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Kulkarni PG, Mohire VM, Waghmare PP, Banerjee T. Interplay of mitochondria-associated membrane proteins and autophagy: Implications in neurodegeneration. Mitochondrion 2024; 76:101874. [PMID: 38514017 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2024.101874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Since the discovery of membrane contact sites between ER and mitochondria called mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs), several pieces of evidence identified their role in the regulation of different cellular processes such as Ca2+ signalling, mitochondrial transport, and dynamics, ER stress, inflammation, glucose homeostasis, and autophagy. The integrity of these membranes was found to be essential for the maintenance of these cellular functions. Accumulating pieces of evidence suggest that MAMs serve as a platform for autophagosome formation. However, the alteration within MAMs structure is associated with the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Dysregulated autophagy is a hallmark of neurodegeneration. Here, in this review, we highlight the present knowledge on MAMs, their structural composition, and their roles in different cellular functions. We also discuss the association of MAMs proteins with impaired autophagy and their involvement in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash G Kulkarni
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411007 India
| | - Vaibhavi M Mohire
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y Patil Vidyapeeth, Survey No 87/88, Mumbai Bangalore Express Highway, Tathawade, Pune 411 033 India
| | - Pranjal P Waghmare
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y Patil Vidyapeeth, Survey No 87/88, Mumbai Bangalore Express Highway, Tathawade, Pune 411 033 India
| | - Tanushree Banerjee
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y Patil Vidyapeeth, Survey No 87/88, Mumbai Bangalore Express Highway, Tathawade, Pune 411 033 India; Infosys Ltd., SEZ unit VI, Plot No. 1, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi Phase I, Pune, Maharashtra 411057, India.
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Venediktov AA, Bushueva OY, Kudryavtseva VA, Kuzmin EA, Moiseeva AV, Baldycheva A, Meglinski I, Piavchenko GA. Closest horizons of Hsp70 engagement to manage neurodegeneration. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1230436. [PMID: 37795273 PMCID: PMC10546621 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1230436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Our review seeks to elucidate the current state-of-the-art in studies of 70-kilodalton-weighed heat shock proteins (Hsp70) in neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). The family has already been shown to play a crucial role in pathological aggregation for a wide spectrum of brain pathologies. However, a slender boundary between a big body of fundamental data and its implementation has only recently been crossed. Currently, we are witnessing an anticipated advancement in the domain with dozens of studies published every month. In this review, we briefly summarize scattered results regarding the role of Hsp70 in the most common NDs including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We also bridge translational studies and clinical trials to portray the output for medical practice. Available options to regulate Hsp70 activity in NDs are outlined, too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem A. Venediktov
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Yu Bushueva
- Laboratory of Genomic Research, Research Institute for Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russia
| | - Varvara A. Kudryavtseva
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Egor A. Kuzmin
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksandra V. Moiseeva
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Baldycheva
- STEMM Laboratory, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Igor Meglinski
- Department of Physics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gennadii A. Piavchenko
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
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Rueter J, Rimbach G, Huebbe P. Functional diversity of apolipoprotein E: from subcellular localization to mitochondrial function. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:499. [PMID: 36018414 PMCID: PMC9418098 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04516-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Human apolipoprotein E (APOE), originally known for its role in lipid metabolism, is polymorphic with three major allele forms, namely, APOEε2, APOEε3, and APOEε4, leading to three different human APOE isoforms. The ε4 allele is a genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD); therefore, the vast majority of APOE research focuses on its role in AD pathology. However, there is increasing evidence for other functions of APOE through the involvement in other biological processes such as transcriptional regulation, mitochondrial metabolism, immune response, and responsiveness to dietary factors. Therefore, the aim of this review is to provide an overview of the potential novel functions of APOE and their characterization. The detection of APOE in various cell organelles points to previously unrecognized roles in mitochondria and others, although it is actually considered a secretory protein. Furthermore, numerous interactions of APOE with other proteins have been detected, providing indications for new metabolic pathways involving APOE. The present review summarizes the current evidence on APOE beyond its original role in lipid metabolism, to change the perspective and encourage novel approaches to future research on APOE and its isoform-dependent role in the cellular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Rueter
- Devision of Food Science, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 6, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Gerald Rimbach
- Devision of Food Science, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 6, 24118, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Patricia Huebbe
- Devision of Food Science, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 6, 24118, Kiel, Germany
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Seth P. Insights Into the Role of Mortalin in Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, and HIV-1-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:903031. [PMID: 35859895 PMCID: PMC9292388 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.903031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mortalin is a chaperone protein that regulates physiological functions of cells. Its multifactorial role allows cells to survive pathological conditions. Pharmacological, chemical, and siRNA-mediated downregulation of mortalin increases oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction leading to unregulated inflammation. In addition to its well-characterized function in controlling oxidative stress, mitochondrial health, and maintaining physiological balance, recent evidence from human brain autopsies and cell culture–based studies suggests a critical role of mortalin in attenuating the damage seen in several neurodegenerative diseases. Overexpression of mortalin provides an important line of defense against accumulated proteins, inflammation, and neuronal loss, a key characteristic feature observed in neurodegeneration. Neurodegenerative diseases are a group of progressive disorders, sharing pathological features in Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder. Aggregation of insoluble amyloid beta-proteins and neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer’s disease are among the leading cause of neuropathology in the brain. Parkinson’s disease is characterized by the degeneration of dopamine neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta. A substantial synaptic loss leading to cognitive decline is the hallmark of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). Brain autopsies and cell culture studies showed reduced expression of mortalin in Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and HAND cases and deciphered the important role of mortalin in brain cells. Here, we discuss mortalin and its regulation and describe how neurotoxic conditions alter the expression of mortalin and modulate its functions. In addition, we also review the neuroprotective role of mortalin under neuropathological conditions. This knowledge showcases the importance of mortalin in diverse brain functions and offers new opportunities for the development of therapeutic targets that can modulate the expression of mortalin using chemical compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Seth
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon, India
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HSPA9/Mortalin mediates axo-protection and modulates mitochondrial dynamics in neurons. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17705. [PMID: 34489498 PMCID: PMC8421332 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97162-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mortalin is a mitochondrial chaperone protein involved in quality control of proteins imported into the mitochondrial matrix, which was recently described as a sensor of neuronal stress. Mortalin is down-regulated in neurons of patients with neurodegenerative diseases and levels of Mortalin expression are correlated with neuronal fate in animal models of Alzheimer's disease or cerebral ischemia. To date, however, the links between Mortalin levels, its impact on mitochondrial function and morphology and, ultimately, the initiation of neurodegeneration, are still unclear. In the present study, we used lentiviral vectors to over- or under-express Mortalin in primary neuronal cultures. We first analyzed the early events of neurodegeneration in the axonal compartment, using oriented neuronal cultures grown in microfluidic-based devices. We observed that Mortalin down-regulation induced mitochondrial fragmentation and axonal damage, whereas its over-expression conferred protection against axonal degeneration mediated by rotenone exposure. We next demonstrated that Mortalin levels modulated mitochondrial morphology by acting on DRP1 phosphorylation, thereby further illustrating the crucial implication of mitochondrial dynamics on neuronal fate in degenerative diseases.
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Mitochondrial HSP70 Chaperone System-The Influence of Post-Translational Modifications and Involvement in Human Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158077. [PMID: 34360841 PMCID: PMC8347752 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery, heat shock proteins (HSPs) have been identified in all domains of life, which demonstrates their importance and conserved functional role in maintaining protein homeostasis. Mitochondria possess several members of the major HSP sub-families that perform essential tasks for keeping the organelle in a fully functional and healthy state. In humans, the mitochondrial HSP70 chaperone system comprises a central molecular chaperone, mtHSP70 or mortalin (HSPA9), which is actively involved in stabilizing and importing nuclear gene products and in refolding mitochondrial precursor proteins, and three co-chaperones (HSP70-escort protein 1-HEP1, tumorous imaginal disc protein 1-TID-1, and Gro-P like protein E-GRPE), which regulate and accelerate its protein folding functions. In this review, we summarize the roles of mitochondrial molecular chaperones with particular focus on the human mtHsp70 and its co-chaperones, whose deregulated expression, mutations, and post-translational modifications are often considered to be the main cause of neurological disorders, genetic diseases, and malignant growth.
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Kumar D, Sharma A, Sharma L. A Comprehensive Review of Alzheimer's Association with Related Proteins: Pathological Role and Therapeutic Significance. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 18:674-695. [PMID: 32172687 PMCID: PMC7536827 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200203101828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's is an insidious, progressive, chronic neurodegenerative disease which causes the devastation of neurons. Alzheimer's possesses complex pathologies of heterogeneous nature counting proteins as one major factor along with enzymes and mutated genes. Proteins such as amyloid precursor protein (APP), apolipoprotein E (ApoE), presenilin, mortalin, calbindin-D28K, creactive protein, heat shock proteins (HSPs), and prion protein are some of the chief elements in the foremost hypotheses of AD like amyloid-beta (Aβ) cascade hypothesis, tau hypothesis, cholinergic neuron damage, etc. Disturbed expression of these proteins results in synaptic dysfunction, cognitive impairment, memory loss, and neuronal degradation. On the therapeutic ground, attempts of developing anti-amyloid, anti-inflammatory, anti-tau therapies are on peak, having APP and tau as putative targets. Some proteins, e.g., HSPs, which ameliorate oxidative stress, calpains, which help in regulating synaptic plasticity, and calmodulin-like skin protein (CLSP) with its neuroprotective role are few promising future targets for developing anti-AD therapies. On diagnostic grounds of AD C-reactive protein, pentraxins, collapsin response mediator protein-2, and growth-associated protein-43 represent the future of new possible biomarkers for diagnosing AD. The last few decades were concentrated over identifying and studying protein targets of AD. Here, we reviewed the physiological/pathological roles and therapeutic significance of nearly all the proteins associated with AD that addresses putative as well as probable targets for developing effective anti-AD therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, H.P., India
| | - Aditi Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, H.P., India
| | - Lalit Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, H.P., India
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Butterfield DA, Mattson MP. Apolipoprotein E and oxidative stress in brain with relevance to Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 138:104795. [PMID: 32036033 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inheritance of apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) is a major risk factor for development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This lipoprotein, in contrast to apoE2, has arginine residues at positions 112 and 158 in place of cysteines in the latter isoform. In apoE3, the Cys at residue 158 is replaced by an arginine residue. This differential amino acid composition of the three genotypes of APOE have profound influence on the structure, binding properties, and multiple functions of this lipoprotein. Moreover, AD brain is under a high degree of oxidative stress, including that associated with amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) oligomers. Lipid peroxidation produces the highly reactive and neurotoxic molecule, 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) that forms covalent bonds with cysteine residues (Cys) [as well as with Lys and His residues]. Covalently modified Cys significantly alter structure and function of modified proteins. HNE bound to Cys residue(s) on apoE2 and apoE3 lessens the chance of HNE damage other proteins. apoE4, lacking Cys residues, is unable to scavenge HNE, permitting this latter neurotoxic molecule to lead to oxidative modification of neuronal proteins and eventual cell death. We posit that this lack of HNE scavenging activity in apoE4 significantly contributes to the association of APOE4 inheritance and increased risk of developing AD. Apoe knock-out mice provide insights into the role of this lipoprotein in oxidative stress. Targeted replacement mice in which the mouse gene of Apoe is separately replaced by the human APOE2, APOE3, or APOE4 genes, while keeping the mouse promoter assures the correct location and amount of the human protein isoform. Human APOE targeted replacement mice have been used to investigate the notion that oxidative damage to and death of neurons in AD and its earlier stages is related to APOE genotype. This current paper reviews the intersection of human APOE genotype, oxidative stress, and diminished function of this lipoprotein as a major contributing risk factor for development of AD. Discussion of potential therapeutic strategies to mitigate against the elevated risk of developing AD with inheritance of the APOE4 allele also is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Allan Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
| | - Mark P Mattson
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Dhamad AE, Greene E, Sales M, Nguyen P, Beer L, Liyanage R, Dridi S. 75-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP75) is a novel molecular signature for heat stress response in avian species. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 318:C289-C303. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00334.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Glucose-regulated protein 75 (GRP75) was first characterized in mammals as a heat shock protein-70 (HSP70) family stress chaperone based on its sequence homology. Extensive studies in mammals showed that GRP75 is induced by various stressors such as glucose deprivation, oxidative stress, and hypoxia, although it remained unresponsive to the heat shock. Such investigations are scarce in avian (nonmammalian) species. We here identified chicken GRP75 by using immunoprecipitation assay integrated with LC-MS/MS, and found that its amino acid sequence is conserved with high homology (52.5%) to the HSP70 family. Bioinformatics and 3D-structure prediction indicate that, like most HSPs, chicken GRP75 has two principal domains (the NH2-terminal ATPase and COOH-terminal region). Immunofluorescence staining shows that GRP75 is localized predominantly in the avian myoblast and hepatocyte mitochondria. Heat stress exposure upregulates GRP75 expression in a species-, genotype-, and tissue-specific manner. Overexpression of GRP75 reduces avian cell viability, and blockade of GRP75 by its small molecular inhibitor MKT-077 rescues avian cell viability during heat stress. Taken together, this is the first evidence showing that chicken GRP75, unlike its mammalian ortholog, is responsive to heat shock and plays a key role in cell survival/death pathways. Since modern avian species have high metabolic rates and are sensitive to high environmental temperature, GRP75 could open new vistas in mechanistic understanding of heat stress responses and thermotolerance in avian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Edan Dhamad
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Elizabeth Greene
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Marites Sales
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Phuong Nguyen
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Lesleigh Beer
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Rohana Liyanage
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Sami Dridi
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
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Renner SW, Walker LM, Forsberg LJ, Sexton JZ, Brenman JE. Carbonic anhydrase III (Car3) is not required for fatty acid synthesis and does not protect against high-fat diet induced obesity in mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176502. [PMID: 28437447 PMCID: PMC5402959 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases are a family of enzymes that catalyze the reversible condensation of water and carbon dioxide to carbonic acid, which spontaneously dissociates to bicarbonate. Carbonic anhydrase III (Car3) is nutritionally regulated at both the mRNA and protein level. It is highly enriched in tissues that synthesize and/or store fat: liver, white adipose tissue, brown adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle. Previous characterization of Car3 knockout mice focused on mice fed standard diets, not high-fat diets that significantly alter the tissues that highly express Car3. We observed lower protein levels of Car3 in high-fat diet fed mice treated with niclosamide, a drug published to improve fatty liver symptoms in mice. However, it is unknown if Car3 is simply a biomarker reflecting lipid accumulation or whether it has a functional role in regulating lipid metabolism. We focused our in vitro studies toward metabolic pathways that require bicarbonate. To further determine the role of Car3 in metabolism, we measured de novo fatty acid synthesis with in vitro radiolabeled experiments and examined metabolic biomarkers in Car3 knockout and wild type mice fed high-fat diet. Specifically, we analyzed body weight, body composition, metabolic rate, insulin resistance, serum and tissue triglycerides. Our results indicate that Car3 is not required for de novo lipogenesis, and Car3 knockout mice fed high-fat diet do not have significant differences in responses to various diets to wild type mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah W. Renner
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Lauren M. Walker
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lawrence J. Forsberg
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Z. Sexton
- Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jay E. Brenman
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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Beck JS, Mufson EJ, Counts SE. Evidence for Mitochondrial UPR Gene Activation in Familial and Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2017; 13:610-4. [PMID: 26687188 DOI: 10.2174/1567205013666151221145445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial perturbations such as oxidative stress, increased fission/fusion dysfunction, and mitophagy are consistent features of Alzheimer's disease (AD), yet the mechanisms that initiate these perturbations are unclear. One potential source for mitochondrial defects could be an imbalance in mitochondrial proteostasis. In this regard, studies indicate that a specialized mitochondrial unfolded protein response (mtUPR) is activated upon the aberrant accumulation of damaged or unfolded proteins in the mitochondrial matrix, resulting in the up-regulation of key genes involved in mitochondrial stabilization. To test whether mtUPR activation occurs in AD, we performed real-time quantitative PCR on postmortem frontal cortex samples from subjects classified as sporadic AD, familial AD linked to presenilin-1 mutations, or cognitively intact controls. Compared to controls, sporadic AD subjects exhibited a significant ~40-60% increase in expression levels of select genes activated by the mtUPR, including mitochondrial chaperones dnaja3, hspd1, and hspe1, mitochondrial proteases clpp and yme1l1, and txn2, a mitochondrial-specific oxidoreductase. Furthermore, levels of all six mtUPR genes were significantly up-regulated by ~70-90% in familial AD compared to controls, and these expression levels were significantly higher compared to sporadic AD. The increase in hspd1 (Hsp60) was validated by western blotting. These data support the concept that both sporadic and familial AD are characterized by mtUPR gene activation. Understanding the physiological consequences of this response may provide subcellular mechanistic clues to selective neuronal vulnerability or endogenous compensatory mechanisms during the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Scott E Counts
- Michigan State University, 333 Bostwick Ave NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.
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Butterfield DA, Palmieri EM, Castegna A. Clinical implications from proteomic studies in neurodegenerative diseases: lessons from mitochondrial proteins. Expert Rev Proteomics 2016; 13:259-74. [PMID: 26837425 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2016.1149470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play a key role in eukaryotic cells, being mediators of energy, biosynthetic and regulatory requirements of these cells. Emerging proteomics techniques have allowed scientists to obtain the differentially expressed proteome or the proteomic redox status in mitochondria. This has unmasked the diversity of proteins with respect to subcellular location, expression and interactions. Mitochondria have become a research 'hot spot' in subcellular proteomics, leading to identification of candidate clinical targets in neurodegenerative diseases in which mitochondria are known to play pathological roles. The extensive efforts to rapidly obtain differentially expressed proteomes and unravel the redox proteomic status in mitochondria have yielded clinical insights into the neuropathological mechanisms of disease, identification of disease early stage and evaluation of disease progression. Although current technical limitations hamper full exploitation of the mitochondrial proteome in neurosciences, future advances are predicted to provide identification of specific therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Allan Butterfield
- a Department of Chemistry, and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging , University of Kentucky , Lexington , KY , USA
| | - Erika M Palmieri
- b Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics , University of Bari 'Aldo Moro' , Bari , Italy
| | - Alessandra Castegna
- b Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics , University of Bari 'Aldo Moro' , Bari , Italy
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Khan AT, Dobson RJB, Sattlecker M, Kiddle SJ. Alzheimer's disease: are blood and brain markers related? A systematic review. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2016; 3:455-62. [PMID: 27547773 PMCID: PMC4891999 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Peripheral protein biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD) may help identify novel treatment avenues by allowing early diagnosis, recruitment to clinical trials, and treatment initiation. The purpose of this review was to determine which proteins have been found to be differentially expressed in the AD brain and whether these proteins are also found within the blood of AD patients. METHODS A two-stage approach was conducted. The first stage involved conducting a systematic search to identify discovery-based brain proteomic studies of AD. The second stage involved comparing whether proteins found to be differentially expressed in AD brain were also differentially expressed in the blood. RESULTS Across 11 discovery based brain proteomic studies 371 proteins were at different levels in the AD brain. Nine proteins were frequently found, defined as appearing in at least three separate studies. Of these proteins heat-shock cognate 71 kDa, ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase isozyme L1, and 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3' phosphodiesterase alone were found to share a consistent direction of change, being consistently upregulated in studies they appeared in. Eighteen proteins seen as being differentially expressed within the AD brain were present in blood proteomic studies of AD. Only complement C4a was seen multiple times within both the blood and brain proteomic studies. INTERPRETATION We report a number of proteins appearing in both the blood and brain of AD patients. Of these proteins, C4a may be a good candidate for further follow-up in large-scale replication efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali T. Khan
- GKT School of Medical EducationKing's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Richard J. B. Dobson
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry CentreInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health and Biomedical Research Unit for DementiaLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Martina Sattlecker
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry CentreInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health and Biomedical Research Unit for DementiaLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Steven J. Kiddle
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry CentreInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health and Biomedical Research Unit for DementiaLondonUnited Kingdom
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Kulangara K, Yang J, Chellappan M, Yang Y, Leong KW. Nanotopography alters nuclear protein expression, proliferation and differentiation of human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114698. [PMID: 25521962 PMCID: PMC4270691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells respond to physical cues present in their microenvironment such as substrate elasticity, geometry, or topography with respect to morphology, proliferation, and differentiation. Although studies have demonstrated the role of focal adhesions in topography-mediated changes of gene expression, information linking substrate topography to the nucleus remains scarce. Here we show by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and western blotting that A-type lamins and retinoblastoma protein are downregulated in mesenchymal stem/stromal cells cultured on 350 nm gratings compared to planar substrates; these changes lead to a decrease in proliferation and changes in differentiation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Kulangara
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Malathi Chellappan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kam W. Leong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Alzate O, Osorio C, DeKroon RM, Corcimaru A, Gunawardena HP. Differentially charged isoforms of apolipoprotein E from human blood are potential biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Res Ther 2014; 6:43. [PMID: 25478016 PMCID: PMC4255367 DOI: 10.1186/alzrt273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the major cause of dementia among the elderly. Finding blood-based biomarkers for disease diagnosis and prognosis is urgently needed. METHODS We studied protein distributions in brain tissues, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and blood of AD patients by using proteomics and a new proteomic method that we call "2D multiplexed Western blot" (2D mxWd). This method allows us to determine in multiple samples the electrophoretic patterns of protein isoforms with different isoelectric points. RESULTS Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) displays a unique distribution of electrophoretic isoforms in the presence of AD and also a unique pattern specific to the APOE genotype. CONCLUSIONS The isoelectric distribution of differentially charged ApoE isoforms was used to determine the presence of AD in a small group of samples. Further studies are needed to validate their use as predictors of disease onset and progression, and as biomarkers for determining the efficacy of therapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Alzate
- Systems Proteomics Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- School of Medicine, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellin, Colombia
- Current address: 108 Reynolds Medical Building, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843-1114, USA
| | - Cristina Osorio
- Systems Proteomics Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Robert M DeKroon
- Systems Proteomics Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ana Corcimaru
- Systems Proteomics Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Harsha P Gunawardena
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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16
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Perez-Diaz S, Johnson LA, DeKroon RM, Moreno-Navarrete JM, Alzate O, Fernandez-Real JM, Maeda N, Arbones-Mainar JM. Polymerase I and transcript release factor (PTRF) regulates adipocyte differentiation and determines adipose tissue expandability. FASEB J 2014; 28:3769-79. [PMID: 24812087 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-251165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Impaired adipogenesis renders an adipose tissue unable to expand, leading to lipotoxicity and conditions such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. While factors important for adipogenesis have been studied extensively, those that set the limits of adipose tissue expansion remain undetermined. Feeding a Western-type diet to apolipoprotein E2 knock-in mice, a model of metabolic syndrome, produced 3 groups of equally obese mice: mice with normal glucose tolerance, hyperinsulinemic yet glucose-tolerant mice, and prediabetic mice with impaired glucose tolerance and reduced circulating insulin. Using proteomics, we compared subcutaneous adipose tissues from mice in these groups and found that the expression of PTRF (polymerase I and transcript release factor) associated selectively with their glucose tolerance status. Lentiviral and pharmacologically overexpressed PTRF, whose function is critical for caveola formation, compromised adipocyte differentiation of cultured 3T3-L1cells. In human adipose tissue, PTRF mRNA levels positively correlated with markers of lipolysis and cellular senescence. Furthermore, a negative relationship between telomere length and PTRF mRNA levels was observed in human subcutaneous fat. PTRF is associated with limited adipose tissue expansion underpinning the key role of caveolae in adipocyte regulation. Furthermore, PTRF may be a suitable adipocyte marker for predicting pathological obesity and inform clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Perez-Diaz
- Adipocyte and Fat Biology Laboratory (AdipoFat), Unidad de Investigación Traslacional, Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud (IACS), Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Robert M DeKroon
- University of North Carolina Systems-Proteomics Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jose M Moreno-Navarrete
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdlBGi) Hospital Dr. Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Alzate
- University of North Carolina Systems-Proteomics Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jose M Fernandez-Real
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdlBGi) Hospital Dr. Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nobuyo Maeda
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and
| | - Jose M Arbones-Mainar
- Adipocyte and Fat Biology Laboratory (AdipoFat), Unidad de Investigación Traslacional, Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud (IACS), Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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17
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Diggin' on u(biquitin): a novel method for the identification of physiological E3 ubiquitin ligase substrates. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 67:127-38. [PMID: 23695782 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-013-9624-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) plays a central role in maintaining protein homeostasis, emphasized by a myriad of diseases that are associated with altered UPS function such as cancer, muscle-wasting, and neurodegeneration. Protein ubiquitination plays a central role in both the promotion of proteasomal degradation as well as cellular signaling through regulation of the stability of transcription factors and other signaling molecules. Substrate-specificity is a critical regulatory step of ubiquitination and is mediated by ubiquitin ligases. Recent studies implicate ubiquitin ligases in multiple models of cardiac diseases such as cardiac hypertrophy, atrophy, and ischemia/reperfusion injury, both in a cardioprotective and maladaptive role. Therefore, identifying physiological substrates of cardiac ubiquitin ligases provides both mechanistic insights into heart disease as well as possible therapeutic targets. Current methods identifying substrates for ubiquitin ligases rely heavily upon non-physiologic in vitro methods, impeding the unbiased discovery of physiological substrates in relevant model systems. Here we describe a novel method for identifying ubiquitin ligase substrates utilizing tandem ubiquitin binding entities technology, two-dimensional differential in gel electrophoresis, and mass spectrometry, validated by the identification of both known and novel physiological substrates of the ubiquitin ligase MuRF1 in primary cardiomyocytes. This method can be applied to any ubiquitin ligase, both in normal and disease model systems, in order to identify relevant physiological substrates under various biological conditions, opening the door to a clearer mechanistic understanding of ubiquitin ligase function and broadening their potential as therapeutic targets.
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18
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Park SJ, Shin JH, Jeong JI, Song JH, Jo YK, Kim ES, Lee EH, Hwang JJ, Lee EK, Chung SJ, Koh JY, Jo DG, Cho DH. Down-regulation of mortalin exacerbates Aβ-mediated mitochondrial fragmentation and dysfunction. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:2195-204. [PMID: 24324263 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.492587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dynamics greatly influence the biogenesis and morphology of mitochondria. Mitochondria are particularly important in neurons, which have a high demand for energy. Therefore, mitochondrial dysfunction is strongly associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Until now various post-translational modifications for mitochondrial dynamic proteins and several regulatory proteins have explained complex mitochondrial dynamics. However, the precise mechanism that coordinates these complex processes remains unclear. To further understand the regulatory machinery of mitochondrial dynamics, we screened a mitochondrial siRNA library and identified mortalin as a potential regulatory protein. Both genetic and chemical inhibition of mortalin strongly induced mitochondrial fragmentation and synergistically increased Aβ-mediated cytotoxicity as well as mitochondrial dysfunction. Importantly we determined that the expression of mortalin in Alzheimer disease (AD) patients and in the triple transgenic-AD mouse model was considerably decreased. In contrast, overexpression of mortalin significantly suppressed Aβ-mediated mitochondrial fragmentation and cell death. Taken together, our results suggest that down-regulation of mortalin may potentiate Aβ-mediated mitochondrial fragmentation and dysfunction in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Jung Park
- From the Department of East-West Medical Science, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, South Korea
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19
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Mutsaers CA, Lamont DJ, Hunter G, Wishart TM, Gillingwater TH. Label-free proteomics identifies Calreticulin and GRP75/Mortalin as peripherally accessible protein biomarkers for spinal muscular atrophy. Genome Med 2013; 5:95. [PMID: 24134804 PMCID: PMC3979019 DOI: 10.1186/gm498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neuromuscular disease resulting from mutations in the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene. Recent breakthroughs in preclinical research have highlighted several potential novel therapies for SMA, increasing the need for robust and sensitive clinical trial platforms for evaluating their effectiveness in human patient cohorts. Given that most clinical trials for SMA are likely to involve young children, there is a need for validated molecular biomarkers to assist with monitoring disease progression and establishing the effectiveness of therapies being tested. Proteomics technologies have recently been highlighted as a potentially powerful tool for such biomarker discovery. METHODS We utilized label-free proteomics to identify individual proteins in pathologically-affected skeletal muscle from SMA mice that report directly on disease status. Quantitative fluorescent western blotting was then used to assess whether protein biomarkers were robustly changed in muscle, skin and blood from another mouse model of SMA, as well as in a small cohort of human SMA patient muscle biopsies. RESULTS By comparing the protein composition of skeletal muscle in SMA mice at a pre-symptomatic time-point with the muscle proteome at a late-symptomatic time-point we identified increased expression of both Calreticulin and GRP75/Mortalin as robust indicators of disease progression in SMA mice. We report that these protein biomarkers were consistently modified in different mouse models of SMA, as well as across multiple skeletal muscles, and were also measurable in skin biopsies. Furthermore, Calreticulin and GRP75/Mortalin were measurable in muscle biopsy samples from human SMA patients. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that label-free proteomics technology provides a powerful platform for biomarker identification in SMA, revealing Calreticulin and GRP75/Mortalin as peripherally accessible protein biomarkers capable of reporting on disease progression in samples of muscle and skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal A Mutsaers
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK,Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Douglas J Lamont
- 'FingerPrints’ Proteomics Facility, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Gillian Hunter
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK,Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Thomas M Wishart
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK,Division of Neurobiology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Thomas H Gillingwater
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK,Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
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20
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Londono C, DeKroon RM, Mocanu M, Booe J, Winnik WM, Swank A, Osorio C, Hamlett ED, Alzate O. Proteomic analysis of mice expressing human ApoE demonstrates no differences in global protein solubility betweenAPOE3 andAPOE4 young mice. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:3745-55. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jessica Booe
- Systems Proteomics Center, School of Medicine; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill; NC; USA
| | - Witold M. Winnik
- NHEERL Proteomics Research Core; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Research Triangle Park; NC; USA
| | - Adam Swank
- NHEERL Proteomics Research Core; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Research Triangle Park; NC; USA
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21
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Marchi R, Walton BL, McGary CS, Lin FC, Ma AD, Pawlinski R, Mackman N, Campbell RA, Di Paola J, Wolberg AS. Dysregulated coagulation associated with hypofibrinogenaemia and plasma hypercoagulability: implications for identifying coagulopathic mechanisms in humans. Thromb Haemost 2012; 108:516-26. [PMID: 22836883 DOI: 10.1160/th12-05-0355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Identifying coagulation abnormalities in patients with combined bleeding and thrombosis history is clinically challenging. Our goal was to probe the complexity of dysregulated coagulation in humans by characterizing pathophysiologic mechanisms in a patient with both bleeding and thrombosis. The patient is a 56-year-old female with a history of haematomas, poor wound healing, and thrombosis (retinal artery occlusion and transient cerebral ischaemia). She had a normal activated partial thromboplastin time, prolonged thrombin and reptilase times, and decreased functional and antigenic fibrinogen levels, and was initially diagnosed with hypodysfibrinogenaemia. This diagnosis was supported by DNA analysis revealing a novel FGB mutation (c.656A>G) predicting a Q189R mutation in the mature chain that was present in the heterozygote state. However, turbidity analysis showed that purified fibrinogen polymerisation and degradation were indistinguishable from normal, and Bβ chain subpopulations appeared normal by two-dimensional difference in-gel electrophoresis, indicating the mutated chain was not secreted. Interestingly, plasma thrombin generation testing revealed the patient's thrombin generation was higher than normal and could be attributed to elevated levels of factor VIII (FVIII, 163-225%). Accordingly, in an arterial injury model, hypofibrinogenaemic mice (Fgn(+/-)) infused with factor VIII demonstrated significantly shorter vessel occlusion times than saline-infused Fgn(+/-) mice. Together, these data associate the complex bleeding and thrombotic presentation with combined hypofibrinogenaemia plus plasma hypercoagulability. These findings suggest previous cases in which fibrinogen abnormalities have been associated with thrombosis may also be complicated by co-existing plasma hypercoagulability and illustrate the importance of "global" coagulation testing in patients with compound presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Marchi
- Laboratorio Biologia del Desarrollo de la Hemostasia, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas, Caracas, Venezuela
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22
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Londono C, Osorio C, Gama V, Alzate O. Mortalin, apoptosis, and neurodegeneration. Biomolecules 2012; 2:143-64. [PMID: 24970131 PMCID: PMC4030873 DOI: 10.3390/biom2010143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mortalin is a highly conserved heat-shock chaperone usually found in multiple subcellular locations. It has several binding partners and has been implicated in various functions ranging from stress response, control of cell proliferation, and inhibition/prevention of apoptosis. The activity of this protein involves different structural and functional mechanisms, and minor alterations in its expression level may lead to serious biological consequences, including neurodegeneration. In this article we review the most current data associated with mortalin's binding partners and how these protein-protein interactions may be implicated in apoptosis and neurodegeneration. A complete understanding of the molecular pathways in which mortalin is involved is important for the development of therapeutic strategies for cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Londono
- Systems Proteomics Center Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Cristina Osorio
- Systems Proteomics Center Laboratory and Program in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Vivian Gama
- Neuroscience Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Oscar Alzate
- Systems Proteomics Center Laboratory, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Program in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology and Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellin, Colombia.
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23
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Onyenwoke RU, Forsberg LJ, Liu L, Williams T, Alzate O, Brenman JE. AMPK directly inhibits NDPK through a phosphoserine switch to maintain cellular homeostasis. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 23:381-9. [PMID: 22114351 PMCID: PMC3258181 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-08-0699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) is a direct target of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and is inhibited by AMPK-mediated phosphorylation at a conserved serine residue. This serine residue in NDPK is mutated in neuroblastoma, making the enzyme constitutively active. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a key energy sensor that regulates metabolism to maintain cellular energy balance. AMPK activation has also been proposed to mimic benefits of caloric restriction and exercise. Therefore, identifying downstream AMPK targets could elucidate new mechanisms for maintaining cellular energy homeostasis. We identified the phosphotransferase nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK), which maintains pools of nucleotides, as a direct AMPK target through the use of two-dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis. Furthermore, we mapped the AMPK/NDPK phosphorylation site (serine 120) as a functionally potent enzymatic “off switch” both in vivo and in vitro. Because ATP is usually the most abundant cellular nucleotide, NDPK would normally consume ATP, whereas AMPK would inhibit NDPK to conserve energy. It is intriguing that serine 120 is mutated in advanced neuroblastoma, which suggests a mechanism by which NDPK in neuroblastoma can no longer be inhibited by AMPK-mediated phosphorylation. This novel placement of AMPK upstream and directly regulating NDPK activity has widespread implications for cellular energy/nucleotide balance, and we demonstrate in vivo that increased NDPK activity leads to susceptibility to energy deprivation–induced death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob U Onyenwoke
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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24
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Inhibition of mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening is involved in the protective effects of mortalin overexpression against beta-amyloid-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells. Neurosci Res 2011; 72:94-102. [PMID: 22001761 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 09/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mortalin (mtHsp70) is a mitochondrial heat shock protein critical for maintaining the functional integrity of mitochondrial proteins. Our previous study demonstrated that mortalin overexpression protected against Aβ-induced neurotoxicity through a mitochondria-dependent mechanism, but the molecular details remained unclear. Recent biochemical studies implicate opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) in Aβ-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction. The present study investigated the effect of mortalin overexpression on Aβ-induced mPTP activation and ensuing neuronal apoptosis. Mortalin overexpression inhibited mPTP activation and protected SH-SY5Y neurons against Aβ-induced apoptosis. Compared to controls, neurons overexpressing mortalin also demonstrated superior intracellular free calcium regulation, lower mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation, and decreased Bax/Bcl-2 ratios in response to Aβ treatment. Mortalin overexpression suppressed activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic cascade as demonstrated by inhibition of cytochrome c release and caspase-3 activation. Our results indicate that the cytoprotective efficacy of mortalin under Aβ-induced stress is mediated, at least in part, by inhibition of mPTP opening. Demonstration of the neuroprotective action of mortalin provides additional insights into the pathogenic mechanisms of Aβ toxicity and defines possible molecular targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Dragicevic N, Copes N, O'Neal-Moffitt G, Jin J, Buzzeo R, Mamcarz M, Tan J, Cao C, Olcese JM, Arendash GW, Bradshaw PC. Melatonin treatment restores mitochondrial function in Alzheimer's mice: a mitochondrial protective role of melatonin membrane receptor signaling. J Pineal Res 2011; 51:75-86. [PMID: 21355879 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2011.00864.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is observed in mutant amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic mouse models of familial AD. Melatonin is a potent antioxidant, can prevent toxic aggregation of Alzheimer's beta-amyloid (Aβ) peptide and, when taken long term, can protect against cognitive deficits in APP transgenic mice. To study the effects of melatonin on brain mitochondrial function in an AD model, APP/PS1 transgenic mice were treated for 1 month with melatonin. Analysis of isolated brain mitochondria from mice indicated that melatonin treatment decreased mitochondrial Aβ levels by two- to fourfold in different brain regions. This was accompanied by a near complete restoration of mitochondrial respiratory rates, membrane potential, and ATP levels in isolated mitochondria from the hippocampus, cortex, or striatum. When isolated mitochondria from untreated young mice were given melatonin, a slight increase in respiratory rate was observed. No such effect was observed in mitochondria from aged mice. In APP-expressing neuroblastoma cells in culture, mitochondrial function was restored by melatonin or by the structurally related compounds indole-3-propionic acid or N(1)-acetyl-N(2)-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine. This restoration was partially blocked by melatonin receptor antagonists indicating melatonin receptor signaling is required for the full effect. Therefore, treatments that stimulate melatonin receptor signaling may be beneficial for restoring mitochondrial function in AD, and preservation of mitochondrial function may an important mechanism by which long term melatonin treatment delays cognitive dysfunction in AD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Dragicevic
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Aroclor 1254, a developmental neurotoxicant, alters energy metabolism- and intracellular signaling-associated protein networks in rat cerebellum and hippocampus. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 256:290-9. [PMID: 21791222 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The vast literature on the mode of action of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) indicates that PCBs are a unique model for understanding the mechanisms of toxicity of environmental mixtures of persistent chemicals. PCBs have been shown to adversely affect psychomotor function and learning and memory in humans. Although the molecular mechanisms for PCB effects are unclear, several studies indicate that the disruption of Ca(2+)-mediated signal transduction plays significant roles in PCB-induced developmental neurotoxicity. Culminating events in signal transduction pathways include the regulation of gene and protein expression, which affects the growth and function of the nervous system. Our previous studies showed changes in gene expression related to signal transduction and neuronal growth. In this study, protein expression following developmental exposure to PCB is examined. Pregnant rats (Long Evans) were dosed with 0.0 or 6.0mg/kg/day of Aroclor-1254 from gestation day 6 through postnatal day (PND) 21, and the cerebellum and hippocampus from PND14 animals were analyzed to determine Aroclor 1254-induced differential protein expression. Two proteins were found to be differentially expressed in the cerebellum following PCB exposure while 18 proteins were differentially expressed in the hippocampus. These proteins are related to energy metabolism in mitochondria (ATP synthase, sub unit β (ATP5B), creatine kinase, and malate dehydrogenase), calcium signaling (voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 1 (VDAC1) and ryanodine receptor type II (RyR2)), and growth of the nervous system (dihydropyrimidinase-related protein 4 (DPYSL4), valosin-containing protein (VCP)). Results suggest that Aroclor 1254-like persistent chemicals may alter energy metabolism and intracellular signaling, which might result in developmental neurotoxicity.
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27
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Khalil AA, Kabapy NF, Deraz SF, Smith C. Heat shock proteins in oncology: diagnostic biomarkers or therapeutic targets? Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2011; 1816:89-104. [PMID: 21605630 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2010] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSP) are a family of proteins induced in cells exposed to different insults. This induction of HSPs allows cells to survive stress conditions. Mammalian HSPs have been classified into six families according to their molecular size: HSP100, HSP90, HSP70, HSP60, HSP40 and small HSPs (15 to 30kDa) including HSP27. These proteins act as molecular chaperones either helping in the refolding of misfolded proteins or assisting in their elimination if they become irreversibly damaged. In recent years, proteomic studies have characterized several different HSPs in various tumor types which may be putative clinical biomarkers or molecular targets for cancer therapy. This has led to the development of a series of molecules capable of inhibiting HSPs. Numerous studies speculated that over-expression of HSP is in part responsible for resistance to many anti-tumor agents and chemotherapeutics. Hence, from a pharmacological point of view, the co-administration of HSP inhibitors together with other anti-tumor agents is of major importance in overcoming therapeutic resistance. In this review, we provide an overview of the current status of HSPs in autoimmune, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases with special emphasis on cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf A Khalil
- Department of Protein Technology, Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Mubarak City for Scientific Research, New Borg Elarab, Alexandria, Egypt.
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Taurines R, Dudley E, Grassl J, Warnke A, Gerlach M, Coogan AN, Thome J. Proteomic research in psychiatry. J Psychopharmacol 2011; 25:151-96. [PMID: 20142298 DOI: 10.1177/0269881109106931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia and mood disorders are severe and disabling conditions of largely unknown origin and poorly understood pathophysiology. An accurate diagnosis and treatment of these disorders is often complicated by their aetiological and clinical heterogeneity. In recent years proteomic technologies based on mass spectrometry have been increasingly used, especially in the search for diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in neuropsychiatric disorders. Proteomics enable an automated high-throughput protein determination revealing expression levels, post-translational modifications and complex protein-interaction networks. In contrast to other methods such as molecular genetics, proteomics provide the opportunity to determine modifications at the protein level thereby possibly being more closely related to pathophysiological processes underlying the clinical phenomenology of specific psychiatric conditions. In this article we review the theoretical background of proteomics and its most commonly utilized techniques. Furthermore the current impact of proteomic research on diverse psychiatric diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, mood and anxiety disorders, drug abuse and autism, is discussed. Proteomic methods are expected to gain crucial significance in psychiatric research and neuropharmacology over the coming decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Taurines
- Academic Unit of Psychiatry, The School of Medicine, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
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Imai K, Koshiyama A, Nakata K. Towards clinical proteomics analysis. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 25:59-64. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Mortalin overexpression attenuates beta-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. Brain Res 2010; 1368:336-45. [PMID: 20974113 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.10.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ) is shown to be toxic to the mitochondria and implicates this organelle in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Previous studies suggest that targeting mitochondria for protection may be a useful strategy to reduce Aβ-induced neurotoxicity. Mortalin is the mitochondrial located member of the heat shock protein 70 family, which serves as a major mitochondrial molecular chaperone and plays a key role in mitochondrial import of proteins. Several studies have demonstrated the protective potential of Hsp75 overexpression against apoptosis induced by various forms of stresses. To investigate whether mortalin overexpression could provide protective effects on Aβ toxicity, SH-SY5Y cells were used to transfect human mortalin gene and then treated with Aβ(1-42) for 24h. It is found that overexpression of mortalin efficiently attenuated Aβ(1-42)-induced cell viability damage and apoptosis. Additionally, inhibition of mortalin expression by mortalin-specific siRNA oligonucleotides sensitized SH-SY5Y cells to Aβ(1-42)-induced neurotoxicity. Furthermore, mortalin overexpression significantly inhibited the Aβ(1-42)-induced depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential, reversed the Aβ(1-42)-induced reduction in cytochrome c oxidase activity and ATP generation, and suppressed the Aβ(1-42)-induced reactive oxygen species accumulation and lipid peroxidation. Together, our results suggest that mortalin can afford protection against Aβ(1-42)-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. These beneficial effects of mortalin overexpression may be attributable to its roles in maintaining mitochondrial function and reducing oxidative stress.
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Klein RC, Mace BE, Moore SD, Sullivan PM. Progressive loss of synaptic integrity in human apolipoprotein E4 targeted replacement mice and attenuation by apolipoprotein E2. Neuroscience 2010; 171:1265-72. [PMID: 20951774 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Inheritance of the APOE4 allele is a well established genetic risk factor linked to the development of late onset Alzheimer's disease. As the major lipid transport protein in the central nervous system, apolipoprotein (apo) E plays an important role in the assembly and maintenance of synaptic connections. Our previous work showed that 7 month old human apoE4 targeted replacement (TR) mice displayed significant synaptic deficits in the principal neurons of the lateral amygdala, a region that is critical for memory formation and also one of the primary regions affected in Alzheimer's disease, compared to apoE3 TR mice. In the current study, we determined how age and varying APOE genotype affect synaptic integrity of amygdala neurons by comparing electrophysiological and morphometric properties in C57BL6, apoE knockout, and human apoE3, E4 and E2/4 TR mice at 1 month and 7 months. The apoE4 TR mice exhibited the lowest level of excitatory synaptic activity and dendritic arbor compared to other cohorts at both ages, and became progressively worse by 7 months. In contrast, the apoE3 TR mice exhibited the highest synaptic activity and dendritic arbor of all cohorts at both ages. C57BL6 mice displayed virtually identical synaptic activity to apoE3 TR mice at 1 month; however this activity decreased by 7 months. ApoE knockout mice exhibited a similar synaptic activity profile with apoE4 TR mice at 7 months. Consistent with previous reports that APOE2 confers protection, the apoE4-dependent deficits in excitatory activity were significantly attenuated in apoE2/4 TR mice at both ages. These findings demonstrate that expression of human apoE4 contributes to functional deficits in the amygdala very early in development and may be responsible for altering neuronal circuitry that eventually leads to cognitive and affective disorders later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Klein
- Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Hwang H, Zhang J, Chung KA, Leverenz JB, Zabetian CP, Peskind ER, Jankovic J, Su Z, Hancock AM, Pan C, Montine TJ, Pan S, Nutt J, Albin R, Gearing M, Beyer RP, Shi M, Zhang J. Glycoproteomics in neurodegenerative diseases. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2010; 29:79-125. [PMID: 19358229 PMCID: PMC2799547 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation regulates protein function and cellular distribution. Additionally, aberrant protein glycosylations have been recognized to play major roles in human disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases. Glycoproteomics, a branch of proteomics that catalogs and quantifies glycoproteins, provides a powerful means to systematically profile the glycopeptides or glycoproteins of a complex mixture that are highly enriched in body fluids, and therefore, carry great potential to be diagnostic and/or prognostic markers. Application of this mass spectrometry-based technology to the study of neurodegenerative disorders (e.g., Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease) is relatively new, and is expected to provide insight into the biochemical pathogenesis of neurodegeneration, as well as biomarker discovery. In this review, we have summarized the current understanding of glycoproteins in biology and neurodegenerative disease, and have discussed existing proteomic technologies that are utilized to characterize glycoproteins. Some of the ongoing studies, where glycoproteins isolated from cerebrospinal fluid and human brain are being characterized in Parkinson's disease at different stages versus controls, are presented, along with future applications of targeted validation of brain specific glycoproteins in body fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Hwang
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jianpeng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kathryn A. Chung
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - James B. Leverenz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Cyrus P. Zabetian
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Elaine R. Peskind
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Zhen Su
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Aneeka M. Hancock
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Catherine Pan
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Thomas J. Montine
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Sheng Pan
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - John Nutt
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Roger Albin
- Ann Arbor VAMC GRECC and Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Marla Gearing
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Richard P. Beyer
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Min Shi
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Elliott MH, Smith DS, Parker CE, Borchers C. Current trends in quantitative proteomics. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2009; 44:1637-1660. [PMID: 19957301 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
It was inevitable that as soon as mass spectrometrists were able to tell biologists which proteins were in their samples, the next question would be how much of these proteins were present. This has turned out to be a much more challenging question. In this review, we describe the multiple ways that mass spectrometry has attempted to address this issue, both for relative quantitation and for absolute quantitation of proteins. There is no single method that will work for every problem or for every sample. What we present here is a variety of techniques, with guidelines that we hope will assist the researcher in selecting the most appropriate technique for the particular biological problem that needs to be addressed. We need to emphasize that this is a very active area of proteomics research-new quantitative methods are continuously being introduced and some 'pitfalls' of older methods are just being discovered. However, even though there is no perfect technique--and a better technique may be developed tomorrow--valuable information on biomarkers and pathways can be obtained using these currently available methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica H Elliott
- University of Victoria Genome BC Proteomics Centre, British Columbia, V8Z 7X8, Canada
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Sun B, Li S, Yang L, Damodaran T, Desai D, Diehl AM, Alzate O, Koeberl DD. Activation of glycolysis and apoptosis in glycogen storage disease type Ia. Mol Genet Metab 2009; 97:267-71. [PMID: 19419892 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2009.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The deficiency of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) underlies glycogen storage disease type Ia (GSD-Ia, von Gierke disease; MIM 232200), an autosomal recessive disorder of metabolism associated with life-threatening hypoglycemia, growth retardation, renal failure, hepatic adenomas, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver involvement includes the massive accumulation of glycogen and lipids due to accumulated glucose-6-phosphate and glycolytic intermediates. Proteomic analysis revealed elevations in glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and other enzymes involved in glycolysis. GAPDH was markedly increased in murine G6Pase-deficient hepatocytes. The moonlighting role of GAPDH includes increasing apoptosis, which was demonstrated by increased TUNEL assay positivity and caspase 3 activation in the murine GSD-Ia liver. These analyses of hepatic involvement in GSD-Ia mice have implicated the induction of apoptosis in the pathobiology of GSD-Ia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baodong Sun
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Van Laar VS, Mishizen AJ, Cascio M, Hastings TG. Proteomic identification of dopamine-conjugated proteins from isolated rat brain mitochondria and SH-SY5Y cells. Neurobiol Dis 2009; 34:487-500. [PMID: 19332121 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2008] [Revised: 03/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine oxidation has been previously demonstrated to cause dysfunction in mitochondrial respiration and membrane permeability, possibly related to covalent modification of critical proteins by the reactive dopamine quinone. However, specific mitochondrial protein targets have not been identified. In this study, we utilized proteomic techniques to identify proteins directly conjugated with (14)C-dopamine from isolated rat brain mitochondria exposed to radiolabeled dopamine quinone (150 microM) and differentiated SH-SY5Y cells treated with (14)C-dopamine (150 microM). We observed a subset of rat brain mitochondrial proteins that were covalently modified by (14)C-dopamine, including chaperonin, ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase core protein 1, glucose regulated protein 75/mitochondrial HSP70/mortalin, mitofilin, and mitochondrial creatine kinase. We also found the Parkinson's disease associated proteins ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 and DJ-1 to be covalently modified by dopamine in both brain mitochondrial preparations and SH-SY5Y cells. The susceptibility of the identified proteins to covalent modification by dopamine may carry implications for their role in the vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor S Van Laar
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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Sowell RA, Owen JB, Butterfield DA. Proteomics in animal models of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2009; 8:1-17. [PMID: 18703168 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2008.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Revised: 07/04/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The risk of developing neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) increases with age. AD and PD are the two most common neurodegenerative diseases that currently affect millions of persons within the United States population. While many clues about the mechanisms of these disorders have been uncovered, to date, the molecular mechanisms associated with the cause of these diseases are not completely understood. Furthermore, there are no available cures or preventive treatments for either disorder. Animal models of AD and PD, though not perfect, offer a means to gain knowledge of the basic biochemistry associated with these disorders and with drug efficacy. The field of proteomics which focuses on identifying the dynamic nature of the protein content expressed within a particular cell, tissue, or organism, has provided many insights into these disturbing disorders. Proteomic studies have revealed many pathways that are associated with disease pathogenesis and that may lead to the development of potential therapeutic targets. This review provides a discussion of key findings from AD and PD proteomics-based studies in various animal models of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renã A Sowell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0055, USA
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Graner MW, Alzate O, Dechkovskaia AM, Keene JD, Sampson JH, Mitchell DA, Bigner DD. Proteomic and immunologic analyses of brain tumor exosomes. FASEB J 2008; 23:1541-57. [PMID: 19109410 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-122184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Brain tumors are horrific diseases with almost universally fatal outcomes; new therapeutics are desperately needed and will come from improved understandings of glioma biology. Exosomes are endosomally derived 30-100 nm membranous vesicles released from many cell types into the extracellular milieu; surprisingly, exosomes are virtually unstudied in neuro-oncology. These microvesicles were used as vaccines in other tumor settings, but their immunological significance is unevaluated in brain tumors. Our purpose here is to report the initial biochemical, proteomic, and immunological studies on murine brain tumor exosomes, following known procedures to isolate exosomes. Our findings show that these vesicles have biophysical characteristics and proteomic profiles similar to exosomes from other cell types but that brain tumor exosomes have unique features (e.g., very basic isoelectric points, expressing the mutated tumor antigen EGFRvIII and the putatively immunosuppressive cytokine TGF-beta). Administration of such exosomes into syngeneic animals produced both humoral and cellular immune responses in immunized hosts capable of rejecting subsequent tumor challenges but failed to prolong survival in established orthotopic models. Control animals received saline or cell lysate vaccines and showed no antitumor responses. Exosomes and microvesicles isolated from sera of patients with brain tumors also possess EGFR, EGFRvIII, and TGF-beta. We conclude that exosomes released from brain tumor cells are biochemically/biophysically like other exosomes and have immune-modulating properties. They can escape the blood-brain barrier, with potential systemic and distal signaling and immune consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Graner
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Deocaris CC, Kaul SC, Wadhwa R. From proliferative to neurological role of an hsp70 stress chaperone, mortalin. Biogerontology 2008; 9:391-403. [PMID: 18770009 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-008-9174-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although the brain makes up approximately 2% of a person's body weight, it consumes more than 15% of total cardiac output and has a per capita caloric requirement of 10 times more than the rest of the body. Such continuous metabolic demand that supports the generation of action potentials in neuronal cells relies on the mitochondria, the main organelle for power generation. The phenomenon of mitochondrial biogenesis, although has long been a neglected theme in neurobiology, can be regarded as critical to brain physiology. The present review emphasizes the role of a key molecular player of mitochondrial biogenesis, the mortalin/mthsp70. Brain mortalin is discussed in relation to its aptitude to impact on mitochondrial function and homeostasis, to its interfacing energy metabolic functions with synaptic plasticity, and to its modulation of brain aging via the cellular senescence pathways. Recently, this chaperone has been implicated in Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's (PD) diseases, with proteomic studies consistently identifying oxidatively-damaged mortalin as potential biomarker. Hence, it is possible that mitochondrial dysfunction coincides with the collapse in the mitochondrial chaperone network that aim not only to import, sort and maintain integrity of protein components within the mitochondria, but also to act as buffer to the molecular heterogeneity of damaged and aging mitochondrial proteins within a ROS-rich microenvironment. Inversely, it may also seem that vulnerability to mitochondrial dysfunction could be precipitated by malevolent (anti-chaperone) gain-of-function of a 'sick mortalin'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Custer C Deocaris
- Institute of Health and Sports Science, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan
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Pinaud R, Osorio C, Alzate O, Jarvis ED. Profiling of experience-regulated proteins in the songbird auditory forebrain using quantitative proteomics. Eur J Neurosci 2008; 27:1409-22. [PMID: 18364021 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06102.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Auditory and perceptual processing of songs are required for a number of behaviors in songbirds such as vocal learning, territorial defense, mate selection and individual recognition. These neural processes are accompanied by increased expression of a few transcription factors, particularly in the caudomedial nidopallium (NCM), an auditory forebrain area believed to play a key role in auditory learning and song discrimination. However, these molecular changes are presumably part of a larger, yet uncharacterized, protein regulatory network. In order to gain further insight into this network, we performed two-dimensional differential in-gel expression (2D-DIGE) experiments, extensive protein quantification analyses, and tandem mass spectrometry in the NCM of adult songbirds hearing novel songs. A subset of proteins was selected for immunocytochemistry in NCM sections to confirm the 2D-DIGE findings and to provide additional quantitative and anatomical information. Using these methodologies, we found that stimulation of freely behaving birds with conspecific songs did not significantly impact the NCM proteome 5 min after stimulus onset. However, following 1 and 3 h of stimulation, a significant number of proteins were consistently regulated in NCM. These proteins spanned a range of functional categories that included metabolic enzymes, cytoskeletal molecules, and proteins involved in neurotransmitter secretion and calcium binding. Our findings suggest that auditory processing of vocal communication signals in freely behaving songbirds triggers a cascade of protein regulatory events that are dynamically regulated through activity-dependent changes in calcium levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Pinaud
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA.
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