The Emerging Role of Astrocytes and Research Tools in Studying Cognitive Dysfunctions in Schizophrenia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105343. [PMID: 34069523 PMCID: PMC8160762 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction is one of the core symptoms in schizophrenia, and it is predictive of functional outcomes and therefore useful for treatment targets. Rather than improving cognitive deficits, currently available antipsychotics mainly focus on positive symptoms, targeting dopaminergic/serotoninergic neurons and receptors in the brain. Apart from investigating the neural mechanisms underlying schizophrenia, emerging evidence indicates the importance of glial cells in brain structure development and their involvement in cognitive functions. Although the etiopathology of astrocytes in schizophrenia remains unclear, accumulated evidence reveals that alterations in gene expression and astrocyte products have been reported in schizophrenic patients. To further investigate the role of astrocytes in schizophrenia, we highlighted recent progress in the investigation of the effect of astrocytes on abnormalities in glutamate transmission and impairments in the blood–brain barrier. Recent advances in animal models and behavioral methods were introduced to examine schizophrenia-related cognitive deficits and negative symptoms. We also highlighted several experimental tools that further elucidate the role of astrocytes. Instead of focusing on schizophrenia as a neuron-specific disorder, an additional astrocytic perspective provides novel and promising insight into its causal mechanisms and treatment. The involvement of astrocytes in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and other brain disorders is worth further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yuan Chang
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (D.-Z.L.); (J.-C.P.); (Y.-C.H.)
- Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
| | - Da-Zhong Luo
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (D.-Z.L.); (J.-C.P.); (Y.-C.H.)
| | - Ju-Chun Pei
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (D.-Z.L.); (J.-C.P.); (Y.-C.H.)
| | - Ming-Che Kuo
- Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100225, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Hsieh
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (D.-Z.L.); (J.-C.P.); (Y.-C.H.)
| | - Wen-Sung Lai
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (D.-Z.L.); (J.-C.P.); (Y.-C.H.)
- Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-3366-3112; Fax: +886-2-3362-9909
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9
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Urban JM, Chiang W, Hammond JW, Cogan NMB, Litzburg A, Burke R, Stern HA, Gelbard HA, Nilsson BL, Krauss TD. Quantum Dots for Improved Single-Molecule Localization Microscopy. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:2566-2576. [PMID: 33683893 PMCID: PMC8080873 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c11545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Colloidal semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) have long established their versatility and utility for the visualization of biological interactions. On the single-particle level, QDs have demonstrated superior photophysical properties compared to organic dye molecules or fluorescent proteins, but it remains an open question as to which of these fundamental characteristics are most significant with respect to the performance of QDs for imaging beyond the diffraction limit. Here, we demonstrate significant enhancement in achievable localization precision in QD-labeled neurons compared to neurons labeled with an organic fluorophore. Additionally, we identify key photophysical parameters of QDs responsible for this enhancement and compare these parameters to reported values for commonly used fluorophores for super-resolution imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Urban
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627-0216, United States
| | - Wesley Chiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, United states
| | - Jennetta W Hammond
- Center for Neurotherapeutics Discovery and Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, United states
| | - Nicole M B Cogan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627-0216, United States
| | - Angela Litzburg
- Center for Neurotherapeutics Discovery and Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, United states
| | - Rebeckah Burke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627-0216, United States
| | - Harry A Stern
- Center for Integrated Research and Computing, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627-0216, United States
| | - Harris A Gelbard
- Center for Neurotherapeutics Discovery and Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, United states
- Departments of Pediatrics, Neuroscience, and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, United states
| | - Bradley L Nilsson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627-0216, United States
| | - Todd D Krauss
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627-0216, United States
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627-0216, United States
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10
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Li Y, Yi J, Liu W, Liu Y, Liu J. Gaining insight into cellular cardiac physiology using single particle tracking. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020; 148:63-77. [PMID: 32871158 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Single particle tracking (SPT) is a robust technique to monitor single-molecule behaviors in living cells directly. By this approach, we can uncover the potential biological significance of particle dynamics by statistically characterizing individual molecular behaviors. SPT provides valuable information at the single-molecule level, that could be obscured by simple averaging that is inherent to conventional ensemble measurements. Here, we give a brief introduction to SPT including the commonly used optical implementations, fluorescence labeling strategies, and data analysis methods. We then focus on how SPT has been harnessed to decipher myocardial function. In this context, SPT has provided novel insight into the lateral diffusion of signal receptors and ion channels, the dynamic organization of cardiac nanodomains, subunit composition and stoichiometry of cardiac ion channels, myosin movement along actin filaments, the kinetic features of transcription factors involved in cardiac remodeling, and the intercellular communication by nanotubes. Finally, we speculate on the prospects and challenges of applying SPT to future questions regarding cellular cardiac physiology using SPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Jing Yi
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Wenjuan Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Yun Liu
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Jie Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
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11
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Ahmad F, Liu P. Synaptosome as a tool in Alzheimer's disease research. Brain Res 2020; 1746:147009. [PMID: 32659233 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Synapse dysfunction is an integral feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology. In fact, prodromal manifestation of structural and functional deficits in synapses much prior to appearance of overt pathological hallmarks of the disease indicates that AD might be considered as a degenerative disorder of the synapses. Several research instruments and techniques have allowed us to study synaptic function and plasticity and their alterations in pathological conditions, such as AD. One such tool is the biochemically isolated preparations of detached and resealed synaptic terminals, the "synaptosomes". Because of the preservation of many of the physiological processes such as metabolic and enzymatic activities, synaptosomes have proved to be an indispensable ex vivo model system to study synapse physiology both when isolated from fresh or cryopreserved tissues, and from animal or human post-mortem tissues. This model system has been tremendously successful in the case of post-mortem tissues because of their accessibility relative to acute brain slices or cultures. The current review details the use of synaptosomes in AD research and its potential as a valuable tool in furthering our understanding of the pathogenesis and in devising and testing of therapeutic strategies for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faraz Ahmad
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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12
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Bannai H, Niwa F, Sakuragi S, Mikoshiba K. Inhibitory synaptic transmission tuned by Ca 2+ and glutamate through the control of GABA A R lateral diffusion dynamics. Dev Growth Differ 2020; 62:398-406. [PMID: 32329058 PMCID: PMC7496684 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The GABAergic synapses, a primary inhibitory synapse in the mammalian brain, is important for the normal development of brain circuits, and for the regulation of the excitation‐inhibition balance critical for brain function from the developmental stage throughout life. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the formation, maintenance, and modulation of GABAergic synapses is less understood compared to that of excitatory synapses. Quantum dot‐single particle tracking (QD‐SPT), a super‐resolution imaging technique that enables the analysis of membrane molecule dynamics at single‐molecule resolution, is a powerful tool to analyze the behavior of proteins and lipids on the plasma membrane. In this review, we summarize the recent application of QD‐SPT in understanding of GABAergic synaptic transmission. Here we introduce QD‐SPT experiments that provide further insights into the molecular mechanism supporting GABAergic synapses. QD‐SPT studies revealed that glutamate and Ca2+ signaling is involved in (a) the maintenance of GABAergic synapses, (b) GABAergic long‐term depression, and GABAergic long‐term potentiation, by specifically activating signaling pathways unique to each phenomenon. We also introduce a novel Ca2+ imaging technique to describe the diversity of Ca2+ signals that may activate the downstream signaling pathways that induce specific biological output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Bannai
- School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering and Biosciences, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Neurophysiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan.,Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Niwa
- Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan.,Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Shigeo Sakuragi
- School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering and Biosciences, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Mikoshiba
- Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan.,Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Funabashi, Japan
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Bobinger T, Roeder SS, Spruegel MI, Froehlich K, Beuscher VD, Hoelter P, Lücking H, Corbeil D, Huttner HB. Variation of membrane particle-bound CD133 in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with subarachnoid and intracerebral hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 2020; 134:600-607. [PMID: 31978876 DOI: 10.3171/2019.11.jns191861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies have demonstrated that human CSF contains membrane particles carrying the stem cell antigenic marker CD133 (prominin-1). Here, the authors analyzed the variation of the amount of these CD133-positive particles in the CSF of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). METHODS Consecutive CSF samples from 47 patients with SAH or ICH were compared to 14 healthy control patients. After differential ultracentrifugation of CSF, the membrane particle fraction was separated on gel electrophoresis and its CD133 content was probed by immunoblotting using the mouse monoclonal antibody 80B258 directed against human CD133. The antigen-antibody complexes were detected by chemiluminescence reagents and quantified using human Caco-2 cell extract as positive control with a standardized curve. RESULTS As compared to healthy controls (6.3 ± 0.5 ng of bound CD133 antibody; n = 14), the amount of membrane particle-associated CD133 immunoreactivities was significantly elevated in patients with SAH and ICH (38.2 ± 6.6 ng and 61.3 ± 11.0 ng [p < 0.001] for SAH [n = 18] and ICH [n = 29], respectively). In both groups the CD133 level dropped during the first 7 days (i.e., day 5-7: SAH group, 24.6 ± 10.1 ng [p = 0.06]; ICH group, 25.0 ± 4.8 ng [p = 0.002]). Whereas changes in the amount of CD133-positive membrane particles between admission and day 5-7 were not associated with clinical outcomes in patients with ICH (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] scores 0-3, -30.9 ± 12.8 ng vs mRS scores 4-6, -21.8 ± 10.7 ng; p = 0.239), persistent elevation of CD133 in patients with SAH was related to impaired functional outcome 3 months after ictus (mRS scores 0-2, -29.9 ± 8.1 ng vs mRS scores 3-6, 7.6 ± 20.3 ng; p = 0.027). These data are expressed as the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). CONCLUSIONS Levels of membrane particle-associated CD133 in the CSF of patients with SAH and ICH are significantly increased in comparison to healthy patients, and they decline during the hospital stay. Specifically, the persistent elevation of CD133-positive membrane particles within the first week may represent a possible surrogate measure for impaired functional outcome in patients with SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Philip Hoelter
- 2Neuroradiology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen (FAU); and
| | - Hannes Lücking
- 2Neuroradiology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen (FAU); and
| | - Denis Corbeil
- 3Biotechnology Center (BIOTEC), Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
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Scott RC, Menendez de la Prida L, Mahoney JM, Kobow K, Sankar R, de Curtis M. WONOEP APPRAISAL: The many facets of epilepsy networks. Epilepsia 2018; 59:1475-1483. [PMID: 30009398 DOI: 10.1111/epi.14503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The brain is a complex system composed of networks of interacting elements, from genes to circuits, whose function (and dysfunction) is not derivable from the superposition of individual components. Epilepsy is frequently described as a network disease, but to date, there is no standardized framework within which network concepts applicable to all levels from genes to whole brain can be used to generate deeper insights into the pathogenesis of seizures or the associated morbidities. To address this shortcoming, the Neurobiology Commission of the International League Against Epilepsy dedicated a Workshop on Neurobiology of Epilepsy (XIV WONOEP 2017) with the aim of formalizing network concepts as they apply to epilepsy and to critically discuss whether and how such concepts could augment current research endeavors. Here, we review concepts and strategies derived by considering epilepsy as a disease of different network hierarchies that range from genes to clinical phenotypes. We propose that the concept of networks is important for understanding epilepsy and is critical for developing new study designs. These approaches could ultimately facilitate the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rod C Scott
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Neurology Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | | | - J Matt Mahoney
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Katja Kobow
- Institute of Neuropathology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Raman Sankar
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine and Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine and Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marco de Curtis
- Epilepsy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Milano, Italy
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