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Lenski M, Bruno C, Darrouzain F, Allorge D. Métabolomique : principes et applications en toxicologie biologique et médicolégale. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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2
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Hussein M, Oberrauch S, Allobawi R, Cornthwaite-Duncan L, Lu J, Sharma R, Baker M, Li J, Rao GG, Velkov T. Untargeted Metabolomics to Evaluate Polymyxin B Toxicodynamics following Direct Intracerebroventricular Administration into the Rat Brain. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:6067-6077. [DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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3
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Real-time authentication of minced shrimp by rapid evaporative ionization mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2022; 383:132432. [PMID: 35182874 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Minced shrimp is popular seafood due to its delicious flavor and nutritional value. However, the biological species of raw material of minced shrimp are not distinguished by naked eyes after processing. Thus, an in situ and real-time minced shrimp authentication method was established using iKnife rapid evaporative ionization mass spectrometry (REIMS) based lipidomics. The samples were analyzed under ambient ionization without any tedious preparation step. Seven economic shrimp samples were tested, whose phenotypes were used to develop a real-time recognition model. A total of 19 fatty acids and 45 phospholipid molecular species were efficiently identified and statistically analyzed by multivariate statistical analysis. The results showed that the seven shrimp species were well distinguished, and the most contributing ions at m/z 255.2, 279.2, 301.2, 327.2, 699.5, 742.5, etc., were revealed by variable importance in projection. The proposed iKnife REIMS showed excellent performance in minced shrimp authentication.
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Murphy SE, Sweedler JV. Metabolomics-based mass spectrometry methods to analyze the chemical content of 3D organoid models. Analyst 2022; 147:2918-2929. [PMID: 35660810 PMCID: PMC9533735 DOI: 10.1039/d2an00599a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomics, the study of metabolites present in biological samples, can provide a global view of sample state as well as insights into biological changes caused by disease or environmental interactions. Mass spectrometry (MS) is commonly used for metabolomics analysis given its high-throughput capabilities, high sensitivity, and capacity to identify multiple compounds in complex samples simultaneously. MS can be coupled to separation methods that can handle small volumes, making it well suited for analyzing the metabolome of organoids, miniaturized three-dimensional aggregates of stem cells that model in vivo organs. Organoids are being used in research efforts to study human disease and development, and in the design of personalized drug treatments. For organoid models to be useful, they need to recapitulate morphological and chemical aspects, such as the metabolome, of the parent tissue. This review highlights the separation- and imaging-based MS-based metabolomics methods that have been used to analyze the chemical contents of organoids. Future perspectives on how MS techniques can be optimized to determine the accuracy of organoid models and expand the field of organoid research are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA.
| | - Jonathan V Sweedler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA.
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5
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Zarrouk E, Lenski M, Bruno C, Thibert V, Contreras P, Privat K, Ameline A, Fabresse N. High-resolution mass spectrometry: Theoretical and technological aspects. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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6
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Araújo AM, Carvalho F, Guedes de Pinho P, Carvalho M. Toxicometabolomics: Small Molecules to Answer Big Toxicological Questions. Metabolites 2021; 11:692. [PMID: 34677407 PMCID: PMC8539642 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11100692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the high biological impact of classical and emerging toxicants, a sensitive and comprehensive assessment of the hazards and risks of these substances to organisms is urgently needed. In this sense, toxicometabolomics emerged as a new and growing field in life sciences, which use metabolomics to provide new sets of susceptibility, exposure, and/or effects biomarkers; and to characterize in detail the metabolic responses and altered biological pathways that various stressful stimuli cause in many organisms. The present review focuses on the analytical platforms and the typical workflow employed in toxicometabolomic studies, and gives an overview of recent exploratory research that applied metabolomics in various areas of toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Margarida Araújo
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (F.C.); (P.G.d.P.)
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Félix Carvalho
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (F.C.); (P.G.d.P.)
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Guedes de Pinho
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (F.C.); (P.G.d.P.)
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Márcia Carvalho
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (F.C.); (P.G.d.P.)
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- FP-I3ID, FP-ENAS, University Fernando Pessoa, Praça 9 de Abril, 349, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Rua Carlos da Maia, 296, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal
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Palmer JA, Smith AM, Gryshkova V, Donley ELR, Valentin JP, Burrier RE. A Targeted Metabolomics-Based Assay Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes Identifies Structural and Functional Cardiotoxicity Potential. Toxicol Sci 2021; 174:218-240. [PMID: 32040181 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Implementing screening assays that identify functional and structural cardiotoxicity earlier in the drug development pipeline has the potential to improve safety and decrease the cost and time required to bring new drugs to market. In this study, a metabolic biomarker-based assay was developed that predicts the cardiotoxicity potential of a drug based on changes in the metabolism and viability of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CM). Assay development and testing was conducted in 2 phases: (1) biomarker identification and (2) targeted assay development. In the first phase, metabolomic data from hiPSC-CM spent media following exposure to 66 drugs were used to identify biomarkers that identified both functional and structural cardiotoxicants. Four metabolites that represent different metabolic pathways (arachidonic acid, lactic acid, 2'-deoxycytidine, and thymidine) were identified as indicators of cardiotoxicity. In phase 2, a targeted, exposure-based biomarker assay was developed that measured these metabolites and hiPSC-CM viability across an 8-point concentration curve. Metabolite-specific predictive thresholds for identifying the cardiotoxicity potential of a drug were established and optimized for balanced accuracy or sensitivity. When predictive thresholds were optimized for balanced accuracy, the assay predicted the cardiotoxicity potential of 81 drugs with 86% balanced accuracy, 83% sensitivity, and 90% specificity. Alternatively, optimizing the thresholds for sensitivity yields a balanced accuracy of 85%, 90% sensitivity, and 79% specificity. This new hiPSC-CM-based assay provides a paradigm that can identify structural and functional cardiotoxic drugs that could be used in conjunction with other endpoints to provide a more comprehensive evaluation of a drug's cardiotoxicity potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan M Smith
- Stemina Biomarker Discovery, Inc, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Vitalina Gryshkova
- UCB Biopharma SPRL, Investigative Toxicology, Development Science, B-1420 Braine L'Alleud, Belgium
| | | | - Jean-Pierre Valentin
- UCB Biopharma SPRL, Investigative Toxicology, Development Science, B-1420 Braine L'Alleud, Belgium
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Hogberg HT, de Cássia da Silveira E Sá R, Kleensang A, Bouhifd M, Cemiloglu Ulker O, Smirnova L, Behl M, Maertens A, Zhao L, Hartung T. Organophosphorus flame retardants are developmental neurotoxicants in a rat primary brainsphere in vitro model. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:207-228. [PMID: 33078273 PMCID: PMC7811506 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02903-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Due to regulatory bans and voluntary substitutions, halogenated polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants (FR) are increasingly substituted by mainly organophosphorus FR (OPFR). Leveraging a 3D rat primary neural organotypic in vitro model (rat brainsphere), we compare developmental neurotoxic effects of BDE-47-the most abundant PBDE congener-with four OPFR (isopropylated phenyl phosphate-IPP, triphenyl phosphate-TPHP, isodecyl diphenyl phosphate-IDDP, and tricresyl phosphate (also known as trimethyl phenyl phosphate)-TMPP). Employing mass spectroscopy-based metabolomics and transcriptomics, we observe at similar human-relevant non-cytotoxic concentrations (0.1-5 µM) stronger developmental neurotoxic effects by OPFR. This includes toxicity to neurons in the low µM range; all FR decrease the neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA (except BDE-47 and TPHP). Furthermore, n-acetyl aspartate (NAA), considered a neurologic diagnostic molecule, was decreased by all OPFR. At similar concentrations, the FR currently in use decreased plasma membrane dopamine active transporter expression, while BDE-47 did not. Several findings suggest astrogliosis induced by the OPFR, but not BDE-47. At the 5 µM concentrations, the OPFR more than BDE-47 interfered with myelination. An increase of cytokine gene and receptor expressions suggests that exposure to OPFR may induce an inflammatory response. Pathway/category overrepresentation shows disruption in 1) transmission of action potentials, cell-cell signaling, synaptic transmission, receptor signaling, (2) immune response, inflammation, defense response, (3) cell cycle and (4) lipids metabolism and transportation. Taken together, this appears to be a case of regretful substitution with substances not less developmentally neurotoxic in a primary rat 3D model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena T Hogberg
- Center for Alternatives To Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Rita de Cássia da Silveira E Sá
- Center for Alternatives To Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Andre Kleensang
- Center for Alternatives To Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mounir Bouhifd
- Center for Alternatives To Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ozge Cemiloglu Ulker
- Center for Alternatives To Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Lena Smirnova
- Center for Alternatives To Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mamta Behl
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Alexandra Maertens
- Center for Alternatives To Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Liang Zhao
- Center for Alternatives To Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Bloomberg~Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Center for Alternatives To Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- CAAT-Europe, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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Klupczynska A, Misiura M, Miltyk W, Oscilowska I, Palka J, Kokot ZJ, Matysiak J. Development of an LC-MS Targeted Metabolomics Methodology to Study Proline Metabolism in Mammalian Cell Cultures. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204639. [PMID: 33053735 PMCID: PMC7587214 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing interest in metabolomics studies of cultured cells requires development not only untargeted methods capable of fingerprinting the complete metabolite profile but also targeted methods enabling the precise and accurate determination of a selected group of metabolites. Proline metabolism affects many crucial processes at the cellular level, including collagen biosynthesis, redox balance, energetic processes as well as intracellular signaling. The study aimed to develop a robust and easy-to-use targeted metabolomics method for the determination of the intracellular level of proline and the other two amino acids closely related to proline metabolism: glutamic acid and arginine. The method employs hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography followed by high-resolution, accurate-mass mass spectrometry for reliable detection and quantification of the target metabolites in cell lysates. The sample preparation consisted of quenching by the addition of ice-cold methanol and subsequent cell scraping into a quenching solution. The method validation showed acceptable linearity (r > 0.995), precision (%RSD < 15%), and accuracy (88.5–108.5%). Pilot research using HaCaT spontaneously immortalized human keratinocytes in a model for wound healing was performed, indicating the usefulness of the method in studies of disturbances in proline metabolism. The developed method addresses the need to determine the intracellular concentration of three key amino acids and can be used routinely in targeted mammalian cell culture metabolomics research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Klupczynska
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-780 Poznan, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-61-854-66-16
| | - Magdalena Misiura
- Department of Analysis and Bioanalysis of Medicines, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (M.M.); (W.M.)
| | - Wojciech Miltyk
- Department of Analysis and Bioanalysis of Medicines, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (M.M.); (W.M.)
| | - Ilona Oscilowska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (I.O.); (J.P.)
| | - Jerzy Palka
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (I.O.); (J.P.)
| | - Zenon J. Kokot
- Faculty of Health Sciences, State University of Applied Sciences in Kalisz, 62-800 Kalisz, Poland;
| | - Jan Matysiak
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-780 Poznan, Poland;
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Slanzi A, Iannoto G, Rossi B, Zenaro E, Constantin G. In vitro Models of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:328. [PMID: 32528949 PMCID: PMC7247860 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are progressive degenerative conditions characterized by the functional deterioration and ultimate loss of neurons. These incurable and debilitating diseases affect millions of people worldwide, and therefore represent a major global health challenge with severe implications for individuals and society. Recently, several neuroprotective drugs have failed in human clinical trials despite promising pre-clinical data, suggesting that conventional cell cultures and animal models cannot precisely replicate human pathophysiology. To bridge the gap between animal and human studies, three-dimensional cell culture models have been developed from human or animal cells, allowing the effects of new therapies to be predicted more accurately by closely replicating some aspects of the brain environment, mimicking neuronal and glial cell interactions, and incorporating the effects of blood flow. In this review, we discuss the relative merits of different cerebral models, from traditional cell cultures to the latest high-throughput three-dimensional systems. We discuss their advantages and disadvantages as well as their potential to investigate the complex mechanisms of human neurodegenerative diseases. We focus on in vitro models of the most frequent age-related neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease and prion disease, and on multiple sclerosis, a chronic inflammatory neurodegenerative disease affecting young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Slanzi
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giulia Iannoto
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Barbara Rossi
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elena Zenaro
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gabriela Constantin
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Center for Biomedical Computing (CBMC), University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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A Quantitative HILIC-MS/MS Assay of the Metabolic Response of Huh-7 Cells Exposed to 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo- p-Dioxin. Metabolites 2019; 9:metabo9060118. [PMID: 31226775 PMCID: PMC6631636 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9060118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC)–ultra high-pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) method was developed and applied to profile metabolite changes in human Huh-7 cells exposed to the potent aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) ligand 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Comparisons of sensitivity (limit of detection as low as 0.01 µM) and reproducibility (84% of compounds had an interday relative standard deviation (RSD) less than 10.0%; 83% of compounds had an intraday RSD less than 15.0%) were assessed for all the metabolites. The exposure of Huh-7 cells to the hepatotoxic carcinogen TCDD at low doses (1 nM and 10 nM for 4 h and 24 h, respectively) was reflected by the disturbance of amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism (glycolysis, TCA cycle), and nucleic acid metabolism. TCDD caused a significant decrease in amino acids such as serine, alanine, and proline while promoting an increase in arginine levels with 24 h treatment. Energy metabolism intermediates such as phosphoenolpyruvate and acetyl–CoA and nucleosides such as UMP, XMP, and CMP were also markedly decreased. These results support the application of HILIC–UHPLC–MS/MS for robust and reliable analysis of the cellular response to environmentally relevant toxicants at lower doses.
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Schvartz D, González-Ruiz V, Walter N, Antinori P, Jeanneret F, Tonoli D, Boccard J, Zurich MG, Rudaz S, Monnet-Tschudi F, Sandström J, Sanchez JC. Protein pathway analysis to study development-dependent effects of acute and repeated trimethyltin (TMT) treatments in 3D rat brain cell cultures. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 60:281-292. [PMID: 31176792 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Trimethyltin is an organometallic compound, described to be neurotoxic and to trigger neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Previous studies associated TMT with the perturbation of mitochondrial function, or neurotransmission. However, the mechanisms of toxicity may differ depending on the duration of exposure and on the stage of maturation of brain cells. This study aim at elucidating whether the toxicity pathways triggered by a known neurotoxicant (TMT) differs depending on cell maturation stage or duration of exposure. To this end omics profiling of immature and differentiated 3D rat brain cell cultures exposed for 24 h or 10 days (10-d) to 0.5 and 1 μM of TMT was performed to better understand the underlying mechanisms of TMT associated toxicity. Proteomics identified 55 and 17 proteins affected by acute TMT treatment in immature and differentiated cultures respectively, while 10-day treatment altered 96 proteins in immature cultures versus 353 in differentiated. The results suggest different sensitivity to TMT depending on treatment duration and cell maturation. In accordance with known TMT mechanisms oxidative stress and neuroinflammation was observed after 10-d treatment at both maturation stages, whereas the neuroinflammatory process was more prominent in differentiated cultures than in the immature, no development-dependent difference could be detected for oxidative stress or synaptic neurodegeneration. Pathway analysis revealed that both vesicular trafficking and the synaptic machinery were strongly affected by 10-d TMT treatment in both maturation stages, as was GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission. This study shows that omics approaches combined with pathway analysis constitutes an improved tool-set in elucidating toxicity mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domitille Schvartz
- Translational Biomarker Group, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Switzerland
| | - Víctor González-Ruiz
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Switzerland; Analytical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universities of Geneva and Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nadia Walter
- Translational Biomarker Group, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Switzerland
| | - Paola Antinori
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Switzerland; Neuroproteomics group, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Jeanneret
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Switzerland; Analytical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universities of Geneva and Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David Tonoli
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Switzerland; Analytical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universities of Geneva and Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julien Boccard
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Switzerland; Analytical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universities of Geneva and Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Gabrielle Zurich
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Switzerland; Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Serge Rudaz
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Switzerland; Analytical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universities of Geneva and Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Florianne Monnet-Tschudi
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Switzerland; Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jenny Sandström
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Switzerland; Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Charles Sanchez
- Translational Biomarker Group, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Switzerland.
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Kumar A, Mehta V, Raj U, Varadwaj PK, Udayabanu M, Yennamalli RM, Singh TR. Computational and In-Vitro Validation of Natural Molecules as Potential Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors and Neuroprotective Agents. Curr Alzheimer Res 2019; 16:116-127. [DOI: 10.2174/1567205016666181212155147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Cholinesterase inhibitors are the first line of therapy for the management of
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), however, it is now established that they provide only temporary and symptomatic
relief, besides, having several inherited side-effects. Therefore, an alternative drug discovery
method is used to identify new and safer ‘disease-modifying drugs’.
Methods:
Herein, we screened 646 small molecules of natural origin having reported pharmacological
and functional values through in-silico docking studies to predict safer neuromodulatory molecules with
potential to modulate acetylcholine metabolism. Further, the potential of the predicted molecules to inhibit
acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and their ability to protect neurons from degeneration was
determined through in-vitro assays.
Results:
Based on in-silico AChE interaction studies, we predicted quercetin, caffeine, ascorbic acid and
gallic acid to be potential AChE inhibitors. We confirmed the AChE inhibitory potential of these molecules
through in-vitro AChE inhibition assay and compared results with donepezil and begacestat. Herbal
molecules significantly inhibited enzyme activity and inhibition for quercetin and caffeine did not show
any significant difference from donepezil. Further, the tested molecules did not show any neurotoxicity
against primary (E18) hippocampal neurons. We observed that quercetin and caffeine significantly improved
neuronal survival and efficiently protected hippocampal neurons from HgCl2 induced neurodegeneration,
which other molecules, including donepezil and begacestat, failed to do.
Conclusion:
Quercetin and caffeine have the potential as “disease-modifying drugs” and may find application
in the management of neurological disorders such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwani Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173234, India
| | - Vineet Mehta
- Department of Pharmacy, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173234, India
| | - Utkarsh Raj
- Indian Institute of Information Technology-Allahabad, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh - 211012, India
| | - Pritish Kumar Varadwaj
- Indian Institute of Information Technology-Allahabad, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh - 211012, India
| | - Malairaman Udayabanu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173234, India
| | - Ragothaman M. Yennamalli
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173234, India
| | - Tiratha Raj Singh
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173234, India
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14
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Evaluation of lipid profile in different tissues of Japanese abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino with UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS-based lipidomic study. Food Chem 2018; 265:49-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.05.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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15
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Zhu S, Tan P, Ji R, Xiang X, Cai Z, Dong X, Mai K, Ai Q. Influence of a Dietary Vegetable Oil Blend on Serum Lipid Profiles in Large Yellow Croaker ( Larimichthys crocea). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:9097-9106. [PMID: 30095902 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Serum lipid metabolic responses are associated with certain metabolic disorders induced by dietary habits in mammals. However, such associations have not been reported in fish. Lipidomic analyses were performed to investigate fish lipid metabolic responses to a dietary vegetable oil (VO) blend and to elucidate the mechanism of how the dietary VO blend affects serum lipid profiles. Results showed that the dietary VO blend strongly affects serum lipid profiles, especially the ratio of triglyceride/phosphatidylcholine (TAG/PC), via inhibiting hepatic PC biosynthesis and facilitating hepatic and intestinal lipoprotein assembly. Studies in vitro suggested that changes of serum TAG/PC ratio may be partially attributed to altered fatty acid composition in diets. Additionally, the reduction of 16:0/18:1-PC induced by the dietary VO blend may play a role in abnormal lipid deposition through inhibiting PPARA-mediated activation of β-oxidation. These findings suggested that the serum TAG/PC ratio might be a predictive parameter for abnormal lipid metabolism induced by dietary nutrition in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture) & Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education) , Ocean University of China , 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao , Shangdong 266003 , China
| | - Peng Tan
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture) & Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education) , Ocean University of China , 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao , Shangdong 266003 , China
| | - Renlei Ji
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture) & Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education) , Ocean University of China , 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao , Shangdong 266003 , China
| | - Xiaojun Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture) & Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education) , Ocean University of China , 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao , Shangdong 266003 , China
| | - Zuonan Cai
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture) & Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education) , Ocean University of China , 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao , Shangdong 266003 , China
| | - Xiaojing Dong
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture) & Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education) , Ocean University of China , 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao , Shangdong 266003 , China
| | - Kangsen Mai
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture) & Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education) , Ocean University of China , 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao , Shangdong 266003 , China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture , Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao , Shangdong China
| | - Qinghui Ai
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture) & Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education) , Ocean University of China , 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao , Shangdong 266003 , China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture , Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao , Shangdong China
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16
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Untargeted Metabolomic Analysis of Rat Neuroblastoma Cells as a Model System to Study the Biochemical Effects of the Acute Administration of Methamphetamine. Metabolites 2018; 8:metabo8020038. [PMID: 29880740 PMCID: PMC6027511 DOI: 10.3390/metabo8020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine is an illicit psychostimulant drug that is linked to a number of diseases of the nervous system. The downstream biochemical effects of its primary mechanisms are not well understood, and the objective of this study was to investigate whether untargeted metabolomic analysis of an in vitro model could generate data relevant to what is already known about this drug. Rat B50 neuroblastoma cells were treated with 1 mM methamphetamine for 48 h, and both intracellular and extracellular metabolites were profiled using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Principal component analysis of the data identified 35 metabolites that contributed most to the difference in metabolite profiles. Of these metabolites, the most notable changes were in amino acids, with significant increases observed in glutamate, aspartate and methionine, and decreases in phenylalanine and serine. The data demonstrated that glutamate release and, subsequently, excitotoxicity and oxidative stress were important in the response of the neuronal cell to methamphetamine. Following this, the cells appeared to engage amino acid-based mechanisms to reduce glutamate levels. The potential of untargeted metabolomic analysis has been highlighted, as it has generated biochemically relevant data and identified pathways significantly affected by methamphetamine. This combination of technologies has clear uses as a model for the study of neuronal toxicology.
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17
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Ball HC, levari-Shariati S, Cooper LN, Aliani M. Comparative metabolomics of aging in a long-lived bat: Insights into the physiology of extreme longevity. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196154. [PMID: 29715267 PMCID: PMC5929510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vespertilionid bats (Mammalia: Order Chiroptera) live 3–10 times longer than other mammals of an equivalent body size. At present, nothing is known of how bat fecal metabolic profiles shift with age in any taxa. This study established the feasibility of using a non-invasive, fecal metabolomics approach to examine age-related differences in the fecal metabolome of young and elderly adult big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) as an initial investigation into using metabolomics for age determination. Samples were collected from captive, known-aged big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) from 1 to over 14 years of age: these two ages represent age groups separated by approximately 75% of the known natural lifespan of this taxon. Results showed 41 metabolites differentiated young (n = 22) and elderly (n = 6) Eptesicus. Significant differences in metabolites between young and elderly bats were associated with tryptophan metabolism and incomplete protein digestion. Results support further exploration of the physiological mechanisms bats employ to achieve exceptional longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope C. Ball
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, The United States of America
- Musculoskeletal Biology Group, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, The United States of America
| | - Shiva levari-Shariati
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Lisa Noelle Cooper
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, The United States of America
- Musculoskeletal Biology Group, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, The United States of America
- * E-mail: (LNC); (MA)
| | - Michel Aliani
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Foods and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Duff Roblin Building, Winnipeg, Canada
- * E-mail: (LNC); (MA)
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18
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Pamies D, Block K, Lau P, Gribaldo L, Pardo CA, Barreras P, Smirnova L, Wiersma D, Zhao L, Harris G, Hartung T, Hogberg HT. Rotenone exerts developmental neurotoxicity in a human brain spheroid model. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 354:101-114. [PMID: 29428530 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Growing concern suggests that some chemicals exert (developmental) neurotoxicity (DNT and NT) and are linked to the increase in incidence of autism, attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders. The high cost of routine tests for DNT and NT assessment make it difficult to test the high numbers of existing chemicals. Thus, more cost effective neurodevelopmental models are needed. The use of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) in combination with the emerging human 3D tissue culture platforms, present a novel tool to predict and study human toxicity. By combining these technologies, we generated multicellular brain spheroids (BrainSpheres) from human iPSC. The model has previously shown to be reproducible and recapitulates several neurodevelopmental features. Our results indicate, rotenone's toxic potency varies depending on the differentiation status of the cells, showing higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) and higher mitochondrial dysfunction during early than later differentiation stages. Immuno-fluorescence morphology analysis after rotenone exposure indicated dopaminergic-neuron selective toxicity at non-cytotoxic concentrations (1 μM), while astrocytes and other neuronal cell types were affected at (general) cytotoxic concentrations (25 μM). Omics analysis showed changes in key pathways necessary for brain development, indicating rotenone as a developmental neurotoxicant and show a possible link between previously shown effects on neurite outgrowth and presently observed effects on Ca2+ reabsorption, synaptogenesis and PPAR pathway disruption. In conclusion, our BrainSpheres model has shown to be a reproducible and novel tool to study neurotoxicity and developmental neurotoxicity. Results presented here support the idea that rotenone can potentially be a developmental neurotoxicant.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pamies
- Center for Alternative to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Katharina Block
- Center for Alternative to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Pierre Lau
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, European Reference Laboratory - European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (EURL ECVAM), Via Enrico Fermi 2749, Ispra, VA 21027, Italy
| | - Laura Gribaldo
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, European Reference Laboratory - European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (EURL ECVAM), Via Enrico Fermi 2749, Ispra, VA 21027, Italy
| | - Carlos A Pardo
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, 600 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Paula Barreras
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, 600 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Lena Smirnova
- Center for Alternative to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Daphne Wiersma
- Center for Alternative to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Liang Zhao
- Center for Alternative to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, 650 Orleans Street, CRB1, Rm 464, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Georgina Harris
- Center for Alternative to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Center for Alternative to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; University of Konstanz, CAAT-Europe, Universitätsstr. 10, Konstanz 78464, Germany
| | - Helena T Hogberg
- Center for Alternative to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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19
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Hayton S, Maker GL, Mullaney I, Trengove RD. Experimental design and reporting standards for metabolomics studies of mammalian cell lines. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:4421-4441. [PMID: 28669031 PMCID: PMC11107723 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2582-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomics is an analytical technique that investigates the small biochemical molecules present within a biological sample isolated from a plant, animal, or cultured cells. It can be an extremely powerful tool in elucidating the specific metabolic changes within a biological system in response to an environmental challenge such as disease, infection, drugs, or toxins. A historically difficult step in the metabolomics pipeline is in data interpretation to a meaningful biological context, for such high-variability biological samples and in untargeted metabolomics studies that are hypothesis-generating by design. One way to achieve stronger biological context of metabolomic data is via the use of cultured cell models, particularly for mammalian biological systems. The benefits of in vitro metabolomics include a much greater control of external variables and no ethical concerns. The current concerns are with inconsistencies in experimental procedures and level of reporting standards between different studies. This review discusses some of these discrepancies between recent studies, such as metabolite extraction and data normalisation. The aim of this review is to highlight the importance of a standardised experimental approach to any cultured cell metabolomics study and suggests an example procedure fully inclusive of information that should be disclosed in regard to the cell type/s used and their culture conditions. Metabolomics of cultured cells has the potential to uncover previously unknown information about cell biology, functions and response mechanisms, and so the accurate biological interpretation of the data produced and its ability to be compared to other studies should be considered vitally important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hayton
- Separation Sciences and Metabolomics Laboratories, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South St, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Garth L Maker
- Separation Sciences and Metabolomics Laboratories, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South St, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia.
| | - Ian Mullaney
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South St, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Robert D Trengove
- Separation Sciences and Metabolomics Laboratories, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
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20
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Hayton S, Maker GL, Mullaney I, Trengove RD. Untargeted metabolomics of neuronal cell culture: A model system for the toxicity testing of insecticide chemical exposure. J Appl Toxicol 2017; 37:1481-1492. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hayton
- Separation Sciences and Metabolomics Laboratories; Murdoch University; Perth WA Australia
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences; Murdoch University; Perth WA Australia
| | - Garth L. Maker
- Separation Sciences and Metabolomics Laboratories; Murdoch University; Perth WA Australia
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences; Murdoch University; Perth WA Australia
| | - Ian Mullaney
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences; Murdoch University; Perth WA Australia
| | - Robert D. Trengove
- Separation Sciences and Metabolomics Laboratories; Murdoch University; Perth WA Australia
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21
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Sawyer TW, Lee JJ, Villanueva M, Wang Y, Nelson P, Song Y, Fan C, Barnes J, McLaws L. The Effect of Underwater Blast on Aggregating Brain Cell Cultures. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:517-528. [PMID: 27163293 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the deleterious effects of primary blast on gas-filled organs are well accepted, the effect of blast-induced shock waves on the brain is less clear because of factors that complicate the interpretation of clinical and experimental data. Brain cell aggregate cultures are comprised of multiple differentiated brain cell types and were used to examine the effects of underwater blast. Suspensions of these cultures encased in dialysis tubing were exposed to explosive-generated underwater blasts of low (∼300 kPa), medium (∼2,700 kPa), or high (∼14,000 kPa) intensities and harvested at 1-28 days post-exposure. No changes in gross morphology were noted immediately or weeks after blast wave exposure, and no increases in either apoptotic (caspase-3) or necrotic (lactate dehydrogenase) cell death were observed. Changes in neuronal (neurofilament H, acetylcholinesterase, and choline acetyltransferase) and glial (glial fibrillary acidic protein, glutamine synthetase) endpoints did not occur. However, significant time- and pressure-related increases in Akt (protein kinase B) phosphorylation were noted, as well as declines in vascular endothelial growth factor levels, implicating pathways involved in cellular survival mechanisms. The free-floating nature of the aggregates during blast wave exposure, coupled with their highly hydrolyzed dialysis tubing containment, results in minimized boundary effects, thus enabling accurate assessment of brain cell response to a simplified shock-induced stress wave. This work shows that, at its simplest, blast-induced shock waves produce subtle changes in brain tissue. This study has mechanistic implications for the study of primary blast-induced traumatic brain injury and supports the thesis that underwater blast may cause subtle changes in the brains of submerged individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Sawyer
- 1 Defence Research and Development Canada, Suffield Research Center , Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada
| | - Julian J Lee
- 1 Defence Research and Development Canada, Suffield Research Center , Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mercy Villanueva
- 1 Defence Research and Development Canada, Suffield Research Center , Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yushan Wang
- 1 Defence Research and Development Canada, Suffield Research Center , Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada
| | - Peggy Nelson
- 1 Defence Research and Development Canada, Suffield Research Center , Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yanfeng Song
- 1 Defence Research and Development Canada, Suffield Research Center , Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chengyang Fan
- 2 Canada West Biosciences , Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Julia Barnes
- 3 Hyland Quality Systems , Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lori McLaws
- 1 Defence Research and Development Canada, Suffield Research Center , Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada
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22
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Liu Y, Ran R, Hu C, Cui B, Xu Y, Liu H, Quan S, Li D, Li X, Wu Y, Zhang D, Shi J. The metabolic responses of HepG2 cells to the exposure of mycotoxin deoxynivalenol. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2016. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2015.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
As the number of reported deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination incidents increased steadily over the past decades, there has been a widespread interest in understanding the cellular mechanisms of the toxicological effects of DON using in vitro systems and omics technologies. The present investigation was conducted to understand the metabolomic changes in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2) exposed to 10 μM DON for short term (4 h) and long term (12 h) periods, using a non-targeted metabolomics approach. Our results revealed a remarkable metabolic shift from short term to long term exposure to DON in HepG2 cells. Our metabolomics data also confirmed the role of DON induced oxidative stress in DON toxicity. Coupled with pattern recognition and pathway analysis, effects of DON on redox homeostasis, energy balance, lipid metabolism, and potential toxicological mechanisms were discussed, which would facilitate further studies on the risk assessment of the dietary mycotoxin DON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Liu
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University – University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China P.R
| | - R. Ran
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University – University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China P.R
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, H9X 3V9 Montreal, Canada
| | - C. Hu
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University – University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China P.R
| | - B. Cui
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University – University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China P.R
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Shanghai 200245, China P.R
| | - Y. Xu
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University – University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China P.R
- College of Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 201418, China P.R
| | - H. Liu
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University – University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China P.R
| | - S. Quan
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University – University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China P.R
| | - D. Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China P.R
| | - X. Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment of Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China P.R
| | - Y. Wu
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment of Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China P.R
| | - D. Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University – University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China P.R
- Plant Genomics Center, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae 5064, Australia
| | - J. Shi
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University – University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China P.R
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23
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The emerging role of in vitro electrophysiological methods in CNS safety pharmacology. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2016; 81:47-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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24
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Bouhifd M, Beger R, Flynn T, Guo L, Harris G, Hogberg H, Kaddurah-Daouk R, Kamp H, Kleensang A, Maertens A, Odwin-DaCosta S, Pamies D, Robertson D, Smirnova L, Sun J, Zhao L, Hartung T. Quality assurance of metabolomics. ALTEX-ALTERNATIVES TO ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION 2016; 32:319-26. [PMID: 26536290 PMCID: PMC5578451 DOI: 10.14573/altex.1509161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics promises a holistic phenotypic characterization of biological responses to toxicants. This technology is based on advanced chemical analytical tools with reasonable throughput, including mass-spectroscopy and NMR. Quality assurance, however – from experimental design, sample preparation, metabolite identification, to bioinformatics data-mining – is urgently needed to assure both quality of metabolomics data and reproducibility of biological models. In contrast to microarray-based transcriptomics, where consensus on quality assurance and reporting standards has been fostered over the last two decades, quality assurance of metabolomics is only now emerging. Regulatory use in safety sciences, and even proper scientific use of these technologies, demand quality assurance. In an effort to promote this discussion, an expert workshop discussed the quality assurance needs of metabolomics. The goals for this workshop were 1) to consider the challenges associated with metabolomics as an emerging science, with an emphasis on its application in toxicology and 2) to identify the key issues to be addressed in order to establish and implement quality assurance procedures in metabolomics-based toxicology. Consensus has still to be achieved regarding best practices to make sure sound, useful, and relevant information is derived from these new tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounir Bouhifd
- Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richard Beger
- US Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Division of Systems Biology, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Thomas Flynn
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Laurel, MD, USA
| | | | - Georgina Harris
- Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Helena Hogberg
- Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rima Kaddurah-Daouk
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hennicke Kamp
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Andre Kleensang
- Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alexandra Maertens
- Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shelly Odwin-DaCosta
- Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David Pamies
- Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Lena Smirnova
- Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jinchun Sun
- US Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Division of Systems Biology, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Liang Zhao
- Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Baltimore, MD, USA.,CAAT-Europe, University of Konstanz, Germany
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25
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Colaianna M, Ilmjärv S, Peterson H, Kern I, Julien S, Baquié M, Pallocca G, Bosgra S, Sachinidis A, Hengstler JG, Leist M, Krause KH. Fingerprinting of neurotoxic compounds using a mouse embryonic stem cell dual luminescence reporter assay. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:365-391. [PMID: 27015953 PMCID: PMC5225183 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1690-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Identification of neurotoxic drugs and environmental chemicals is an important challenge. However, only few tools to address this topic are available. The aim of this study was to develop a neurotoxicity/developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) test system, using the pluripotent mouse embryonic stem cell line CGR8 (ESCs). The test system uses ESCs at two differentiation stages: undifferentiated ESCs and ESC-derived neurons. Under each condition, concentration–response curves were obtained for three parameters: activity of the tubulin alpha 1 promoter (typically activated in early neurons), activity of the elongation factor 1 alpha promoter (active in all cells), and total DNA content (proportional to the number of surviving cells). We tested 37 compounds from the ESNATS test battery, which includes polypeptide hormones, environmental pollutants (including methylmercury), and clinically used drugs (including valproic acid and tyrosine kinase inhibitors). Different classes of compounds showed distinct concentration–response profiles. Plotting of the lowest observed adverse effect concentrations (LOAEL) of the neuronal promoter activity against the general promoter activity or against cytotoxicity, allowed the differentiation between neurotoxic/DNT substances and non-neurotoxic controls. Reporter activity responses in neurons were more susceptible to neurotoxic compounds than the reporter activities in ESCs from which they were derived. To relate the effective/toxic concentrations found in our study to relevant in vivo concentrations, we used a reverse pharmacokinetic modeling approach for three exemplary compounds (teriflunomide, geldanamycin, abiraterone). The dual luminescence reporter assay described in this study allows high-throughput, and should be particularly useful for the prioritization of the neurotoxic potential of a large number of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Colaianna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sten Ilmjärv
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Ilse Kern
- Department of Pediatrics, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Genetic and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Centre Medical Universitaire, Rue Michel-Servet, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Julien
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Giorgia Pallocca
- Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair for In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany
| | - Sieto Bosgra
- TNO, Zeist, The Netherlands.,BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Agapios Sachinidis
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Technical University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marcel Leist
- Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair for In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Krause
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. .,Department of Genetic and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Centre Medical Universitaire, Rue Michel-Servet, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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Smirnova L, Harris G, Delp J, Valadares M, Pamies D, Hogberg HT, Waldmann T, Leist M, Hartung T. A LUHMES 3D dopaminergic neuronal model for neurotoxicity testing allowing long-term exposure and cellular resilience analysis. Arch Toxicol 2015; 90:2725-2743. [PMID: 26647301 PMCID: PMC5065586 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1637-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Several shortcomings of current Parkinson’s disease (PD) models limit progress in identification of environmental contributions to disease pathogenesis. The conditionally immortalized cell line LUHMES promises to make human dopaminergic neuronal cultures more easily available, but these cells are difficult to culture for extended periods of time. We overcame this problem by culturing them in 3D with minor medium modifications. The 3D neuronal aggregates allowed penetration by small molecules and sufficient oxygen and nutrient supply for survival of the innermost cells. Using confocal microscopy, gene expression, and flow cytometry, we characterized the 3D model and observed a highly reproducible differentiation process. Visualization and quantification of neurites in aggregates was achieved by adding 2 % red fluorescent protein-transfected LUHMES cells. The mitochondrial toxicants and established experimental PD agents, rotenone and MPP+, perturbed genes involved in one-carbon metabolism and transsulfuration pathways (ASS1, CTH, and SHTM2) as in 2D cultures. We showed, for the first time in LUHMES, down-regulation of mir-7, a miRNA known to target alpha-synuclein and to be involved in PD. This was observed as early as 12 h after rotenone exposure, when pro-apoptotic mir-16 and rotenone-sensitive mir-210 were not yet significantly perturbed. Finally, washout experiments demonstrated that withdrawal of rotenone led to counter-regulation of mir-7 and ASS1, CTH, and SHTM2 genes. This suggests a possible role of these genes in direct cellular response to the toxicant, and the model appears to be suitable to address the processes of resilience and recovery in neurotoxicology and Parkinson’s disease in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Smirnova
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA.
| | - G Harris
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - J Delp
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - M Valadares
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - D Pamies
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - H T Hogberg
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - T Waldmann
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - M Leist
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - T Hartung
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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Schultz L, Zurich MG, Culot M, da Costa A, Landry C, Bellwon P, Kristl T, Hörmann K, Ruzek S, Aiche S, Reinert K, Bielow C, Gosselet F, Cecchelli R, Huber CG, Schroeder OHU, Gramowski-Voss A, Weiss DG, Bal-Price A. Evaluation of drug-induced neurotoxicity based on metabolomics, proteomics and electrical activity measurements in complementary CNS in vitro models. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 30:138-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Chen B, Chen P, He B, Yin Y, Fang L, Wang X, Liu H, Yang L, Luan T. Identification of mercury methylation product by tert-butyl compounds in aqueous solution under light irradiation. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 98:40-46. [PMID: 26165936 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The methylation of mercury (Hg) is of great concern as methylmercury (MeHg), the most toxic species, is produced. This study examined the possibilities of tert-butyl compounds (tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBH)) and other alcohols serving as methyl donors for Hg photo-methylation under light irradiation. The yield of MeHg varied among the methyl donors, and it was also significantly influenced by salinity and pH. MeHg could be generated in the presence of TBH under visible light irradiation. The hydroxyl radical (OH) was found to promote MeHg production at low levels, but degrade MeHg in excess. The photo-production of MeHg was tentatively proposed via the complexation of Hg and methyl donors, the formation of an intermediate (O(Hg)C(CH3)3), and the intramolecular methyl transfer from methyl donors to Hg. This study implicates photoreactions between Hg and organic pollutants in understanding the fate and transformation of Hg in the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baowei Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, PR China.
| | - Ping Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety, Instrumental Analysis & Research Center/School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Bin He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Yongguang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Linchuan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Hongtao Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety, Instrumental Analysis & Research Center/School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Lihua Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Tiangang Luan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety, Instrumental Analysis & Research Center/School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
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An Overview on Human Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cell-Based Alternative In Vitro Models for Developmental Neurotoxicity Assessment. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:3216-3226. [PMID: 26041658 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9202-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The developing brain is found highly vulnerable towards the exposure of different environmental chemicals/drugs, even at concentrations, those are generally considered safe in mature brain. The brain development is a very complex phenomenon which involves several processes running in parallel such as cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, maturation and synaptogenesis. If any step of these cellular processes hampered due to exposure of any xenobiotic/drug, there is almost no chance of recovery which could finally result in a life-long disability. Therefore, the developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) assessment of newly discovered drugs/molecules is a very serious concern among the neurologists. Animal-based DNT models have their own limitations such as ethical concerns and lower sensitivity with less predictive values in humans. Furthermore, non-availability of human foetal brain tissues/cells makes job more difficult to understand about mechanisms involve in DNT in human beings. Although, the use of cell culture have been proven as a powerful tool for DNT assessment, but many in vitro models are currently utilizing genetically unstable cell lines. The interpretation of data generated using such terminally differentiated cells is hard to extrapolate with in vivo situations. However, human umbilical cord blood stem cells (hUCBSCs) have been proposed as an excellent tool for alternative DNT testing because neuronal development from undifferentiated state could exactly mimic the original pattern of neuronal development in foetus when hUCBSCs differentiated into neuronal cells. Additionally, less ethical concern, easy availability and high plasticity make them an attractive source for establishing in vitro model of DNT assessment. In this review, we are focusing towards recent advancements on hUCBSCs-based in vitro model to understand DNTs.
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Wang X, Zhao P, Luo Q, Yan X, Xu J, Chen J, Chen H. Metabolite changes during the life history of Porphyra haitanensis. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2015; 17:660-666. [PMID: 25284486 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant metabolomics is essentially the comprehensive analysis of complex metabolites of plant extracts. Metabolic fingerprinting is an important part of plant metabolomics research. In this study, metabolic fingerprinting of different stages of the life history of the red alga Porphyra haitanensis was performed. The stages included conchocelis filaments, sporangial branchlets, conchosporangia, discharged conchospores and conchosporangial branchlets after conchospore discharge. Metabolite extracts were analysed with ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionisation quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry. Analyses profiles were subjected to principal components analysis and orthogonal projection to latent structures discriminant analysis using the SIMCA-P software for biomarker selection and identification. Based on the MS/MS spectra and data from the literature, potential biomarkers, mainly of phosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylcholine, were identified. Identification of these biomarkers suggested that plasma membrane phospholipids underwent major changes during the life history of P. haitanensis. The levels of phosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylcholine increased in sporangial branchlets and decreased in discharged conchospores. Moreover, levels of sphingaine (d18:0) decreased in sporangial branchlets and increased in discharged conchospores, which indicates that membrane lipids were increasingly synthesised as energy storage in sporangial branchlets, while energy was consumed in sporangial branchlets to discharged conchospores. A metabolomic study of different growth phases of P. haitanensis will enhance our understanding of its physiology and ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
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Feist P, Sun L, Liu X, Dovichi NJ, Hummon AB. Bottom-up proteomic analysis of single HCT 116 colon carcinoma multicellular spheroids. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:654-658. [PMID: 26212283 PMCID: PMC4763982 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Proteomic analysis of single multicellular spheroids has not been previously reported. As three-dimensional cell cultures are an increasingly popular model system for biological research, there is interest in obtaining proteomic profiles of these samples. We investigated the proteome of single HCT 116 multicellular spheroids using protocols optimized for small sample sizes. METHODS Six biological replicates were analyzed via microscopy for size. Total protein content was assessed via the bicinchoninic acid assay (BCA assay). Five separate biological replicate spheroids were analyzed via mass spectrometry in technical duplicate. An ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) system coupled with an LTQ Orbitrap Velos was used for peptide separation, analysis, and identification. RESULTS The average diameter of six replicate HCT 116 spheroids was 940 ± 30 µm and the average total protein amount was determined to be 39 ± 4 µg. At least 1300 protein groups were identified in each single LC/MS/MS run with 10% of the material from each single spheroid loaded. Database search results showed variation between spheroid protein group identifications. Pearson correlations show that the disparity in identifications is due to random variations in spectra and protocol. CONCLUSIONS We detected more than 1350 protein groups in each replicate HCT 116 spheroid. While some variation was detected between replicates, differences in the number of protein groups identified were determined to be the result of random variations in mass spectra acquisition.
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Bouhifd M, Andersen ME, Baghdikian C, Boekelheide K, Crofton KM, Fornace AJ, Kleensang A, Li H, Livi C, Maertens A, McMullen PD, Rosenberg M, Thomas R, Vantangoli M, Yager JD, Zhao L, Hartung T. The human toxome project. ALTEX 2015; 32:112-24. [PMID: 25742299 PMCID: PMC4778566 DOI: 10.14573/altex.1502091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The Human Toxome Project, funded as an NIH Transformative Research grant 2011-2016, is focused on developing the concepts and the means for deducing, validating and sharing molecular pathways of toxicity (PoT). Using the test case of estrogenic endocrine disruption, the responses of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells are being phenotyped by transcriptomics and mass-spectroscopy-based metabolomics. The bioinformatics tools for PoT deduction represent a core deliverable. A number of challenges for quality and standardization of cell systems, omics technologies and bioinformatics are being addressed. In parallel, concepts for annotation, validation and sharing of PoT information, as well as their link to adverse outcomes, are being developed. A reasonably comprehensive public database of PoT, the Human Toxome Knowledge-base, could become a point of reference for toxicological research and regulatory test strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounir Bouhifd
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Christina Baghdikian
- ASPPH Fellow, National Center for Computational Toxicology, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Kim Boekelheide
- Brown University, Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Kevin M. Crofton
- US EPA, National Center for Computational Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Andre Kleensang
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Henghong Li
- Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Alexandra Maertens
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Russell Thomas
- US EPA, National Center for Computational Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - James D. Yager
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Liang Zhao
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Baltimore, MD, USA
- University of Konstanz, Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing Europe, Konstanz, Germany
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Enhancing metabolomics research through data mining. J Proteomics 2015; 127:275-88. [PMID: 25668325 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Metabolomics research, like other disciplines utilizing high-throughput technologies, generates a large amount of data for every sample. Although handling this data is a challenge and one of the biggest bottlenecks of the metabolomics workflow, it is also the clue to accomplish valuable results. This work has been designed to supply methodological data mining guidelines, describing systematically the steps to be followed in metabolomics data exploration. Instrumental raw data refinement in the pre-processing step and assessment of the statistical assumptions in pre-treatment directly affect the results of subsequent univariate and multivariate analyses. A study of aging in a healthy population was selected to represent this data mining process. Multivariate analysis of variance and linear regression methods were used to analyze the metabolic changes underlying aging. Selection of both multivariate methods aims to illustrate the treatment of age from two rather different perspectives, as a categorical variable and a continuous variable. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Metabolomics is a discipline involving the analysis of a large amount of data to gather relevant information. Researchers in this field have to overcome the challenges of complex data processing and statistical analysis issues. A wide range of tasks has to be executed, from the minimization of batch-to-batch/systematic variations in pre-processing, to the application of common data analysis techniques relying on statistical assumptions. In this work, a real-data metabolic profiling research on aging was used to illustrate the proposed workflow and suggest a set of guidelines for analyzing metabolomics data. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: HUPO 2014.
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Rouquié D, Heneweer M, Botham J, Ketelslegers H, Markell L, Pfister T, Steiling W, Strauss V, Hennes C. Contribution of new technologies to characterization and prediction of adverse effects. Crit Rev Toxicol 2015; 45:172-83. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2014.986054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Smirnova L, Hogberg HT, Leist M, Hartung T. Developmental neurotoxicity - challenges in the 21st century and in vitro opportunities. ALTEX-ALTERNATIVES TO ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION 2015; 31:129-56. [PMID: 24687333 DOI: 10.14573/altex.1403271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In recent years neurodevelopmental problems in children have increased at a rate that suggests lifestyle factors and chemical exposures as likely contributors. When environmental chemicals contribute to neurodevelopmental disorders developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) becomes an enormous concern. But how can it be tackled? Current animal test- based guidelines are prohibitively expensive, at $ 1.4 million per substance, while their predictivity for human health effects may be limited, and mechanistic data that would help species extrapolation are not available. A broader screening for substances of concern requires a reliable testing strategy, applicable to larger numbers of substances, and sufficiently predictive to warrant further testing. This review discusses the evidence for possible contributions of environmental chemicals to DNT, limitations of the current test paradigm, emerging concepts and technologies pertinent to in vitro DNT testing and assay evaluation, as well as the prospect of a paradigm shift based on 21st century technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Smirnova
- Centers for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT) at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, USA
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Abstract
Being an emerging field of "omics" research, metabonomics has been increasingly used in toxicological studies mostly because this technology has the ability to provide more detailed information to elucidate mechanism of toxicity. As an interdisciplinary field of science, metabonomics combines analytical chemistry, bioinformatics, statistics, and biochemistry. When applied to toxicology, metabonomics also includes aspects of patho-biochemistry, systems biology, and molecular diagnostics. During a toxicological study, the metabolic changes over time and dose after chemical treatment can be monitored. Therefore, the most important use of this emerging technology is the identification of signatures of toxicity-patterns of metabolic changes predictive of a hazard manifestation. This chapter summarizes the current state of metabonomics technology and its applications in various areas of toxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhao
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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Using Pluripotent Stem Cells and Their Progeny as an In VitroModel to Assess (Developmental) Neurotoxicity. METHODS AND PRINCIPLES IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527674183.ch13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Pamies D, Hartung T, Hogberg HT. Biological and medical applications of a brain-on-a-chip. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:1096-1107. [PMID: 24912505 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214537738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The desire to develop and evaluate drugs as potential countermeasures for biological and chemical threats requires test systems that can also substitute for the clinical trials normally crucial for drug development. Current animal models have limited predictivity for drug efficacy in humans as the large majority of drugs fails in clinical trials. We have limited understanding of the function of the central nervous system and the complexity of the brain, especially during development and neuronal plasticity. Simple in vitro systems do not represent physiology and function of the brain. Moreover, the difficulty of studying interactions between human genetics and environmental factors leads to lack of knowledge about the events that induce neurological diseases. Microphysiological systems (MPS) promise to generate more complex in vitro human models that better simulate the organ's biology and function. MPS combine different cell types in a specific three-dimensional (3D) configuration to simulate organs with a concrete function. The final aim of these MPS is to combine different "organoids" to generate a human-on-a-chip, an approach that would allow studies of complex physiological organ interactions. The recent discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) gives a range of possibilities allowing cellular studies of individuals with different genetic backgrounds (e.g., human disease models). Application of iPSCs from different donors in MPS gives the opportunity to better understand mechanisms of the disease and can be a novel tool in drug development, toxicology, and medicine. In order to generate a brain-on-a-chip, we have established a 3D model from human iPSCs based on our experience with a 3D rat primary aggregating brain model. After four weeks of differentiation, human 3D aggregates stain positive for different neuronal markers and show higher gene expression of various neuronal differentiation markers compared to 2D cultures. Here we present the applications and challenges of this emerging technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pamies
- Centers for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT) at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; University of Konstanz, POB 600, Konstanz 78457, Germany
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Centers for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT) at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; University of Konstanz, POB 600, Konstanz 78457, Germany
| | - Helena T Hogberg
- Centers for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT) at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; University of Konstanz, POB 600, Konstanz 78457, Germany
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Bouhifd M, Hogberg HT, Kleensang A, Maertens A, Zhao L, Hartung T. Mapping the human toxome by systems toxicology. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 115:24-31. [PMID: 24443875 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Toxicity testing typically involves studying adverse health outcomes in animals subjected to high doses of toxicants with subsequent extrapolation to expected human responses at lower doses. The low-throughput of current toxicity testing approaches (which are largely the same for industrial chemicals, pesticides and drugs) has led to a backlog of more than 80,000 chemicals to which human beings are potentially exposed whose potential toxicity remains largely unknown. Employing new testing strategies that employ the use of predictive, high-throughput cell-based assays (of human origin) to evaluate perturbations in key pathways, referred as pathways of toxicity, and to conduct targeted testing against those pathways, we can begin to greatly accelerate our ability to test the vast 'storehouses' of chemical compounds using a rational, risk-based approach to chemical prioritization and provide test results that are more predictive of human toxicity than current methods. The NIH Transformative Research Grant project Mapping the Human Toxome by Systems Toxicology aims at developing the tools for pathway mapping, annotation and validation as well as the respective knowledge base to share this information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounir Bouhifd
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, CAAT, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Bonvallot N, Tremblay-Franco M, Chevrier C, Canlet C, Debrauwer L, Cravedi JP, Cordier S. Potential input from metabolomics for exploring and understanding the links between environment and health. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2014; 17:21-44. [PMID: 24597908 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2013.860318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Humans may be exposed via their environment to multiple chemicals as a consequence of human activities and use of synthetic products. Little knowledge is routinely generated on the hazards of these chemical mixtures. The metabolomic approach is widely used to identify metabolic pathways modified by diseases, drugs, or exposures to toxicants. This review, based on the state of the art of the current applications of metabolomics in environmental health, attempts to determine whether metabolomics might constitute an original approach to the study of associations between multiple, low-dose environmental exposures in humans. Studying the biochemical consequences of complex environmental exposures is a challenge demanding the development of careful experimental and epidemiological designs, in order to take into account possible confounders associated with the high level of interindividual variability induced by different lifestyles. The choices of populations studied, sampling and storage procedures, statistical tools used, and system biology need to be considered. Suggestions for improved experimental and epidemiological designs are described. Evidence indicates that metabolomics may be a powerful tool in environmental health in the identification of both complex exposure biomarkers directly in human populations and modified metabolic pathways, in an attempt to improve understanding the underlying environmental causes of diseases. Nevertheless, the validity of biomarkers and relevancy of animal-to-human extrapolation remain key challenges that need to be properly explored.
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Application of “Omics” Technologies to In Vitro Toxicology. METHODS IN PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0521-8_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
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Hogberg HT, Bressler J, Christian KM, Harris G, Makri G, O'Driscoll C, Pamies D, Smirnova L, Wen Z, Hartung T. Toward a 3D model of human brain development for studying gene/environment interactions. Stem Cell Res Ther 2013; 4 Suppl 1:S4. [PMID: 24564953 PMCID: PMC4029162 DOI: 10.1186/scrt365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This project aims to establish and characterize an in vitro model of the developing human brain for the purpose of testing drugs and chemicals. To accurately assess risk, a model needs to recapitulate the complex interactions between different types of glial cells and neurons in a three-dimensional platform. Moreover, human cells are preferred over cells from rodents to eliminate cross-species differences in sensitivity to chemicals. Previously, we established conditions to culture rat primary cells as three-dimensional aggregates, which will be humanized and evaluated here with induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). The use of iPSCs allows us to address gene/environment interactions as well as the potential of chemicals to interfere with epigenetic mechanisms. Additionally, iPSCs afford us the opportunity to study the effect of chemicals during very early stages of brain development. It is well recognized that assays for testing toxicity in the developing brain must consider differences in sensitivity and susceptibility that arise depending on the time of exposure. This model will reflect critical developmental processes such as proliferation, differentiation, lineage specification, migration, axonal growth, dendritic arborization and synaptogenesis, which will probably display differences in sensitivity to different types of chemicals. Functional endpoints will evaluate the complex cell-to-cell interactions that are affected in neurodevelopment through chemical perturbation, and the efficacy of drug intervention to prevent or reverse phenotypes. The model described is designed to assess developmental neurotoxicity effects on unique processes occurring during human brain development by leveraging human iPSCs from diverse genetic backgrounds, which can be differentiated into different cell types of the central nervous system. Our goal is to demonstrate the feasibility of the personalized model using iPSCs derived from individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders caused by known mutations and chromosomal aberrations. Notably, such a human brain model will be a versatile tool for more complex testing platforms and strategies as well as research into central nervous system physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena T Hogberg
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA and University of Konstanz, POB 600, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Joseph Bressler
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA and University of Konstanz, POB 600, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
- Hugo Moser Institute at the Kennedy Krieger, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 707 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Kimberly M Christian
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Georgina Harris
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA and University of Konstanz, POB 600, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Georgia Makri
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Cliona O'Driscoll
- Hugo Moser Institute at the Kennedy Krieger, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 707 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - David Pamies
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA and University of Konstanz, POB 600, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Lena Smirnova
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA and University of Konstanz, POB 600, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Zhexing Wen
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA and University of Konstanz, POB 600, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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Bouhifd M, Hartung T, Hogberg HT, Kleensang A, Zhao L. Review: toxicometabolomics. J Appl Toxicol 2013; 33:1365-83. [PMID: 23722930 PMCID: PMC3808515 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics use in toxicology is rapidly increasing, particularly owing to advances in mass spectroscopy, which is widely used in the life sciences for phenotyping disease states. Toxicology has the advantage of having the disease agent, the toxicant, available for experimental induction of metabolomics changes monitored over time and dose. This review summarizes the different technologies employed and gives examples of their use in various areas of toxicology. A prominent use of metabolomics is the identification of signatures of toxicity - patterns of metabolite changes predictive of a hazard manifestation. Increasingly, such signatures indicative of a certain hazard manifestation are identified, suggesting that certain modes of action result in specific derangements of the metabolism. This might enable the deduction of underlying pathways of toxicity, which, in their entirety, form the Human Toxome, a key concept for implementing the vision of Toxicity Testing for the 21st century. This review summarizes the current state of metabolomics technologies and principles, their uses in toxicology and gives a thorough overview on metabolomics bioinformatics, pathway identification and quality assurance. In addition, this review lays out the prospects for further metabolomics application also in a regulatory context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Correspondence to: T. Hartung, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Environmental Health Sciences, Chair for Evidence-based Toxicology, Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, 615 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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Ahuja V, Sharma S. Drug safety testing paradigm, current progress and future challenges: an overview. J Appl Toxicol 2013; 34:576-94. [PMID: 24777877 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Early assessment of the toxicity potential of new molecules in pharmaceutical industry is a multi-dimensional task involving predictive systems and screening approaches to aid in the optimization of lead compounds prior to their entry into development phase. Due to the high attrition rate in the pharma industry in last few years, it has become imperative for the nonclinical toxicologist to focus on novel approaches which could be helpful for early screening of drug candidates. The need is that the toxicologists should change their classical approach to a more investigative approach. This review discusses the developments that allow toxicologists to anticipate safety problems and plan ways to address them earlier than ever before. This includes progress in the field of in vitro models, surrogate models, molecular toxicology, 'omics' technologies, translational safety biomarkers, stem-cell based assays and preclinical imaging. The traditional boundaries between teams focusing on efficacy/ safety and preclinical/ clinical aspects in the pharma industry are disappearing, and translational research-centric organizations with a focused vision of bringing drugs forward safely and rapidly are emerging. Today's toxicologist should collaborate with medicinal chemists, pharmacologists, and clinicians and these value-adding contributions will change traditional toxicologists from side-effect identifiers to drug development enablers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Ahuja
- Drug Safety Assessment, Novel Drug Discovery and Development, Lupin Limited (Research Park), 46A/47A, Nande Village, MulshiTaluka, Pune, 412 115, India
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Bouvier d'Yvoire M, Bremer S, Casati S, Ceridono M, Coecke S, Corvi R, Eskes C, Gribaldo L, Griesinger C, Knaut H, Linge JP, Roi A, Zuang V. ECVAM and new technologies for toxicity testing. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 745:154-80. [PMID: 22437818 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3055-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of alternative empirical (testing) and non-empirical (non-testing) methods to traditional toxicological tests for complex human health effects is a tremendous task. Toxicants may potentially interfere with a vast number of physiological mechanisms thereby causing disturbances on various levels of complexity of human physiology. Only a limited number of mechanisms relevant for toxicity ('pathways' of toxicity) have been identified with certainty so far and, presumably, many more mechanisms by which toxicants cause adverse effects remain to be identified. Recapitulating in empirical model systems (i.e., in vitro test systems) all those relevant physiological mechanisms prone to be disturbed by toxicants and relevant for causing the toxicity effect in question poses an enormous challenge. First, the mechanism(s) of action of toxicants in relation to the most relevant adverse effects of a specific human health endpoint need to be identified. Subsequently, these mechanisms need to be modeled in reductionist test systems that allow assessing whether an unknown substance may operate via a specific (array of) mechanism(s). Ideally, such test systems should be relevant for the species of interest, i.e., based on human cells or modeling mechanisms present in humans. Since much of our understanding about toxicity mechanisms is based on studies using animal model systems (i.e., experimental animals or animal-derived cells), designing test systems that model mechanisms relevant for the human situation may be limited by the lack of relevant information from basic research. New technologies from molecular biology and cell biology, as well as progress in tissue engineering, imaging techniques and automated testing platforms hold the promise to alleviate some of the traditional difficulties associated with improving toxicity testing for complex endpoints. Such new technologies are expected (1) to accelerate the identification of toxicity pathways with human relevance that need to be modeled in test methods for toxicity testing (2) to enable the reconstruction of reductionist test systems modeling at a reduced level of complexity the target system/organ of interest (e.g., through tissue engineering, use of human-derived cell lines and stem cells etc.), (3) to allow the measurement of specific mechanisms relevant for a given health endpoint in such test methods (e.g., through gene and protein expression, changes in metabolites, receptor activation, changes in neural activity etc.), (4) to allow to measure toxicity mechanisms at higher throughput rates through the use of automated testing. In this chapter, we discuss the potential impact of new technologies on the development, optimization and use of empirical testing methods, grouped according to important toxicological endpoints. We highlight, from an ECVAM perspective, the areas of topical toxicity, skin absorption, reproductive and developmental toxicity, carcinogenicity/genotoxicity, sensitization, hematopoeisis and toxicokinetics and discuss strategic developments including ECVAM's database service on alternative methods. Neither the areas of toxicity discussed nor the highlighted new technologies represent comprehensive listings which would be an impossible endeavor in the context of a book chapter. However, we feel that these areas are of utmost importance and we predict that new technologies are likely to contribute significantly to test development in these fields. We summarize which new technologies are expected to contribute to the development of new alternative testing methods over the next few years and point out current and planned ECVAM projects for each of these areas.
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Ruiz-Aracama A, Peijnenburg A, Kleinjans J, Jennen D, van Delft J, Hellfrisch C, Lommen A. An untargeted multi-technique metabolomics approach to studying intracellular metabolites of HepG2 cells exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:251. [PMID: 21599895 PMCID: PMC3141663 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In vitro cell systems together with omics methods represent promising alternatives to conventional animal models for toxicity testing. Transcriptomic and proteomic approaches have been widely applied in vitro but relatively few studies have used metabolomics. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to develop an untargeted methodology for performing reproducible metabolomics on in vitro systems. The human liver cell line HepG2, and the well-known hepatotoxic and non-genotoxic carcinogen 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), were used as the in vitro model system and model toxicant, respectively. Results The study focused on the analysis of intracellular metabolites using NMR, LC-MS and GC-MS, with emphasis on the reproducibility and repeatability of the data. State of the art pre-processing and alignment tools and multivariate statistics were used to detect significantly altered levels of metabolites after exposing HepG2 cells to TCDD. Several metabolites identified using databases, literature and LC-nanomate-Orbitrap analysis were affected by the treatment. The observed changes in metabolite levels are discussed in relation to the reported effects of TCDD. Conclusions Untargeted profiling of the polar and apolar metabolites of in vitro cultured HepG2 cells is a valid approach to studying the effects of TCDD on the cell metabolome. The approach described in this research demonstrates that highly reproducible experiments and correct normalization of the datasets are essential for obtaining reliable results. The effects of TCDD on HepG2 cells reported herein are in agreement with previous studies and serve to validate the procedures used in the present work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Ruiz-Aracama
- RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Balcke GU, Kolle SN, Kamp H, Bethan B, Looser R, Wagner S, Landsiedel R, van Ravenzwaay B. Linking energy metabolism to dysfunctions in mitochondrial respiration--a metabolomics in vitro approach. Toxicol Lett 2011; 203:200-9. [PMID: 21402135 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The study presented here describes the application of metabolite profiling of highly polar, intracellular metabolites after incubation of a mammalian fibroblast cell line with inhibitors of mitochondrial function. A metabolomics approach was used to assess the complex response of the cellular energy metabolism. Metabolic profiles of phosphorylated and carboxylated intracellular metabolites were assessed by UPLC-MS/MS and used to predict the mode of mitochondrial toxicity. Based on distinct metabolic patterns, multivariate data analysis allowed for the discrimination of two groups of toxins: inhibitors of the electron transport in mitochondrial membranes (complex IV inhibitors) and uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation. Beyond these known interferences, metabolic profiling was able to reveal additional inhibitory effects on the cellular energy metabolism. Most prominently, for three of the toxins, metabolic patterns also disclosed an enhanced activity of the glycerol phosphate shuttle inferring the inhibition of NADH dehydrogenase at complex I. Secondly, inhibition of the electron transport was accompanied by a limiting availability of citric acid cycle intermediates and aspartate. Concomitantly, specific perturbations of the purine nucleotide cycle were observed. We have shown here that metabolomic approaches may assist to predict complex modes of action of toxic compounds on cellular level as well as to unravel specific dysfunctions in the energy metabolism.
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Honegger P, Defaux A, Monnet-Tschudi F, Zurich MG. Preparation, maintenance, and use of serum-free aggregating brain cell cultures. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 758:81-97. [PMID: 21815060 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-170-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Serum-free aggregating brain cell cultures are free-floating three-dimensional primary cell cultures able to reconstitute spontaneously a histotypic brain architecture to reproduce critical steps of brain development and to reach a high level of structural and functional maturity. This culture system offers, therefore, a unique model for neurotoxicity testing both during the development and at advanced cellular differentiation, and the high number of aggregates available combined with the excellent reproducibility of the cultures facilitates routine test procedures. This chapter presents a detailed description of the preparation, maintenance, and use of these cultures for neurotoxicity studies and a comparison of the developmental characteristics between cultures derived from the telencephalon and cultures derived from the whole brain. For culture preparation, mechanically dissociated embryonic brain tissue is used. The initial cell suspension, composed of neural stem cells, neural progenitor cells, immature postmitotic neurons, glioblasts, and microglial cells, is kept in a serum-free, chemically defined medium under continuous gyratory agitation. Spherical aggregates form spontaneously and are maintained in suspension culture for several weeks. Within the aggregates, the cells rearrange and mature, reproducing critical morphogenic events, such as migration, proliferation, differentiation, synaptogenesis, and myelination. For experimentation, replicate cultures are prepared by the randomization of aggregates from several original flasks. The high yield and reproducibility of the cultures enable multiparametric endpoint analyses, including "omics" approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Honegger
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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