1
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Vieira TCRG, Barros CA, Domingues R, Outeiro TF. PrP meets alpha-synuclein: Molecular mechanisms and implications for disease. J Neurochem 2024; 168:1625-1639. [PMID: 37855859 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of prions has challenged dogmas and has revolutionized our understanding of protein-misfolding diseases. The concept of self-propagation via protein conformational changes, originally discovered for the prion protein (PrP), also applies to other proteins that exhibit similar behavior, such as alpha-synuclein (aSyn), a central player in Parkinson's disease and in other synucleinopathies. aSyn pathology appears to spread from one cell to another during disease progression, and involves the misfolding and aggregation of aSyn. How the transfer of aSyn between cells occurs is still being studied, but one important hypothesis involves receptor-mediated transport. Interestingly, recent studies indicate that the cellular prion protein (PrPC) may play a crucial role in this process. PrPC has been shown to act as a receptor/sensor for protein aggregates in different neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge regarding the interaction between aSyn and PrPC and discuss its role in synucleinopathies. We examine the properties of PrP and aSyn, including their structure, function, and aggregation. Additionally, we discuss the current understanding of PrPC's role as a receptor/sensor for aSyn aggregates and identify remaining unanswered questions in this area of research. Ultimately, we posit that exploring the interaction between aSyn and PrPC may offer potential treatment options for synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuane C R G Vieira
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis and National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Caroline A Barros
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis and National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renato Domingues
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tiago Fleming Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
- Scientific Employee with an Honorary Contract at Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
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2
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Song F, Kovac V, Mohammadi B, Littau JL, Scharfenberg F, Matamoros Angles A, Vanni I, Shafiq M, Orge L, Galliciotti G, Djakkani S, Linsenmeier L, Černilec M, Hartman K, Jung S, Tatzelt J, Neumann JE, Damme M, Tschirner SK, Lichtenthaler SF, Ricklefs FL, Sauvigny T, Schmitz M, Zerr I, Puig B, Tolosa E, Ferrer I, Magnus T, Rupnik MS, Sepulveda-Falla D, Matschke J, Šmid LM, Bresjanac M, Andreoletti O, Krasemann S, Foliaki ST, Nonno R, Becker-Pauly C, Monzo C, Crozet C, Haigh CL, Glatzel M, Curin Serbec V, Altmeppen HC. Cleavage site-directed antibodies reveal the prion protein in humans is shed by ADAM10 at Y226 and associates with misfolded protein deposits in neurodegenerative diseases. Acta Neuropathol 2024; 148:2. [PMID: 38980441 PMCID: PMC11233397 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-024-02763-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Proteolytic cell surface release ('shedding') of the prion protein (PrP), a broadly expressed GPI-anchored glycoprotein, by the metalloprotease ADAM10 impacts on neurodegenerative and other diseases in animal and in vitro models. Recent studies employing the latter also suggest shed PrP (sPrP) to be a ligand in intercellular communication and critically involved in PrP-associated physiological tasks. Although expectedly an evolutionary conserved event, and while soluble forms of PrP are present in human tissues and body fluids, for the human body neither proteolytic PrP shedding and its cleavage site nor involvement of ADAM10 or the biological relevance of this process have been demonstrated thus far. In this study, cleavage site prediction and generation (plus detailed characterization) of sPrP-specific antibodies enabled us to identify PrP cleaved at tyrosin 226 as the physiological and apparently strictly ADAM10-dependent shed form in humans. Using cell lines, neural stem cells and brain organoids, we show that shedding of human PrP can be stimulated by PrP-binding ligands without targeting the protease, which may open novel therapeutic perspectives. Site-specific antibodies directed against human sPrP also detect the shed form in brains of cattle, sheep and deer, hence in all most relevant species naturally affected by fatal and transmissible prion diseases. In human and animal prion diseases, but also in patients with Alzheimer`s disease, sPrP relocalizes from a physiological diffuse tissue pattern to intimately associate with extracellular aggregated deposits of misfolded proteins characteristic for the respective pathological condition. Findings and research tools presented here will accelerate novel insight into the roles of PrP shedding (as a process) and sPrP (as a released factor) in neurodegeneration and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feizhi Song
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Valerija Kovac
- Centre for Immunology and Development, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia (BTCS), Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Behnam Mohammadi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jessica L Littau
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Andreu Matamoros Angles
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ilaria Vanni
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Mohsin Shafiq
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Leonor Orge
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), Oeiras, Portugal
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Giovanna Galliciotti
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Salma Djakkani
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Luise Linsenmeier
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maja Černilec
- Centre for Immunology and Development, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia (BTCS), Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katrina Hartman
- Centre for Immunology and Development, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia (BTCS), Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sebastian Jung
- Department of Biochemistry of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jörg Tatzelt
- Department of Biochemistry of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESOLV, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Julia E Neumann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), UKE, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Damme
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sarah K Tschirner
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine and Health, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine and Health, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Franz L Ricklefs
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Sauvigny
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Berta Puig
- Department of Neurology, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation (ERSI), UKE, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eva Tolosa
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Isidro Ferrer
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Tim Magnus
- Department of Neurology, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation (ERSI), UKE, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marjan S Rupnik
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Diego Sepulveda-Falla
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jakob Matschke
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lojze M Šmid
- LNPR, Institute of Pathophysiology and Prion Laboratory, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mara Bresjanac
- LNPR, Institute of Pathophysiology and Prion Laboratory, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Olivier Andreoletti
- UMR INRAE ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Susanne Krasemann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simote T Foliaki
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Romolo Nonno
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Cecile Monzo
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapies (IRMB), Neural Stem Cell, MSC and Neurodegenerative Diseases, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Carole Crozet
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapies (IRMB), Neural Stem Cell, MSC and Neurodegenerative Diseases, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Cathryn L Haigh
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Vladka Curin Serbec
- Centre for Immunology and Development, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia (BTCS), Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Hermann C Altmeppen
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany.
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3
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Meur S, Karati D. Fyn Kinase in Alzheimer's Disease: Unraveling Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04286-2. [PMID: 38890236 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04286-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease, characterized by the accumulation of abnormal protein aggregates and neuronal damage in the brain, leads to a gradual decline in cognitive function and memory. As a complex neurodegenerative disorder, it involves disruptions in various biochemical pathways and neurotransmitter systems, contributing to the progressive loss of neurons and synaptic connections. The complexity of Alzheimer's signaling pathways complicates treatment, presenting a formidable challenge in the quest for effective therapeutic interventions. A member of the Src family of kinases (SFKs), Fyn, is a type of non-receptor tyrosine kinase that has been linked to multiple essential CNS processes, such as myelination and synaptic transmission. Fyn is an appealing target for AD treatments because it is uniquely linked to the two major pathologies in AD by its interaction with tau, in addition to being activated by amyloid-beta (Aβ) through PrPC. Fyn mediates neurotoxicity and synaptic impairments caused by Aβ and is involved in regulating the process of Aβ synthesis.Additionally, the tau protein's tyrosine phosphorylation is induced by Fyn. Fyn is also a challenging target because of its widespread body expression and strong homology with other kinases of the Src family, which could cause unintentional off-target effects. This review emphasizes signaling pathways mediated by Fyn that govern neuronal development and plasticity while also summarizing the most noteworthy recent research relevant to Fyn kinase's function in the brain. Additionally, the therapeutic inhibition of Fyn kinase has been discussed, with a focus on the Fyn kinase inhibitors that are in clinical trials, which presents a fascinating opportunity for targeting Fyn kinase in the creation of possible therapeutic approaches for the management of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyasi Meur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Techno India University, Kolkata, 700091, West Bengal, India
| | - Dipanjan Karati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Techno India University, Kolkata, 700091, West Bengal, India.
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4
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Maji M, Khajanchi S. Roles of astrocytes and prions in Alzheimer's disease: insights from mathematical modeling. J Biol Phys 2024; 50:149-179. [PMID: 38157152 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-023-09652-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
We present a mathematical model that explores the progression of Alzheimer's disease, with a particular focus on the involvement of disease-related proteins and astrocytes. Our model consists of a coupled system of differential equations that delineates the dynamics of amyloid beta plaques, amyloid beta protein, tau protein, and astrocytes. Amyloid beta plaques can be considered fibrils that depend on both the plaque size and time. We change our mathematical model to a temporal system by applying an integration operation with respect to the plaque size. Theoretical analysis including existence, uniqueness, positivity, and boundedness is performed in our model. We extend our mathematical model by adding two populations, namely prion protein and amyloid beta-prion complex. We characterize the system dynamics by locating biologically feasible steady states and their local stability analysis for both models. The characterization of the proposed model can help inform in advancing our understanding of the development of Alzheimer's disease as well as its complicated dynamics. We investigate the global stability analysis around the interior equilibrium point by constructing a suitable Lyapunov function. We validate our theoretical analysis with the aid of extensive numerical illustrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitali Maji
- Department of Mathematics, Presidency University, Kolkata, 700073, India
| | - Subhas Khajanchi
- Department of Mathematics, Presidency University, Kolkata, 700073, India.
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5
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Ali T, Klein AN, Vu A, Arifin MI, Hannaoui S, Gilch S. Peptide aptamer targeting Aβ-PrP-Fyn axis reduces Alzheimer's disease pathologies in 5XFAD transgenic mouse model. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:139. [PMID: 37149826 PMCID: PMC10164677 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04785-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Currently, no effective therapeutics exist for the treatment of incurable neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). The cellular prion protein (PrPC) acts as a high-affinity receptor for amyloid beta oligomers (AβO), a main neurotoxic species mediating AD pathology. The interaction of AβO with PrPC subsequently activates Fyn tyrosine kinase and neuroinflammation. Herein, we used our previously developed peptide aptamer 8 (PA8) binding to PrPC as a therapeutic to target the AβO-PrP-Fyn axis and prevent its associated pathologies. Our in vitro results indicated that PA8 prevents the binding of AβO with PrPC and reduces AβO-induced neurotoxicity in mouse neuroblastoma N2a cells and primary hippocampal neurons. Next, we performed in vivo experiments using the transgenic 5XFAD mouse model of AD. The 5XFAD mice were treated with PA8 and its scaffold protein thioredoxin A (Trx) at a 14.4 µg/day dosage for 12 weeks by intraventricular infusion through Alzet® osmotic pumps. We observed that treatment with PA8 improves learning and memory functions of 5XFAD mice as compared to Trx-treated 5XFAD mice. We found that PA8 treatment significantly reduces AβO levels and Aβ plaques in the brain tissue of 5XFAD mice. Interestingly, PA8 significantly reduces AβO-PrP interaction and its downstream signaling such as phosphorylation of Fyn kinase, reactive gliosis as well as apoptotic neurodegeneration in the 5XFAD mice compared to Trx-treated 5XFAD mice. Collectively, our results demonstrate that treatment with PA8 targeting the AβO-PrP-Fyn axis is a promising and novel approach to prevent and treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Ali
- Calgary Prion Research Unit, Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Cumming School of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Antonia N Klein
- Calgary Prion Research Unit, Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Cumming School of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Alex Vu
- Calgary Prion Research Unit, Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Cumming School of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Maria I Arifin
- Calgary Prion Research Unit, Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Cumming School of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Samia Hannaoui
- Calgary Prion Research Unit, Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Cumming School of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sabine Gilch
- Calgary Prion Research Unit, Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada.
- Cumming School of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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6
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Cellular prion protein offers neuroprotection in astrocytes submitted to amyloid β oligomer toxicity. Mol Cell Biochem 2022:10.1007/s11010-022-04631-w. [PMID: 36576715 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04631-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrPC), in its native conformation, performs numerous cellular and cognitive functions in brain tissue. However, despite the cellular prion research in recent years, there are still questions about its participation in oxidative and neurodegenerative processes. This study aims to elucidate the involvement of PrPC in the neuroprotection cascade in the presence of oxidative stressors. For that, astrocytes from wild-type mice and knockout to PrPC were subjected to the induction of oxidative stress with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and with the toxic oligomer of the amyloid β protein (AβO). We observed that the presence of PrPC showed resistance in the cell viability of astrocytes. It was also possible to monitor changes in basic levels of metals and associate them with an induced damage condition, indicating the precise role of PrPC in metal homeostasis, where the absence of PrPC leads to metallic unbalance, culminating in cellular vulnerability to oxidative stress. Increased caspase 3, p-Tau, p53, and Bcl2 may establish a relationship between a PrPC and an induced damage condition. Complementarily, it has been shown that PrPC prevents the internalization of AβO and promotes its degradation under oxidative stress induction, thus preventing protein aggregation in astrocytes. It was also observed that the presence of PrPC can be related to translocating SOD1 to cell nuclei under oxidative stress, probably controlling DNA damage. The results of this study suggest that PrPC acts against oxidative stress activating the cellular response and defense by displaying neuroprotection to neurons and ensuring the functionality of astrocytes.
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7
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Extracellular alpha-synuclein: Sensors, receptors, and responses. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 168:105696. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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8
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Mohammadi B, Song F, Matamoros-Angles A, Shafiq M, Damme M, Puig B, Glatzel M, Altmeppen HC. Anchorless risk or released benefit? An updated view on the ADAM10-mediated shedding of the prion protein. Cell Tissue Res 2022; 392:215-234. [PMID: 35084572 PMCID: PMC10113312 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03582-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The prion protein (PrP) is a broadly expressed glycoprotein linked with a multitude of (suggested) biological and pathological implications. Some of these roles seem to be due to constitutively generated proteolytic fragments of the protein. Among them is a soluble PrP form, which is released from the surface of neurons and other cell types by action of the metalloprotease ADAM10 in a process termed 'shedding'. The latter aspect is the focus of this review, which aims to provide a comprehensive overview on (i) the relevance of proteolytic processing in regulating cellular PrP functions, (ii) currently described involvement of shed PrP in neurodegenerative diseases (including prion diseases and Alzheimer's disease), (iii) shed PrP's expected roles in intercellular communication in many more (patho)physiological conditions (such as stroke, cancer or immune responses), (iv) and the need for improved research tools in respective (future) studies. Deeper mechanistic insight into roles played by PrP shedding and its resulting fragment may pave the way for improved diagnostics and future therapeutic approaches in diseases of the brain and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Mohammadi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
- Working Group for Interdisciplinary Neurobiology and Immunology (INI Research), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Feizhi Song
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreu Matamoros-Angles
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mohsin Shafiq
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Damme
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Berta Puig
- Department of Neurology, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation (ERSI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
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9
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Linsenmeier L, Mohammadi B, Shafiq M, Frontzek K, Bär J, Shrivastava AN, Damme M, Song F, Schwarz A, Da Vela S, Massignan T, Jung S, Correia A, Schmitz M, Puig B, Hornemann S, Zerr I, Tatzelt J, Biasini E, Saftig P, Schweizer M, Svergun D, Amin L, Mazzola F, Varani L, Thapa S, Gilch S, Schätzl H, Harris DA, Triller A, Mikhaylova M, Aguzzi A, Altmeppen HC, Glatzel M. Ligands binding to the prion protein induce its proteolytic release with therapeutic potential in neurodegenerative proteinopathies. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabj1826. [PMID: 34818048 PMCID: PMC8612689 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj1826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The prion protein (PrPC) is a central player in neurodegenerative diseases, such as prion diseases or Alzheimer’s disease. In contrast to disease-promoting cell surface PrPC, extracellular fragments act neuroprotective by blocking neurotoxic disease-associated protein conformers. Fittingly, PrPC release by the metalloprotease ADAM10 represents a protective mechanism. We used biochemical, cell biological, morphological, and structural methods to investigate mechanisms stimulating this proteolytic shedding. Shed PrP negatively correlates with prion conversion and is markedly redistributed in murine brain in the presence of prion deposits or amyloid plaques, indicating a sequestrating activity. PrP-directed ligands cause structural changes in PrPC and increased shedding in cells and organotypic brain slice cultures. As an exception, some PrP-directed antibodies targeting repetitive epitopes do not cause shedding but surface clustering, endocytosis, and degradation of PrPC. Both mechanisms may contribute to beneficial actions described for PrP-directed ligands and pave the way for new therapeutic strategies against currently incurable neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luise Linsenmeier
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Behnam Mohammadi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mohsin Shafiq
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Karl Frontzek
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Julia Bär
- Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), UKE, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Amulya N. Shrivastava
- École Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l’ENS (IBENS), INSERM, CNRS, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Markus Damme
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Feizhi Song
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Schwarz
- Institute of Nanostructure and Solid State Physics, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefano Da Vela
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tania Massignan
- Dulbecco Telethon Laboratory of Prions and Amyloids, CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Sebastian Jung
- Department Biochemistry of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Angela Correia
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Berta Puig
- Department of Neurology, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation, UKE, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simone Hornemann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Tatzelt
- Department Biochemistry of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESOLV, Bochum, Germany
| | - Emiliano Biasini
- Dulbecco Telethon Laboratory of Prions and Amyloids, CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Paul Saftig
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Dmitri Svergun
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ladan Amin
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Federica Mazzola
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Luca Varani
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Simrika Thapa
- Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sabine Gilch
- Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hermann Schätzl
- Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - David A. Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Antoine Triller
- École Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l’ENS (IBENS), INSERM, CNRS, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Marina Mikhaylova
- Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), UKE, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hermann C. Altmeppen
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
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10
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Guglietti B, Sivasankar S, Mustafa S, Corrigan F, Collins-Praino LE. Fyn Kinase Activity and Its Role in Neurodegenerative Disease Pathology: a Potential Universal Target? Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:5986-6005. [PMID: 34432266 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02518-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fyn is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase belonging to the Src family of kinases (SFKs) which has been implicated in several integral functions throughout the central nervous system (CNS), including myelination and synaptic transmission. More recently, Fyn dysfunction has been associated with pathological processes observed in neurodegenerative diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Neurodegenerative diseases are amongst the leading cause of death and disability worldwide and, due to the ageing population, prevalence is predicted to rise in the coming years. Symptoms across neurodegenerative diseases are both debilitating and degenerative in nature and, concerningly, there are currently no disease-modifying therapies to prevent their progression. As such, it is important to identify potential new therapeutic targets. This review will outline the role of Fyn in normal/homeostatic processes, as well as degenerative/pathological mechanisms associated with neurodegenerative diseases, such as demyelination, pathological protein aggregation, neuroinflammation and cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Guglietti
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, SG31, Helen Mayo South, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Srisankavi Sivasankar
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, SG31, Helen Mayo South, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Sanam Mustafa
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, SG31, Helen Mayo South, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Frances Corrigan
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, SG31, Helen Mayo South, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Lyndsey E Collins-Praino
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, SG31, Helen Mayo South, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia. .,ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
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11
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Takahashi RH, Yokotsuka M, Tobiume M, Sato Y, Hasegawa H, Nagao T, Gouras GK. Accumulation of cellular prion protein within β-amyloid oligomer plaques in aged human brains. Brain Pathol 2021; 31:e12941. [PMID: 33624334 PMCID: PMC8412093 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the main cause of dementia, and β‐amyloid (Aβ) is a central factor in the initiation and progression of the disease. Different forms of Aβ have been identified as monomers, oligomers, and amyloid fibrils. Many proteins have been implicated as putative receptors of respective forms of Aβ. Distinct forms of Aβ oligomers are considered to be neurotoxic species that trigger the pathophysiology of AD. It was reported that cellular prion protein (PrPC) is one of the most selective and high‐affinity binding partners of Aβ oligomers. The interaction of Aβ oligomers with PrPC is important to synaptic dysfunction and loss. The binding of Aβ oligomers to PrPC has mostly been studied with synthetic peptides, cell culture, and murine models of AD by biochemical and biological methods. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the relationship between Aβ oligomers and PrPC remain unclear, especially in the human brain. We immunohistochemically investigated the relationship between Aβ oligomers and PrPC in human brain tissue with and without amyloid pathology. We histologically demonstrate that PrPC accumulates with aging in human brain tissue even prior to AD mainly within diffuse‐type amyloid plaques, which are composed of more soluble Aβ oligomers without stacked β‐sheet fibril structures. Our results suggest that PrPC accumulating plaques are associated with more soluble Aβ oligomers, and appear even prior to AD. The investigation of PrPC accumulating plaques may provide new insights into AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reisuke H Takahashi
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayumi Yokotsuka
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Tobiume
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Sato
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Nagao
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gunnar K Gouras
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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12
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Bohush A, Bieganowski P, Filipek A. Hsp90 and Its Co-Chaperones in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20204976. [PMID: 31600883 PMCID: PMC6834326 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20204976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper folding is crucial for proteins to achieve functional activity in the cell. However, it often occurs that proteins are improperly folded (misfolded) and form aggregates, which are the main hallmark of many diseases including cancers, neurodegenerative diseases and many others. Proteins that assist other proteins in proper folding into three-dimensional structures are chaperones and co-chaperones. The key role of chaperones/co-chaperones is to prevent protein aggregation, especially under stress. An imbalance between chaperone/co-chaperone levels has been documented in neurons, and suggested to contribute to protein misfolding. An essential protein and a major regulator of protein folding in all eukaryotic cells is the heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90). The function of Hsp90 is tightly regulated by many factors, including co-chaperones. In this review we summarize results regarding the role of Hsp90 and its co-chaperones in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and prionopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia Bohush
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Paweł Bieganowski
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Filipek
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
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13
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Friesen M, Meyer-Luehmann M. Aβ Seeding as a Tool to Study Cerebral Amyloidosis and Associated Pathology. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:233. [PMID: 31632238 PMCID: PMC6783493 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Misfolded proteins can form aggregates and induce a self-perpetuating process leading to the amplification and spreading of pathological protein assemblies. These misfolded protein assemblies act as seeds of aggregation. In an in vivo exogenous seeding model, both the features of seeds and the position at which seeding originates are precisely defined. Ample evidence from studies on intracerebal injection of amyloid-beta (Aβ)-rich brain extracts suggests that Aβ aggregation can be initiated by prion-like seeding. In this mini-review article, we will summarize the past and current literature on Aβ seeding in mouse models of AD and discuss its implementation as a tool to study cerebral amyloidosis and associated pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Friesen
- Department of Neurology/Neurodegeneration, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Meyer-Luehmann
- Department of Neurology/Neurodegeneration, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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14
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Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Zhang L, Yu W, Wang Y, Chang W. Cellular Prion Protein as a Receptor of Toxic Amyloid-β42 Oligomers Is Important for Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:339. [PMID: 31417361 PMCID: PMC6682659 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathological features of Alzheimer's disease (AD) include senile plaques induced by amyloid-β (Aβ) protein deposits, neurofibrillary tangles formed by aggregates of hyperphosphorylated tau proteins and neuronal cell loss in specific position within the brain. Recent observations have suggested the possibility of an association between AD and cellular prion protein (PrP C ) levels. PrP C is a high affinity receptor for oligomeric Aβ and is important for Aβ-induced neurotoxicity and thus plays a critical role in AD pathogenesis. The determination of the relationship between PrP C and AD and the characterization of PrP C binding to Aβ will facilitate the development of novel therapies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanfang Zhao
- School for Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wanpeng Yu
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenguang Chang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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15
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Pansieri J, Ostojić L, Iashchishyn IA, Magzoub M, Wallin C, Wärmländer SK, Gräslund A, Nguyen Ngoc M, Smirnovas V, Svedružić Ž, Morozova-Roche LA. Pro-Inflammatory S100A9 Protein Aggregation Promoted by NCAM1 Peptide Constructs. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:1410-1417. [PMID: 31194501 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid cascade and neuroinflammation are hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases, and pro-inflammatory S100A9 protein is central to both of them. Here, we have shown that NCAM1 peptide constructs carrying polycationic sequences derived from Aβ peptide (KKLVFF) and PrP protein (KKRPKP) significantly promote the S100A9 amyloid self-assembly in a concentration-dependent manner by making transient interactions with individual S100A9 molecules, perturbing its native structure and acting as catalysts. Since the individual molecule misfolding is a rate-limiting step in S100A9 amyloid aggregation, the effects of the NCAM1 construct on the native S100A9 are so critical for its amyloid self-assembly. S100A9 rapid self-assembly into large aggregated clumps may prevent its amyloid tissue propagation, and by modulating S100A9 aggregation as a part of the amyloid cascade, the whole process may be effectively tuned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Pansieri
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lucija Ostojić
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Igor A. Iashchishyn
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mazin Magzoub
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Cecilia Wallin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Astrid Gräslund
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mai Nguyen Ngoc
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vytautas Smirnovas
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Željko Svedružić
- Department of Biomedical Technology, University of Rijeka, HR 51000, Rijeka, Croatia
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16
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"Dual Disease" TgAD/GSS mice exhibit enhanced Alzheimer's disease pathology and reveal PrP C-dependent secretion of Aβ. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8524. [PMID: 31189938 PMCID: PMC6562043 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44317-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To address the question of cross-talk between prion protein (PrP) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), we generated TgAD/GSS mice that develop amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques of AD and PrP (specifically mutated PrPA116V) plaques of Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease (GSS) and compared plaque-related features in these mice to AD mice that express normal (TgAD), high (TgAD/HuPrP), or no (TgAD/PrP-/-) PrPC. In contrast to PrPC, PrPA116V weakly co-localized to Aβ plaques, did not co-immunoprecipitate with Aβ, and poorly bound to Aβ in an ELISA-based binding assay. Despite the reduced association of PrPA116V with Aβ, TgAD/GSS and TgAD/HuPrP mice that express comparable levels of PrPA116V and PrPC respectively, displayed similar increases in Aβ plaque burden and steady state levels of Aβ and its precursor APP compared with TgAD mice. Our Tg mouse lines also revealed a predominance of intracellular Aβ plaques in mice lacking PrPC (TgAD/PrP-/-, TgAD/GSS) compared with an extracellular predominance in PrPC-expressing mice (TgAD, TgAD/HuPrP). Parallel studies in N2aAPPswe cells revealed a direct dependence on PrPC but not PrPA116V for exosome-related secretion of Aβ. Overall, our findings are two-fold; they suggest that PrP expression augments Aβ plaque production, at least in part by an indirect mechanism, perhaps by increasing steady state levels of APP, while they also provide support for a fundamental role of PrPC to bind to and deliver intraneuronal Aβ to exosomes for secretion.
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17
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Rossi M, Kai H, Baiardi S, Bartoletti-Stella A, Carlà B, Zenesini C, Capellari S, Kitamoto T, Parchi P. The characterization of AD/PART co-pathology in CJD suggests independent pathogenic mechanisms and no cross-seeding between misfolded Aβ and prion proteins. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:53. [PMID: 30961668 PMCID: PMC6454607 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0706-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Current evidence indicating a role of the human prion protein (PrP) in amyloid-beta (Aβ) formation or a synergistic effect between Aβ and prion pathology remains controversial. Conflicting results also concern the frequency of the association between the two protein misfolding disorders and the issue of whether the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) and the prion protein gene (PRNP), the major modifiers of Aβ- and PrP-related pathologies, also have a pathogenic role in other proteinopathies, including tau neurofibrillary degeneration. Here, we thoroughly characterized the Alzheimer's disease/primary age-related tauopathy (AD/PART) spectrum in a series of 450 cases with definite sporadic or genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). Moreover, we analyzed: (i) the effect of variables known to affect CJD pathogenesis and the co-occurring Aβ- and tau-related pathologies; (II) the influence of APOE genotype on CJD pathology, and (III) the effect of AD/PART co-pathology on the clinical CJD phenotype. AD/PART characterized 74% of CJD brains, with 53.3% and 8.2% showing low or intermediate-high levels of AD pathology, and 12.4 and 11.8% definite or possible PART. There was no significant correlation between variables affecting CJD (i.e., disease subtype, prion strain, PRNP genotype) and those defining the AD/PART spectrum (i.e., ABC score, Thal phase, prevalence of CAA and Braak stage), and no difference in the distribution of APOE ε4 and ε2 genotypes among CJD subtypes. Moreover, AD/PART co-pathology did not significantly affect the clinical presentation of typical CJD, except for a tendency to increase the frequency of cognitive symptoms. Altogether, the present results seem to exclude an increased prevalence AD/PART co-pathology in sporadic and genetic CJD, and indicate that largely independent pathogenic mechanisms drive AD/PART and CJD pathology even when they coexist in the same brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Rossi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Ospedale Bellaria, Via Altura 1/8, 40139 Bologna, Italy
| | - Hideaki Kai
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Ospedale Bellaria, Via Altura 1/8, 40139 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Simone Baiardi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Bartoletti-Stella
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Ospedale Bellaria, Via Altura 1/8, 40139 Bologna, Italy
| | - Benedetta Carlà
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Ospedale Bellaria, Via Altura 1/8, 40139 Bologna, Italy
| | - Corrado Zenesini
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Ospedale Bellaria, Via Altura 1/8, 40139 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sabina Capellari
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Ospedale Bellaria, Via Altura 1/8, 40139 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Tetsuyuki Kitamoto
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Piero Parchi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Ospedale Bellaria, Via Altura 1/8, 40139 Bologna, Italy
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18
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Rasmussen J, Krasemann S, Altmeppen H, Schwarz P, Schelle J, Aguzzi A, Glatzel M, Jucker M. Infectious prions do not induce Aβ deposition in an in vivo seeding model. Acta Neuropathol 2018; 135:965-967. [PMID: 29663066 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-018-1848-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jay Rasmussen
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
- Graduate Training Center of Neuroscience-Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, 72074, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Susanne Krasemann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf UKE, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hermann Altmeppen
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf UKE, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Petra Schwarz
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Juliane Schelle
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Graduate Training Center of Neuroscience-Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf UKE, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Jucker
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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19
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Lathe R, Darlix JL. Prion Protein PRNP: A New Player in Innate Immunity? The Aβ Connection. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2017; 1:263-275. [PMID: 30480243 PMCID: PMC6159716 DOI: 10.3233/adr-170037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The prion protein PRNP has been centrally implicated in the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), but its normal physiological role remains obscure. We highlight emerging evidence that PRNP displays antimicrobial activity, inhibiting the replication of multiple viruses, and also interacts directly with Alzheimer's disease (AD) amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide whose own antimicrobial role is now increasingly secure. PRNP and Aβ share share membrane-penetrating, nucleic acid binding, and antiviral properties with classical antimicrobial peptides such as LL-37. We discuss findings that binding of abnormal nucleic acids to PRNP leads to oligomerization of the protein, and suggest that this may be an entrapment and sequestration process that contributes to its antimicrobial activity. Some antimicrobial peptides are known to be exploited by infectious agents, and we cover evidence that PRNP is usurped by herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) that has evolved a virus-encoded 'anti-PRNP'.unction. These findings suggest that PRNP, like LL-37 and Aβ, is likely to be a component of the innate immune system, with implications for the pathoetiology of both AD and TSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Lathe
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Jean-Luc Darlix
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité 7213, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
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20
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Li B. The pathogenesis of soluble PrP fragments containing Aβ binding sites. Virus Res 2015; 211:194-8. [PMID: 26528810 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Prion protein (PrP) has proven to bind amyloid beta (Aβ) oligomers with high affinity, changing our understanding of both prion diseases (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) at the molecular and phenotypic levels, although the latter currently lacks sufficient attentions. Transgenic mice expressing anchorless PrP developed unusual diseases reminiscent of AD with tremendous amyloid plaque formation. In this review, we described two interesting observations at the phenotypic level. First, common pathogenic mutations of the PRNP gene in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker (GSS) syndrome were clustered at PrP95-105. Meanwhile, all nonsense PRNP mutations that generated soluble PrP 95-105 exhibited phenotypes with abundant amyloid formations. We speculate that PrP-Aβ oligomers binding might be the underlying mechanism of the predominant amyloid phenotypes. Second, soluble PrP-Aβ oligomer complexes might exist in the extracellular space at the beginning of both PD and AD and subserve an initial neuroprotective function. Thus, the diseases would only present after long-term accumulation. This might be the central common pathogenic event of both PD and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiya Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China.
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21
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Subcellular distribution of the prion protein in sickness and in health. Virus Res 2015; 207:136-45. [PMID: 25683509 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) is an ubiquitously expressed glycoprotein that is most abundant in the central nervous system. It is thought to play a role in many cellular processes, including neuroprotection, but may also contribute to Alzheimer's disease and some cancers. However, it is best known for its central role in the prion diseases, such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), and scrapie. These protein misfolding diseases can be sporadic, acquired, or genetic and are caused by refolding of endogenous PrP(C) into a beta sheet-rich, pathogenic form, PrP(Sc). Once prions are present in the central nervous system, they increase and spread during a long incubation period that is followed by a relatively short clinical disease phase, ending in death. PrP molecules can be broadly categorized as either 'good' (cellular) PrP(C) or 'bad' (scrapie prion-type) PrP(Sc), but both populations are heterogeneous and different forms of PrP(C) may influence various cellular activities. Both PrP(C) and PrP(Sc) are localized predominantly at the cell surface, with the C-terminus attached to the plasma membrane via a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor and both can exist in cleaved forms. PrP(C) also has cytosolic and transmembrane forms, and PrP(Sc) is known to exist in a variety of conformations and aggregation states. Here, we discuss the roles of different PrP isoforms in sickness and in health, and show the subcellular distributions of several forms of PrP that are particularly relevant for PrP(C) to PrP(Sc) conversion and prion-induced pathology in the hippocampus.
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Sakudo A, Onodera T. Prion protein (PrP) gene-knockout cell lines: insight into functions of the PrP. Front Cell Dev Biol 2015; 2:75. [PMID: 25642423 PMCID: PMC4295555 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2014.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidation of prion protein (PrP) functions is crucial to fully understand prion diseases. A major approach to studying PrP functions is the use of PrP gene-knockout (Prnp (-/-)) mice. So far, six types of Prnp (-/-) mice have been generated, demonstrating the promiscuous functions of PrP. Recently, other PrP family members, such as Doppel and Shadoo, have been found. However, information obtained from comparative studies of structural and functional analyses of these PrP family proteins do not fully reveal PrP functions. Recently, varieties of Prnp (-/-) cell lines established from Prnp (-/-) mice have contributed to the analysis of PrP functions. In this mini-review, we focus on Prnp (-/-) cell lines and summarize currently available Prnp (-/-) cell lines and their characterizations. In addition, we introduce the recent advances in the methodology of cell line generation with knockout or knockdown of the PrP gene. We also discuss how these cell lines have provided valuable insights into PrP functions and show future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akikazu Sakudo
- Laboratory of Biometabolic Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of the Ryukyus Nishihara, Japan
| | - Takashi Onodera
- Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan
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Peters C, Espinoza MP, Gallegos S, Opazo C, Aguayo LG. Alzheimer's Aβ interacts with cellular prion protein inducing neuronal membrane damage and synaptotoxicity. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 36:1369-77. [PMID: 25599875 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A major feature of Alzheimer's disease is the accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide in the brain. Recent studies have indicated that Aβ oligomers (Aβo) can interact with the cellular prion protein (PrPc). Therefore, this interaction might be driving some of Aβ toxic effects in the synaptic region. In the present study, we report that Aβo binds to PrPc in the neuronal membrane playing a role on toxic effects induced by Aβ. Phospholipase C-enzymatic cleavage of PrPc from the plasma membrane attenuated the association of Aβo to the neurons. Furthermore, an anti-PrP antibody (6D11) decreased the association of Aβo to hippocampal neurons with a concomitant reduction in Aβo and PrPc co-localization. Interestingly, this antibody blocked the increase in membrane conductance and intracellular calcium induced by Aβo. Thus, the data indicate that PrPc plays a role on the membrane perforations produced by Aβo, the increase in calcium ions and the release of synaptic vesicles that subsequently leads to synaptic failure. Future studies blocking Aβo interaction with PrPc could be important for the discovery of new therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Peters
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - María Paz Espinoza
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Scarlet Gallegos
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Carlos Opazo
- Oxidation Biology Laboratory, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Luis G Aguayo
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
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The Binding Receptors of Aβ: an Alternative Therapeutic Target for Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 53:455-471. [PMID: 25465238 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8994-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders, which causes the deterioration of memory and other cognitive abilities of the elderly. Previous lines of research have shown that Aβ is an essential factor in AD pathology and the soluble oligomeric species of Aβ peptide is presumed to be the drivers of synaptic impairment in AD. However, the exact mechanisms underlying Aβ-induced synapse dysfunction are still not fully understood. Recently, increasing evidence suggests that some potential receptors which bind specifically with Aβ may play important roles in inducing the toxicity of the neurons in AD pathology. These receptors include the cellular prion protein (PrPc), the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR), the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75(NTR)), the beta-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs), the Eph receptors, the paired immunoglobulin-like receptor B (PirB), the PirB's human ortholog receptor (LilrB2), and the Fcγ receptor II-b (FcγRIIb). This review summarizes the characters of these prominent receptors and how the bindings of them with Aβ inhibit the LTP, decrease the number of dendritic spine, damage the neurons, and so on in AD pathogenesis. Blocking or rescuing these receptors may have significant importance for AD treatments.
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Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrPC) has been widely investigated ever since its conformational isoform, the prion (or PrPSc), was identified as the etiological agent of prion disorders. The high homology shared by the PrPC-encoding gene among mammals, its high turnover rate and expression in every tissue strongly suggest that PrPC may possess key physiological functions. Therefore, defining PrPC roles, properties and fate in the physiology of mammalian cells would be fundamental to understand its pathological involvement in prion diseases. Since the incidence of these neurodegenerative disorders is enhanced in aging, understanding PrPC functions in this life phase may be of crucial importance. Indeed, a large body of evidence suggests that PrPC plays a neuroprotective and antioxidant role. Moreover, it has been suggested that PrPC is involved in Alzheimer disease, another neurodegenerative pathology that develops predominantly in the aging population. In prion diseases, PrPC function is likely lost upon protein aggregation occurring in the course of the disease. Additionally, the aging process may alter PrPC biochemical properties, thus influencing its propensity to convert into PrPSc. Both phenomena may contribute to the disease development and progression. In Alzheimer disease, PrPC has a controversial role because its presence seems to mediate β-amyloid toxicity, while its down-regulation correlates with neuronal death. The role of PrPC in aging has been investigated from different perspectives, often leading to contrasting results. The putative protein functions in aging have been studied in relation to memory, behavior and myelin maintenance. In aging mice, PrPC changes in subcellular localization and post-translational modifications have been explored in an attempt to relate them to different protein roles and propensity to convert into PrPSc. Here we provide an overview of the most relevant studies attempting to delineate PrPC functions and fate in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Gasperini
- Laboratory of Prion Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati Trieste, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Legname
- Laboratory of Prion Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati Trieste, Italy
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Aβ induces its own prion protein N-terminal fragment (PrPN1)–mediated neutralization in amorphous aggregates. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:1537-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Vergara C, Ordóñez-Gutiérrez L, Wandosell F, Ferrer I, del Río JA, Gavín R. Role of PrP(C) Expression in Tau Protein Levels and Phosphorylation in Alzheimer's Disease Evolution. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 51:1206-20. [PMID: 24965601 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8793-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the presence of amyloid plaques mainly consisting of hydrophobic β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) aggregates and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) composed principally of hyperphosphorylated tau. Aβ oligomers have been described as the earliest effectors to negatively affect synaptic structure and plasticity in the affected brains, and cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) has been proposed as receptor for these oligomers. The most widely accepted theory holds that the toxic effects of Aβ are upstream of change in tau, a neuronal microtubule-associated protein that promotes the polymerization and stabilization of microtubules. However, tau is considered decisive for the progression of neurodegeneration, and, indeed, tau pathology correlates well with clinical symptoms such as dementia. Different pathways can lead to abnormal phosphorylation, and, as a consequence, tau aggregates into paired helical filaments (PHF) and later on into NFTs. Reported data suggest a regulatory tendency of PrP(C) expression in the development of AD, and a putative relationship between PrP(C) and tau processing is emerging. However, the role of tau/PrP(C) interaction in AD is poorly understood. In this study, we show increased susceptibility to Aβ-derived diffusible ligands (ADDLs) in neuronal primary cultures from PrP(C) knockout mice, compared to wild-type, which correlates with increased tau expression. Moreover, we found increased PrP(C) expression that paralleled with tau at early ages in an AD murine model and in early Braak stages of AD in affected individuals. Taken together, these results suggest a protective role for PrP(C) in AD by downregulating tau expression, and they point to this protein as being crucial in the molecular events that lead to neurodegeneration in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Vergara
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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Ordóñez-Gutiérrez L, Torres JM, Gavín R, Antón M, Arroba-Espinosa AI, Espinosa JC, Vergara C, del Río JA, Wandosell F. Cellular prion protein modulates β-amyloid deposition in aged APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:2793-804. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Cross JV, Franco-Lira M, Aragón-Flores M, Kavanaugh M, Torres-Jardón R, Chao CK, Thompson C, Chang J, Zhu H, D'Angiulli A. Brain immune interactions and air pollution: macrophage inhibitory factor (MIF), prion cellular protein (PrP(C)), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), and interleukin-2 (IL-2) in cerebrospinal fluid and MIF in serum differentiate urban children exposed to severe vs. low air pollution. Front Neurosci 2013; 7:183. [PMID: 24133408 PMCID: PMC3794301 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mexico City Metropolitan Area children chronically exposed to high concentrations of air pollutants exhibit an early brain imbalance in genes involved in oxidative stress, inflammation, innate and adaptive immune responses along with accumulation of misfolded proteins observed in the early stages of Alzheimer and Parkinson's diseases. A complex modulation of serum cytokines and chemokines influences children's brain structural and gray/white matter volumetric responses to air pollution. The search for biomarkers associating systemic and CNS inflammation to brain growth and cognitive deficits in the short term and neurodegeneration in the long-term is our principal aim. We explored and compared a profile of cytokines, chemokines (Multiplexing LASER Bead Technology) and Cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) in normal cerebro-spinal-fluid (CSF) of urban children with high vs. low air pollution exposures. PrP(C) and macrophage inhibitory factor (MIF) were also measured in serum. Samples from 139 children ages 11.91 ± 4.2 years were measured. Highly exposed children exhibited significant increases in CSF MIF (p = 0.002), IL6 (p = 0.006), IL1ra (p = 0.014), IL-2 (p = 0.04), and PrP(C) (p = 0.039) vs. controls. MIF serum concentrations were higher in exposed children (p = 0.009). Our results suggest CSF as a MIF, IL6, IL1Ra, IL-2, and PrP(C) compartment that can possibly differentiate air pollution exposures in children. MIF, a key neuro-immune mediator, is a potential biomarker bridge to identify children with CNS inflammation. Fine tuning of immune-to-brain communication is crucial to neural networks appropriate functioning, thus the short and long term effects of systemic inflammation and dysregulated neural immune responses are of deep concern for millions of exposed children. Defining the linkage and the health consequences of the brain / immune system interactions in the developing brain chronically exposed to air pollutants ought to be of pressing importance for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Calderón-Garcidueñas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Center for Structural and Functional Neurosciences, The University of Montana Missoula, MT, USA ; Hospital Central Militar, Secretaria de la Defensa Nacional Mexico City, Mexico
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30
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Tatini F, Pugliese AM, Traini C, Niccoli S, Maraula G, Ed Dami T, Mannini B, Scartabelli T, Pedata F, Casamenti F, Chiti F. Amyloid-β oligomer synaptotoxicity is mimicked by oligomers of the model protein HypF-N. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:2100-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Kaiser DM, Acharya M, Leighton PLA, Wang H, Daude N, Wohlgemuth S, Shi B, Allison WT. Amyloid beta precursor protein and prion protein have a conserved interaction affecting cell adhesion and CNS development. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51305. [PMID: 23236467 PMCID: PMC3517466 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic and biochemical mechanisms linking onset or progression of Alzheimer Disease and prion diseases have been lacking and/or controversial, and their etiologies are often considered independent. Here we document a novel, conserved and specific genetic interaction between the proteins that underlie these diseases, amyloid-β precursor protein and prion protein, APP and PRP, respectively. Knockdown of APP and/or PRNP homologs in the zebrafish (appa, appb, prp1, and prp2) produces a dose-dependent phenotype characterized by systemic morphological defects, reduced cell adhesion and CNS cell death. This genetic interaction is surprisingly exclusive in that prp1 genetically interacts with zebrafish appa, but not with appb, and the zebrafish paralog prp2 fails to interact with appa. Intriguingly, appa & appb are largely redundant in early zebrafish development yet their abilities to rescue CNS cell death are differentially contingent on prp1 abundance. Delivery of human APP or mouse Prnp mRNAs rescue the phenotypes observed in app-prp-depleted zebrafish, highlighting the conserved nature of this interaction. Immunoprecipitation revealed that human APP and PrP(C) proteins can have a physical interaction. Our study reports a unique in vivo interdependence between APP and PRP loss-of-function, detailing a biochemical interaction that considerably expands the hypothesized roles of PRP in Alzheimer Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcy M. Kaiser
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Moulinath Acharya
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Patricia L. A. Leighton
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nathalie Daude
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Serene Wohlgemuth
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Beipei Shi
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - W. Ted Allison
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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32
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Griffiths HH, Whitehouse IJ, Hooper NM. Regulation of amyloid-β production by the prion protein. Prion 2012; 6:217-22. [PMID: 22449984 DOI: 10.4161/pri.18988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is characterized by the amyloidogenic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), culminating in the accumulation of amyloid-β peptides in the brain. The enzymatic action of the β-secretase, BACE1 is the rate-limiting step in this amyloidogenic processing of APP. BACE1 cleavage of wild-type APP (APPWT) is inhibited by the cellular prion protein (PrP (C) ). Our recent study has revealed the molecular and cellular mechanisms behind this observation by showing that PrP (C) directly interacts with the pro-domain of BACE1 in the trans-Golgi network (TGN), decreasing the amount of BACE1 at the cell surface and in endosomes where it cleaves APPWT, while increasing BACE1 in the TGN where it preferentially cleaves APP with the Swedish mutation (APPSwe). PrP (C) deletion in transgenic mice expressing the Swedish and Indiana familial mutations (APPSwe,Ind) failed to affect amyloid-β accumulation, which is explained by the differential subcellular sites of action of BACE1 toward APPWT and APPSwe. This, together with our observation that PrP (C) is reduced in sporadic but not familial AD brain, suggests that PrP (C) plays a key protective role against sporadic AD. It also highlights the need for an APPWT transgenic mouse model to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying sporadic AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heledd H Griffiths
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Carnini A, Scott LOM, Ahrendt E, Proft J, Winkfein RJ, Kim SW, Colicos MA, Braun JEA. Cell line specific modulation of extracellular aβ42 by Hsp40. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37755. [PMID: 22666389 PMCID: PMC3362613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are a set of molecular chaperones involved in cellular repair. They provide protective mechanisms that allow cells to survive potentially lethal insults, In response to a conditioning stress their expression is increased. Here we examined the connection between Hsps and Aβ(42), the amyloid peptide involved in the pathological sequence of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Extracellular Aβ(42) associates with neuronal cells and is a major constituent of senile plaques, one of the hallmarks of AD. Although Hsps are generally thought to prevent accumulation of misfolded proteins, there is a lack of mechanistic evidence that heat shock chaperones directly modulate Aβ(42) toxicity. In this study we show that neither extracellular Aβ(42) nor Aβ(42/)PrP(C) trigger the heat shock response in neurons. To address the influence of the neuroprotective heat shock response on cellular Aβ(42), Western analysis of Aβ(42) was performed following external Aβ(42) application. Five hours after a conditioning heat shock, Aβ(42) association with CAD cells was increased compared to control neurons. However, at forty-eight hours following heat shock Aβ(42) levels were reduced compared to that found for control cells. Moreover, transient transfection of the stress induced Hsp40, decreased CAD levels of Aβ(42). In contrast to CAD cells, hippocampal neurons transfected with Hsp40 retained Aβ(42) indicating that Hsp40 modulation of Aβ(42) proteostasis is cell specific. Mutation of the conserved HPD motif within Hsp40 significantly reduced the Hsp40-mediated Aβ(42) increase in hippocampal cultures indicating the importance of this motif in regulating cellular Aβ(42). Our data reveal a biochemical link between Hsp40 expression and Aβ(42) proteostasis that is cell specific. Therefore, increasing Hsp40 therapeutically with the intention of interfering with the pathogenic cascade leading to neurodegeneration in AD should be pursued with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Carnini
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lucas O. M. Scott
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Eva Ahrendt
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Juliane Proft
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Robert J. Winkfein
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sung-Woo Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael A. Colicos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Janice E. A. Braun
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Jeong JK, Seo JS, Moon MH, Lee YJ, Seol JW, Park SY. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 α regulates prion protein expression to protect against neuron cell damage. Neurobiol Aging 2011; 33:1006.e1-10. [PMID: 22036844 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The human prion protein fragment, PrP (106-126), may contain a majority of the pathological features associated with the infectious scrapie isoform of PrP, known as PrP(Sc). Based on our previous findings that hypoxia protects neuronal cells from PrP (106-126)-induced apoptosis and increases cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) expression, we hypothesized that hypoxia-related genes, including hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α), may regulate PrP(C) expression and that these genes may be involved in prion-related neurodegenerative diseases. Hypoxic conditions are known to elicit cellular responses designed to improve cell survival through adaptive processes. Under normoxic conditions, a deferoxamine-mediated elevation of HIF-1α produced the same effect as hypoxia-inhibited neuron cell death. However, under hypoxic conditions, doxorubicin-suppressed HIF-1α attenuated the inhibitory effect on neuron cell death mediated by PrP (106-126). Knock-down of HIF-1α using lentiviral short hairpin (sh) RNA-induced downregulation of PrP(C) mRNA and protein expression under hypoxic conditions, and sensitized neuron cells to prion peptide-mediated cell death even in hypoxic conditions. In PrP(C) knockout hippocampal neuron cells, hypoxia increased the HIF-1α protein but the cells did not display the inhibitory effect of prion peptide-induced neuron cell death. Adenoviruses expressing the full length Prnp gene (Ad-Prnp) were utilized for overexpression of the Prnp gene in PrP(C) knockout hippocampal neuron cells. Adenoviral transfection of PrP(C) knockout cells with Prnp resulted in the inhibition of prion peptide-mediated cell death in these cells. This is the first report demonstrating that expression of normal PrP(C) is regulated by HIF-1α, and PrP(C) overexpression induced by hypoxia plays a pivotal role in hypoxic inhibition of prion peptide-induced neuron cell death. These results suggest that hypoxia-related genes, including HIF-1α, may be involved in the pathogenesis of prion-related diseases and as such may be a therapeutic target for prion-related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Kyo Jeong
- Center for Healthcare Technology Development, Korea Zoonoses Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, South Korea
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Griffiths HH, Whitehouse IJ, Baybutt H, Brown D, Kellett KAB, Jackson CD, Turner AJ, Piccardo P, Manson JC, Hooper NM. Prion protein interacts with BACE1 protein and differentially regulates its activity toward wild type and Swedish mutant amyloid precursor protein. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:33489-500. [PMID: 21795680 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.278556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In Alzheimer disease amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides derived from the amyloid precursor protein (APP) accumulate in the brain. Cleavage of APP by the β-secretase BACE1 is the rate-limiting step in the production of Aβ. We have reported previously that the cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) inhibited the action of BACE1 toward human wild type APP (APP(WT)) in cellular models and that the levels of endogenous murine Aβ were significantly increased in PrP(C)-null mouse brain. Here we investigated the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying this observation. PrP(C) interacted directly with the prodomain of the immature Golgi-localized form of BACE1. This interaction decreased BACE1 at the cell surface and in endosomes where it preferentially cleaves APP(WT) but increased it in the Golgi where it preferentially cleaves APP with the Swedish mutation (APP(Swe)). In transgenic mice expressing human APP with the Swedish and Indiana familial mutations (APP(Swe,Ind)), PrP(C) deletion had no influence on APP proteolytic processing, Aβ plaque deposition, or levels of soluble Aβ or Aβ oligomers. In cells, although PrP(C) inhibited the action of BACE1 on APP(WT), it did not inhibit BACE1 activity toward APP(Swe). The differential subcellular location of the BACE1 cleavage of APP(Swe) relative to APP(WT) provides an explanation for the failure of PrP(C) deletion to affect Aβ accumulation in APP(Swe,Ind) mice. Thus, although PrP(C) exerts no control on cleavage of APP(Swe) by BACE1, it has a profound influence on the cleavage of APP(WT), suggesting that PrP(C) may be a key protective player against sporadic Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heledd H Griffiths
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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36
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Zou WQ, Zhou X, Yuan J, Xiao X. Insoluble cellular prion protein and its association with prion and Alzheimer diseases. Prion 2011; 5:172-8. [PMID: 21847014 DOI: 10.4161/pri.5.3.16894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The soluble cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) is best known for its association with prion disease (PrD) through its conversion to a pathogenic insoluble isoform (PrP(Sc)). However, its deleterious effects independent of PrP(Sc) have recently been observed not only in PrD but also in Alzheimer disease (AD), two diseases which mainly affect cognition. At the same time, PrP(C) itself seems to have broad physiologic functions including involvement in cognitive processes. The PrP(C) that is believed to be soluble and monomeric has so far been the only PrP conformer observed in the uninfected brain. In 2006, we identified an insoluble PrP(C) conformer (termed iPrP(C) ) in uninfected human and animal brains. Remarkably, the PrP(Sc) -like iPrPC shares the immunoreactivity behavior and fragmentation with a newly-identified PrP(Sc) species in a novel human PrD termed variably protease-sensitive prionopathy. Moreover, iPrP(C) has been observed as the major PrP species that interacts with amyloid β (Aβ) in AD. This article highlights evidence of PrP involvement in two putatively beneficial and deleterious PrP-implicated pathways in cognition, and hypothesizes first, that beneficial and deleterious effects of PrP(C) are attributable to the chameleon-like conformation of the protein and second, that the iPrP(C) conformer is associated with PrD and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Quan Zou
- Department of Pathology, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Unraveling the biological mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease--lessons from genomics. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011; 35:340-7. [PMID: 21193006 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Revised: 12/12/2010] [Accepted: 12/18/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and the most common neurodegenerative disease, with a complex genetic background. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have yielded important new insights into genetic mechanisms of AD pathology. Current results unequivocally confirm apolipoprotein E (APOE) as a major genetic risk factor for development of late onset AD. Additional associations of more than twenty genes have also been identified and replicated in subsequent genetic studies. Despite the exciting new GWAS data which have emerged in the last few years, it has become clear that common variants within the genome cannot fully explain the underlying genetic risk for AD. Novel approaches such as genome-wide analysis of copy number variations (CNV) or low-frequency rare functional gene variants may provide additional insight into genetic basis of AD. In this review we summarize the findings of eighteen GWAS studies in AD performed to date, with an emphasis on potential future developments in the quest for genetic risk factors of AD.
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Zou WQ, Xiao X, Yuan J, Puoti G, Fujioka H, Wang X, Richardson S, Zhou X, Zou R, Li S, Zhu X, McGeer PL, McGeehan J, Kneale G, Rincon-Limas DE, Fernandez-Funez P, Lee HG, Smith MA, Petersen RB, Guo JP. Amyloid-beta42 interacts mainly with insoluble prion protein in the Alzheimer brain. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:15095-105. [PMID: 21393248 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.199356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The prion protein (PrP) is best known for its association with prion diseases. However, a controversial new role for PrP in Alzheimer disease (AD) has recently emerged. In vitro studies and mouse models of AD suggest that PrP may be involved in AD pathogenesis through a highly specific interaction with amyloid-β (Aβ42) oligomers. Immobilized recombinant human PrP (huPrP) also exhibited high affinity and specificity for Aβ42 oligomers. Here we report the novel finding that aggregated forms of huPrP and Aβ42 are co-purified from AD brain extracts. Moreover, an anti-PrP antibody and an agent that specifically binds to insoluble PrP (iPrP) co-precipitate insoluble Aβ from human AD brain. Finally, using peptide membrane arrays of 99 13-mer peptides that span the entire sequence of mature huPrP, two distinct types of Aβ binding sites on huPrP are identified in vitro. One specifically binds to Aβ42 and the other binds to both Aβ42 and Aβ40. Notably, Aβ42-specific binding sites are localized predominantly in the octapeptide repeat region, whereas sites that bind both Aβ40 and Aβ42 are mainly in the extreme N-terminal or C-terminal domains of PrP. Our study suggests that iPrP is the major PrP species that interacts with insoluble Aβ42 in vivo. Although this work indicated the interaction of Aβ42 with huPrP in the AD brain, the pathophysiological relevance of the iPrP/Aβ42 interaction remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Quan Zou
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
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Mollenhauer B, Esselmann H, Roeber S, Schulz-Schaeffer WJ, Trenkwalder C, Bibl M, Steinacker P, Kretzschmar HA, Wiltfang J, Otto M. Different CSF β-amyloid processing in Alzheimer's and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2011; 118:691-7. [PMID: 21210287 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-010-0543-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Decreased levels of β-amyloid (Aβ) 1-42 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are characteristic for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and are also evident in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). Aβ plaques are thought to be responsible for this decrease in AD patients, whereas such Aβ plaques are rarely seen in CJD. To investigate the Aβ pattern in brain and CSF of neuropathologically confirmed CJD and AD patients we used an electrophoretic method to investigate Aβ peptide fractions which are not accessible to ELISA and immunohistochemistry. We analyzed Aβ peptides in the CSF of autopsy-confirmed CJD and AD patients and the corresponding brain homogenates using a quantitative urea-based Aβ electrophoresis immunoblot (Aβ-SDS-PAGE/immunoblot).The CSF Aβ1-42 decrease correlated with the brain Aβ load in AD, but not in CJD. There was no difference in the soluble fractions of brain homogenate in AD and CJD. We therefore conclude that different mechanisms in AD and CJD are responsible for the Aβ1-42 decrease in the CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brit Mollenhauer
- Paracelsus-Elena Klinik, Kassel and Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany.
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Abstract
Prion diseases in humans and animals are characterized by progressive neurodegeneration and the formation of infectious particles called prions. Both features are intimately linked to a conformational transition of the cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) into aberrantly folded conformers with neurotoxic and self-replicating activities. Interestingly, there is increasing evidence that the infectious and neurotoxic properties of PrP conformers are not necessarily coupled. Transgenic mouse models revealed that some PrP mutants interfere with neuronal function in the absence of infectious prions. Vice versa, propagation of prions can occur without causing neurotoxicity. Consequently, it appears plausible that two partially independent pathways exist, one pathway leading to the propagation of infectious prions and another one that mediates neurotoxic signaling. In this review we will summarize current knowledge of neurotoxic PrP conformers and discuss the role of PrP(C) as a mediator of both stress-protective and neurotoxic signaling cascades.
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Abstract
The prion diseases are a family of rare neurodegenerative disorders that result from the accumulation of a misfolded isoform of the prion protein (PrP), a normal constituent of the neuronal membrane. Five subtypes constitute the known human prion diseases; kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS), fatal insomnia (FI), and variant CJD (vCJD). These subtypes are distinguished, in part, by their clinical phenotype, but primarily by their associated brain histopathology. Evidence suggests these phenotypes are defined by differences in the pathogenic conformation of misfolded PrP. Although the vast majority of cases are sporadic, 10% to 15% result from an autosomal dominant mutation of the PrP gene (PRNP). General phenotype-genotype correlations can be made for the major subtypes of CJD, GSS, and FI. This paper will review some of the general background related to prion biology and detail the clinical and pathologic features of the major prion diseases, with a particular focus on the genetic aspects that result in prion disease or modification of its risk or phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalilah Brown
- Center for Comprehensive Care and Research on Memory Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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42
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Abstract
Soluble oligomers of the amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptide are thought to play a key role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recently, we reported that synthetic Abeta oligomers bind to cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) and that this interaction is required for suppression of synaptic plasticity in hippocampal slices by oligomeric Abeta peptide. We hypothesized that PrP(C) is essential for the ability of brain-derived Abeta to suppress cognitive function. Here, we crossed familial AD transgenes encoding APPswe and PSen1DeltaE9 into Prnp-/- mice to examine the necessity of PrP(C) for AD-related phenotypes. Neither APP expression nor Abeta level is altered by PrP(C) absence in this transgenic AD model, and astrogliosis is unchanged. However, deletion of PrP(C) expression rescues 5-HT axonal degeneration, loss of synaptic markers, and early death in APPswe/PSen1DeltaE9 transgenic mice. The AD transgenic mice with intact PrP(C) expression exhibit deficits in spatial learning and memory. Mice lacking PrP(C), but containing Abeta plaque derived from APPswe/PSen1DeltaE9 transgenes, show no detectable impairment of spatial learning and memory. Thus, deletion of PrP(C) expression dissociates Abeta accumulation from behavioral impairment in these AD mice, with the cognitive deficits selectively requiring PrP(C).
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Bolea R, Hortells P, Martín-Burriel I, Vargas A, Ryffel B, Monzón M, Badiola JJ. Consequences of dietary manganese and copper imbalance on neuronal apoptosis in a murine model of scrapie. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2010; 36:300-11. [PMID: 20070537 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2010.01065.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Copper and manganese levels are altered in mice both lacking PrPc and prion-infected brains. The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of manganese and copper imbalance on neuronal apoptosis in a scrapie-infected Tga20 mouse model. METHODS Immunoreactivities for the apoptotic proteins Bax and active caspase-3 were evaluated in nine regions of the brain of scrapie-infected and control Tga20 mice treated with one of several diets: depleted cooper (-Cu), loaded manganese (+Mn), depleted copper/loaded manganese (-Cu+Mn) and regular diet. Immunohistochemical determination of NeuN was used to detect possible neuronal loss. RESULTS Intracellular Bax detection was significantly decreased in animals fed with modified diets, particularly in those treated with copper-depleted diets. A decrease in active caspase-3 was primarily observed in animals fed with enhanced manganese diets. Our results show that the -Cu, -Cu+Mn and +Mn diets protected against apoptosis in scrapie-infected mice. However, NeuN immunolabelling quantification revealed that no diet was sufficient to arrest neuronal death. CONCLUSIONS With regard to apoptosis induction, the response of Tga20 mice to prion infection was similar to that reported for other mice models. Our results demonstrate the neuroprotective effects of -Cu, -Cu+Mn and +Mn diets in a murine model of scrapie. However, neuronal death induced by infection with prions seems to be independent of apoptosis marker signalling. Moreover, copper-modified diets were neuroprotective against the possible toxicity of the prion transgene in Tga20 control and infected mice even though manganese supplementation could not counteract this toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bolea
- Animal Pathology Department, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
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Nygaard HB, Strittmatter SM. Cellular prion protein mediates the toxicity of beta-amyloid oligomers: implications for Alzheimer disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 66:1325-8. [PMID: 19901162 DOI: 10.1001/archneurol.2009.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common cause of age-related dementia, affecting more than 25 million people worldwide. The accumulation of insoluble beta-amyloid (Abeta) plaques in the brain has long been considered central to the pathogenesis of AD. However, recent evidence suggests that soluble oligomeric assemblies of Abeta may be of greater importance. beta-Amyloid oligomers have been found to be potent synaptotoxins, but the mechanism by which they exert their action has remained elusive. Herein, we review the recently published finding that cellular prion protein (PrP(c)) is a high-affinity receptor for Abeta oligomers, mediating their toxic effects on synaptic plasticity. We further discuss the relationship between AD and PrP(c) and the potential clinical implications. Cellular prion protein may provide a novel target for therapeutic intervention in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haakon B Nygaard
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536-0812, USA
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Rial D, Duarte F, Xikota J, Schmitz A, Dafré A, Figueiredo C, Walz R, Prediger R. Cellular prion protein modulates age-related behavioral and neurochemical alterations in mice. Neuroscience 2009; 164:896-907. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Revised: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/01/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Involvement of Dab1 in APP processing and beta-amyloid deposition in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob patients. Neurobiol Dis 2009; 37:324-9. [PMID: 19853035 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2009] [Revised: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease and prion pathologies (e.g., Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)) display profound neural lesions associated with aberrant protein processing and extracellular amyloid deposits. Dab1 has been implicated in the regulation of amyloid precursor protein (APP), but a direct link between human prion diseases and Dab1/APP interactions has not been published. Here we examined this putative relationship in 17 cases of sporadic CJD (sCJD) post-mortem. Biochemical analyses of brain tissue revealed two groups, which also correlated with PrP(sc) types 1 and 2. One group with PrP(sc) type 1 showed increased Dab1 phosphorylation and lower betaCTF production with an absence of Abeta deposition. The second sCJD group, which carried PrP(sc) type 2, showed lower levels of Dab1 phosphorylation and betaCTF production, and Abeta deposition. Thus, the present observations suggest a correlation between Dab1 phosphorylation, Abeta deposition and PrP(sc) type in sCJD.
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Steele AD, Zhou Z, Jackson WS, Zhu C, Auluck P, Moskowitz MA, Chesselet MF, Lindquist S. Context dependent neuroprotective properties of prion protein (PrP). Prion 2009; 3:240-9. [PMID: 19901559 DOI: 10.4161/pri.3.4.10135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Although it has been known for more than twenty years that an aberrant conformation of the prion protein (PrP) is the causative agent in prion diseases, the role of PrP in normal biology is undetermined. Numerous studies have suggested a protective function for PrP, including protection from ischemic and excitotoxic lesions and several apoptotic insults. On the other hand, many observations have suggested the contrary, linking changes in PrP localization or domain structure--independent of infectious prion conformation--to severe neuronal damage. Surprisingly, a recent report suggests that PrP is a receptor for toxic oligomeric species of a-beta, a pathogenic fragment of the amyloid precursor protein, and likely contributes to disease pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease. We sought to access the role of PrP in diverse neurological disorders. First, we confirmed that PrP confers protection against ischemic damage using an acute stroke model, a well characterized association. After ischemic insult, PrP knockouts had dramatically increased infarct volumes and decreased behavioral performance compared to controls. To examine the potential of PrP's neuroprotective or neurotoxic properties in the context of other pathologies, we deleted PrP from several transgenic models of neurodegenerative disease. Deletion of PrP did not substantially alter the disease phenotypes of mouse models of Parkinson disease or tauopathy. Deletion of PrP in one of two Huntington disease models tested, R6/2, modestly slowed motor deterioration as measured on an accelerating rotarod but otherwise did not alter other major features of the disease. Finally, transgenic overexpression of PrP did not exacerbate the Huntington motor phenotype. These results suggest that PrP has a context-dependent neuroprotective function and does not broadly contribute to the disease models tested herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Steele
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
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48
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Abstract
Alzheimer and prion diseases are neurodegenerative disorders characterised by the abnormal processing of amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptide and prion protein (PrP(C)), respectively. Recent evidence indicates that PrP(C) may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease. PrP(C) interacts with and inhibits the beta-secretase BACE1, the rate-limiting enzyme in the production of Abeta. More recently PrP(C) was identified as a receptor for Abeta oligomers and the expression of PrP(C) appears to be controlled by the amyloid intracellular domain (AICD). Here we review these observations and propose a feedback loop in the normal brain where PrP(C) exerts an inhibitory effect on BACE1 to decrease both Abeta and AICD production. In turn, the AICD upregulates PrP(C) expression, thus maintaining the inhibitory effect of PrP(C) on BACE1. In Alzheimer disease, this feedback loop is disrupted, and the increased level of Abeta oligomers bind to PrP(C) and prevent it from regulating BACE1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A B Kellett
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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49
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Endres K, Mitteregger G, Kojro E, Kretzschmar H, Fahrenholz F. Influence of ADAM10 on prion protein processing and scrapie infectiosity in vivo. Neurobiol Dis 2009; 36:233-41. [PMID: 19632330 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Revised: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Both the cellular prion protein (PrP(c)) and the amyloid precursor protein (APP) are physiologically subjected to complex proteolytic processing events. While for APP the proteinases involved--alpha-, beta- and gamma-secretase--have been identified in vitro and in vivo, the cleavage of PrP(c) by now has been linked only to the shedding activity of the metalloproteinase ADAM10 and/or ADAM17 in cell culture. Here we show that neuronal overexpression of the alpha-secretase ADAM10 in mice reduces all PrP(c) species detected in the brain instead of leading to enhanced amounts of specific cleavage products of PrP(c). Additionally, the incubation time of mice after scrapie infection is significantly increased in mice moderately overexpressing ADAM10. This indicates that overexpression of ADAM10 rather influences the amount of the cellular prion protein than its processing in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Endres
- Institute of Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Johann-Joachim-Becherweg 30, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
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New insights into cellular prion protein (PrPc) functions: the "ying and yang" of a relevant protein. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 61:170-84. [PMID: 19523487 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2008] [Revised: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The conversion of cellular prion protein (PrP(c)), a GPI-anchored protein, into a protease-K-resistant and infective form (generally termed PrP(sc)) is mainly responsible for Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs), characterized by neuronal degeneration and progressive loss of basic brain functions. Although PrP(c) is expressed by a wide range of tissues throughout the body, the complete repertoire of its functions has not been fully determined. Recent studies have confirmed its participation in basic physiological processes such as cell proliferation and the regulation of cellular homeostasis. Other studies indicate that PrP(c) interacts with several molecules to activate signaling cascades with a high number of cellular effects. To determine PrP(c) functions, transgenic mouse models have been generated in the last decade. In particular, mice lacking specific domains of the PrP(c) protein have revealed the contribution of these domains to neurodegenerative processes. A dual role of PrP(c) has been shown, since most authors report protective roles for this protein while others describe pro-apoptotic functions. In this review, we summarize new findings on PrP(c) functions, especially those related to neural degeneration and cell signaling.
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