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Hajjo R, Sabbah DA, Abusara OH, Al Bawab AQ. A Review of the Recent Advances in Alzheimer's Disease Research and the Utilization of Network Biology Approaches for Prioritizing Diagnostics and Therapeutics. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12122975. [PMID: 36552984 PMCID: PMC9777434 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12122975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a polygenic multifactorial neurodegenerative disease that, after decades of research and development, is still without a cure. There are some symptomatic treatments to manage the psychological symptoms but none of these drugs can halt disease progression. Additionally, over the last few years, many anti-AD drugs failed in late stages of clinical trials and many hypotheses surfaced to explain these failures, including the lack of clear understanding of disease pathways and processes. Recently, different epigenetic factors have been implicated in AD pathogenesis; thus, they could serve as promising AD diagnostic biomarkers. Additionally, network biology approaches have been suggested as effective tools to study AD on the systems level and discover multi-target-directed ligands as novel treatments for AD. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review on Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology to provide a better understanding of disease pathogenesis hypotheses and decipher the role of genetic and epigenetic factors in disease development and progression. We also provide an overview of disease biomarkers and drug targets and suggest network biology approaches as new tools for identifying novel biomarkers and drugs. We also posit that the application of machine learning and artificial intelligence to mining Alzheimer's disease multi-omics data will facilitate drug and biomarker discovery efforts and lead to effective individualized anti-Alzheimer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Hajjo
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, P.O. Box 130, Amman 11733, Jordan
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carlina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- National Center for Epidemics and Communicable Disease Control, Amman 11118, Jordan
- Correspondence:
| | - Dima A. Sabbah
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, P.O. Box 130, Amman 11733, Jordan
| | - Osama H. Abusara
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, P.O. Box 130, Amman 11733, Jordan
| | - Abdel Qader Al Bawab
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, P.O. Box 130, Amman 11733, Jordan
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Nikolac Perkovic M, Videtic Paska A, Konjevod M, Kouter K, Svob Strac D, Nedic Erjavec G, Pivac N. Epigenetics of Alzheimer's Disease. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020195. [PMID: 33573255 PMCID: PMC7911414 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There are currently no validated biomarkers which can be used to accurately diagnose Alzheimer’s disease (AD) or to distinguish it from other dementia-causing neuropathologies. Moreover, to date, only symptomatic treatments exist for this progressive neurodegenerative disorder. In the search for new, more reliable biomarkers and potential therapeutic options, epigenetic modifications have emerged as important players in the pathogenesis of AD. The aim of the article was to provide a brief overview of the current knowledge regarding the role of epigenetics (including mitoepigenetics) in AD, and the possibility of applying these advances for future AD therapy. Extensive research has suggested an important role of DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation, histone posttranslational modifications, and non-coding RNA regulation (with the emphasis on microRNAs) in the course and development of AD. Recent studies also indicated mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) as an interesting biomarker of AD, since dysfunctions in the mitochondria and lower mtDNA copy number have been associated with AD pathophysiology. The current evidence suggests that epigenetic changes can be successfully detected, not only in the central nervous system, but also in the cerebrospinal fluid and on the periphery, contributing further to their potential as both biomarkers and therapeutic targets in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matea Nikolac Perkovic
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruder Boskovic Institute, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.N.P.); (M.K.); (D.S.S.); (G.N.E.)
| | - Alja Videtic Paska
- Medical Center for Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.V.P.); (K.K.)
| | - Marcela Konjevod
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruder Boskovic Institute, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.N.P.); (M.K.); (D.S.S.); (G.N.E.)
| | - Katarina Kouter
- Medical Center for Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.V.P.); (K.K.)
| | - Dubravka Svob Strac
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruder Boskovic Institute, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.N.P.); (M.K.); (D.S.S.); (G.N.E.)
| | - Gordana Nedic Erjavec
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruder Boskovic Institute, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.N.P.); (M.K.); (D.S.S.); (G.N.E.)
| | - Nela Pivac
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruder Boskovic Institute, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.N.P.); (M.K.); (D.S.S.); (G.N.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +38-514-571-207
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CCL5 promotion of bioenergy metabolism is crucial for hippocampal synapse complex and memory formation. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:6451-6468. [PMID: 33931731 PMCID: PMC8760051 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01103-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glucoregulatory efficiency and ATP production are key regulators for neuronal plasticity and memory formation. Besides its chemotactic and neuroinflammatory functions, the CC chemokine--CCL5 displays neurotrophic activity. We found impaired learning-memory and cognition in CCL5-knockout mice at 4 months of age correlated with reduced hippocampal long-term potentiation and impaired synapse structure. Re-expressing CCL5 in knockout mouse hippocampus restored synaptic protein expression, neuronal connectivity and cognitive function. Using metabolomics coupled with FDG-PET imaging and seahorse analysis, we found that CCL5 participates in hippocampal fructose and mannose degradation, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis as well as glutamate and purine metabolism. CCL5 additionally supports mitochondrial structural integrity, purine synthesis, ATP generation, and subsequent aerobic glucose metabolism. Overexpressing CCL5 in WT mice also enhanced memory-cognition performance as well as hippocampal neuronal activity and connectivity through promotion of de novo purine and glutamate metabolism. Thus, CCL5 actions on glucose aerobic metabolism are critical for mitochondrial function which contribute to hippocampal spine and synapse formation, improving learning and memory.
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Luo F, Sandhu AF, Rungratanawanich W, Williams GE, Akbar M, Zhou S, Song BJ, Wang X. Melatonin and Autophagy in Aging-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197174. [PMID: 32998479 PMCID: PMC7584015 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With aging, the nervous system gradually undergoes degeneration. Increased oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cell death are considered to be common pathophysiological mechanisms of various neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), organophosphate-induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Autophagy is a cellular basic metabolic process that degrades the aggregated or misfolded proteins and abnormal organelles in cells. The abnormal regulation of neuronal autophagy is accompanied by the accumulation and deposition of irregular proteins, leading to changes in neuron homeostasis and neurodegeneration. Autophagy exhibits both a protective mechanism and a damage pathway related to programmed cell death. Because of its "double-edged sword", autophagy plays an important role in neurological damage and NDDs including AD, PD, HD, OPIDN, and ALS. Melatonin is a neuroendocrine hormone mainly synthesized in the pineal gland and exhibits a wide range of biological functions, such as sleep control, regulating circadian rhythm, immune enhancement, metabolism regulation, antioxidant, anti-aging, and anti-tumor effects. It can prevent cell death, reduce inflammation, block calcium channels, etc. In this review, we briefly discuss the neuroprotective role of melatonin against various NDDs via regulating autophagy, which could be a new field for future translational research and clinical studies to discover preventive or therapeutic agents for many NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (F.L.); (A.F.S.); (G.E.W.)
| | - Aaron F. Sandhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (F.L.); (A.F.S.); (G.E.W.)
| | - Wiramon Rungratanawanich
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (W.R.); (B.-J.S.)
| | - George E. Williams
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (F.L.); (A.F.S.); (G.E.W.)
| | - Mohammed Akbar
- Division of Neuroscience & Behavior, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Shuanhu Zhou
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Byoung-Joon Song
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (W.R.); (B.-J.S.)
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (F.L.); (A.F.S.); (G.E.W.)
- Correspondence:
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Uddin MS, Stachowiak A, Mamun AA, Tzvetkov NT, Takeda S, Atanasov AG, Bergantin LB, Abdel-Daim MM, Stankiewicz AM. Autophagy and Alzheimer's Disease: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Implications. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:04. [PMID: 29441009 PMCID: PMC5797541 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of progressive dementia in the elderly. It is characterized by a progressive and irreversible loss of cognitive abilities and formation of senile plaques, composed mainly of amyloid β (Aβ), and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), composed of tau protein, in the hippocampus and cortex of afflicted humans. In brains of AD patients the metabolism of Aβ is dysregulated, which leads to the accumulation and aggregation of Aβ. Metabolism of Aβ and tau proteins is crucially influenced by autophagy. Autophagy is a lysosome-dependent, homeostatic process, in which organelles and proteins are degraded and recycled into energy. Thus, dysfunction of autophagy is suggested to lead to the accretion of noxious proteins in the AD brain. In the present review, we describe the process of autophagy and its importance in AD. Additionally, we discuss mechanisms and genes linking autophagy and AD, i.e., the mTOR pathway, neuroinflammation, endocannabinoid system, ATG7, BCL2, BECN1, CDK5, CLU, CTSD, FOXO1, GFAP, ITPR1, MAPT, PSEN1, SNCA, UBQLN1, and UCHL1. We also present pharmacological agents acting via modulation of autophagy that may show promise in AD therapy. This review updates our knowledge on autophagy mechanisms proposing novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Anna Stachowiak
- Department of Experimental Embryology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Magdalenka, Poland
| | | | - Nikolay T Tzvetkov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev", Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Shinya Takeda
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Tottori University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tottori, Japan
| | - Atanas G Atanasov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Magdalenka, Poland.,Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Leandro B Bergantin
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Department of Pharmacology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.,Department of Ophthalmology and Micro-technology, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Adrian M Stankiewicz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Magdalenka, Poland
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Dong F, Jiang J, McSweeney C, Zou D, Liu L, Mao Y. Deletion of CTNNB1 in inhibitory circuitry contributes to autism-associated behavioral defects. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:2738-2751. [PMID: 27131348 PMCID: PMC5181638 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in β-catenin (CTNNB1) have been implicated in cancer and mental disorders. Recently, loss-of-function mutations of CTNNB1 were linked to intellectual disability (ID), and rare mutations were identified in patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). As a key regulator of the canonical Wnt pathway, CTNNB1 plays an essential role in neurodevelopment. However, the function of CTNNB1 in specific neuronal subtypes is unclear. To understand how CTNNB1 deficiency contributes to ASD, we generated CTNNB1 conditional knockout (cKO) mice in parvalbumin interneurons. The cKO mice had increased anxiety, but had no overall change in motor function. Interestingly, CTNNB1 cKO in PV-interneurons significantly impaired object recognition and social interactions and elevated repetitive behaviors, which mimic the core symptoms of patients with ASD. Surprisingly, deleting CTNNB1 in parvalbumin-interneurons enhanced spatial memory. To determine the effect of CTNNB1 KO in overall neuronal activity, we found that c-Fos was significantly reduced in the cortex, but not in the dentate gyrus and the amygdala. Our findings revealed a cell type-specific role of CTNNB1 gene in regulation of cognitive and autistic-like behaviors. Thus, this study has important implications for development of therapies for ASDs carrying the CTNNB1 mutation or other ASDs that are associated with mutations in the Wnt pathway. In addition, our study contributes to a broader understanding of the regulation of the inhibitory circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengping Dong
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Joanna Jiang
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Colleen McSweeney
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Donghua Zou
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.,Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, 530021, China
| | - Long Liu
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biology, College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan Province 410073, China
| | - Yingwei Mao
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Cervera-Carles L, Clarimón J. Genetic and Epigenetic Architecture of Alzheimer’s Dementia. CURRENT GENETIC MEDICINE REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40142-016-0086-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Alzheimer’s disease shares gene expression aberrations with purinergic dysregulation of HPRT deficiency (Lesch–Nyhan disease). Neurosci Lett 2015; 590:35-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Bouter Y, Kacprowski T, Weissmann R, Dietrich K, Borgers H, Brauß A, Sperling C, Wirths O, Albrecht M, Jensen LR, Kuss AW, Bayer TA. Deciphering the molecular profile of plaques, memory decline and neuron loss in two mouse models for Alzheimer's disease by deep sequencing. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:75. [PMID: 24795628 PMCID: PMC3997018 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the central research questions on the etiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the elucidation of the molecular signatures triggered by the amyloid cascade of pathological events. Next-generation sequencing allows the identification of genes involved in disease processes in an unbiased manner. We have combined this technique with the analysis of two AD mouse models: (1) The 5XFAD model develops early plaque formation, intraneuronal Aβ aggregation, neuron loss, and behavioral deficits. (2) The Tg4–42 model expresses N-truncated Aβ4–42 and develops neuron loss and behavioral deficits albeit without plaque formation. Our results show that learning and memory deficits in the Morris water maze and fear conditioning tasks in Tg4–42 mice at 12 months of age are similar to the deficits in 5XFAD animals. This suggested that comparative gene expression analysis between the models would allow the dissection of plaque-related and -unrelated disease relevant factors. Using deep sequencing differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified and subsequently verified by quantitative PCR. Nineteen DEGs were identified in pre-symptomatic young 5XFAD mice, and none in young Tg4–42 mice. In the aged cohort, 131 DEGs were found in 5XFAD and 56 DEGs in Tg4–42 mice. Many of the DEGs specific to the 5XFAD model belong to neuroinflammatory processes typically associated with plaques. Interestingly, 36 DEGs were identified in both mouse models indicating common disease pathways associated with behavioral deficits and neuron loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Bouter
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Georg-August-University Goettingen, University Medicine Goettingen , Goettingen , Germany
| | - Tim Kacprowski
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biometrics and Medical Informatics, University Medicine Greifswald , Greifswald , Germany ; Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald , Greifswald , Germany
| | - Robert Weissmann
- Human Molecular Genetics, Department for Human Genetics of the Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Institute for Human Genetics, University Medicine Greifswald, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University Greifswald , Greifswald , Germany
| | - Katharina Dietrich
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Georg-August-University Goettingen, University Medicine Goettingen , Goettingen , Germany
| | - Henning Borgers
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Georg-August-University Goettingen, University Medicine Goettingen , Goettingen , Germany
| | - Andreas Brauß
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Georg-August-University Goettingen, University Medicine Goettingen , Goettingen , Germany
| | - Christian Sperling
- Human Molecular Genetics, Department for Human Genetics of the Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Institute for Human Genetics, University Medicine Greifswald, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University Greifswald , Greifswald , Germany
| | - Oliver Wirths
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Georg-August-University Goettingen, University Medicine Goettingen , Goettingen , Germany
| | - Mario Albrecht
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biometrics and Medical Informatics, University Medicine Greifswald , Greifswald , Germany ; Institute for Knowledge Discovery, Graz University of Technology , Graz , Austria
| | - Lars R Jensen
- Human Molecular Genetics, Department for Human Genetics of the Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Institute for Human Genetics, University Medicine Greifswald, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University Greifswald , Greifswald , Germany
| | - Andreas W Kuss
- Human Molecular Genetics, Department for Human Genetics of the Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Institute for Human Genetics, University Medicine Greifswald, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University Greifswald , Greifswald , Germany
| | - Thomas A Bayer
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Georg-August-University Goettingen, University Medicine Goettingen , Goettingen , Germany
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Zhang Y, She F, Li L, Chen C, Xu S, Luo X, Li M, He M, Yu Z. p25/CDK5 is partially involved in neuronal injury induced by radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure. Int J Radiat Biol 2013; 89:976-84. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2013.817699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The 90-kDa heat-shock proteins (Hsp90) have rapidly evolved into promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of several diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Hsp90 is a molecular chaperone that aids in the conformational maturation of nascent polypeptides, as well as the rematuration of denatured proteins. DISCUSSION Many of the Hsp90-dependent client proteins are associated with cellular growth and survival and, consequently, inhibition of Hsp90 represents a promising approach for the treatment of cancer. Conversely, stimulation of heat-shock protein levels has potential therapeutic applications for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases that result from misfolded and aggregated proteins. CONCLUSION Hsp90 modulation exhibits the potential to treat unrelated disease states, from cancer to neurodegenerative diseases, and, thus, to fold or not to fold, becomes a question of great value.
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Daval M, Gurlo T, Costes S, Huang CJ, Butler PC. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 promotes pancreatic β-cell survival via Fak-Akt signaling pathways. Diabetes 2011; 60:1186-97. [PMID: 21378178 PMCID: PMC3064092 DOI: 10.2337/db10-1048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) regulatory subunit-associated protein 1-like 1 has recently been linked to type 2 diabetes by genome-wide association studies. While CDK5 and its regulatory protein p35 are both expressed and display enzymatic activity in pancreatic β-cells, their precise role in the β-cell remains unknown. Because type 2 diabetes is characterized by a deficit in β-cell mass and increased β-cell apoptosis, we investigated the role of CDK5 in β-cell survival. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We used INS 832/13 cells, rat islets isolated from wild-type or human islet amyloid polypeptide (h-IAPP) transgenic rats, and pancreatic tissue from rats and humans with and without type 2 diabetes and investigated the effect of CDK5/p35 inhibition (by small interfering RNA or by chemical inhibition) as well as CDK5/p35 overexpression on β-cell vulnerability to apoptosis. RESULTS CDK5 inhibition led to increased β-cell apoptosis. To identify the mechanisms involved, we examined the phosphorylation state of focal adhesion kinase (Fak)(Ser732), a known target of CDK5. Following CDK5 inhibition, the phosphorylation of Fak(Ser732) decreased with resulting attenuation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt survival pathway. Conversely, CDK5 overexpression increased Fak(Ser732) phosphorylation and protected β-cells against apoptosis induced by the inhibition of the β-1 integrin signaling pathway. Also, Fak(Ser732) phosphorylation was less abundant in β-cells in both h-IAPP transgenic rats and humans with type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that by regulating Fak phosphorylation and subsequently PI3K/Akt survival pathway, CDK5 plays a previously unrecognized role in promoting β-cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Daval
- Larry Hillblom Islet Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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Sun KH, Lee HG, Smith MA, Shah K. Direct and indirect roles of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 as an upstream regulator in the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase cascade: relevance to neurotoxic insults in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Biol Cell 2009; 20:4611-9. [PMID: 19776350 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e09-05-0433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant increase in JNK, c-Jun, and Cdk5 activities are reported in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Inhibition of c-Jun prevents neuronal cell death in in vivo AD models, highlighting it as a major JNK effector. Both JNK and Cdk5 promote neurodegeneration upon deregulation; however, Cdk5 has not been mechanistically linked to JNK or c-Jun. This study presents the first mechanism showing Cdk5 as a major regulator of the JNK cascade. Deregulated Cdk5 induces biphasic activation of JNK pathway. The first phase revealed c-Jun as a direct substrate of Cdk5, whose activation is independent of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and JNK. In the second phase, Cdk5 activates c-Jun via ROS-mediated activation of JNK. Rapid c-Jun activation is supported by in vivo data showing c-Jun phosphorylation in cerebral cortex upon p25 induction in transgenic mice. Cdk5-mediated biphasic activation of c-Jun highlights c-Jun, rather than JNK, as an important therapeutic target, which was confirmed in neuronal cells. Finally, Cdk5 inhibition endows superior protection against neurotoxicity, suggesting that Cdk5 is a preferable therapeutic target for AD relative to JNK and c-Jun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Hui Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Mateo I, Vázquez-Higuera JL, Sánchez-Juan P, Rodríguez-Rodríguez E, Infante J, García-Gorostiaga I, Berciano J, Combarros O. Epistasis between tau phosphorylation regulating genes (CDK5R1 and GSK-3beta) and Alzheimer's disease risk. Acta Neurol Scand 2009; 120:130-3. [PMID: 19154537 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2008.01128.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta) and cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) have been implicated as two major protein kinases involved in the abnormal hyperphosphorylation of tau in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain, and the development of neurofibrillary tangles. CDK5 regulatory subunit 1 (CDK5R1) encodes for p35, a protein required for activation of CDK5. As both CDK5R1 and GSK-3beta genes are related to phosphorylation of tau, we examined the combined contribution of these genes to the susceptibility for AD. METHODS In a case-control study in 283 AD patients and 263 healthy controls, we examined the combined effects between CDK5R1 (3'-UTR, rs735555) and GSK-3beta (-50, rs334558) polymorphisms on susceptibility to AD. RESULTS Subjects carrying both the CDK5R1 (3'-UTR, rs735555) AA genotype and the GSK-3beta (-50, rs334558) CC genotype had a 12.5-fold decrease in AD risk (adjusted by age, sex and APOE status OR = 0.08, 95% CI = 0.01-0.76, P = 0.03), suggesting synergistic effects (epistasis) between both genes. CONCLUSION These data support a role for tau phosphorylation regulating genes in risk for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Mateo
- Neurology Service and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
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15
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Vázquez-Higuera JL, Mateo I, Sánchez-Juan P, Rodríguez-Rodríguez E, Infante J, Berciano J, Combarros O. No association of CDK5 genetic variants with Alzheimer's disease risk. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2009; 10:68. [PMID: 19615060 PMCID: PMC2716333 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-10-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 07/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background As cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) has been implicated in the abnormal hyperphosphorylation of tau in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain, and the development of neurofibrillary tangles, we examined the contribution of this gene to the susceptibility for AD. Methods We examined genetic variations of CDK5 by genotyping haplotype tagging SNPs (htSNPs) (rs9278, rs2069459, rs891507, rs2069454, rs1549759 and rs2069442) in a group of 408 Spanish AD cases and 444 controls. Results There were no differences in the genotypic, allelic or haplotypic distributions between cases and controls in the overall analysis or after stratification by APOE ε4 allele. Conclusion Our negative findings in the Spanish population argue against the hypothesis that CDK5 genetic variations are causally related to AD risk. Still, additional studies using different sets of patients and control subjects deserve further attention, since supporting evidence for association between CDK5 gene and AD risk in the Dutch population exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Vázquez-Higuera
- Neurology Service and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla (University of Cantabria), Santander, Spain.
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16
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Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 is associated with risk for Alzheimer's disease in a Dutch population-based study. J Neurol 2008; 255:655-62. [PMID: 18350355 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-008-0770-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2007] [Revised: 10/01/2007] [Accepted: 10/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Although the role of the Cdk5 protein in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is well recognized, there have been relatively few studies investigating genetic variants in the CDK5 gene in AD. In this study, we assessed the association between five previously described single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CDK5 gene and late onset AD by means of logistic regression and haplotype association analyses. Including all prevalent and incident AD cases, we found a significantly increased risk of AD for carriers of the GG genotype of SNP rs2069442 (OR = 1.79, 95 % CI 1.16-2.79, p = 0.001) in those without APOE*4. When limiting the analysis to incident cases without APOE*4, carriers of the GG genotype showed a 1.9-fold increased risk of AD (95 % CI 1.16-3.10, p = 0.003). Variations in the CDK5 gene can be described in 5 haplotype blocks. In our analysis, the haplotype tagged by the G allele of SNP rs2069442 was significantly associated with AD (p = 0.05). In conclusion, our study suggests that CDK5 may be associated with AD.
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17
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Lu et al. (Gene regulation and DNA damage in the ageing human brain. Nature 429:883-891, 2004) used post-mortem transcripts of the human frontal cortex to estimate age patterns of gene expression. However, post-mortem data are subject to duration censoring. AIM This study aimed to provide a continuous-time view of ageing in the human brain at the genetic level and a differentiation of physiological functions with respect to age. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Post-mortem transcripts of 30 individuals between the ages of 26 and 106 were used to estimate age-specific hazard rates for gene expression by taking into account duration information using multi-level survival data analysis. RESULTS Gene expression hazard rates were estimated, and combined longitudinally to produce a distribution of proportions of up- or down-regulated genes over age and function. Except for myelination/lipid metabolism, the stocks of up-regulated genes declined after 30 years of age. CONCLUSION Combining data collected post-mortem with survival methods produces new estimates of the effects of age on gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noël Bonneuil
- Institut National des Etudes Demographiques, Paris, France.
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18
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Luo W, Dou F, Rodina A, Chip S, Kim J, Zhao Q, Moulick K, Aguirre J, Wu N, Greengard P, Chiosis G. Roles of heat-shock protein 90 in maintaining and facilitating the neurodegenerative phenotype in tauopathies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:9511-6. [PMID: 17517623 PMCID: PMC1890525 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0701055104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration, a result of multiple dysregulatory events, is a lengthy multistep process manifested by accrual of mutant variants and abnormal expression, posttranslational modification, and processing of certain proteins. Accumulation of these dysregulated processes requires a mechanism that maintains their functional stability and allows the evolution of the neurodegenerative phenotype. In malignant cells, the capacity to buffer transformation has been attributed to heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90). Although normal proteins seem to require limited assistance from the chaperone, their aberrant counterparts seem to be highly dependent on Hsp90. Whereas enhanced Hsp90 affinity for mutated or functionally deregulated client proteins has been observed for several oncoproteins, it is unknown whether Hsp90 plays a similar role for neuronal proteins and thus maintains and facilitates the transformed phenotype in neurodegenerative diseases. Tauopathies are neurodegenerative diseases characterized by aberrant phosphorylation and/or expression of Tau protein, leading to a time-dependent accumulation of Tau aggregates and subsequent neuronal death. Here, we show that the stability of p35, a neuronal protein that activates cyclin-dependent protein kinase 5 through complex formation leading to aberrant Tau phosphorylation, and that of mutant but not WT Tau protein is maintained in tauopathies by Hsp90. Inhibition of Hsp90 in cellular and mouse models of tauopathies leads to a reduction of the pathogenic activity of these proteins and results in elimination of aggregated Tau. The results identify important roles played by Hsp90 in maintaining and facilitating the degenerative phenotype in these diseases and provide a common principle governing cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Luo
- *Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University and Fisher Foundation for Alzheimer's Disease, New York, NY 10021; and
| | - Fei Dou
- *Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University and Fisher Foundation for Alzheimer's Disease, New York, NY 10021; and
| | - Anna Rodina
- Department of Medicine and Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021
| | - Sophorn Chip
- *Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University and Fisher Foundation for Alzheimer's Disease, New York, NY 10021; and
| | - Joungnam Kim
- Department of Medicine and Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021
| | - Qi Zhao
- *Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University and Fisher Foundation for Alzheimer's Disease, New York, NY 10021; and
| | - Kamalika Moulick
- Department of Medicine and Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021
| | - Julia Aguirre
- Department of Medicine and Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021
| | - Nian Wu
- Department of Medicine and Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021
| | - Paul Greengard
- *Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University and Fisher Foundation for Alzheimer's Disease, New York, NY 10021; and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
| | - Gabriela Chiosis
- Department of Medicine and Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
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19
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Corey DA, Kelley TJ. Elevated small GTPase activation influences the cell proliferation signaling control in Niemann-Pick type C fibroblasts. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2007; 1772:748-54. [PMID: 17499483 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2007.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2006] [Revised: 02/06/2007] [Accepted: 03/26/2007] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) disease is characterized at the cellular level by the intracellular accumulation of free cholesterol. We have previously identified a similar phenotype in cystic fibrosis (CF) cell models that results in the activation of the small GTPase RhoA. The hypothesis of this study was that NPC cells would also exhibit an increase in small GTPase activation. An examination of the active, GTP-bound form of GTPases revealed a basal increase in the content of the active-form Ras and RhoA small GTPases in NPC fibroblasts compared to wt controls. To assess whether this increase in GTP-bound Ras and RhoA manifests a functional outcome, the expression of the proliferation control proteins p21/waf1 and cyclin D were examined. Consistent with increased GTPase signaling, p21/waf1 expression is reduced and cyclin D expression is elevated in NPC fibroblasts. Interestingly, cell growth rate is not altered in NPC fibroblasts compared to wt cells. However, NPC sensitivity to statin treatment is reversed by addition of the isoprenoid geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP), a modifier of RhoA. It is concluded that Ras and RhoA basal activation is elevated in NPC fibroblasts and has an impact on cell survival pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Corey
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University and Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, 8th floor BRB, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106-4948, USA
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20
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Zapala MA, Schork NJ. Multivariate regression analysis of distance matrices for testing associations between gene expression patterns and related variables. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:19430-5. [PMID: 17146048 PMCID: PMC1748243 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0609333103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A fundamental step in the analysis of gene expression and other high-dimensional genomic data is the calculation of the similarity or distance between pairs of individual samples in a study. If one has collected N total samples and assayed the expression level of G genes on those samples, then an N x N similarity matrix can be formed that reflects the correlation or similarity of the samples with respect to the expression values over the G genes. This matrix can then be examined for patterns via standard data reduction and cluster analysis techniques. We consider an alternative to conventional data reduction and cluster analyses of similarity matrices that is rooted in traditional linear models. This analysis method allows predictor variables collected on the samples to be related to variation in the pairwise similarity/distance values reflected in the matrix. The proposed multivariate method avoids the need for reducing the dimensions of a similarity matrix, can be used to assess relationships between the genes used to construct the matrix and additional information collected on the samples under study, and can be used to analyze individual genes or groups of genes identified in different ways. The technique can be used with any high-dimensional assay or data type and is ideally suited for testing subsets of genes defined by their participation in a biochemical pathway or other a priori grouping. We showcase the methodology using three published gene expression data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Zapala
- *Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program and the Polymorphism Research Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, and
| | - Nicholas J. Schork
- *Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program and the Polymorphism Research Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, and
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, Center for Human Genetics and Genomics, and the California Institute of Telecommunications and Information Technology, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Srinivasan V, Pandi-Perumal SR, Cardinali DP, Poeggeler B, Hardeland R. Melatonin in Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. Behav Brain Funct 2006; 2:15. [PMID: 16674804 PMCID: PMC1483829 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-2-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2006] [Accepted: 05/04/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction have been identified as common pathophysiological phenomena associated with neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and Huntington's disease (HD). As the age-related decline in the production of melatonin may contribute to increased levels of oxidative stress in the elderly, the role of this neuroprotective agent is attracting increasing attention. Melatonin has multiple actions as a regulator of antioxidant and prooxidant enzymes, radical scavenger and antagonist of mitochondrial radical formation. The ability of melatonin and its kynuramine metabolites to interact directly with the electron transport chain by increasing the electron flow and reducing electron leakage are unique features by which melatonin is able to increase the survival of neurons under enhanced oxidative stress. Moreover, antifibrillogenic actions have been demonstrated in vitro, also in the presence of profibrillogenic apoE4 or apoE3, and in vivo, in a transgenic mouse model. Amyloid-β toxicity is antagonized by melatonin and one of its kynuramine metabolites. Cytoskeletal disorganization and protein hyperphosphorylation, as induced in several cell-line models, have been attenuated by melatonin, effects comprising stress kinase downregulation and extending to neurotrophin expression. Various experimental models of AD, PD and HD indicate the usefulness of melatonin in antagonizing disease progression and/or mitigating some of the symptoms. Melatonin secretion has been found to be altered in AD and PD. Attempts to compensate for age- and disease-dependent melatonin deficiency have shown that administration of this compound can improve sleep efficiency in AD and PD and, to some extent, cognitive function in AD patients. Exogenous melatonin has also been reported to alleviate behavioral symptoms such as sundowning. Taken together, these findings suggest that melatonin, its analogues and kynuric metabolites may have potential value in prevention and treatment of AD and other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Srinivasan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Kampus Kesihatan, 16150, Kubang kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - SR Pandi-Perumal
- Comprehensive Center for Sleep Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1176 – 5Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - DP Cardinali
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1121, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - B Poeggeler
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Goettingen, Berliner Str. 28, D-37073 Goettingen, Germany
| | - R Hardeland
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Goettingen, Berliner Str. 28, D-37073 Goettingen, Germany
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Abstract
The cyclin-dependent kinase-5 (Cdk5) is critical to normal mammalian development and has been implicated in synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory in the adult brain. But Cdk-5 activity has also been linked to neurodegenerative diseases. Could a single protein have opposing effects? A new study shows that production of a neuronal protein capable of regulating Cdk-5 activity can turn Cdk-5 from "good" to "bad." The findings may have implications for the development and treatment of conditions like Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Guo
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, College of Medicine, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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23
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Fischer A, Sananbenesi F, Pang PT, Lu B, Tsai LH. Opposing roles of transient and prolonged expression of p25 in synaptic plasticity and hippocampus-dependent memory. Neuron 2006; 48:825-38. [PMID: 16337919 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2005.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2005] [Revised: 09/28/2005] [Accepted: 10/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
While deregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) has been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, its precise role in synaptic plasticity and memory remains elusive. Proteolytic cleavage of p35, a regulatory subunit of Cdk5, by calpain results in the generation of the truncated p25 protein, which causes hyperactivation of Cdk5. Using region-specific and inducible transgenic mice, we show that transiently increased p25 expression in the hippocampus enhanced long-term potentiation (LTP) and facilitated hippocampus-dependent memory. Moreover, p25 expression increased the number of dendritic spines and synapses. Importantly, enhanced memory achieved by a transient expression of p25 followed by its repression did not cause neurodegeneration. In contrast, prolonged p25 production caused severe cognitive deficits, which were accompanied by synaptic and neuronal loss and impaired LTP. Our data suggest a role for p25 in synaptic plasticity, synaptogenesis, learning, and memory and provide a model whereby deregulation of a plasticity factor can contribute to neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Fischer
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Pathology, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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