1
|
Mula A, Yuan X, Lu J. Dendritic cells in Parkinson's disease: Regulatory role and therapeutic potential. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 976:176690. [PMID: 38815784 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons and the presence of Lewy bodies. While the traditional focus has been on neuronal and glial cell dysfunction, recent research has shifted towards understanding the role of the immune system, particularly dendritic cells (DCs), in PD pathogenesis. As pivotal antigen-presenting cells, DCs are traditionally recognized for initiating and regulating immune responses. In PD, DCs contribute to disease progression through the presentation of α-synuclein to T cells, leading to an adaptive immune response against neuronal elements. This review explores the emerging role of DCs in PD, highlighting their potential involvement in antigen presentation and T cell immune response modulation. Understanding the multifaceted functions of DCs could reveal novel insights into PD pathogenesis and open new avenues for therapeutic strategies, potentially altering the course of this devastating disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Mula
- Department of Encephalopathy, Heilongjiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, PR China
| | - Xingxing Yuan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Heilongjiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150006, PR China; Department of First Clinical Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, PR China
| | - Jinrong Lu
- School of International Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Singh S, Joshi V, Upadhyay A. Amyloids and brain cancer: molecular linkages and crossovers. Biosci Rep 2023; 43:BSR20230489. [PMID: 37335084 PMCID: PMC10548166 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20230489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloids are high-order proteinaceous formations deposited in both intra- and extracellular spaces. These aggregates have tendencies to deregulate cellular physiology in multiple ways; for example, altered metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunctions, immune modulation, etc. When amyloids are formed in brain tissues, the endpoint often is death of neurons. However, interesting but least understood is a close connection of amyloids with another set of conditions in which brain cells proliferate at an extraordinary rate and form tumor inside brain. Glioblastoma is one such condition. Increasing number of evidence indicate a possible link between amyloid formation and depositions in brain tumors. Several proteins associated with cell cycle regulation and apoptotic pathways themselves have shown to possess high tendencies to form amyloids. Tumor suppressor protein p53 is one prominent example that mutate, oligomerize and form amyloids leading to loss- or gain-of-functions and cause increased cell proliferation and malignancies. In this review article, we present available examples, genetic links and common pathways that indicate that possibly the two distantly placed pathways: amyloid formation and developing cancers in the brain have similarities and are mechanistically intertwined together.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Singh
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jheepasani, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342001, India
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, U.S.A
| | - Vibhuti Joshi
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jheepasani, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342001, India
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Bennett University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310, India
| | - Arun Upadhyay
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jheepasani, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342001, India
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bian C, Wan Y, Koduri S, Hua Y, Keep RF, Xi G. Iron-Induced Hydrocephalus: the Role of Choroid Plexus Stromal Macrophages. Transl Stroke Res 2023; 14:238-249. [PMID: 35543803 PMCID: PMC9794223 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-022-01031-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Evidence indicates that erythrocyte-derived iron and inflammation both play a role in intraventricular hemorrhage-induced brain injury including hydrocephalus. Many immune-associated cells, primarily stromal macrophages, reside at the choroid plexus where they are involved in inflammatory responses and antigen presentation. However, whether intraventricular iron impacts those stromal cells is unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between choroid plexus stromal macrophages and iron-induced hydrocephalus in rats and the impact of minocycline and clodronate liposomes on those changes. Aged (18-month-old) and young (3-month-old) male Fischer 344 rats were used to study choroid plexus stromal macrophages. Rats underwent intraventricular iron injection to induce hydrocephalus and treated with either minocycline, a microglia/macrophage inhibitor, or clodronate liposomes, a macrophage depleting agent. Ventricular volume was measured using magnetic resonance imaging, and stromal macrophages were quantified by immunofluorescence staining. We found that stromal macrophages accounted for about 10% of the total choroid plexus cells with more in aged rats. In both aged and young rats, intraventricular iron injection resulted in hydrocephalus and increased stromal macrophage number. Minocycline or clodronate liposomes ameliorated iron-induced hydrocephalus and the increase in stromal macrophages. In conclusion, stromal macrophages account for ~10% of all choroid plexus cells, with more in aged rats. Treatments targeting macrophages (minocycline and clodronate liposomes) are associated with reduced iron-induced hydrocephalus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyi Bian
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingfeng Wan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sravanthi Koduri
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ya Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Guohua Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shinjyo N, Kita K. Infection and Immunometabolism in the Central Nervous System: A Possible Mechanistic Link Between Metabolic Imbalance and Dementia. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:765217. [PMID: 34795562 PMCID: PMC8592913 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.765217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndromes are frequently associated with dementia, suggesting that the dysregulation of energy metabolism can increase the risk of neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment. In addition, growing evidence suggests the link between infections and brain disorders, including Alzheimer's disease. The immune system and energy metabolism are in an intricate relationship. Infection triggers immune responses, which are accompanied by imbalance in cellular and organismal energy metabolism, while metabolic disorders can lead to immune dysregulation and higher infection susceptibility. In the brain, the activities of brain-resident immune cells, including microglia, are associated with their metabolic signatures, which may be affected by central nervous system (CNS) infection. Conversely, metabolic dysregulation can compromise innate immunity in the brain, leading to enhanced CNS infection susceptibility. Thus, infection and metabolic imbalance can be intertwined to each other in the etiology of brain disorders, including dementia. Insulin and leptin play pivotal roles in the regulation of immunometabolism in the CNS and periphery, and dysfunction of these signaling pathways are associated with cognitive impairment. Meanwhile, infectious complications are often comorbid with diabetes and obesity, which are characterized by insulin resistance and leptin signaling deficiency. Examples include human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and periodontal disease caused by an oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. This review explores potential interactions between infectious agents and insulin and leptin signaling pathways, and discuss possible mechanisms underlying the relationship between infection, metabolic dysregulation, and brain disorders, particularly focusing on the roles of insulin and leptin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Shinjyo
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Laboratory of Immune Homeostasis, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Kita
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Host-Defense Biochemistry, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kim M, Ladomersky E, Mozny A, Kocherginsky M, O'Shea K, Reinstein ZZ, Zhai L, Bell A, Lauing KL, Bollu L, Rabin E, Dixit K, Kumthekar P, Platanias LC, Hou L, Zheng Y, Wu J, Zhang B, Hrachova M, Merrill SA, Mrugala MM, Prabhu VC, Horbinski C, James CD, Yamini B, Ostrom QT, Johnson MO, Reardon DA, Lukas RV, Wainwright DA. Glioblastoma as an age-related neurological disorder in adults. Neurooncol Adv 2021; 3:vdab125. [PMID: 34647022 PMCID: PMC8500689 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdab125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Advanced age is a major risk factor for the development of many diseases including those affecting the central nervous system. Wild-type isocitrate dehydrogenase glioblastoma (IDHwt GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain cancer and accounts for ≥90% of all adult GBM diagnoses. Patients with IDHwt GBM have a median age of diagnosis at 68–70 years of age, and increasing age is associated with an increasingly worse prognosis for patients with this type of GBM. Methods The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results, The Cancer Genome Atlas, and the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas databases were analyzed for mortality indices. Meta-analysis of 80 clinical trials was evaluated for log hazard ratio for aging to tumor survivorship. Results Despite significant advances in the understanding of intratumoral genetic alterations, molecular characteristics of tumor microenvironments, and relationships between tumor molecular characteristics and the use of targeted therapeutics, life expectancy for older adults with GBM has yet to improve. Conclusions Based upon the results of our analysis, we propose that age-dependent factors that are yet to be fully elucidated, contribute to IDHwt GBM patient outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miri Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, USA.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Erik Ladomersky
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Andreas Mozny
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Masha Kocherginsky
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kaitlyn O'Shea
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Zachary Z Reinstein
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lijie Zhai
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - April Bell
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kristen L Lauing
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lakshmi Bollu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Erik Rabin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Karan Dixit
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Priya Kumthekar
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Leonidas C Platanias
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lifang Hou
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yinan Zheng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jennifer Wu
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Maya Hrachova
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Sarah A Merrill
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Maciej M Mrugala
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Vikram C Prabhu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Craig Horbinski
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Charles David James
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Bakhtiar Yamini
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Chicago Medical Center & Biological Sciences, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Quinn T Ostrom
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Margaret O Johnson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - David A Reardon
- Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rimas V Lukas
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Derek A Wainwright
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Immune cell compartmentalization for brain surveillance and protection. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:1083-1092. [PMID: 34429552 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-00994-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
For decades, it was commonly accepted that the brain is secluded from peripheral immune activity and is self-sufficient for its maintenance and repair. This simplistic perception was based on the presence of resident immune cells, the microglia, and barrier systems within the brain, and the assumption that the central nervous system (CNS) lacks lymphatic drainage. This view was revised with the discoveries that higher functions of the CNS, homeostasis and repair are supported by peripheral innate and adaptive immune cells. The findings of bone marrow-derived immune cells in specialized niches, and the renewed observation that a lymphatic drainage system exists within the brain, further contributed to this revised model. In this Review, we describe the immune niches within the brain, the contribution of professional immune cells to brain functions, the bidirectional relationships between the CNS and the immune system and the relevance of immune components to brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
|
7
|
Mayhew JA, Cummins MJ, Cresswell ET, Callister RJ, Smith DW, Graham BA. Age-related gene expression changes in lumbar spinal cord: Implications for neuropathic pain. Mol Pain 2021; 16:1744806920971914. [PMID: 33241748 DOI: 10.1177/1744806920971914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinically, pain has an uneven incidence throughout lifespan and impacts more on the elderly. In contrast, preclinical models of pathological pain have typically used juvenile or young adult animals to highlight the involvement of glial populations, proinflammatory cytokines, and chemokines in the onset and maintenance of pathological signalling in the spinal dorsal horn. The potential impact of this mismatch is also complicated by the growing appreciation that the aged central nervous system exists in a state of chronic inflammation because of enhanced proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine signalling and glial activation. To address this issue, we investigated the impact of aging on the expression of genes that have been associated with neuropathic pain, glial signalling, neurotransmission and neuroinflammation. We used qRT-PCR to quantify gene expression and focussed on the dorsal horn of the spinal cord as this is an important perturbation site in neuropathic pain. To control for global vs region-specific age-related changes in gene expression, the ventral half of the spinal cord was examined. Our results show that expression of proinflammatory chemokines, pattern recognition receptors, and neurotransmitter system components was significantly altered in aged (24-32 months) versus young mice (2-4 months). Notably, the magnitude and direction of these changes were spinal-cord region dependent. For example, expression of the chemokine, Cxcl13, increased 119-fold in dorsal spinal cord, but only 2-fold in the ventral spinal cord of old versus young mice. Therefore, we propose the dorsal spinal cord of old animals is subject to region-specific alterations that prime circuits for the development of pathological pain, potentially in the absence of the peripheral triggers normally associated with these conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack A Mayhew
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mitchell J Cummins
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ethan T Cresswell
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robert J Callister
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Doug W Smith
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Brett A Graham
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Honarpisheh P, Blixt FW, Blasco Conesa MP, Won W, d’Aigle J, Munshi Y, Hudobenko J, Furr JW, Mobley A, Lee J, Brannick KE, Zhu L, Hazen AL, Bryan RM, McCullough LD, Ganesh BP. Peripherally-sourced myeloid antigen presenting cells increase with advanced aging. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 90:235-247. [PMID: 32861719 PMCID: PMC8169202 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with dysfunction of the gut microbiota-immune-brain axis, a major regulatory axis in both brain health and in central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Antigen presenting cells (APCs) play a major role in sensing changes in the gut microbiota and regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. APCs have also been implicated in various chronic inflammatory conditions, including age-related neurodegenerative diseases. The increase in chronic low-level inflammation seen with aging has also been linked to behavioral decline. Despite their acknowledged importance along the gut microbiota-immune-brain axis, there is limited evidence on how APCs change with aging. In this study, we examined age-related changes in myeloid APCs in the gut, spleen, and brain as well as changes in the gut microbiota and behavioral phenotype in mice ranging in age from 2 months up to 32 months of both sexes. Our data show that the number of peripherally-sourced myeloid APCs significantly increases with advanced aging in the brain. In addition, our data showed that age-related changes in APCs are subset-specific in the gut and sexually dimorphic in the spleen. Our work highlights the importance of studying myeloid APCs in an age-, tissue-, and sex-specific manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedram Honarpisheh
- University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Department of Neurology, Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Frank W. Blixt
- University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Department of Neurology, Houston, TX
| | | | - William Won
- University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Department of Neurology, Houston, TX, United States.
| | - John d’Aigle
- University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Department of Neurology, Houston, TX
| | - Yashasvee Munshi
- University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Department of Neurology, Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Jacob Hudobenko
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States.
| | - J. Weldon Furr
- University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Department of Neurology, Houston, TX
| | - Alexis Mobley
- University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Department of Neurology, Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Juneyoung Lee
- University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Department of Neurology, Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Katherine E. Brannick
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Center for Laboratory Animal Medicine and Care, Houston, TX
| | - Liang Zhu
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Internal Medicine, The CCTS Biostatistics, Epidemiology & Research Design (BERD), Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Amy L. Hazen
- University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, Houston, TX
| | - Robert M. Bryan
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Houston, TX
| | - Louise D. McCullough
- University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Department of Neurology, Houston, TX
| | - Bhanu P. Ganesh
- University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Department of Neurology, Houston, TX
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gallizioli M, Miró-Mur F, Otxoa-de-Amezaga A, Cugota R, Salas-Perdomo A, Justicia C, Brait VH, Ruiz-Jaén F, Arbaizar-Rovirosa M, Pedragosa J, Bonfill-Teixidor E, Gelderblom M, Magnus T, Cano E, Del Fresno C, Sancho D, Planas AM. Dendritic Cells and Microglia Have Non-redundant Functions in the Inflamed Brain with Protective Effects of Type 1 cDCs. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108291. [PMID: 33086061 PMCID: PMC7578563 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain CD11c+ cells share features with microglia and dendritic cells (DCs). Sterile inflammation increases brain CD11c+ cells, but their phenotype, origin, and functions remain largely unknown. We report that, after cerebral ischemia, microglia attract DCs to the inflamed brain, and astroglia produce Flt3 ligand, supporting development and expansion of CD11c+ cells. CD11c+ cells in the inflamed brain are a complex population derived from proliferating microglia and infiltrating DCs, including a major subset of OX40L+ conventional cDC2, and also cDC1, plasmacytoid, and monocyte-derived DCs. Despite sharing certain morphological features and markers, CD11c+ microglia and DCs display differential expression of pattern recognition receptors and chemokine receptors. DCs excel CD11c- and CD11c+ microglia in the capacity to present antigen through MHCI and MHCII. Of note, cDC1s protect from brain injury after ischemia. We thus reveal aspects of the dynamics and functions of brain DCs in the regulation of inflammation and immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Gallizioli
- Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona 08036, Spain; Area of Neurosciences, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Francesc Miró-Mur
- Area of Neurosciences, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona 08036, Spain; Fundació Clínic, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Amaia Otxoa-de-Amezaga
- Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona 08036, Spain; Area of Neurosciences, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Roger Cugota
- Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Angélica Salas-Perdomo
- Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona 08036, Spain; Fundació Clínic, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Carles Justicia
- Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona 08036, Spain; Area of Neurosciences, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Vanessa H Brait
- Area of Neurosciences, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Francisca Ruiz-Jaén
- Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona 08036, Spain; Area of Neurosciences, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Maria Arbaizar-Rovirosa
- Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona 08036, Spain; Area of Neurosciences, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Jordi Pedragosa
- Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona 08036, Spain; Area of Neurosciences, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Ester Bonfill-Teixidor
- Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Mathias Gelderblom
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20251, Germany
| | - Tim Magnus
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20251, Germany
| | - Eva Cano
- Neuroinflammation Unit, Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid 28222, Spain
| | - Carlos Del Fresno
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - David Sancho
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Anna M Planas
- Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona 08036, Spain; Area of Neurosciences, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona 08036, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dhabhar FS, Meaney MJ, Sapolsky RM, Spencer RL. Reflections on Bruce S. McEwen's contributions to stress neurobiology and so much more. Stress 2020; 23:499-508. [PMID: 32851903 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2020.1806228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors highlight, from a firsthand perspective, Bruce S. McEwen's seminal influence on the field of stress neurobiology and beyond, and how these investigations have yielded important insights, principles and critical questions that continue to guide stress research today. Featured are discussion of: 1) the important inverted-U relationship between stress/glucocorticoids and optimal physiological function, 2) stress adaptation and the role of adaptive stress responses, 3) mechanisms by which the short-term stress response promotes heightened immune function and immunity, and 4) the far reaching impact of the theoretical framework of allostasis and allostatic load-concepts that have created new bridges between stress physiology, biomedical sciences, health psychology and sociology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Firdaus S Dhabhar
- Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Microbiology & Immunology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miama, FL, USA
| | - Michael J Meaney
- Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Translational Neuroscience Programme, Singapore Institute of Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Robert M Sapolsky
- John A. and Cynthia Fry Gunn Professor of Biological Sciences Departments of Biology, Neurology and Neurological Sciences, and Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Robert L Spencer
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhai L, Bell A, Ladomersky E, Lauing KL, Bollu L, Sosman JA, Zhang B, Wu JD, Miller SD, Meeks JJ, Lukas RV, Wyatt E, Doglio L, Schiltz GE, McCusker RH, Wainwright DA. Immunosuppressive IDO in Cancer: Mechanisms of Action, Animal Models, and Targeting Strategies. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1185. [PMID: 32612606 PMCID: PMC7308527 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO; IDO1; INDO) is a rate-limiting enzyme that metabolizes the essential amino acid, tryptophan, into downstream kynurenines. Canonically, the metabolic depletion of tryptophan and/or the accumulation of kynurenine is the mechanism that defines how immunosuppressive IDO inhibits immune cell effector functions and/or facilitates T cell death. Non-canonically, IDO also suppresses immunity through non-enzymic effects. Since IDO targeting compounds predominantly aim to inhibit metabolic activity as evidenced across the numerous clinical trials currently evaluating safety/efficacy in patients with cancer, in addition to the recent disappointment of IDO enzyme inhibitor therapy during the phase III ECHO-301 trial, the issue of IDO non-enzyme effects have come to the forefront of mechanistic and therapeutic consideration(s). Here, we review enzyme-dependent and -independent IDO-mediated immunosuppression as it primarily relates to glioblastoma (GBM); the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor in adults. Our group's recent discovery that IDO levels increase in the brain parenchyma during advanced age and regardless of whether GBM is present, highlights an immunosuppressive synergy between aging-increased IDO activity in cells of the central nervous system that reside outside of the brain tumor but collaborate with GBM cell IDO activity inside of the tumor. Because of their potential value for the in vivo study of IDO, we also review current transgenic animal modeling systems while highlighting three new constructs recently created by our group. This work converges on the central premise that maximal immunotherapeutic efficacy in subjects with advanced cancer requires both IDO enzyme- and non-enzyme-neutralization, which is not adequately addressed by available IDO-targeting pharmacologic approaches at this time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Zhai
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - April Bell
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Erik Ladomersky
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kristen L. Lauing
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Lakshmi Bollu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jeffrey A. Sosman
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Bin Zhang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jennifer D. Wu
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Stephen D. Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Joshua J. Meeks
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Rimas V. Lukas
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Eugene Wyatt
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Transgenic and Targeted Mutagenesis Laboratory, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Lynn Doglio
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Transgenic and Targeted Mutagenesis Laboratory, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Gary E. Schiltz
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Robert H. McCusker
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Derek A. Wainwright
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ladomersky E, Zhai L, Lauing KL, Bell A, Xu J, Kocherginsky M, Zhang B, Wu JD, Podojil JR, Platanias LC, Mochizuki AY, Prins RM, Kumthekar P, Raizer JJ, Dixit K, Lukas RV, Horbinski C, Wei M, Zhou C, Pawelec G, Campisi J, Grohmann U, Prendergast GC, Munn DH, Wainwright DA. Advanced Age Increases Immunosuppression in the Brain and Decreases Immunotherapeutic Efficacy in Subjects with Glioblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:5232-5245. [PMID: 32546647 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-3874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Wild-type isocitrate dehydrogenase-expressing glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor with a median age at diagnosis of ≥65 years. It accounts for approximately 90% of all GBMs and has a median overall survival (OS) of <15 months. Although immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy has achieved remarkable survival benefits in a variety of aggressive malignancies, similar success has yet to be achieved for GBM among phase III clinical trials to date. Our study aimed to understand the relationship between subject age and immunotherapeutic efficacy as it relates to survival from glioma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN (i) Clinical data: GBM patient datasets from The Cancer Genome Atlas, Northwestern Medicine Enterprise Data Warehouse, and clinical studies evaluating ICB were stratified by age and compared for OS. (ii) Animal models: young, middle-aged, and older adult wild-type and indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO)-knockout syngeneic mice were intracranially engrafted with CT-2A or GL261 glioma cell lines and treated with or without CTLA-4/PD-L1 mAbs, or radiation, anti-PD-1 mAb, and/or a pharmacologic IDO enzyme inhibitor. RESULTS Advanced age was associated with decreased GBM patient survival regardless of treatment with ICB. The advanced age-associated increase of brain IDO expression was linked to the suppression of immunotherapeutic efficacy and was not reversed by IDO enzyme inhibitor treatment. CONCLUSIONS Immunosuppression increases in the brain during advanced age and inhibits antiglioma immunity in older adults. Going forward, it will be important to fully understand the factors and mechanisms in the elderly brain that contribute to the decreased survival of older patients with GBM during treatment with ICB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Ladomersky
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lijie Zhai
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kristen L Lauing
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - April Bell
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jiahui Xu
- Department of Preventive Medicine-Biostatistics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Masha Kocherginsky
- Department of Preventive Medicine-Biostatistics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Medicine-Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jennifer D Wu
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Joseph R Podojil
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Leonidas C Platanias
- Department of Medicine-Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Aaron Y Mochizuki
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Robert M Prins
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Priya Kumthekar
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jeffrey J Raizer
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Karan Dixit
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Rimas V Lukas
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Craig Horbinski
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Min Wei
- BeiGene, Zhong-Guan-Cun Life Science Park, Changping District, Beijing, China
| | - Changyou Zhou
- BeiGene, Zhong-Guan-Cun Life Science Park, Changping District, Beijing, China
| | - Graham Pawelec
- Department of Immunology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Judith Campisi
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California.,Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
| | - Ursula Grohmann
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | | | - Derek A Wainwright
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois. .,Department of Medicine-Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Antagonism of cysteinyl leukotrienes and their receptors as a neuroinflammatory target in Alzheimer's disease. Neurol Sci 2020; 41:2081-2093. [PMID: 32281039 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04369-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease is a complex multifaceted neurodegenerative disorder. It is characterized by the deposition of extracellular amyloid senile plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles leading to progressive dementia and death in aged adult population. Recent emerging research has highlighted a potential pharmacological role of 5-lipoxyenase-cysteinyl leukotriene pathway in molecular pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. OBJECTIVE Although cysteinyl leukotrienes and their receptors have a major clinical role in chronic respiratory inflammation, their roles in chronic neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease need a detailed and careful exploration. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION This review article highlights a novel role of cysteinyl leukotrienes and their receptors in pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease in order to understand the underlying molecular mechanism. In addition, it summarizes the recent advances in various pre-clinical and clinical strategies used to modulate this pathway for therapeutic targeting of Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
|
14
|
Ladomersky E, Scholtens DM, Kocherginsky M, Hibler EA, Bartom ET, Otto-Meyer S, Zhai L, Lauing KL, Choi J, Sosman JA, Wu JD, Zhang B, Lukas RV, Wainwright DA. The Coincidence Between Increasing Age, Immunosuppression, and the Incidence of Patients With Glioblastoma. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:200. [PMID: 30971917 PMCID: PMC6446059 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive primary brain tumor in adults and is associated with a median overall survival (mOS) of 16-21 months. Our previous work found a negative association between advanced aging and the survival benefit after treatment with immunotherapy in an experimental brain tumor model. Given the recent phase III clinical success of immunotherapy in patients with many types of cancer, but not for patients with GBM, we hypothesize that aging enhances immunosuppression in the brain and contributes to the lack of efficacy for immunotherapy to improve mOS in patients with malignant glioma. Herein, we compare epidemiological data for the incidence and mortality of patients with central nervous system (CNS) cancers, in addition to immune-related gene expression in the normal human brain, as well as peripheral blood immunological changes across the adult lifespan. Methods: Data were extracted from the National Cancer Institute's surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER)-, the Broad Institute's Genotype Tissue Expression project (GTEx)-, and the University of California San Francisco's 10k Immunomes-databases and analyzed for associations with aging. Results: The proportion of elderly individuals, defined as ≥65 years of age, has predominantly increased for more than 100 years in the United States. Over time, the rise in elderly United States citizens has correlated with an increased incidence and mortality rate associated with primary brain and other CNS cancer. With advanced aging, human mRNA expression for factors associated with immunoregulation including immunosuppressive indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase 1 (IDO) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), as well as the dendritic cell surface marker, CD11c, increase in the brain of normal human subjects, coincident with increased circulating immunosuppressive Tregs and decreased cytolytic CD8+ T cells in the peripheral blood. Strikingly, these changes are maximally pronounced in the 60-69 year old group; consistent with the median age of a diagnosis for GBM. Conclusion: These data demonstrate a significant association between normal human aging and increased immunosuppression in the circulation and CNS; particularly late in life. Our data raise several hypotheses including that, aging: (i) progressively suppresses normal immunosurveillance and thereby contributes to GBM cell initiation and/or outgrowth; (ii) decreases immunotherapeutic efficacy against malignant glioma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Ladomersky
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Denise M Scholtens
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Masha Kocherginsky
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Hibler
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Elizabeth T Bartom
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Sebastian Otto-Meyer
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Lijie Zhai
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kristen L Lauing
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jaehyuk Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jeffrey A Sosman
- Department of Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jennifer D Wu
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Rimas V Lukas
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Derek A Wainwright
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sato-Hashimoto M, Nozu T, Toriba R, Horikoshi A, Akaike M, Kawamoto K, Hirose A, Hayashi Y, Nagai H, Shimizu W, Saiki A, Ishikawa T, Elhanbly R, Kotani T, Murata Y, Saito Y, Naruse M, Shibasaki K, Oldenborg PA, Jung S, Matozaki T, Fukazawa Y, Ohnishi H. Microglial SIRPα regulates the emergence of CD11c + microglia and demyelination damage in white matter. eLife 2019; 8:42025. [PMID: 30910011 PMCID: PMC6435324 DOI: 10.7554/elife.42025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A characteristic subset of microglia expressing CD11c appears in response to brain damage. However, the functional role of CD11c+ microglia, as well as the mechanism of its induction, are poorly understood. Here we report that the genetic ablation of signal regulatory protein α (SIRPα), a membrane protein, induced the emergence of CD11c+ microglia in the brain white matter. Mice lacking CD47, a physiological ligand of SIRPα, and microglia-specific SIRPα-knockout mice exhibited the same phenotype, suggesting that an interaction between microglial SIRPα and CD47 on neighbouring cells suppressed the emergence of CD11c+ microglia. A lack of SIRPα did not cause detectable damage to the white matter, but resulted in the increased expression of genes whose expression is characteristic of the repair phase after demyelination. In addition, cuprizone-induced demyelination was alleviated by the microglia-specific ablation of SIRPα. Thus, microglial SIRPα suppresses the induction of CD11c+ microglia that have the potential to accelerate the repair of damaged white matter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miho Sato-Hashimoto
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tomomi Nozu
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma, Japan
| | - Riho Toriba
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma, Japan
| | - Ayano Horikoshi
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma, Japan
| | - Miho Akaike
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kyoko Kawamoto
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma, Japan
| | - Ayaka Hirose
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yuriko Hayashi
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nagai
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma, Japan
| | - Wakana Shimizu
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma, Japan
| | - Ayaka Saiki
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ishikawa
- Division of Brain Structure and Function, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.,Research Center for Child Mental Development, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.,Life Science Innovation Center, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Ruwaida Elhanbly
- Division of Brain Structure and Function, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.,Research Center for Child Mental Development, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.,Life Science Innovation Center, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.,Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt
| | - Takenori Kotani
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoji Murata
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Saito
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masae Naruse
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Koji Shibasaki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Per-Arne Oldenborg
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Section for Histology and Cell Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Steffen Jung
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Takashi Matozaki
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yugo Fukazawa
- Division of Brain Structure and Function, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.,Research Center for Child Mental Development, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.,Life Science Innovation Center, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohnishi
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Rahman SO, Singh RK, Hussain S, Akhtar M, Najmi AK. A novel therapeutic potential of cysteinyl leukotrienes and their receptors modulation in the neurological complications associated with Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 842:208-220. [PMID: 30389631 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs) are member of eicosanoid inflammatory lipid mediators family produced by oxidation of arachidonic acid by action of the enzyme 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX). 5-LOX is activated by enzyme 5-Lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP), which further lead to production of cysLTs i.e. leukotriene C4 (LTC4), leukotriene D4 (LTD4) and leukotriene E4 (LTE4). CysLTs then produce their potent inflammatory actions by activating CysLT1 and CysLT2 receptors. Inhibitors of cysLTs are indicated in asthma, allergic rhinitis and other inflammatory disorders. Earlier studies have associated cysLTs and their receptors in several neurodegenerative disorders diseases like, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease (AD). These inflammatory lipid mediators have previously shown effects on various aggravating factors of AD. However, not much data has been elucidated to test their role against AD clinically. Herein, through this review, we have provided the current and emerging information on the role of cysLTs and their receptors in various neurological complications responsible for the development of AD. In addition, literature evidences for the effect of cysLT inhibitors on distinct aspects of abnormalities in AD has also been reviewed. Promising advancement in understanding on the role of cysLTs on the various neuromodulatory processes and mechanisms may contribute to the development of newer and safer therapy for the treatment of AD in future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Syed Obaidur Rahman
- Pharmaceutical Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
| | - Rakesh Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Apeejay Stya University, Sohna-Palwal Road, Sohna, Gurgaon 122013, Haryana, India.
| | - Salman Hussain
- Pharmaceutical Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Mohd Akhtar
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
| | - Abul Kalam Najmi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ativie F, Komorowska JA, Beins E, Albayram Ö, Zimmer T, Zimmer A, Tejera D, Heneka M, Bilkei-Gorzo A. Cannabinoid 1 Receptor Signaling on Hippocampal GABAergic Neurons Influences Microglial Activity. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:295. [PMID: 30210289 PMCID: PMC6121063 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, play important roles in defending the brain against pathogens and supporting neuronal circuit plasticity. Chronic or excessive pro-inflammatory responses of microglia damage neurons, therefore their activity is tightly regulated. Pharmacological and genetic studies revealed that cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor activity influences microglial activity, although microglial CB1 receptor expression is very low and activity-dependent. The CB1 receptor is mainly expressed on neurons in the central nervous system (CNS)-with an especially high level on GABAergic interneurons. Here, we determined whether CB1 signaling on this neuronal cell type plays a role in regulating microglial activity. We compared microglia density, morphology and cytokine expression in wild-type (WT) and GABAergic neuron-specific CB1 knockout mice (GABA/CB1-/-) under control conditions (saline-treatment) and after 3 h, 24 h or repeated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treatment. Our results revealed that hippocampal microglia from saline-treated GABA/CB1-/- mice resembled those of LPS-treated WT mice: enhanced density and larger cell bodies, while the size and complexity of their processes was reduced. No further reduction in the size or complexity of microglia branching was detected after LPS-treatment in GABA/CB1-/- mice, suggesting that microglia in naïve GABA/CB1-/- mice were already in an activated state. This result was further supported by correlating the level of microglial tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) with their size. Acute LPS-treatment elicited in both genotypes similar changes in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β)). However, TNFα expression was still significantly elevated after repeated LPS-treatment in WT, but not in GABA/CB1-/- mice, indicating a faster development of tolerance to LPS. We also tested the possibility that the altered microglia activity in GABA/CB1-/- mice was due to an altered expression of neuron-glia interaction proteins. Indeed, the level of fractalkine (CX3CL1), a neuronal protein involved in the regulation of microglia, was reduced in hippocampal GABAergic neurons in GABA/CB1-/- mice, suggesting a disturbed neuronal control of microglial activity. Our result suggests that CB1 receptor agonists can modulate microglial activity indirectly, through CB1 receptors on GABAergic neurons. Altogether, we demonstrated that GABAergic neurons, despite their relatively low density in the hippocampus, have a specific role in the regulation of microglial activity and cannabinoid signaling plays an important role in this arrangement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Ativie
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Joanna A Komorowska
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Eva Beins
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Önder Albayram
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Till Zimmer
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Zimmer
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dario Tejera
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases & Gerontopsychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Heneka
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases & Gerontopsychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andras Bilkei-Gorzo
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Agrawal S, Abud EM, Snigdha S, Agrawal A. IgM response against amyloid-beta in aging: a potential peripheral protective mechanism. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2018; 10:81. [PMID: 30115117 PMCID: PMC6097437 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-018-0412-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immune system plays a major role in the pathogenesis of age-related dementia, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). An insight into age-associated changes in the immune response to amyloid-beta (Aβ) in individuals without AD may be beneficial in identifying mechanisms preventing accumulation of Aβ. METHODS We examined the response of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs), T cells, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy aged and young subjects to Aβ peptide 1-42, Aβ fibrils, and recombinant, nonaggregated tau-4 protein with a view to understand the role of peripheral immunity in AD. RESULTS Our studies revealed that DCs from healthy aged subjects display weak reactivity towards the Aβ peptide and no reactivity towards Aβ fibrils and tau compared with their young counterparts. An analysis of old and young PBMCs revealed that there is no significant T-cell memory against Aβ peptide, fibrils, or tau. Remarkably, the plasma levels of IgM antibodies specific to Aβ peptide 1-42 were significantly increased in aged subjects compared with young subjects, while IgG levels were comparable. Aβ peptide-specific IgM and IgG levels were also determined in the plasma of AD subjects compared with age-matched controls to demonstrate that the immune response against Aβ is stronger in AD patients. A decline in Aβ peptide-specific IgM antibodies was observed in AD patients compared with age-matched controls. In contrast, the levels of IgG as well as interleukin-21, the major cytokine involved in class switching, were increased in AD and patients with mild cognitive impairment, indicating a strong immune response against Aβ. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, low immunogenicity of Aβ in healthy controls may prevent inflammation while the generation of specific IgM antibodies may help in the clearance of Aβ in healthy subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sudhanshu Agrawal
- Division of Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Edsel M Abud
- UCI-MIND, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Shikha Snigdha
- UCI-MIND, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Anshu Agrawal
- Division of Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Dendritic Cells as an Alternate Approach for Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2018; 38:1207-1214. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-018-0598-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
20
|
McEwen BS. Redefining neuroendocrinology: Epigenetics of brain-body communication over the life course. Front Neuroendocrinol 2018; 49:8-30. [PMID: 29132949 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The brain is the central organ of stress and adaptation to stress that perceives and determines what is threatening, as well as the behavioral and physiological responses to the stressor, and it does so somewhat differently in males and females. The expression of steroid hormone receptors throughout the brain has broadened the definition of 'neuroendocrinology' to include the reciprocal communication between the entire brain and body via hormonal and neural pathways. Mediated in part via systemic hormonal influences, the adult and developing brain possess remarkable structural and functional plasticity in response to stress, including neuronal replacement, dendritic remodeling, and synapse turnover. This article is both an account of an emerging field elucidating brain-body interactions at multiple levels, from molecules to social organization, as well as a personal account of my laboratory's role and, most importantly, the roles of trainees and colleagues, along with my involvement in interdisciplinary groups working on this topic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce S McEwen
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA. http://www.rockefeller.edu/labheads/mcewen/mcewen-lab.php
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ladomersky E, Zhai L, Lenzen A, Lauing KL, Qian J, Scholtens DM, Gritsina G, Sun X, Liu Y, Yu F, Gong W, Liu Y, Jiang B, Tang T, Patel R, Platanias LC, James CD, Stupp R, Lukas RV, Binder DC, Wainwright DA. IDO1 Inhibition Synergizes with Radiation and PD-1 Blockade to Durably Increase Survival Against Advanced Glioblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:2559-2573. [PMID: 29500275 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-3573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Glioblastoma is the most aggressive primary brain tumor in adults with a median survival of 15-20 months. Numerous approaches and novel therapeutics for treating glioblastoma have been investigated in the setting of phase III clinical trials, including a recent analysis of the immune checkpoint inhibitor, nivolumab (anti-PD-1), which failed to improve recurrent glioblastoma patient survival. However, rather than abandoning immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment for glioblastoma, which has shown promise in other types of cancer, ongoing studies are currently evaluating this therapeutic class when combined with other agents.Experimental Design: Here, we investigated immunocompetent orthotopic mouse models of glioblastoma treated with the potent CNS-penetrating IDO1 enzyme inhibitor, BGB-5777, combined with anti-PD1 mAb, as well as radiotherapy, based on our recent observation that tumor-infiltrating T cells directly increase immunosuppressive IDO1 levels in human glioblastoma, the previously described reinvigoration of immune cell functions after PD-1 blockade, as well as the proinflammatory effects of radiation.Results: Our results demonstrate a durable survival benefit from this novel three-agent treatment, but not for any single- or dual-agent combination. Unexpectedly, treatment efficacy required IDO1 enzyme inhibition in non-glioblastoma cells, rather than tumor cells. Timing of effector T-cell infiltration, animal subject age, and usage of systemic chemotherapy, all directly impacted therapy-mediated survival benefit.Conclusions: These data highlight a novel and clinically relevant immunotherapeutic approach with associated mechanistic considerations that have formed the basis of a newly initiated phase I/II trial for glioblastoma patients. Clin Cancer Res; 24(11); 2559-73. ©2018 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Ladomersky
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lijie Zhai
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alicia Lenzen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kristen L Lauing
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jun Qian
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Denise M Scholtens
- Department of Preventive Medicine-Biostatistics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Galina Gritsina
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xuebing Sun
- BeiGene, Zhong-Guan-Cun Life Science Park, Changping District, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Liu
- BeiGene, Zhong-Guan-Cun Life Science Park, Changping District, Beijing, China
| | - Fenglong Yu
- BeiGene, Zhong-Guan-Cun Life Science Park, Changping District, Beijing, China
| | - Wenfeng Gong
- BeiGene, Zhong-Guan-Cun Life Science Park, Changping District, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Liu
- BeiGene, Zhong-Guan-Cun Life Science Park, Changping District, Beijing, China
| | - Beibei Jiang
- BeiGene, Zhong-Guan-Cun Life Science Park, Changping District, Beijing, China
| | - Tristin Tang
- BeiGene, Zhong-Guan-Cun Life Science Park, Changping District, Beijing, China
| | - Ricky Patel
- Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Leonidas C Platanias
- Department of Medicine-Division of Hematology and Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - C David James
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Roger Stupp
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Medicine-Division of Hematology and Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Rimas V Lukas
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David C Binder
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Derek A Wainwright
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois. .,Department of Medicine-Division of Hematology and Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Loss of APOBEC1 RNA-editing function in microglia exacerbates age-related CNS pathophysiology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:13272-13277. [PMID: 29167375 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1710493114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia (MG), a heterogeneous population of phagocytic cells, play important roles in central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis and neural plasticity. Under steady-state conditions, MG maintain homeostasis by producing antiinflammatory cytokines and neurotrophic factors, support myelin production, and remove synapses and cellular debris, as well as participating in "cross-correction," a process that supplies neurons with key factors for executing autophagy-lysosomal function. As sentinels for the immune system, MG also detect "danger" signals (pathogenic or traumatic insult), become activated, produce proinflammatory cytokines, and recruit monocytes and dendritic cells to the site of damage through a breached blood-brain barrier or via brain lymphatics. Failure to effectively resolve MG activation can be problematic and can lead to chronic inflammation, a condition proposed to underlie CNS pathophysiology in heritable brain disorders and age-related neurodegenerative and cognitive decline. Here, we show that APOBEC1-mediated RNA editing occurs within MG and is key to maintaining their resting status. Like bone marrow-derived macrophages, RNA editing in MG leads to overall changes in the abundance of edited proteins that coordinate the function of multiple cellular pathways. Conversely, mice lacking the APOBEC1 editing function in MG display evidence of dysregulation, with progressive age-related signs of neurodegeneration, characterized by clustering of activated MG, aberrant myelination, increased inflammation, and lysosomal anomalies that culminate in behavioral and motor deficiencies. Collectively, our study identifies posttranscriptional modification by RNA editing as a critical regulatory mechanism of vital cellular functions that maintain overall brain health.
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Inflammation is an immune activity designed to protect the host from pathogens and noxious agents. In its low-intensity form, presence of an inflammatory process must be inferred from appropriate biomarkers. Occult neuroinflammation is not just secondary to Alzheimer's disease (AD) but may contribute to its pathogenesis and promote its progression. A leaky blood-brain barrier (BBB) has been observed in early AD and may play a role in its initiation and development. Studies of the temporal evolution of AD's biomarkers have shown that, in AD, the brain's amyloid burden correlates poorly with cognitive decline. In contrast, cognitive deficits in AD correlate well with synapse loss. Oligomeric forms of amyloid-beta (oAβs) can be synaptotoxic and evidence of their deposition inside synaptic terminals of cognition-associated neurons explains early memory loss in AD better than formation of extracellular Aβ plaques. Among innate immune cells that reside in the brain, microglia sense danger signals represented by proteins like oAβ and become activated by neuronal damage such as that caused by bacterial endotoxins. The resulting reactive microgliosis has been implicated in generating the chronic form of microglial activation believed to promote AD's development. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have yielded data from patients with sporadic AD indicating that its causes include genetic variation in the innate immune system. Recent preclinical studies have reported that β-hydroxybutyrate (βOHB) may protect the brain from the adverse effects of both the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and the deacetylation of histone. Consequently, there is an urgent need for clinical investigations designed to test whether an orally administered βOHB preparation, such as a ketone ester, can have a similar beneficial effect in human subjects.
Collapse
|
24
|
Papavasiliou FN, Chung YC, Gagnidze K, Hajdarovic KH, Cole DC, Bulloch K. Epigenetic Modulators of Monocytic Function: Implication for Steady State and Disease in the CNS. Front Immunol 2016; 6:661. [PMID: 26834738 PMCID: PMC4713841 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic alterations are necessary for the establishment of functional and phenotypic diversity in the populations of immune cells of the monocytic lineage. The epigenetic status of individual genes at different time points defines their transcriptional responses throughout development and in response to environmental stimuli. Epigenetic states are defined at the level of DNA modifications, chromatin modifications, as well as at the level of RNA base changes through RNA editing. Drawing from lessons regarding the epigenome and epitranscriptome of cells of the monocytic lineage in the periphery, and from recently published RNAseq data deriving from brain-resident monocytes, we discuss the impact of modulation of these epigenetic states and how they affect processes important for the development of a healthy brain, as well as mechanisms of neurodegenerative disease and aging. An understanding of the varied brain responses and pathologies in light of these novel gene regulatory systems in monocytes will lead to important new insights in the understanding of the aging process and the treatment and diagnosis of neurodegenerative disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Nina Papavasiliou
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Biology, The Rockefeller University , New York, NY , USA
| | - Young Cheul Chung
- Neuroimmunology and Inflammation Program, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Khatuna Gagnidze
- Neuroimmunology and Inflammation Program, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kaitlyn H Hajdarovic
- Neuroimmunology and Inflammation Program, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dan C Cole
- Neuroimmunology and Inflammation Program, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Karen Bulloch
- Neuroimmunology and Inflammation Program, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bossù P, Spalletta G, Caltagirone C, Ciaramella A. Myeloid Dendritic Cells are Potential Players in Human Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Immunol 2015; 6:632. [PMID: 26734003 PMCID: PMC4679857 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s diseases (AD) and Parkinson’s diseases (PD) are devastating neurodegenerative disturbances, wherein neuroinflammation is a chronic pathogenic process with high therapeutic potential. Major mediators of AD/PD neuroimmune processes are resident immune cells, but immune cells derived from periphery may also participate and to some extent modify neuroinflammation. Specifically, blood borne myeloid cells emerge as crucial components of AD/PD progression and susceptibility. Among these, dendritic cells (DCs) are key immune orchestrators and players of brain immune surveillance; we candidate them as potential mediators of both AD and PD and as relevant cell model for unraveling myeloid cell role in neurodegeneration. Hence, we recapitulate and discuss emerging data suggesting that blood-derived DCs play a role in experimental and human neurodegenerative diseases. In humans, in particular, DCs are modified by in vitro culture with neurodegeneration-associated pathogenic factors and dysregulated in AD patients, while the levels of DC precursors are decreased in AD and PD patients’ blood, possibly as an index of their recruitment to the brain. Overall, we emphasize the need to explore the impact of DCs on neurodegeneration to uncover peripheral immune mechanisms of pathogenic importance, recognize potential biomarkers, and improve therapeutic approaches for neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Bossù
- Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation , Rome , Italy
| | - Gianfranco Spalletta
- Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy; Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Carlo Caltagirone
- Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Ciaramella
- Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation , Rome , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Almolda B, González B, Castellano B. Are Microglial Cells the Regulators of Lymphocyte Responses in the CNS? Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:440. [PMID: 26635525 PMCID: PMC4644801 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The infiltration of immune cells in the central nervous system is a common hallmark in different neuroinflammatory conditions. Accumulating evidence indicates that resident glial cells can establish a cross-talk with infiltrated immune cells, including T-cells, regulating their recruitment, activation and function within the CNS. Although the healthy CNS has been thought to be devoid of professional dendritic cells (DCs), numerous studies have reported the presence of a population of DCs in specific locations such as the meninges, choroid plexuses and the perivascular space. Moreover, the infiltration of DC precursors during neuroinflammatory situations has been proposed, suggesting a putative role of these cells in the regulation of lymphocyte activity within the CNS. On the other hand, under specific circumstances, microglial cells are able to acquire a phenotype of DC expressing a wide range of molecules that equip these cells with all the necessary machinery for communication with T-cells. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the expression of molecules involved in the cross-talk with T-cells in both microglial cells and DCs and discuss the potential contribution of each of these cell populations on the control of lymphocyte function within the CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Almolda
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Facultat de Medicina, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Berta González
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Facultat de Medicina, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Bernardo Castellano
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Facultat de Medicina, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Pituitary dendritic cells communicate immune pathogenic signals. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 50:232-240. [PMID: 26188188 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reveals the presence of dendritic cells (DCs) in the pituitary gland, which play a role in communicating immune activation to the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis. Using enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (eyfp) expression as a reporter for CD11c, a marker of DCs, we demonstrate anatomically the presence of CD11c/eyfp+ cells throughout the pituitary. Flow cytometric analysis shows that the predominant cellular phenotype of pituitary CD11c/eyfp+ cells resembles that of non-lymphoid DCs. In vivo and in vitro immune challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulates these pituitary CD11c/eyfp+ DCs, but not eyfp(neg) cells, to increase levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α. In vivo analysis of plasma glucocorticoid (GC) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels at this early phase of the immune response to LPS suggest that pro-inflammatory cytokine production by DCs within the pituitary may activate the release of GCs from the adrenals via ACTH. Pituitary CD11c/eyfp+ cells also express annexin A1 (ANXA1), indicating a role in GC signal attenuation. In summary, our data demonstrate that a resident DC population of the pituitary gland coordinates GC release in the early phase of systemic immune activation, thereby providing an essential immune signaling sentinel for the initial shaping of the systemic immune response to LPS.
Collapse
|
28
|
Chen X, Kezic JM, Forrester JV, Goldberg GL, Wicks IP, Bernard CC, McMenamin PG. In vivo multi-modal imaging of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis in transgenic reporter mice reveals the dynamic nature of inflammatory changes during disease progression. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:17. [PMID: 25623142 PMCID: PMC4336748 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0235-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) is a widely used experimental animal model of human endogenous posterior uveoretinitis. In the present study, we performed in vivo imaging of the retina in transgenic reporter mice to investigate dynamic changes in exogenous inflammatory cells and endogenous immune cells during the disease process. Methods Transgenic mice (C57Bl/6 J Cx3cr1GFP/+, C57Bl/6 N CD11c-eYFP, and C57Bl/6 J LysM-eGFP) were used to visualize the dynamic changes of myeloid-derived cells, putative dendritic cells and neutrophils during EAU. Transgenic mice were monitored with multi-modal fundus imaging camera over five time points following disease induction with the retinal auto-antigen, interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein (IRBP1–20). Disease severity was quantified with both clinical and histopathological grading. Results In the normal C57Bl/6 J Cx3cr1GFP/+ mouse Cx3cr1-expressing microglia were evenly distributed in the retina. In C57Bl/6 N CD11c-eYFP mice clusters of CD11c-expressing cells were noted in the retina and in C57Bl/6 J LysM-eGFP mice very low numbers of LysM-expressing neutrophils were observed in the fundus. Following immunization with IRBP1–20, fundus examination revealed accumulations of Cx3cr1-GFP+ myeloid cells, CD11c-eYFP+ cells and LysM-eGFP+ myelomonocytic cells around the optic nerve head and along retinal vessels as early as day 14 post-immunization. CD11c-eYFP+ cells appear to resolve marginally earlier (day 21 post-immunization) than Cx3cr1-GFP+ and LysM-eGFP+ cells. The clinical grading of EAU in transgenic mice correlated closely with histopathological grading. Conclusions These results illustrate that in vivo fundus imaging of transgenic reporter mice allows direct visualization of various exogenously and endogenously derived leukocyte types during EAU progression. This approach acts as a valuable adjunct to other methods of studying the clinical course of EAU. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-015-0235-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangting Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Jelena M Kezic
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
| | - John V Forrester
- Section of Immunology and Infection, Division of Applied Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Medical Science, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK. .,Ocular Immunology Program, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia. .,Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Gabrielle L Goldberg
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Ian P Wicks
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Claude C Bernard
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Paul G McMenamin
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Clarkson BD, Walker A, Harris MG, Rayasam A, Sandor M, Fabry Z. CCR2-dependent dendritic cell accumulation in the central nervous system during early effector experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is essential for effector T cell restimulation in situ and disease progression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 194:531-41. [PMID: 25505278 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs)--although absent from the healthy CNS parenchyma--rapidly accumulate within brain and spinal cord tissue during neuroinflammation associated with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE; a mouse model of multiple sclerosis). Yet, although DCs have been appreciated for their role in initiating adaptive immune responses in peripheral lymphoid organ tissues, how DCs infiltrate the CNS and contribute to ongoing neuroinflammation in situ is poorly understood. In this study, we report the following: 1) CD11c(+) bone marrow-derived DCs and CNS-infiltrating DCs express chemokine receptor CCR2; 2) compared with CCR2(+/+) cells, adoptively transferred CCR2(-/-) bone marrow-derived DCs or DC precursors do not accumulate in the CNS during EAE, despite abundance in blood; 3) CCR2(-/-) DCs show less accumulation in the inflamed CNS in mixed bone marrow chimeras, when compared with CCR2(+/+) DCs; and 4) ablation of CCR2(+/+) DCs during EAE clinical onset delays progression and attenuates cytokine production by infiltrating T cells. Whereas the role of CCR2 in monocyte migration into the CNS has been implicated previously, the role of CCR2 in DC infiltration into the CNS has never been directly addressed. Our data suggest that CCR2-dependent DC recruitment to the CNS during ongoing neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in effector T cell cytokine production and disease progression, and signify that CNS-DCs and circulating DC precursors might be key therapeutic targets for suppressing ongoing neuroinflammation in CNS autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Clarkson
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792; Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792; Graduate Training Program of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792; and
| | - Alec Walker
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792; Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792
| | - Melissa G Harris
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792; Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792
| | - Aditya Rayasam
- Graduate Training Program of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792
| | - Matyas Sandor
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792; Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792
| | - Zsuzsanna Fabry
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792; Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792;
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Clarkson BD, Walker A, Harris M, Rayasam A, Sandor M, Fabry Z. Mapping the accumulation of co-infiltrating CNS dendritic cells and encephalitogenic T cells during EAE. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 277:39-49. [PMID: 25288303 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Evidence from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) suggests that CNS-infiltrating dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial for restimulation of coinfiltrating T cells. Here we systematically quantified and visualized the distribution and interaction of CNS DCs and T cells during EAE. We report marked periventricular accumulation of DCs and myelin-specific T cells during EAE disease onset prior to accumulation in the spinal cord, indicating that the choroid plexus-CSF axis is a CNS entry portal. Moreover, despite emphasis on spinal cord inflammation in EAE and in correspondence with MS pathology, inflammatory lesions containing interacting DCs and T cells are present in specific brain regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Clarkson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States; Graduate Training Programs of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Alec Walker
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Melissa Harris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Aditya Rayasam
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Matyas Sandor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Zsuzsanna Fabry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Rd8 mutation in the Crb1 gene of CD11c-eYFP transgenic reporter mice results in abnormal numbers of CD11c-positive cells in the retina. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2013; 72:782-90. [PMID: 23860032 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e31829e8375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been considerable debate about whether dendritic cells (DCs), which are potent antigen-presenting cells pivotal to adaptive immune responses, are present in CNS parenchyma. In studies aimed at answering this issue, we discovered that while the neural retina of young naive transgenic C57BL/6 CD11c-eYFP reporter mice contained more than 800 CD11c-positive cells/retina, these cells were virtually absent in C57BL/6 CD11c-DTR/GFP mice. Clinical fundus examination, confocal imaging of retinal whole mounts, and sections revealed colocalization of CD11c-positive cells with classic mild to severe retinal dystrophic lesions. Immunophenotypic analysis revealed that CD11c-positive cells in the neural retina of these mice had the characteristic profile of activated microglia and not DCs. Genotypic analysis confirmed that the cause of the retinal dystrophic lesions in CD11c-eYFP transgenic mice was the occurrence of the Crb1(rd8) mutation, which affects all mice of the C57BL/6N strain but not the C57BL/6J strain. Comparison of 2 different types of CD11c reporter transgenic mice revealed that a mutation in the Crb1 gene leads to retinal degeneration resulting in the activation of large numbers of local microglia that could be readily mistaken for CD11c-positive putative DCs.
Collapse
|
32
|
Bilkei-Gorzo A. The endocannabinoid system in normal and pathological brain ageing. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 367:3326-41. [PMID: 23108550 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of endocannabinoids as inhibitory retrograde transmitters is now widely known and intensively studied. However, endocannabinoids also influence neuronal activity by exerting neuroprotective effects and regulating glial responses. This review centres around this less-studied area, focusing on the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the protective effect of the cannabinoid system in brain ageing. The progression of ageing is largely determined by the balance between detrimental, pro-ageing, largely stochastic processes, and the activity of the homeostatic defence system. Experimental evidence suggests that the cannabinoid system is part of the latter system. Cannabinoids as regulators of mitochondrial activity, as anti-oxidants and as modulators of clearance processes protect neurons on the molecular level. On the cellular level, the cannabinoid system regulates the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurogenesis. Neuroinflammatory processes contributing to the progression of normal brain ageing and to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases are suppressed by cannabinoids, suggesting that they may also influence the ageing process on the system level. In good agreement with the hypothesized beneficial role of cannabinoid system activity against brain ageing, it was shown that animals lacking CB1 receptors show early onset of learning deficits associated with age-related histological and molecular changes. In preclinical models of neurodegenerative disorders, cannabinoids show beneficial effects, but the clinical evidence regarding their efficacy as therapeutic tools is either inconclusive or still missing.
Collapse
|
33
|
D’Agostino PM, Gottfried-Blackmore A, Anandasabapathy N, Bulloch K. Brain dendritic cells: biology and pathology. Acta Neuropathol 2012; 124:599-614. [PMID: 22825593 PMCID: PMC3700359 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-012-1018-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are the professional antigen-presenting cells of the immune system. In their quiescent and mature form, the presentation of self-antigens by DC leads to tolerance; whereas, antigen presentation by mature DC, after stimulation by pathogen-associated molecular patterns, leads to the onset of antigen-specific immunity. DC have been found in many of the major organs in mammals (e.g. skin, heart, lungs, intestines and spleen); while the brain has long been considered devoid of DC in the absence of neuroinflammation. Consequently, microglia, the resident immune cell of the brain, have been charged with many functional attributes commonly ascribed to DC. Recent evidence has challenged the notion that DC are either absent or minimal players in brain immune surveillance. This review will discuss the recent literature examining DC involvement within both the young and aged steady-state brain. We will also examine DC contributions during various forms of neuroinflammation resulting from neurodegenerative autoimmune disease, injury, and CNS infections. This review also touches upon DC trafficking between the central nervous system and peripheral immune compartments during viral infections, the new molecular technologies that could be employed to enhance our current understanding of brain DC ontogeny, and some potential therapeutic uses of DC within the CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. D’Agostino
- The Laboratories of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Niroshana Anandasabapathy
- The Laboratories of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Karen Bulloch
- The Laboratories of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA. The Laboratories of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA. The Laboratories of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA. Neuroimmunology and Inflammation Program, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, Box 165, New York, NY 10065, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Thomas-Crusells J, McElhaney JE, Aguado MT. Report of the ad-hoc consultation on aging and immunization for a future WHO research agenda on life-course immunization. Vaccine 2012; 30:6007-12. [PMID: 22835737 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
WHO convened a meeting of around 30 experts to address the topic of aging and immunization in March 2011 in Geneva. The purpose of the meeting was to develop a global research agenda to eventually inform WHO policy recommendations regarding immunization beyond childhood and into old age. This issue is becoming more critical, since the population aged 60 and above will reach two billion people - three-quarters of whom will be in developing countries - in the next 40 years. The meeting reviewed current knowledge and gaps in information about: (1) the epidemiology of infectious diseases in the elderly in developed and developing countries and their contribution to disability in old age; (2) the deterioration of the immune system with age ("immune senescence") and possible ways to measure and counteract it; and (3) immunization approaches to maintain or improve health in older persons. These approaches include the concept of a "life-course vaccination" schedule to help sustain immunity to vaccine-preventable diseases beyond childhood and into old age; strategies to strengthen older persons' responses to vaccines (e.g., by adding adjuvants to vaccines, increasing vaccine dosage, and intradermal vaccine administration); and the possible development of new vaccines targeted specifically for older adults. Participants proposed priority research topics as well as strategies to facilitate and coordinate the research, including the establishment of networks of collaborators, with WHO playing a key coordinating role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Thomas-Crusells
- Initiative for Vaccine Research, World Health Organization, 20, Avenue Appia, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Hart AD, Wyttenbach A, Hugh Perry V, Teeling JL. Age related changes in microglial phenotype vary between CNS regions: grey versus white matter differences. Brain Behav Immun 2012; 26:754-65. [PMID: 22155499 PMCID: PMC3381227 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Subtle regional differences in microglial phenotype exist in the adult mouse brain. We investigated whether these differences were amplified during ageing and following systemic challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We studied microglial morphology and phenotype in young (4mo) and aged (21mo) C57/BL6 mice using immunohistochemistry and quantified the expression levels of surface molecules on microglia in white and grey matter along the rostral-caudal neuraxis. We detected significant regional, age dependent differences in microglial phenotypes, with the microglia of white matter and caudal areas of the CNS exhibiting greater upregulation of CD11b, CD68, CD11c, F4/80 and FcγRI than grey matter and rostral CNS areas. Upregulation of CD11c with age was restricted to the white matter, as was the appearance of multinucleated giant cells. Systemic LPS caused a subtle upregulation of FcγRI after 24 h, but the other markers examined were not affected. Burrowing behaviour and static rod assays were used to assess hippocampal and cerebellar integrity. Aged mice exhibited exaggerated and prolonged burrowing deficits following systemic LPS injection, while in the absence of an inflammatory challenge aged mice performed significantly worse than young mice in the static rod test. Taken together, these findings show that the effects of age on microglial phenotype and functional integrity vary significantly between CNS compartments, as do, albeit to a lesser extent, the effects of systemic LPS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam D. Hart
- Corresponding author. Address: Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK. Fax: +44(0) 2380 795332.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Lynch MA, Mills KHG. Immunology meets neuroscience--opportunities for immune intervention in neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Behav Immun 2012; 26:1-10. [PMID: 21664452 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2011.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammatory changes are characteristic of many, if not all, neurodegenerative diseases but the extent to which the immune system is involved in the pathogenesis of these diseases is unclear. The findings of several studies during the past decade has established that there is a well-developed communication between the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral immune system, but also has revealed that the immune system in the CNS is much more sophisticated that previously acknowledged. In this mini-review, we discuss two major neurodegenerative disorders, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and multiple sclerosis (MS), and consider whether the therapies most likely to succeed are those that are identified by studying the marriage of neuroscience and immunology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina A Lynch
- Trinity Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Corona AW, Fenn AM, Godbout JP. Cognitive and behavioral consequences of impaired immunoregulation in aging. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2011; 7:7-23. [PMID: 21932047 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-011-9313-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A hallmark of the aged immune system is impaired immunoregulation of the innate and adaptive immune system in the periphery and also in the central nervous system (CNS). Impaired immunoregulation may predispose older individuals to an increased frequency of peripheral infections with concomitant cognitive and behavioral complications. Thus, normal aging is hypothesized to alter the highly coordinated interactions between the immune system and the brain. In support of this notion, mounting evidence in rodent models indicate that the increased inflammatory status of the brain is associated with increased reactivity of microglia, the innate immune cells of the CNS. Understanding how immunity is affected with age is important because CNS immune cells play an integral role in propagating inflammatory signals that are initiated in the periphery. Increased reactivity of microglia sets the stage for an exaggerated inflammatory cytokine response following activation of the peripheral innate immune system that is paralleled by prolonged sickness, depressive-like complications and cognitive impairment. Moreover, amplified neuroinflammation negatively affects several aspects of neural plasticity (e.g., neurogenesis, long-term potentiation, and dendritic morphology) that can contribute to the severity of neurological complications. The purpose of this review is to discuss several key peripheral and central immune changes that impair the coordinated response between the immune system and the brain and result in behavioral and cognitive deficits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela W Corona
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|