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Heck A, Fastenrath M, Coynel D, Auschra B, Bickel H, Freytag V, Gschwind L, Hartmann F, Jessen F, Kaduszkiewicz H, Maier W, Milnik A, Pentzek M, Riedel-Heller SG, Spalek K, Vogler C, Wagner M, Weyerer S, Wolfsgruber S, de Quervain DF, Papassotiropoulos A. Genetic Analysis of Association Between Calcium Signaling and Hippocampal Activation, Memory Performance in the Young and Old, and Risk for Sporadic Alzheimer Disease. JAMA Psychiatry 2015; 72:1029-36. [PMID: 26332608 PMCID: PMC5291164 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.1309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Human episodic memory performance is linked to the function of specific brain regions, including the hippocampus; declines as a result of increasing age; and is markedly disturbed in Alzheimer disease (AD), an age-associated neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects the hippocampus. Exploring the molecular underpinnings of human episodic memory is key to the understanding of hippocampus-dependent cognitive physiology and pathophysiology. OBJECTIVE To determine whether biologically defined groups of genes are enriched in episodic memory performance across age, memory encoding-related brain activity, and AD. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In this multicenter collaborative study, which began in August 2008 and is ongoing, gene set enrichment analysis was done by using primary and meta-analysis data from 57 968 participants. The Swiss cohorts consisted of 3043 healthy young adults assessed for episodic memory performance. In a subgroup (n = 1119) of one of these cohorts, functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to identify gene set-dependent differences in brain activity related to episodic memory. The German Study on Aging, Cognition, and Dementia in Primary Care Patients cohort consisted of 763 elderly participants without dementia who were assessed for episodic memory performance. The International Genomics of Alzheimer's Project case-control sample consisted of 54 162 participants (17 008 patients with sporadic AD and 37 154 control participants). Analyses were conducted between January 2014 and June 2015. Gene set enrichment analysis in all samples was done using genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism data. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Episodic memory performance in the Swiss cohort and German Study on Aging, Cognition, and Dementia in Primary Care Patients cohort was quantified by picture and verbal delayed free recall tasks. In the functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment, activation of the hippocampus during encoding of pictures served as the phenotype of interest. In the International Genomics of Alzheimer's Project sample, diagnosis of sporadic AD served as the phenotype of interest. RESULTS In the discovery sample, we detected significant enrichment for genes constituting the calcium signaling pathway, especially those related to the elevation of cytosolic calcium (P = 2 × 10-4). This enrichment was replicated in 2 additional samples of healthy young individuals (P = .02 and .04, respectively) and a sample of healthy elderly participants (P = .004). Hippocampal activation (P = 4 × 10-4) and the risk for sporadic AD (P = .01) were also significantly enriched for genes related to the elevation of cytosolic calcium. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE By detecting consistent significant enrichment in independent cohorts of young and elderly participants, this study identified that calcium signaling plays a central role in hippocampus-dependent human memory processes in cognitive health and disease, contributing to the understanding and potential treatment of hippocampus-dependent cognitive pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Heck
- Division of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland (Dr Heck, Dr Fastenrath, Dr Coynel, Mrs Auschra, Mrs Freytag, Mr Gschwind, Dr Hartmann, Dr Milnik, Dr Vogler, Dr de Quervain, Dr Papassotiropoulos), Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Heck, Dr Vogler, Dr de Quervain, Dr Papassotiropoulos), Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Fastenrath, Dr Coynel, Dr Spalek, Dr de Quervain), Department of Psychiatry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (Dr Bickel), Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany (Dr Jessen), Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (Dr Maier, Dr Wagner, Mr Wolfsgruber), German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany (Dr Jessen, Dr Maier, Dr Wagner, Mr Wolfsgruber), Department of Primary Medical Care, Center of Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (Dr Hanna Kaduszkiewicz), Germany Institute of General Practice, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (Dr Pentzek), Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Riedel-Heller), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim / Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Dr Weyerer), Department Biozentrum, Life Sciences Training Facility, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Papassotiropoulos)
| | - Matthias Fastenrath
- Division of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland (Dr Heck, Dr Fastenrath, Dr Coynel, Mrs Auschra, Mrs Freytag, Mr Gschwind, Dr Hartmann, Dr Milnik, Dr Vogler, Dr de Quervain, Dr Papassotiropoulos), Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Heck, Dr Vogler, Dr de Quervain, Dr Papassotiropoulos), Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Fastenrath, Dr Coynel, Dr Spalek, Dr de Quervain), Department of Psychiatry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (Dr Bickel), Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany (Dr Jessen), Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (Dr Maier, Dr Wagner, Mr Wolfsgruber), German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany (Dr Jessen, Dr Maier, Dr Wagner, Mr Wolfsgruber), Department of Primary Medical Care, Center of Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (Dr Hanna Kaduszkiewicz), Germany Institute of General Practice, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (Dr Pentzek), Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Riedel-Heller), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim / Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Dr Weyerer), Department Biozentrum, Life Sciences Training Facility, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Papassotiropoulos)
| | - David Coynel
- Division of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland (Dr Heck, Dr Fastenrath, Dr Coynel, Mrs Auschra, Mrs Freytag, Mr Gschwind, Dr Hartmann, Dr Milnik, Dr Vogler, Dr de Quervain, Dr Papassotiropoulos), Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Heck, Dr Vogler, Dr de Quervain, Dr Papassotiropoulos), Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Fastenrath, Dr Coynel, Dr Spalek, Dr de Quervain), Department of Psychiatry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (Dr Bickel), Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany (Dr Jessen), Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (Dr Maier, Dr Wagner, Mr Wolfsgruber), German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany (Dr Jessen, Dr Maier, Dr Wagner, Mr Wolfsgruber), Department of Primary Medical Care, Center of Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (Dr Hanna Kaduszkiewicz), Germany Institute of General Practice, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (Dr Pentzek), Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Riedel-Heller), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim / Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Dr Weyerer), Department Biozentrum, Life Sciences Training Facility, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Papassotiropoulos)
| | - Bianca Auschra
- Division of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland (Dr Heck, Dr Fastenrath, Dr Coynel, Mrs Auschra, Mrs Freytag, Mr Gschwind, Dr Hartmann, Dr Milnik, Dr Vogler, Dr de Quervain, Dr Papassotiropoulos), Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Heck, Dr Vogler, Dr de Quervain, Dr Papassotiropoulos), Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Fastenrath, Dr Coynel, Dr Spalek, Dr de Quervain), Department of Psychiatry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (Dr Bickel), Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany (Dr Jessen), Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (Dr Maier, Dr Wagner, Mr Wolfsgruber), German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany (Dr Jessen, Dr Maier, Dr Wagner, Mr Wolfsgruber), Department of Primary Medical Care, Center of Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (Dr Hanna Kaduszkiewicz), Germany Institute of General Practice, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (Dr Pentzek), Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Riedel-Heller), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim / Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Dr Weyerer), Department Biozentrum, Life Sciences Training Facility, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Papassotiropoulos)
| | - Horst Bickel
- Division of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland (Dr Heck, Dr Fastenrath, Dr Coynel, Mrs Auschra, Mrs Freytag, Mr Gschwind, Dr Hartmann, Dr Milnik, Dr Vogler, Dr de Quervain, Dr Papassotiropoulos), Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Heck, Dr Vogler, Dr de Quervain, Dr Papassotiropoulos), Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Fastenrath, Dr Coynel, Dr Spalek, Dr de Quervain), Department of Psychiatry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (Dr Bickel), Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany (Dr Jessen), Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (Dr Maier, Dr Wagner, Mr Wolfsgruber), German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany (Dr Jessen, Dr Maier, Dr Wagner, Mr Wolfsgruber), Department of Primary Medical Care, Center of Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (Dr Hanna Kaduszkiewicz), Germany Institute of General Practice, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (Dr Pentzek), Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Riedel-Heller), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim / Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Dr Weyerer), Department Biozentrum, Life Sciences Training Facility, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Papassotiropoulos)
| | - Virginie Freytag
- Division of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland (Dr Heck, Dr Fastenrath, Dr Coynel, Mrs Auschra, Mrs Freytag, Mr Gschwind, Dr Hartmann, Dr Milnik, Dr Vogler, Dr de Quervain, Dr Papassotiropoulos), Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Heck, Dr Vogler, Dr de Quervain, Dr Papassotiropoulos), Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Fastenrath, Dr Coynel, Dr Spalek, Dr de Quervain), Department of Psychiatry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (Dr Bickel), Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany (Dr Jessen), Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (Dr Maier, Dr Wagner, Mr Wolfsgruber), German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany (Dr Jessen, Dr Maier, Dr Wagner, Mr Wolfsgruber), Department of Primary Medical Care, Center of Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (Dr Hanna Kaduszkiewicz), Germany Institute of General Practice, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (Dr Pentzek), Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Riedel-Heller), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim / Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Dr Weyerer), Department Biozentrum, Life Sciences Training Facility, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Papassotiropoulos)
| | - Leo Gschwind
- Division of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland (Dr Heck, Dr Fastenrath, Dr Coynel, Mrs Auschra, Mrs Freytag, Mr Gschwind, Dr Hartmann, Dr Milnik, Dr Vogler, Dr de Quervain, Dr Papassotiropoulos), Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Heck, Dr Vogler, Dr de Quervain, Dr Papassotiropoulos), Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Fastenrath, Dr Coynel, Dr Spalek, Dr de Quervain), Department of Psychiatry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (Dr Bickel), Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany (Dr Jessen), Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (Dr Maier, Dr Wagner, Mr Wolfsgruber), German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany (Dr Jessen, Dr Maier, Dr Wagner, Mr Wolfsgruber), Department of Primary Medical Care, Center of Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (Dr Hanna Kaduszkiewicz), Germany Institute of General Practice, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (Dr Pentzek), Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Riedel-Heller), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim / Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Dr Weyerer), Department Biozentrum, Life Sciences Training Facility, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Papassotiropoulos)
| | - Francina Hartmann
- Division of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland (Dr Heck, Dr Fastenrath, Dr Coynel, Mrs Auschra, Mrs Freytag, Mr Gschwind, Dr Hartmann, Dr Milnik, Dr Vogler, Dr de Quervain, Dr Papassotiropoulos), Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Heck, Dr Vogler, Dr de Quervain, Dr Papassotiropoulos), Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Fastenrath, Dr Coynel, Dr Spalek, Dr de Quervain), Department of Psychiatry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (Dr Bickel), Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany (Dr Jessen), Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (Dr Maier, Dr Wagner, Mr Wolfsgruber), German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany (Dr Jessen, Dr Maier, Dr Wagner, Mr Wolfsgruber), Department of Primary Medical Care, Center of Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (Dr Hanna Kaduszkiewicz), Germany Institute of General Practice, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (Dr Pentzek), Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Riedel-Heller), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim / Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Dr Weyerer), Department Biozentrum, Life Sciences Training Facility, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Papassotiropoulos)
| | - Frank Jessen
- Division of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland (Dr Heck, Dr Fastenrath, Dr Coynel, Mrs Auschra, Mrs Freytag, Mr Gschwind, Dr Hartmann, Dr Milnik, Dr Vogler, Dr de Quervain, Dr Papassotiropoulos), Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Heck, Dr Vogler, Dr de Quervain, Dr Papassotiropoulos), Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Fastenrath, Dr Coynel, Dr Spalek, Dr de Quervain), Department of Psychiatry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (Dr Bickel), Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany (Dr Jessen), Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (Dr Maier, Dr Wagner, Mr Wolfsgruber), German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany (Dr Jessen, Dr Maier, Dr Wagner, Mr Wolfsgruber), Department of Primary Medical Care, Center of Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (Dr Hanna Kaduszkiewicz), Germany Institute of General Practice, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (Dr Pentzek), Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Riedel-Heller), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim / Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Dr Weyerer), Department Biozentrum, Life Sciences Training Facility, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Papassotiropoulos)
| | - Hanna Kaduszkiewicz
- Division of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland (Dr Heck, Dr Fastenrath, Dr Coynel, Mrs Auschra, Mrs Freytag, Mr Gschwind, Dr Hartmann, Dr Milnik, Dr Vogler, Dr de Quervain, Dr Papassotiropoulos), Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Heck, Dr Vogler, Dr de Quervain, Dr Papassotiropoulos), Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Fastenrath, Dr Coynel, Dr Spalek, Dr de Quervain), Department of Psychiatry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (Dr Bickel), Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany (Dr Jessen), Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (Dr Maier, Dr Wagner, Mr Wolfsgruber), German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany (Dr Jessen, Dr Maier, Dr Wagner, Mr Wolfsgruber), Department of Primary Medical Care, Center of Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (Dr Hanna Kaduszkiewicz), Germany Institute of General Practice, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (Dr Pentzek), Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Riedel-Heller), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim / Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Dr Weyerer), Department Biozentrum, Life Sciences Training Facility, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Papassotiropoulos)
| | - Wolfgang Maier
- Division of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland (Dr Heck, Dr Fastenrath, Dr Coynel, Mrs Auschra, Mrs Freytag, Mr Gschwind, Dr Hartmann, Dr Milnik, Dr Vogler, Dr de Quervain, Dr Papassotiropoulos), Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Heck, Dr Vogler, Dr de Quervain, Dr Papassotiropoulos), Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Fastenrath, Dr Coynel, Dr Spalek, Dr de Quervain), Department of Psychiatry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (Dr Bickel), Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany (Dr Jessen), Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (Dr Maier, Dr Wagner, Mr Wolfsgruber), German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany (Dr Jessen, Dr Maier, Dr Wagner, Mr Wolfsgruber), Department of Primary Medical Care, Center of Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (Dr Hanna Kaduszkiewicz), Germany Institute of General Practice, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (Dr Pentzek), Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Riedel-Heller), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim / Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Dr Weyerer), Department Biozentrum, Life Sciences Training Facility, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Papassotiropoulos)
| | - Annette Milnik
- Division of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland (Dr Heck, Dr Fastenrath, Dr Coynel, Mrs Auschra, Mrs Freytag, Mr Gschwind, Dr Hartmann, Dr Milnik, Dr Vogler, Dr de Quervain, Dr Papassotiropoulos), Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Heck, Dr Vogler, Dr de Quervain, Dr Papassotiropoulos), Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Fastenrath, Dr Coynel, Dr Spalek, Dr de Quervain), Department of Psychiatry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (Dr Bickel), Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany (Dr Jessen), Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (Dr Maier, Dr Wagner, Mr Wolfsgruber), German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany (Dr Jessen, Dr Maier, Dr Wagner, Mr Wolfsgruber), Department of Primary Medical Care, Center of Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (Dr Hanna Kaduszkiewicz), Germany Institute of General Practice, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (Dr Pentzek), Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Riedel-Heller), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim / Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Dr Weyerer), Department Biozentrum, Life Sciences Training Facility, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Papassotiropoulos)
| | - Michael Pentzek
- Division of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland (Dr Heck, Dr Fastenrath, Dr Coynel, Mrs Auschra, Mrs Freytag, Mr Gschwind, Dr Hartmann, Dr Milnik, Dr Vogler, Dr de Quervain, Dr Papassotiropoulos), Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Heck, Dr Vogler, Dr de Quervain, Dr Papassotiropoulos), Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Fastenrath, Dr Coynel, Dr Spalek, Dr de Quervain), Department of Psychiatry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (Dr Bickel), Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany (Dr Jessen), Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (Dr Maier, Dr Wagner, Mr Wolfsgruber), German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany (Dr Jessen, Dr Maier, Dr Wagner, Mr Wolfsgruber), Department of Primary Medical Care, Center of Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (Dr Hanna Kaduszkiewicz), Germany Institute of General Practice, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (Dr Pentzek), Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Riedel-Heller), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim / Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Dr Weyerer), Department Biozentrum, Life Sciences Training Facility, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Papassotiropoulos)
| | - Steffi G. Riedel-Heller
- Division of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland (Dr Heck, Dr Fastenrath, Dr Coynel, Mrs Auschra, Mrs Freytag, Mr Gschwind, Dr Hartmann, Dr Milnik, Dr Vogler, Dr de Quervain, Dr Papassotiropoulos), Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Heck, Dr Vogler, Dr de Quervain, Dr Papassotiropoulos), Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Fastenrath, Dr Coynel, Dr Spalek, Dr de Quervain), Department of Psychiatry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (Dr Bickel), Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany (Dr Jessen), Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (Dr Maier, Dr Wagner, Mr Wolfsgruber), German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany (Dr Jessen, Dr Maier, Dr Wagner, Mr Wolfsgruber), Department of Primary Medical Care, Center of Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (Dr Hanna Kaduszkiewicz), Germany Institute of General Practice, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (Dr Pentzek), Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Riedel-Heller), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim / Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Dr Weyerer), Department Biozentrum, Life Sciences Training Facility, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Papassotiropoulos)
| | - Klara Spalek
- Division of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland (Dr Heck, Dr Fastenrath, Dr Coynel, Mrs Auschra, Mrs Freytag, Mr Gschwind, Dr Hartmann, Dr Milnik, Dr Vogler, Dr de Quervain, Dr Papassotiropoulos), Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Heck, Dr Vogler, Dr de Quervain, Dr Papassotiropoulos), Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Fastenrath, Dr Coynel, Dr Spalek, Dr de Quervain), Department of Psychiatry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (Dr Bickel), Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany (Dr Jessen), Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (Dr Maier, Dr Wagner, Mr Wolfsgruber), German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany (Dr Jessen, Dr Maier, Dr Wagner, Mr Wolfsgruber), Department of Primary Medical Care, Center of Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (Dr Hanna Kaduszkiewicz), Germany Institute of General Practice, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (Dr Pentzek), Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Riedel-Heller), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim / Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Dr Weyerer), Department Biozentrum, Life Sciences Training Facility, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Papassotiropoulos)
| | - Christian Vogler
- Division of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland (Dr Heck, Dr Fastenrath, Dr Coynel, Mrs Auschra, Mrs Freytag, Mr Gschwind, Dr Hartmann, Dr Milnik, Dr Vogler, Dr de Quervain, Dr Papassotiropoulos), Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Heck, Dr Vogler, Dr de Quervain, Dr Papassotiropoulos), Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Fastenrath, Dr Coynel, Dr Spalek, Dr de Quervain), Department of Psychiatry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (Dr Bickel), Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany (Dr Jessen), Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (Dr Maier, Dr Wagner, Mr Wolfsgruber), German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany (Dr Jessen, Dr Maier, Dr Wagner, Mr Wolfsgruber), Department of Primary Medical Care, Center of Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (Dr Hanna Kaduszkiewicz), Germany Institute of General Practice, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (Dr Pentzek), Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Riedel-Heller), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim / Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Dr Weyerer), Department Biozentrum, Life Sciences Training Facility, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Papassotiropoulos)
| | - Michael Wagner
- Division of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland (Dr Heck, Dr Fastenrath, Dr Coynel, Mrs Auschra, Mrs Freytag, Mr Gschwind, Dr Hartmann, Dr Milnik, Dr Vogler, Dr de Quervain, Dr Papassotiropoulos), Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Heck, Dr Vogler, Dr de Quervain, Dr Papassotiropoulos), Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Fastenrath, Dr Coynel, Dr Spalek, Dr de Quervain), Department of Psychiatry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (Dr Bickel), Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany (Dr Jessen), Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (Dr Maier, Dr Wagner, Mr Wolfsgruber), German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany (Dr Jessen, Dr Maier, Dr Wagner, Mr Wolfsgruber), Department of Primary Medical Care, Center of Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (Dr Hanna Kaduszkiewicz), Germany Institute of General Practice, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (Dr Pentzek), Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Riedel-Heller), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim / Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Dr Weyerer), Department Biozentrum, Life Sciences Training Facility, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Papassotiropoulos)
| | - Siegfried Weyerer
- Division of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland (Dr Heck, Dr Fastenrath, Dr Coynel, Mrs Auschra, Mrs Freytag, Mr Gschwind, Dr Hartmann, Dr Milnik, Dr Vogler, Dr de Quervain, Dr Papassotiropoulos), Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Heck, Dr Vogler, Dr de Quervain, Dr Papassotiropoulos), Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Fastenrath, Dr Coynel, Dr Spalek, Dr de Quervain), Department of Psychiatry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (Dr Bickel), Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany (Dr Jessen), Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (Dr Maier, Dr Wagner, Mr Wolfsgruber), German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany (Dr Jessen, Dr Maier, Dr Wagner, Mr Wolfsgruber), Department of Primary Medical Care, Center of Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (Dr Hanna Kaduszkiewicz), Germany Institute of General Practice, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (Dr Pentzek), Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Riedel-Heller), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim / Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Dr Weyerer), Department Biozentrum, Life Sciences Training Facility, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Papassotiropoulos)
| | - Steffen Wolfsgruber
- Division of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland (Dr Heck, Dr Fastenrath, Dr Coynel, Mrs Auschra, Mrs Freytag, Mr Gschwind, Dr Hartmann, Dr Milnik, Dr Vogler, Dr de Quervain, Dr Papassotiropoulos), Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Heck, Dr Vogler, Dr de Quervain, Dr Papassotiropoulos), Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Fastenrath, Dr Coynel, Dr Spalek, Dr de Quervain), Department of Psychiatry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (Dr Bickel), Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany (Dr Jessen), Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (Dr Maier, Dr Wagner, Mr Wolfsgruber), German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany (Dr Jessen, Dr Maier, Dr Wagner, Mr Wolfsgruber), Department of Primary Medical Care, Center of Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (Dr Hanna Kaduszkiewicz), Germany Institute of General Practice, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (Dr Pentzek), Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Riedel-Heller), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim / Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Dr Weyerer), Department Biozentrum, Life Sciences Training Facility, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Papassotiropoulos)
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