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Li H, Zhang Y, Xie J, Wang C, Yi D, Wu T, Wang L, Zhao D, Hou Y. Dietary Supplementation with Mono-Lactate Glyceride Enhances Intestinal Function of Weaned Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13081303. [PMID: 37106866 PMCID: PMC10135088 DOI: 10.3390/ani13081303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mono-lactate glyceride (LG) is a short-chain fatty acid ester. It has been shown that short-chain fatty acid esters play an important role in maintaining intestinal structure and function. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of mono-lactate glyceride on growth performance and intestinal morphology and function in weaned piglets. Sixteen 21-day-old weaned piglets of similar weight were distributed arbitrarily to two treatments: The control group (basal diet) and the LG group (basal diet + 0.6% mono-lactate glyceride). The experiment lasted for 21 days. On day 21 of the trial, piglets were weighed, and blood and intestinal samples were collected for further analysis. Results showed that dietary supplementation with 0.6% mono-lactate glyceride decreased (p < 0.05) the diarrhea rate and the contents of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide in the ileum and jejunum and increased (p < 0.05) the expression of intestinal tight junction protein (Occludin) and the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase in the ileum and colon. In addition, mono-lactate glyceride supplementation could enhance intestinal mucosal growth by increasing (p < 0.05) the mRNA levels of extracellular regulated protein kinases, promote intestinal mucosal water and nutrient transport and lipid metabolism by increasing (p < 0.05) the mRNA levels of b0,+ amino acid transporter, aquaporin 3, aquaporin 10, gap junction protein alpha 1, intestinal fatty acid-binding protein, and lipoprotein lipase, enhance antiviral and immune function by increasing (p < 0.05) the mRNA levels of nuclear factor kappa-B, interferon-β, mucovirus resistance protein II, 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase-like, interferon-γ, C-C motif chemokine ligand 2, and toll-like receptor 4, and enhance antioxidant capacity by increasing (p < 0.05) the mRNA levels of NF-E2-related factor 2 and glutathione S-transferase omega 2 and decreasing (p < 0.05) the mRNA level of NADPH oxidase 2. These results suggested that dietary supplementation with mono-lactate glyceride could decrease the diarrhea rate by improving intestinal antioxidant capacity, intestinal mucosal barrier, intestinal immune defense function, and intestinal mucosal water and nutrient transport. Collectively, dietary supplementation with 0.6% mono-lactate glyceride improved the intestinal function of weaned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanbo Li
- Engineering Research Center of Feed Protein Resources on Agricultural By-Products, Ministry of Education, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Feed Protein Resources on Agricultural By-Products, Ministry of Education, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Jiaqian Xie
- Engineering Research Center of Feed Protein Resources on Agricultural By-Products, Ministry of Education, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Feed Protein Resources on Agricultural By-Products, Ministry of Education, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Dan Yi
- Engineering Research Center of Feed Protein Resources on Agricultural By-Products, Ministry of Education, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Feed Protein Resources on Agricultural By-Products, Ministry of Education, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Feed Protein Resources on Agricultural By-Products, Ministry of Education, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Di Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Feed Protein Resources on Agricultural By-Products, Ministry of Education, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Yongqing Hou
- Engineering Research Center of Feed Protein Resources on Agricultural By-Products, Ministry of Education, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
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Zhang Y, Tian J, Wang C, Wu T, Yi D, Wang L, Zhao D, Hou Y. N-Acetylcysteine Administration Improves the Redox and Functional Gene Expression Levels in Spleen, Mesenteric Lymph Node and Gastrocnemius Muscle in Piglets Infected with Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13020262. [PMID: 36670802 PMCID: PMC9854467 DOI: 10.3390/ani13020262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous study reported that N-acetylcysteine (NAC) administration improved the function of intestinal absorption in piglets infected with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). However, the effects of NAC administration on the functions of other tissues and organs in PEDV-infected piglets have not been reported. In this study, the effects of NAC on the liver, spleen, lung, lymph node, and gastrocnemius muscle in PEDV-infected piglets were investigated. Thirty-two 7-day-old piglets with similar body weights were randomly divided into one of four groups: Control group, NAC group, PEDV group, and PEDV+NAC group (eight replicates per group and one pig per replicate). The trial had a 2 × 2 factorial design consisting of oral administration of 0 or 25 mg/kg body weight NAC and oral administration of 0 or 1.0 × 104.5 TCID50 PEDV. The trial lasted 12 days. All piglets were fed a milk replacer. On days 5-9 of the trial, piglets in the NAC and PEDV + NAC groups were orally administered NAC once a day; piglets in the control and PEDV groups were orally administered the same volume of saline. On day 9 of trial, piglets in the PEDV and PEDV+NAC groups were orally administrated 1.0 × 104.5 TCID50 PEDV, and the piglets in the control and NAC groups were orally administrated the same volume of saline. On day 12 of trial, samples, including of the liver, spleen, lung, lymph node, and gastrocnemius muscle, were collected. PEDV infection significantly increased catalase activity but significantly decreased the mRNA levels of Keap1, Nrf2, HMOX2, IFN-α, MX1, IL-10, TNF-α, S100A12, MMP3, MMP13, TGF-β, and GJA1 in the spleens of piglets. NAC administration ameliorated abnormal changes in measured variables in the spleens of PEDV-infected piglets. In addition, NAC administration also enhanced the antioxidant capacity of the mesenteric lymph nodes and gastrocnemius muscles in PEDV-infected piglets. Collectively, these novel results revealed that NAC administration improved the redox and functional gene expression levels in the spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, and gastrocnemius muscle in PEDV-infected piglets.
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Bilgin E, Can Demirdöğen B, Türkanoğlu Özçelik A, Demirkaya Ş, Adalı O. Association analysis of Glutathione S-transferase omega-1 and omega-2 genetic polymorphisms and ischemic stroke risk in a Turkish population. Neurol Res 2018; 41:118-124. [DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2018.1544385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Esra Bilgin
- Department of Biology, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Birsen Can Demirdöğen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Şeref Demirkaya
- Department of Neurology, Gülhane Training and Research Hospital, Health Sciences University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Orhan Adalı
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Joint Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
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Umlauf E, Rappold E, Schiller B, Fuchs P, Rainer M, Wolf B, Zellner M. Careful neuropsychological testing reveals a novel genetic marker, GSTO1*C, linked to the pre-stage of Alzheimer's disease. Oncotarget 2018; 7:39108-39117. [PMID: 27259244 PMCID: PMC5129917 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 30 million people currently suffer from late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) worldwide. Twin studies demonstrated that 60 to 80% of LOAD is genetically determined, 20% of which remaining unassigned. This case-control study included 118 cognitively healthy controls, 52 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI; the pre-stage of LOAD) and 71 LOAD patients. The participants were genotyped for the genetic LOAD marker apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) and the single-nucleotide polymorphism rs4925 in glutathione S-transferase omega-1 (GSTO1). Additive logistic regression showed a novel, statistically significant association of the major allele GSTO1*C with MCI (OR1.9; p = 0.032). However, identification of significant SNP-disease relations required well-defined study groups. When classifying participants solely by the short Mini Mental State examination (MMSE), the associations of GSTO1*C and the reference marker APOE4 with MCI were cancelled. Moreover, even identifying only the control group by MMSE nullified a statistically significant association (OR1.8; p = 0.045) between GSTO1*C and LOAD. In contrast, these statistical relations were retained when the detailed Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD-Plus) test battery was used. Hence, besides proposing rs4925 as a genetic marker for cognitive impairment, this work also emphasized the importance of carefully characterized controls in addition to well-diagnosed patients in case-control studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Umlauf
- Medical University of Vienna, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Physiology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eduard Rappold
- Medical University of Vienna, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Physiology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bettina Schiller
- Medical University of Vienna, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Physiology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Fuchs
- SMZ Otto Wagner Spital, 3rd Department of Psychiatry, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Rainer
- SMZ Ost, Karl Landsteiner Institut für Gedächtnis- und Alzheimerforschung, Vienna, Austria
| | - Brigitte Wolf
- Medical University of Vienna, Surgery Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Zellner
- Medical University of Vienna, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Physiology, Vienna, Austria
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Structure, function and disease relevance of Omega-class glutathione transferases. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:1049-67. [PMID: 26993125 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1691-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Omega-class cytosolic glutathione transferases (GSTs) have distinct structural and functional attributes that allow them to perform novel roles unrelated to the functions of other GSTs. Mammalian GSTO1-1 has been found to play a previously unappreciated role in the glutathionylation cycle that is emerging as significant mechanism regulating protein function. GSTO1-1-catalyzed glutathionylation or deglutathionylation of a key signaling protein may explain the requirement for catalytically active GSTO1-1 in LPS-stimulated pro-inflammatory signaling through the TLR4 receptor. The observation that ML175 a specific GSTO1-1 inhibitor can block LPS-stimulated inflammatory signaling has opened a new avenue for the development of novel anti-inflammatory drugs that could be useful in the treatment of toxic shock and other inflammatory disorders. The role of GSTO2-2 remains unclear. As a dehydroascorbate reductase, it could contribute to the maintenance of cellular redox balance and it is interesting to note that the GSTO2 N142D polymorphism has been associated with multiple diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, age-related cataract and breast cancer.
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Lu L, Pandey AK, Houseal MT, Mulligan MK. The Genetic Architecture of Murine Glutathione Transferases. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148230. [PMID: 26829228 PMCID: PMC4734686 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes play a protective role against oxidative stress and may influence disease risk and drug pharmacokinetics. In this study, massive multiscalar trait profiling across a large population of mice derived from a cross between C57BL/6J (B6) and DBA2/J (D2)—the BXD family—was combined with linkage and bioinformatic analyses to characterize mechanisms controlling GST expression and to identify downstream consequences of this variation. Similar to humans, mice show a wide range in expression of GST family members. Variation in the expression of Gsta4, Gstt2, Gstz1, Gsto1, and Mgst3 is modulated by local expression QTLs (eQTLs) in several tissues. Higher expression of Gsto1 in brain and liver of BXD strains is strongly associated (P < 0.01) with inheritance of the B6 parental allele whereas higher expression of Gsta4 and Mgst3 in brain and liver, and Gstt2 and Gstz1 in brain is strongly associated with inheritance of the D2 parental allele. Allele-specific assays confirmed that expression of Gsto1, Gsta4, and Mgst3 are modulated by sequence variants within or near each gene locus. We exploited this endogenous variation to identify coexpression networks and downstream targets in mouse and human. Through a combined systems genetics approach, we provide new insight into the biological role of naturally occurring variants in GST genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lu
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38106, United States of America
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Ashutosh K. Pandey
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38106, United States of America
| | - M. Trevor Houseal
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38106, United States of America
| | - Megan K. Mulligan
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38106, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Glutathione S-transferases variants as risk factors in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurol Sci 2015; 36:1785-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-015-2245-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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A platelet protein biochip rapidly detects an Alzheimer's disease-specific phenotype. Acta Neuropathol 2014; 128:665-77. [PMID: 25248508 PMCID: PMC4201753 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-014-1341-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a multifactorial neurodegenerative condition caused by genetic and environmental factors, is diagnosed using neuropsychological tests and brain imaging; molecular diagnostics are not routinely applied. Studies have identified AD-specific cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers but sample collection requires invasive lumbar puncture. To identify AD-modulated proteins in easily accessible blood platelets, which share biochemical signatures with neurons, we compared platelet lysates from 62 AD, 24 amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), 13 vascular dementia (VaD), and 12 Parkinson's disease (PD) patients with those of 112 matched controls by fluorescence two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis in independent discovery and verification sets. The optimal sum score of four mass spectrometry (MS)-identified proteins yielded a sensitivity of 94 % and a specificity of 89 % (AUC = 0.969, 95 % CI = 0.944-0.994) to differentiate AD patients from healthy controls. To bridge the gap between bench and bedside, we developed a high-throughput multiplex protein biochip with great potential for routine AD screening. For convenience and speed of application, this array combines loading control-assisted protein quantification of monoamine oxidase B and tropomyosin 1 with protein-based genotyping for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the apolipoprotein E and glutathione S-transferase omega 1 genes. Based on minimally invasive blood drawing, this innovative protein biochip enables identification of AD patients with an accuracy of 92 % in a single analytical step in less than 4 h.
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Xing Y, Jia J, Ji X, Tian T. Estrogen associated gene polymorphisms and their interactions in the progress of Alzheimer's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 111:53-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Ertekin-Taner N, De Jager PL, Yu L, Bennett DA. Alternative Approaches in Gene Discovery and Characterization in Alzheimer's Disease. CURRENT GENETIC MEDICINE REPORTS 2013; 1:39-51. [PMID: 23482655 PMCID: PMC3584671 DOI: 10.1007/s40142-013-0007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Uncovering the genetic risk and protective factors for complex diseases is of fundamental importance for advancing therapeutic and biomarker discoveries. This endeavor is particularly challenging for neuropsychiatric diseases where diagnoses predominantly rely on the clinical presentation, which may be heterogeneous, possibly due to the heterogeneity of the underlying genetic susceptibility factors and environmental exposures. Although genome-wide association studies of various neuropsychiatric diseases have recently identified susceptibility loci, there likely remain additional genetic risk factors that underlie the liability to these conditions. Furthermore, identification and characterization of the causal risk variant(s) in each of these novel susceptibility loci constitute a formidable task, particularly in the absence of any prior knowledge about their function or mechanism of action. Biologically relevant, quantitative phenotypes, i.e., endophenotypes, provide a powerful alternative to the more traditional, binary disease phenotypes in the discovery and characterization of susceptibility genes for neuropsychiatric conditions. In this review, we focus on Alzheimer's disease (AD) as a model neuropsychiatric disease and provide a synopsis of the recent literature on the use of endophenotypes in AD genetics. We highlight gene expression, neuropathology and cognitive endophenotypes in AD, with examples demonstrating the utility of these alternative approaches in the discovery of novel susceptibility genes and pathways. In addition, we discuss how these avenues generate testable hypothesis about the pathophysiology of genetic factors that have far-reaching implications for therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilüfer Ertekin-Taner
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Road, Birdsall 3, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Phillip L. De Jager
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Institute for the Neurosciences, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur NRB168, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA
| | - Lei Yu
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - David A. Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
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Allen M, Zou F, Chai HS, Younkin CS, Miles R, Nair AA, Crook JE, Pankratz VS, Carrasquillo MM, Rowley CN, Nguyen T, Ma L, Malphrus KG, Bisceglio G, Ortolaza AI, Palusak R, Middha S, Maharjan S, Georgescu C, Schultz D, Rakhshan F, Kolbert CP, Jen J, Sando SB, Aasly JO, Barcikowska M, Uitti RJ, Wszolek ZK, Ross OA, Petersen RC, Graff-Radford NR, Dickson DW, Younkin SG, Ertekin-Taner N. Glutathione S-transferase omega genes in Alzheimer and Parkinson disease risk, age-at-diagnosis and brain gene expression: an association study with mechanistic implications. Mol Neurodegener 2012; 7:13. [PMID: 22494505 PMCID: PMC3393625 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-7-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutathione S-transferase omega-1 and 2 genes (GSTO1, GSTO2), residing within an Alzheimer and Parkinson disease (AD and PD) linkage region, have diverse functions including mitigation of oxidative stress and may underlie the pathophysiology of both diseases. GSTO polymorphisms were previously reported to associate with risk and age-at-onset of these diseases, although inconsistent follow-up study designs make interpretation of results difficult. We assessed two previously reported SNPs, GSTO1 rs4925 and GSTO2 rs156697, in AD (3,493 ADs vs. 4,617 controls) and PD (678 PDs vs. 712 controls) for association with disease risk (case-controls), age-at-diagnosis (cases) and brain gene expression levels (autopsied subjects). RESULTS We found that rs156697 minor allele associates with significantly increased risk (odds ratio = 1.14, p = 0.038) in the older ADs with age-at-diagnosis > 80 years. The minor allele of GSTO1 rs4925 associates with decreased risk in familial PD (odds ratio = 0.78, p = 0.034). There was no other association with disease risk or age-at-diagnosis. The minor alleles of both GSTO SNPs associate with lower brain levels of GSTO2 (p = 4.7 × 10-11-1.9 × 10-27), but not GSTO1. Pathway analysis of significant genes in our brain expression GWAS, identified significant enrichment for glutathione metabolism genes (p = 0.003). CONCLUSION These results suggest that GSTO locus variants may lower brain GSTO2 levels and consequently confer AD risk in older age. Other glutathione metabolism genes should be assessed for their effects on AD and other chronic, neurologic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariet Allen
- Mayo Clinic Florida, Department of Neuroscience, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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Piacentini S, Polimanti R, Squitti R, Mariani S, Migliore S, Vernieri F, Rossini PM, Manfellotto D, Fuciarelli M. GSTO1*E155del polymorphism associated with increased risk for late-onset Alzheimer's disease: association hypothesis for an uncommon genetic variant. Neurosci Lett 2011; 506:203-7. [PMID: 22100662 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases are multifunctional enzymes involved in cellular detoxification. A genetic linkage was found between Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and the chromosome 10q, where the GSTO1 and GSTO2 genes are located, leading to the hypothesis that GST Omega class (GSTO) genes may be an AD risk factor. Since it is still controversial, we decided to explore GSTO polymorphisms in Italian cohorts. We analyzed 119 AD patients and 114 healthy controls for the GSTO gene polymorphisms. In particular we investigated two common polymorphisms (GSTO1*A140D, GSTO2*N142D) and two uncommon variants (GSTO1*E155del, GSTO1*E208K) to find loci associated with AD risk. Detection of GSTO1*A140D and GSTO2*N142D was performed by PCR-RFLP, while GSTO1*E155del and GSTO1*E208K were detected using confronting two-pair primer and allele specific PCR, respectively. While GSTO1*A140D, GSTO1*E208K and GSTO2*N142D polymorphisms did not show significant outcomes, the GSTO1*E155del polymorphism is associated with AD [P=0.003; adjusted OR=3.70 (1.57-8.75)]. Our results suggest that GSTO1-1 plays a role in AD since the GSTO1*del155 variant is involved in changes in GSTO1-1 activities decreasing in enzyme stability. Specifically, three hypotheses may explain the role of GSTO1-1 in the pathophysiology of AD: the antioxidant activity of GSTO1-1 may protect brain tissue against oxidative stress; GSTO1-1 activity regulate interleukin-1β activation and its genetic variation may act to modulate inflammation in AD; GSTO1-1 is involved in the arsenic biotransformation pathway and gene polymorphisms may be implicated in the modulation of arsenic neurotoxicity. In conclusion, we hypothesized that GSTO1*E155del is an uncommon genetic variant associated with AD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Piacentini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
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Board PG. The omega-class glutathione transferases: structure, function, and genetics. Drug Metab Rev 2011; 43:226-35. [DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2011.561353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Capurso C, Panza F, Seripa D, Frisardi V, Imbimbo BP, Verdile G, Vendemiale G, Pilotto A, Solfrizzi V. Polymorphisms in glutathione S-transferase omega-1 gene and increased risk of sporadic Alzheimer disease. Rejuvenation Res 2010; 13:645-52. [PMID: 20818931 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2010.1052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies examining the association between the glutathione S-transferase omega-1 (GSTO1) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and Alzheimer disease (AD) have yielded conflicting results. Furthermore, an effect of GSTO1 rs4925 on the age-at-onset (AAO) of AD was found in different studies on sporadic and familial AD cases, but with contrasting findings. A total sample of 103 AD patients, and 157 age- and sex-matched unrelated caregivers from Apulia, southern Italy, were genotyped for the apolipoprotein E (APOE) polymorphism and the GSTO1 rs4925 and rs1804834 SNPs. Furthermore, we performed a haplotype analysis on these two SNPs on the GSTO1 locus and evaluated the possibility of interaction with APOE. Significant differences were observed in rs4925 genotype distribution between AD patients and age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Both the C/A (odds ratio [OR] = 3.116; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.749-5.550) and the A/A (OR = 10.802; 95% CI, 3.605-32.128) genotypes resulted in an association with AD. A higher frequency of the allele A was observed in AD patients than in age- and sex-matched controls (OR = 3.789; 95% CI, 2.442-5.878). No significant differences were observed in the rs1804834 genotype or allele frequencies between AD patients and controls. No significant influence of the GSTO1 genotypes on the AAO was observed. No significant interaction was found among the GSTO1 SNPs and APOE. In both AD and controls, no important linkage disequilibrium (LD) was observed among the markers investigated. Whereas the C-A haplotype appeared to be protective against AD (OR = 0.303; 95% CI, 0.204-0.451), the A-A haplotype appeared to be at increased risk for AD (OR = 4.014,; 95% CI, 2.528-6.382). Our findings supported a role of the GSTO1 rs4925 SNP in the risk of sporadic AD in southern Italy, suggesting that this and other variants of the GSTO1 gene could be implicated in AD pathogenesis.
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Reitz C, Mayeux R. Use of genetic variation as biomarkers for mild cognitive impairment and progression of mild cognitive impairment to dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 2010; 19:229-51. [PMID: 20061642 PMCID: PMC2908485 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2010-1255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is prevalent in the elderly. The high estimates of conversion to dementia have spurred the interest in identification of genetic risk factors associated with development of cognitive impairment and or its progression. However, despite notable achievements in human genetics over the years, in particular technological advances in gene mapping and in statistical methods that relate genetic variants to disease, to date only a small proportion of the genetic contribution to late-life cognitive impairment can be explained. A likely explanation for the difficulty in gene identification is that it is a multifactorial disorder with both genetic and environmental components, in which several genes with small effects each are likely to contribute to the quantitative traits associated with the disease. The motivation for identifying the underlying genetic risk factors elderly is clear. Not only could it shed light on disease pathogenesis, but it may also provide potential targets for effective treatment, screening, and prevention. In this article we review the current knowledge on underlying genetic variants and the usefulness of genetic variation as diagnostic tools and biomarkers. In addition, we discuss the potentials and difficulties researchers face in designing appropriate studies for gene discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Reitz
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Richard Mayeux
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Department of Epidemiology, Joseph P. Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
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Reitz C, Mayeux R. Endophenotypes in normal brain morphology and Alzheimer's disease: a review. Neuroscience 2009; 164:174-90. [PMID: 19362127 PMCID: PMC2812814 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2008] [Revised: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Late-onset Alzheimer's disease is a common complex disorder of old age. Though these types of disorders can be highly heritable, they differ from single-gene (Mendelian) diseases in that their causes are often multifactorial with both genetic and environmental components. Genetic risk factors that have been firmly implicated in the cause are mutations in the amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PSEN1) and presenilin 2 (PSEN2) genes, which are found in large multi-generational families with an autosomal dominant pattern of disease inheritance, the apolipoprotein E (APOE)epsilon4 allele and the sortilin-related receptor (SORL1) gene. Environmental factors that have been associated with late-onset Alzheimer's disease include depressive illness, various vascular risk factors, level of education, head trauma and estrogen replacement therapy. This complexity may help explain their high prevalence from an evolutionary perspective, but the etiologic complexity makes identification of disease-related genes much more difficult. The "endophenotype" approach is an alternative method for measuring phenotypic variation that may facilitate the identification of susceptibility genes for complexly inherited traits. The usefulness of endophenotypes in genetic analyses of normal brain morphology and, in particular for Alzheimer's disease will be reviewed as will the implications of these findings for models of disease causation. Given that the pathways from genotypes to end-stage phenotypes are circuitous at best, identifying endophenotypes more proximal to the effects of genetic variation may expedite the attempts to link genetic variants to disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Reitz
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 West 168th Street, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - R. Mayeux
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 West 168th Street, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Joseph P. Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Abstract
Late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) is the most common cause of late-onset dementia in western societies. Despite remarkable achievements in human genetics throughout the years, in particular technological advances in gene mapping and in statistical methods that relate genetic variants to disease, to date only a small proportion of the genetic contribution to LOAD can be explained leaving several remaining genetic risk factors to be identified. A possible explanation for the difficulty in gene identification is that LOAD is a multifactorial complex disorder with both genetic and environmental components. Multiple genes with small effects each ("quantitative trait loci"[QTLs]) are likely to contribute to the quantitative traits associated with the disease, such as memory performance, amyloid/tau pathology, or hippocampal atrophy. The motivation for identifying the genetics of LOAD is clear. Not only could it shed light on disease pathogenesis, but it may also provide potential targets for effective treatment, screening, and prevention. Here, we review the usefulness of genetic variation as diagnostic tools and biomarkers in LOAD and discuss the potentials and difficulties researchers face in designing appropriate studies for gene discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Reitz
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Richard Mayeux
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Department of Epidemiology, Joseph P. Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
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Lee JH, Cheng R, Graff-Radford N, Foroud T, Mayeux R. Analyses of the National Institute on Aging Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease Family Study: implication of additional loci. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 65:1518-26. [PMID: 19001172 DOI: 10.1001/archneur.65.11.1518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify putative genetic loci related to the risk of late-onset Alzheimer disease (LOAD). DESIGN Linkage analysis and family-based and case-control association analyses from a genomewide scan using approximately 6000 single-nucleotide polymorphic markers at an average intermarker distance of 0.65 cM. SETTING The National Institute on Aging Genetics Initiative for Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease (NIA-LOAD) was created to expand the resources for studies to identify additional genes contributing to the risk for LOAD. PARTICIPANTS We investigated 1902 individuals from 328 families with LOAD and 236 unrelated control subjects. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Clinical diagnosis of LOAD. RESULTS The strongest overall finding was at chromosome 19q13.32, confirming the effect of the apolipoprotein E gene on LOAD risk in the family-based and case-control analyses. However, single-nucleotide polymorphisms at the following loci were also statistically significant in 1 or more of the analyses performed: 7p22.2, 7p21.3, and 16q21 in the linkage analyses; 17q21.31 and 22q11.21 in the family-based association analysis; and 7q31.1 and 22q12.3 in the case-control analysis. Positive associations at 7q31.1 and 20q13.33 were also significant in the meta-analysis results in a publicly available database. CONCLUSIONS Several additional loci may harbor genetic variants associated with LOAD. This data set provides a wealth of phenotypic and genotypic information for use as a resource in discovery and confirmatory research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H Lee
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Takeshita H, Fujihara J, Takastuka H, Agusa T, Yasuda T, Kunito T. Diversity of glutathione s-transferase omega 1 (a140d) and 2 (n142d) gene polymorphisms in worldwide populations. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2008; 36:283-6. [PMID: 18986335 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2008.05058.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
1. Glutathione S-transferase class omega (GSTO) 1 and 2 are members of the glutathione-S-transferase family, which uses glutathione in the process of the biotransformation of drugs, xenobiotics and oxidative stress. Associations with the age-at-onset of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases have been shown in the genetic polymorphism of GSTO1 and GSTO2. 2. In the present study, the frequencies of GSTO1*A140D and GSTO2*N142D in Ovambos (n = 163), Turks (n = 194), Mongolians (n = 243) and Japanese (n = 102) were investigated and compared with findings from other studies. Detection of these single nucleotide polymorphisms was performed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. 3. The allele frequencies of these polymorphisms in Ovambos, Turks, Mongolians and Japanese were 0.040, 0.085, 0.128 and 0.108, respectively, for GSTO1*A140D and 0.583, 0.219, 0.173 and 0.216, respectively, for GSTO2*N142D. Ovambos showed the lowest allele frequency of GSTO1*A140D. Conversely, Africans, including Ovambos, showed higher allele frequencies of GSTO2*N142D than Caucasians and Asians. 4. The existence of a certain genetic heterogeneity in the worldwide distribution of these two polymorphisms is revealed in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruo Takeshita
- Department of Legal Medicine, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane, Japan.
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Chapuis J, Moisan F, Mellick G, Elbaz A, Silburn P, Pasquier F, Hannequin D, Lendon C, Campion D, Amouyel P, Lambert JC. Association study of the NEDD9 gene with the risk of developing Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Hum Mol Genet 2008; 17:2863-7. [PMID: 18579580 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddn183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), the two most common neurodegenerative disorders in the elderly, have been hypothesized to share genetic determinants. Recently, Li et al. proposed that a variant in the NEDD9 gene may be one of these common genetic factors. We attempted to confirm this initial observation by conducting an equivalent analysis in terms of pathologies and sample size. We genotyped the NEDD9 rs760678 SNP in three independent AD case-control studies (n = 3176) and two independent PD case-control studies (n = 1855). However, we failed to detect an association of this SNP with the risk of developing AD or PD, in any of these populations. In conclusion, these data indicate that the rs760678 SNP of the NEDD9 gene is at best a weak genetic determinant of AD or PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Chapuis
- Inserm, U744, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille 2, Lille, France
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van de Giessen E, Fogh I, Gopinath S, Smith B, Hu X, Powell J, Andersen P, Nicholson G, Al Chalabi A, Shaw CE. Association study on glutathione S-transferase omega 1 and 2 and familial ALS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 9:81-4. [PMID: 18427999 DOI: 10.1080/17482960701702553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferase omega 1 and 2 (GSTO1 and 2) protect from oxidative stress, a possible pathogenic mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Alzheimer's disease. Significant association of age of onset in Alzheimer's patients with GSTO1 and 2 had recently been identified, suggesting a possibly similar association with ALS. In this study 12 Hapmap tagged SNPs in GSTO1 and 2 were genotyped in 251 Caucasian British, Australian and Swedish familial ALS (FALS) cases. No association was found for age of onset and survival of FALS in the British and Australian patients. In the Swedish patients, association for age of onset was found with several SNPs (p = 0.003-0.048). These results suggest a possible effect of the GSTO1 and 2 locus on age of onset of FALS.
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Lee JH, Barral S, Cheng R, Chacon I, Santana V, Williamson J, Lantigua R, Medrano M, Jimenez-Velazquez IZ, Stern Y, Tycko B, Rogaeva E, Wakutani Y, Kawarai T, St George-Hyslop P, Mayeux R. Age-at-onset linkage analysis in Caribbean Hispanics with familial late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Neurogenetics 2008; 9:51-60. [PMID: 17940814 PMCID: PMC2701253 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-007-0103-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2007] [Accepted: 09/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to identify chromosomal regions that may harbor putative genetic variants influencing age at onset in familial late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). Data from a genome-wide scan that included genotyping of APOE were analyzed in 1,161 individuals from 209 families of Caribbean Hispanic ancestry with a mean age at onset of 73.3 years multiply affected by LOAD. Two-point and multipoint analyses were conducted using variance component methods using 376 microsatellite markers with an average intermarker distance of 9.3 cM. Family-based test of association was also conducted for the same set of markers. Age at onset of symptoms among affected individuals was used as the quantitative trait. Our results showed that the presence of APOE-epsilon4 lowered the age at onset by 3 years. Several candidate loci were identified. Using linkage analysis strategy, the highest logarithm of odds (LOD) scores were obtained using a conservative definition of LOAD at 5q15 (LOD = 3.1), 17q25.1 (LOD = 2.94), 14q32.12 (LOD = 2.36), and 7q36.3 (LOD = 2.29) in a model that adjusted for APOE-epsilon4 and other covariates. Both linkage and family-based association identified 17p13 as a candidate region. Family-based association analysis showed markers at 12q13 (p = 0.00002), 13q33 (p = 0.00043), and 14q23 (p = 0.00046) to be significantly associated with age at onset. The current study supports the hypothesis that there are additional genetic loci that could influence age at onset of late onset Alzheimer's disease. The novel loci at 5q15, 17q25.1, 13q33, and 17p13 and the previously reported loci at 7q36.3, 12q13, 14q23, and 14q32 need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H. Lee
- The Taub Institute on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University
- The Department of Epidemiology in the School of Public Health, Columbia University
| | - Sandra Barral
- The Taub Institute on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University
| | - Rong Cheng
- The Taub Institute on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University
| | - Inara Chacon
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University
| | - Vincent Santana
- The Taub Institute on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University
| | - Jennifer Williamson
- The Taub Institute on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University
| | - Rafael Lantigua
- The Taub Institute on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University
- The Department of Medicine in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University
| | - Martin Medrano
- The Universidad Tecnologica de Santiago in the Dominican Republic
| | | | - Yaakov Stern
- The Taub Institute on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University
- The Department of Neurology in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University
- The Department of Psychiatry in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University
| | - Benjamin Tycko
- The Taub Institute on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University
- The Department of Pathology in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University
| | - Ekaterina Rogaeva
- Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto Western Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yosuke Wakutani
- Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto Western Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Toshitaka Kawarai
- Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto Western Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter St George-Hyslop
- Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto Western Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard Mayeux
- The Taub Institute on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University
- The Department of Neurology in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University
- The Department of Psychiatry in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University
- The Department of Epidemiology in the School of Public Health, Columbia University
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Lambert JC, Amouyel P. Genetic heterogeneity of Alzheimer's disease: complexity and advances. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2007; 32 Suppl 1:S62-70. [PMID: 17659844 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2007] [Revised: 04/27/2007] [Accepted: 05/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Most of what we know about the pathological process of Alzheimer's disease (AD) results from research on the amyloid cascade hypothesis. This hypothesis in turn is derived largely from the characterization of rare disease-causing mutations in three genes, which code for the amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PS-1) and presenilin 2 (PS-2) and account for most cases of early-onset autosomal dominant familial AD. These genetic findings also suggested that better understanding of the genetic components of AD, even in the late-onset sporadic forms of the disease, might help to identify central pathways of the AD process and lead to the rapid development of active molecules. Twin studies have reinforced the rationale of this approach, for they indicate that more than 50% of the late-onset AD risk may be attributable to genetic factors. The 1993 discovery that the apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) allele is genetically associated with increased risk in both sporadic and familial late-onset Alzheimer's disease strongly supports the validity of this genetic approach. Further progress based on this major finding has nonetheless been disappointing and raises questions about it. First, despite intensive researches, the exact role of APOE in the pathophysiological process still remains unknown. Second, the APOE gene is the only gene so far recognized as a consistent genetic determinant of sporadic forms of AD, even though numerous studies have looked for such genes; these disappointing results suggest persistent methodological limitations. However, recent methodologies allowing new strategies may allow important breakthrough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Charles Lambert
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U744, Université de Lille II, 1, Rue du Professeur Calmette, 59019 Lille Cédex, France.
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Pesaresi M, Batelli S, Prato F, Polito L, Lovati C, Scarpini E, Quadri P, Mariani C, Albani D, Forloni G. The urokinase-type plasminogen activator polymorphism PLAU_1 is a risk factor for APOE-ε4 non-carriers in the Italian Alzheimer’s disease population and does not affect the plasma Aβ(1–42) level. Neurobiol Dis 2007; 25:609-13. [PMID: 17174555 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2006.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2006] [Revised: 09/28/2006] [Accepted: 10/29/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most frequent form of dementia in the elderly. A non-conservative polymorphism in the urokinase-type plasminogen activator gene (PLAU_1=RS2227564) has been analyzed, but data are conflicting on whether it is a risk factor for AD. To clarify whether this genetic variant modifies AD risk in the Italian population, we ran a case-control association study on 192 AD and 126 age-matched controls. We did not find any association between PLAU_1 genotype and AD in the whole AD population, but when we stratified our sample by APOE-epsilon4 status, we found a significant association between PLAU_1 genotype (C/T+T/T) and APOE-epsilon4 negative AD subjects (p=0.02, chi(2)-test). The PLAU_1 genotype did not appear to affect the plasma Abeta42 concentration. Our data support a role for PLAU_1 as an independent genetic risk factor for AD in the Italian population for those subjects who do not have the APOE-epsilon4 allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Pesaresi
- Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, via Eritrea 62, 20157 Milan, Italy
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Coppedè F, Mancuso M, Siciliano G, Migliore L, Murri L. Genes and the environment in neurodegeneration. Biosci Rep 2007; 26:341-67. [PMID: 17029001 DOI: 10.1007/s10540-006-9028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are a heterogeneous group of pathologies which includes complex multifactorial diseases, monogenic disorders and disorders for which inherited, sporadic and transmissible forms are known. Factors associated with predisposition and vulnerability to neurodegenerative disorders may be described usefully within the context of gene-environment interplay. There are many identified genetic determinants for neurodegeneration, and it is possible to duplicate many elements of recognized human neurodegenerative disorders in animal models of the disease. However, there are similarly several identifiable environmental influences on outcomes of the genetic defects; and the course of a progressive neurodegenerative disorder can be greatly modified by environmental elements. In this review we highlight some of the major neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, and prion diseases.) and discuss possible links of gene-environment interplay including, where implicated, mitochondrial genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Coppedè
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, Pisa 56126, Italy.
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Mayeux
- The Taub Institute on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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