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Jakubowski H. Proteomic Exploration of Paraoxonase 1 Function in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097764. [PMID: 37175471 PMCID: PMC10178420 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) exhibits cardio- and neuro-protective properties, which are thought to be promoted by paraoxonase 1 (PON1), a hydrolytic enzyme associated with an HDL subfraction also enriched with an anticoagulant protein (PROS1) and amyloid beta-transport protein clusterin (CLU, APOJ). Reduced levels of PON1 activity, characterized biochemically by elevated levels of homocysteine (Hcy)-thiolactone, oxidized lipids, and proteins modified by these metabolites in humans and mice, are associated with pathological abnormalities affecting the cardiovascular system (atherothrombosis) and the central nervous system (cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease). The molecular bases of these abnormalities have been largely unknown. Proteomic and metabolic studies over the past decade have significantly contributed to our understanding of PON1 function and the mechanisms by which PON1 deficiency can lead to disease. Recent studies discussed in this review highlight the involvement of dysregulated proteostasis in the pro-oxidative, pro-atherothrombotic, and pro-amyloidogenic phenotypes associated with low PON1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hieronim Jakubowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, International Center for Public Health, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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Khalaf FK, Connolly J, Khatib-Shahidi B, Albehadili A, Tassavvor I, Ranabothu M, Eid N, Dube P, Khouri SJ, Malhotra D, Haller ST, Kennedy DJ. Paraoxonases at the Heart of Neurological Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24086881. [PMID: 37108044 PMCID: PMC10139148 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24086881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Paraoxonase enzymes serve as an important physiological redox system that participates in the protection against cellular injury caused by oxidative stress. The PON enzymes family consists of three members (PON-1, PON-2, and PON-3) that share a similar structure and location as a cluster on human chromosome 7. These enzymes exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties with well-described roles in preventing cardiovascular disease. Perturbations in PON enzyme levels and their activity have also been linked with the development and progression of many neurological disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. The current review summarizes the available evidence on the role of PONs in these diseases and their ability to modify risk factors for neurological disorders. We present the current findings on the role of PONs in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and other neurodegenerative and neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatimah K Khalaf
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Alkafeel College of Medicine, Najaf 54001, Iraq
| | - Jacob Connolly
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Bella Khatib-Shahidi
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Abdulsahib Albehadili
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
- Department of Computer Engineering Technology, College of Information Technology, Imam Ja'afar Al-Sadiq University, Najaf 54001, Iraq
| | - Iman Tassavvor
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Meghana Ranabothu
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Noha Eid
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Prabhatchandra Dube
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Samer J Khouri
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Deepak Malhotra
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Steven T Haller
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - David J Kennedy
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
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Depletion of Paraoxonase 1 (Pon1) Dysregulates mTOR, Autophagy, and Accelerates Amyloid Beta Accumulation in Mice. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050746. [PMID: 36899882 PMCID: PMC10001133 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1), a homocysteine (Hcy)-thiolactone detoxifying enzyme, has been associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), suggesting that PON1 plays an important protective role in the brain. To study the involvement of PON1 in the development of AD and to elucidate the mechanism involved, we generated a new mouse model of AD, the Pon1-/-xFAD mouse, and examined how Pon1 depletion affects mTOR signaling, autophagy, and amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulation. To elucidate the mechanism involved, we examined these processes in N2a-APPswe cells. We found that Pon1 depletion significantly downregulated Phf8 and upregulated H4K20me1; mTOR, phospho-mTOR, and App were upregulated while autophagy markers Bcln1, Atg5, and Atg7 were downregulated at the protein and mRNA levels in the brains of Pon1─/─5xFAD vs. Pon1+/+5xFAD mice. Pon1 depletion in N2a-APPswe cells by RNA interference led to downregulation of Phf8 and upregulation of mTOR due to increased H4K20me1-mTOR promoter binding. This led to autophagy downregulation and significantly increased APP and Aβ levels. Phf8 depletion by RNA interference or treatments with Hcy-thiolactone or N-Hcy-protein metabolites similarly increased Aβ levels in N2a-APPswe cells. Taken together, our findings define a neuroprotective mechanism by which Pon1 prevents Aβ generation.
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Chang CH, Yu CJ, Du JC, Chiou HC, Hou JW, Yang W, Chen CF, Chen HC, Chen YS, Hwang B, Chen ML. The associations among organophosphate pesticide exposure, oxidative stress, and genetic polymorphisms of paraoxonases in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 773:145604. [PMID: 33592467 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study will help to clarify the relationship between organophosphate pesticides (OPs) and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) related to oxidative stress and paraoxonases (PON) polymorphisms to further characterize the gene-environment interaction. This case-control study enrolled 85 children with ADHD and 96 control subjects. Urinary OP levels were analyzed by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Oxidative stress biomarkers, such as 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), 8-nitroguanine (8-NO2-Gua), 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (8-iso-PGF2α), and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenoic acid-mercapturic acid (HNE-MA), were analyzed by using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI), attributable proportion due to interaction (AP), and synergy index (S) were calculated to evaluate the additive interactions between OP exposure and PON genetic polymorphism on ADHD. A causal mediation analysis was conducted to clarify the mediation effects of oxidative stress due to OP exposure on ADHD. Children with ADHD had significantly higher DMP (238.95 nmol/g cre. vs. 164.83 nmol/g cre., p value = 0.01) and HNE-MA (30.75 μg/g cre. vs. 18.41 μg/g cre., p value<0.01) concentrations than control children. Children who carried the PON1 GG genotype (rs705379) had low urinary DMP levels, and the level increased with increasing numbers of allele variants. The risk for developing ADHD reached 2.06-fold (OR = 2.06, 95% CI:1.23-3.44) and 1.43-fold (OR = 1.45, 95% CI:1.04-2.03) when the DMP and HNE-MA levels increased by 1 natural log of the concentration, respectively. The estimated AP value was 0.66 (95% CI: 0.17-1.15), indicating that 66% of ADHD cases in DMP-exposed children with the PON1 CT/TT (rs705381) genotype were due to gene-environment interactions. No significant mediation of HNE-MA was observed between DMP exposure and the risk of ADHD. The estimated proportion mediated was only 7.0% (95% CI: -0.08-0.46). This research suggests the role of OP exposure in the occurrence of ADHD after adjusting for covariates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Huang Chang
- School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Jung Yu
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Chieh Du
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei City Hospital, Zhongxiao Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Chih Chiou
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Taipei City Hospital, Songde Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Woei Hou
- Department of Pediatrics, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Winnie Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei City Hospital, Yangming Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chian-Feng Chen
- VYM Genome Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chang Chen
- Institute of Food Safety and Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Sheue Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Betau Hwang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Taipei City Hospital, Songde Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Lien Chen
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Perła-Kaján J, Włoczkowska O, Zioła-Frankowska A, Frankowski M, Smith AD, de Jager CA, Refsum H, Jakubowski H. Paraoxonase 1, B Vitamins Supplementation, and Mild Cognitive Impairment. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 81:1211-1229. [PMID: 33935094 PMCID: PMC8293656 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: Identification of modifiable risk factors that affect cognitive decline is important for the development of preventive and treatment strategies. Status of paraoxonase 1 (PON1), a high-density lipoprotein-associated enzyme, may play a role in the development of neurological diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease. Objective: We tested a hypothesis that PON1 status predicts cognition in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods: Individuals with MCI (n = 196, 76.8-years-old, 60% women) participating in a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial (VITACOG) were assigned to receive a daily dose of folic acid (0.8 mg), vitamin B12 (0.5 mg) and B6 (20 mg) (n = 95) or placebo (n = 101) for 2 years. Cognition was analyzed by neuropsychological tests. Brain atrophy was quantified in a subset of participants (n = 168) by MRI. PON1 status, including PON1 Q192R genotype, was determined by quantifying enzymatic activity of PON1 using paraoxon and phenyl acetate as substrates. Results: In the placebo group, baseline phenylacetate hydrolase (PhAcase) activity of PON1 (but not paraoxonase activity or PON1 Q192R genotype) was significantly associated with global cognition (Mini-Mental State Examination, MMSE; Telephone Inventory for Cognitive Status-modified, TICS-m), verbal episodic memory (Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-revised: Total Recall, HVLT-TR; Delayed Recall, HVLT-DR), and attention/processing speed (Trail Making A and Symbol Digits Modalities Test, SDMT) at the end of study. In addition to PhAcase, baseline iron and triglycerides predicted MMSE, baseline fatty acids predicted SDMT, baseline anti-N-Hcy-protein autoantibodies predicted TICS-m, SDMT, Trail Making A, while BDNF V66M genotype predicted HVLT-TR and HVLT-DR scores at the end of study. B-vitamins abrogated associations of PON1 and other variables with cognition. Conclusion: PON1 is a new factor associated with impaired cognition that can be ameliorated by B-vitamins in individuals with MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Perła-Kaján
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Olga Włoczkowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Anetta Zioła-Frankowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Marcin Frankowski
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - A David Smith
- OPTIMA, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Celeste A de Jager
- OPTIMA, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Helga Refsum
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hieronim Jakubowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland.,Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health, Newark, NJ, USA
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Wysocka A, Zwolak A. The Relevance of Noncoding DNA Variations of Paraoxonase Gene Cluster in Atherosclerosis-Related Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042137. [PMID: 33670025 PMCID: PMC7926863 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The human paraoxonase (PON) gene cluster is comprised of three contiguous genes (PON1, PON2 and PON3) of presumably common origin coding three lactonases of highly similar structure and substrate specificity. The catalytic activity of PON proteins is directed toward artificial organophosphates and in physiological conditions toward thiolactones and oxidized phospholipids. Consequently, PON enzymes are regarded as an effective defense against oxidative stress and, as a result, against atherosclerosis development. Additionally, both PON's serum activity and its concentration are influenced by several polymorphic variations in coding and noncoding DNA regions of the PON gene cluster remaining in linkage disequilibrium. Hence, the genetic polymorphism of the PON gene cluster may contribute to atherosclerotic process progression or deceleration. In this review the authors analyzed the relevance of noncoding DNA polymorphic variations of PON genes in atherosclerosis-related diseases involving coronary and peripheral artery disease, stroke, diabetes mellitus, dementia and renal disease and concluded that the effect of PON gene cluster' polymorphism has a considerable impact on the course and outcome in these conditions. The following PON genetic variations may serve as additional predictors of the risk of atherosclerosis in selected populations and individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wysocka
- Chair of Internal Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine in Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
- Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-814487720
| | - Agnieszka Zwolak
- Chair of Internal Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine in Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
- Chair and Department of Endocrinology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland
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Sikora M, Bretes E, Perła-Kaján J, Lewandowska I, Marczak Ł, Jakubowski H. Genetic Attenuation of Paraoxonase 1 Activity Induces Proatherogenic Changes in Plasma Proteomes of Mice and Humans. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9121198. [PMID: 33260536 PMCID: PMC7761039 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein (HDL), in addition to promoting reverse cholesterol transport, possesses anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and antithrombotic activities. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1), carried on HDL in the blood, can contribute to these antiatherogenic activities. The PON1-Q192R polymorphism involves a change from glutamine (Q variant) to arginine (R variant) at position 192 of the PON1 protein and affects its enzymatic activity. The molecular basis of PON1 association with cardiovascular and neurological diseases is not fully understood. To get insight into the function of PON1 in human disease, we examined how genetic attenuation of PON1 levels/activity affect plasma proteomes of mice and humans. Healthy participants (48.9 years old, 50% women) were randomly recruited from the Poznań population. Four-month-old Pon1−/− (n = 17) and Pon1+/+ (n = 8) mice (50% female) were used in these experiments. Plasma proteomes were analyzed using label-free mass spectrometry. Bioinformatics analysis was carried out using the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) resources. PON1-Q192R polymorphism and Pon1−/− genotype induced similar changes in plasma proteomes of humans and mice, respectively. The top molecular network, identified by IPA, affected by these changes involved proteins participating in lipoprotein metabolism. Other PON1 genotype-dependent proteomic changes affect different biological networks in humans and mice: “cardiovascular, neurological disease, organismal injury/abnormalities” in PON1-192QQ humans and “humoral immune response, inflammatory response, protein synthesis” and “cell-to-cell signaling/interaction, hematological system development/function, immune cell trafficking” in Pon1−/− mice. Our findings suggest that PON1 interacts with molecular pathways involved in lipoprotein metabolism, acute/inflammatory response, and complement/blood coagulation that are essential for blood homeostasis. Modulation of those interactions by the PON1 genotype can account for its association with cardiovascular and neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sikora
- European Centre for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 61-704 Poznań, Poland; (M.S.); (I.L.); (Ł.M.)
| | - Ewa Bretes
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-632 Poznań, Poland; (E.B.); (J.P.-K.)
| | - Joanna Perła-Kaján
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-632 Poznań, Poland; (E.B.); (J.P.-K.)
| | - Izabela Lewandowska
- European Centre for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 61-704 Poznań, Poland; (M.S.); (I.L.); (Ł.M.)
- International Center for Public Health, Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Łukasz Marczak
- European Centre for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 61-704 Poznań, Poland; (M.S.); (I.L.); (Ł.M.)
| | - Hieronim Jakubowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-632 Poznań, Poland; (E.B.); (J.P.-K.)
- International Center for Public Health, Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +973-972-8733; Fax: +973-972-8982
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Zhou H, Zhou J, Li H, Hui C, Bi J. Paraoxonase 3 gene polymorphisms are associated with occupational noise-induced deafness: A matched case-control study from China. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240615. [PMID: 33057386 PMCID: PMC7561195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure to noise is a detrimental environmental factor that can contribute to occupational noise-induced deafness (ONID) in industrial workers. ONID is caused by both environmental and genetic factors, and negatively impacts workers and manufacturing industries in China. Polymorphisms in the paraoxonase 2 gene (PON2) is associated with noise-induced hearing loss, and PON3 expression may modulate oxidative stress in cells and tissues by reducing the levels of reactive oxygen species, which are prominent in ONID. We conducted a matched case-control study to investigate whether PON3 polymorphisms and activity were associated with susceptibility to ONID. We genotyped PON3 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using Sanger sequencing and measured the plasma PON3 activity using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Conditional logistic regression models were fitted to evaluate the potential risk factors of ONID. A total of 300 subjects were included (n = 150 ONID and n = 150 control cases) from October 2017 to October 2019. We identified two types of genotypes for the PON3 SNPs. The independent risk factors for ONID were genotype CT and allele C with Odd’s ratio (OR) = 2.12 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.18–3.84) and OR = 1.68 (95% CI: 1.06–2.66) for SNP rs11767787; AG and allele A with OR = 2.09 (95% CI: 1.25–3.47) and OR = 1.87 (95% CI: 1.19–2.93) for SNP rs13226149; and CT and allele T with OR = 2.59 (95% CI: 1.44–4.67) and OR = 1.95 (95% CI: 1.22–3.14) for SNP rs17882539, respectively. Furthermore, the plasma PON3 level (> 1504 U/L) was observed to be a protective factor associated with the lowest level of ONID (less than 991 U/L) after adjusting for confounding factors (OR = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.13–0.54). In conclusion, the PON3 polymorphisms rs11767787, rs13226149, and rs17882539 and plasma PON3 activity are associated with susceptibility to ONID in the Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaping Zhou
- Department of Occupational Health Surveillance, Shenzhen Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Jinpeng Zhou
- Department of Occupational Disease Diagnosis, Shenzhen Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Occupational Disease, Shenzhen Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Changye Hui
- Department of Pathology and Toxicology, Shenzhen Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jing Bi
- Department of Occupational Health Surveillance, Shenzhen Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
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Jakubowski H. Homocysteine Modification in Protein Structure/Function and Human Disease. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:555-604. [PMID: 30427275 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00003.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies established that elevated homocysteine, an important intermediate in folate, vitamin B12, and one carbon metabolism, is associated with poor health, including heart and brain diseases. Earlier studies show that patients with severe hyperhomocysteinemia, first identified in the 1960s, exhibit neurological and cardiovascular abnormalities and premature death due to vascular complications. Although homocysteine is considered to be a nonprotein amino acid, studies over the past 2 decades have led to discoveries of protein-related homocysteine metabolism and mechanisms by which homocysteine can become a component of proteins. Homocysteine-containing proteins lose their biological function and acquire cytotoxic, proinflammatory, proatherothrombotic, and proneuropathic properties, which can account for the various disease phenotypes associated with hyperhomocysteinemia. This review describes mechanisms by which hyperhomocysteinemia affects cellular proteostasis, provides a comprehensive account of the biological chemistry of homocysteine-containing proteins, and discusses pathophysiological consequences and clinical implications of their formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hieronim Jakubowski
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health , Newark, New Jersey ; and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences , Poznań , Poland
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10
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Cervellati C, Valacchi G, Tisato V, Zuliani G, Marsillach J. Evaluating the link between Paraoxonase-1 levels and Alzheimer's disease development. Minerva Med 2018; 110:238-250. [PMID: 30334443 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4806.18.05875-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
At present, the etiopathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia, remains far to be fully deciphered. In the recent years, also the centrality of amyloid-β peptide in the pathogenesis of the neurodegenerative disease has been questioned and other hypotheses have been advanced. Notably, a common denominator of many of these theoretical models is represented by oxidative stress, which is widely proposed to play a role in the disease initiation and/or progression. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is a high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-associated enzyme that endows its carrier with multiple biological functions, including the ability to contrast oxidative damage to lipid components of lipoproteins and cells and protect from toxicity of specific organophosphorus pesticides. The peculiar multi-functionality nature of PON1 might be the key for explaining the vast epidemiological data showing a close association between low serum PON1 activity and risk of several diseases, including cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, in particular AD. In this review, we discuss the possible link between PON1 with AD pathogenesis and we hypothesize eventual mechanistic pathways that could account from epidemiological observations. We also highlight the methodological issue limitation in PON1 studies that still impede to give a definitive and certain picture of its effective biological impact on human health including AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Cervellati
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy -
| | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Department of Animal Sciences, NC Research Campus, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, USA.,Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Veronica Tisato
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giovanni Zuliani
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Judit Marsillach
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Nie Y, Luo D, Yang M, Wang Y, Xiong L, Gao L, Liu Y, Liu H. A Meta-Analysis on the Relationship of the PON Genes and Alzheimer Disease. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2017; 30:303-310. [PMID: 28954597 DOI: 10.1177/0891988717731825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to evaluate the association of the paraoxonase (PON) gene variants and Alzheimer disease (AD) using meta-analysis. METHODS Relevant studies were identified by searching English and Chinese databases extensively. Allele and genotype frequencies for each included study were extracted. Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was employed to assess the quality of included studies. The odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was calculated using a random-effects or fixed-effects model. A Q statistic was used to evaluate homogeneity, and Egger test and funnel plot were used to assess publication bias. RESULTS A total of 15 studies (involving 5 polymorphisms) were included and identified for the current meta-analysis. The NOS scores ranged from 7 to 8, meaning good quality of studies. It was found that the SS genotype of PON2 S311C polymorphism had an significant association with AD in the studied population (OR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.68-0.99, P = .04), and the A allele of PON1 rs705379 polymorphism was positively related to AD in Caucasian population (OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.05-1.39, P = .009) as well as the GG genotype decreased AD risk significantly in Caucasians (OR = 0.7, 95% CI: 0.56-0.88, P = .002). However, there was no significant relationship between other 3 genetic variants of PON genes (L55 M, Q192 R, and -161C/T of PON1 gene) and AD. CONCLUSION Existing evidence indicates that the S311C polymorphism (SS genotype) and the rs705379 (the A allele and GG genotype) are associated with risk of AD in studied population. Future studies with larger sample sizes will be necessary to confirm the present results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Nie
- 1 Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Danyang Luo
- 1 Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Yang
- 2 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center (KUMC), Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Yi Wang
- 3 Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Xiong
- 4 Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Gao
- 5 Department of Neurology, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Southwest Medical University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Liu
- 5 Department of Neurology, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Southwest Medical University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Liu
- 1 Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People's Republic of China.,5 Department of Neurology, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Southwest Medical University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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Haithem H, Ons A, Salma N, Jihène R, Mariam A, Mariem M, Mariem N, Nabila BR, Asma O, Sana BA, Sofien B, Ali B. Association between dementia and vascular disease-associated polymorphisms in a Tunisian population. Int J Neurosci 2017; 128:32-41. [PMID: 28657841 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2017.1348353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dementia is a multifactorial idiopathic pathology caused by clinical, eDementia is a multifactorial idiopathic pathology caused by clinical, environmental and genetic factors. Hence, its etiology is still unknown. We aimed to evaluate the association between five genetic risk factors for vascular diseases and dementia individually and when gathered in haplotypes. MATERIALS AND METHOD We enrolled 200 dementia patients and 300 controls. All subjects were genotyped for vascular diseaseassociated polymorphisms in the genes coding for Apolipoprotein-E (ApoE), angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and Paraoxonase-1 (PON1). RESULTS The association between dementia risk and all the studied polymorphisms except of PON1-Q192R was found to be significant. Carrying the ApoE e4 allele seems to increase dementia risk by 4.32 fold (p = 0.001). The risk associated with ACE I and PON1-L55M T alleles were lower (2.58 and 2.11 fold, p < 0.001 and p = 0.015, respectively). When combined in haplotypes, these polymorphisms showed a cumulative and synergetic effect. GTICC haplotype appears to be associated with 9-fold dementia risk (p < 0.001), whereas AADTT seems to reduce dementia risk by 80% (p = 0.003). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that, ApoE ε4, ACE I and PON1-L55M T alleles are associated with dementia risk whether these polymorphisms were studied separately or gathered in haplotypes. Still, the contribution of each gene to the pathophysiological development of dementia must be more investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdouni Haithem
- a Biochemistry Department , Sahloul University Hospital , Sousse , Tunisia.,d Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Achour Ons
- a Biochemistry Department , Sahloul University Hospital , Sousse , Tunisia.,d Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Naija Salma
- b Neurology Department , Sahloul University Hospital , Sousse , Tunisia
| | - Rejeb Jihène
- a Biochemistry Department , Sahloul University Hospital , Sousse , Tunisia
| | - Aounallah Mariam
- a Biochemistry Department , Sahloul University Hospital , Sousse , Tunisia
| | - Mhiri Mariem
- b Neurology Department , Sahloul University Hospital , Sousse , Tunisia
| | - Noureddine Mariem
- a Biochemistry Department , Sahloul University Hospital , Sousse , Tunisia.,d Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Ben Rejeb Nabila
- a Biochemistry Department , Sahloul University Hospital , Sousse , Tunisia.,c Biochemistry Department , Sahloul University Hospital , Sousse , Tunisia.,d Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Omezzine Asma
- a Biochemistry Department , Sahloul University Hospital , Sousse , Tunisia.,c Biochemistry Department , Sahloul University Hospital , Sousse , Tunisia.,d Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Ben Amor Sana
- b Neurology Department , Sahloul University Hospital , Sousse , Tunisia
| | - Benammou Sofien
- b Neurology Department , Sahloul University Hospital , Sousse , Tunisia
| | - Bouslama Ali
- a Biochemistry Department , Sahloul University Hospital , Sousse , Tunisia.,c Biochemistry Department , Sahloul University Hospital , Sousse , Tunisia.,d Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia
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Chan GG, Koch CM, Connors LH. Blood Proteomic Profiling in Inherited (ATTRm) and Acquired (ATTRwt) Forms of Transthyretin-Associated Cardiac Amyloidosis. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:1659-1668. [PMID: 28196416 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Transthyretin-associated forms of cardiac amyloidosis are fatal protein misfolding diseases that can be inherited (ATTRm) or acquired (ATTRwt). An accurate diagnosis of ATTR amyloidosis can be challenging as biopsy evidence, usually from the affected organ, is required. Precise biomarkers for ATTR disease identification and monitoring are undiscovered, disease-specific therapeutic options are needed, and the current understanding of ATTR molecular pathogenesis is limited. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the serum proteomes in ATTRm and ATTRwt cardiac amyloidosis to identify differentially expressed blood proteins that were disease-specific. Using multiple-reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (MRM-MS), the concentrations of 160 proteins were analyzed in serum samples from ATTRm and ATTRwt patients, and a healthy control group. Patient and control sera were matched to age (≥60 years), gender (male), and race (Caucasian). The circulating concentrations of 123/160 proteins were significantly different in patient vs control sera; TTR and retinol-binding protein (RBP4) levels were significantly decreased (p < 0.03) in ATTRm compared to controls. In ATTRm, 14/123 proteins were identified as unique to that group and found generally to be lower than controls; moreover, the concentrations of RBP4 and 6 other proteins in this group were significantly different (p < 0.04) compared to ATTRwt. Predicted interactions among the 14 proteins unique to ATTRm were categorized as reaction and binding associations. Alternatively, 27 proteins were found to be unique to ATTRwt with associated interactions defined as activation, catalysis, and inhibition, in addition to reaction and binding. This study demonstrates significant proteomic differences between ATTR patient and control sera, and disease-associated variations in circulating levels of several proteins including TTR and RBP4. The identification of serum proteins unique to ATTRm and ATTRwt cardiac amyloidosis may have diagnostic and prognostic utility, and may provide important clues about disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria G Chan
- Amyloidosis Center and ‡Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Clarissa M Koch
- Amyloidosis Center and ‡Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Lawreen H Connors
- Amyloidosis Center and ‡Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
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Açai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) Upregulates Paraoxonase 1 Gene Expression and Activity with Concomitant Reduction of Hepatic Steatosis in High-Fat Diet-Fed Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:8379105. [PMID: 27642496 PMCID: PMC5014968 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8379105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Açai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.), a fruit from the Amazon region, has emerged as a promising source of polyphenols. Açai consumption has been increasing owing to ascribed health benefits and antioxidant properties; however, its effects on hepatic injury are limited. In this study, we evaluated the antioxidant effect of filtered açai pulp on the expression of paraoxonase (PON) isoforms and PON1 activity in rats with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The rats were fed a standard AIN-93M (control) diet or a high-fat (HF) diet containing 25% soy oil and 1% cholesterol with or without açai pulp (2 g/day) for 6 weeks. Our results show that açai pulp prevented low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation, increased serum and hepatic PON1 activity, and upregulated the expression of PON1 and ApoA-I in the liver. In HF diet-fed rats, treatment with açai pulp attenuated liver damage, reducing fat infiltration and triglyceride (TG) content. In rats receiving açai, increased serum PON1 activity was correlated with a reduction in hepatic steatosis and hepatic injury. These findings suggest the use of açai as a potential therapy for liver injuries, supporting the idea that dietary antioxidants are a promising approach to enhance the defensive systems against oxidative stress.
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Bacchetti T, Vignini A, Giulietti A, Nanetti L, Provinciali L, Luzzi S, Mazzanti L, Ferretti G. Higher Levels of Oxidized Low Density Lipoproteins in Alzheimer's Disease Patients: Roles for Platelet Activating Factor Acetyl Hydrolase and Paraoxonase-1. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 46:179-86. [PMID: 25720407 DOI: 10.3233/jad-143096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with oxidative damage of low density lipoproteins (ox-LDL). In order to investigate whether higher levels of ox-LDL are related to alterations of the activity of enzymes involved in lipid metabolism, we studied the activity of paraoxonase-1 (PON1) and platelet activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) in AD patients and the relationship between biochemical markers and severity of the disease. Levels of ox-LDL, PON1 (paraoxonase, arylesterase, and lactonase activities), and PAF-AH activity were evaluated in plasma from 49 patients affected by AD and from 34 control subjects matched for gender and age. Our results demonstrated alterations in the activities of PON1 and PAF-AH in AD patients compared to controls and showed, for the first time, a relationship between the activities of these enzymes, ox-LDL levels, and severity of the disease. A significant negative correlation was observed between the ratio PON1/PAF-AH and ox-LDL. Whatever the causes that contribute to a systemic oxidative stress in AD, our results have shown that AD patients exhibit higher PAF-AH activity than control subjects and higher ox-LDL. This phenomenon, in combination with diminished PON1 in these patients and, consequently, the relatively lower ratio PON1/PAF-AH activity, could contribute to inflammation and oxidative stress of plasma lipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Bacchetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente (DISVA), Universitá Politecnica delle Marche, Italy
| | - Arianna Vignini
- Dipartimento di Scienze cliniche Specialistiche ed Odontostomatologiche (DISCO), Universitá Politecnica delle Marche, Italy
| | - Alessia Giulietti
- Dipartimento di Scienze cliniche Specialistiche ed Odontostomatologiche (DISCO), Universitá Politecnica delle Marche, Italy
| | - Laura Nanetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze cliniche Specialistiche ed Odontostomatologiche (DISCO), Universitá Politecnica delle Marche, Italy
| | - Leandro Provinciali
- Dipartimento Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica - Sezione Neuroscienze Cliniche, Universitá Politecnica delle Marche, Italy
| | - Simona Luzzi
- Dipartimento Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica - Sezione Neuroscienze Cliniche, Universitá Politecnica delle Marche, Italy
| | - Laura Mazzanti
- Dipartimento di Scienze cliniche Specialistiche ed Odontostomatologiche (DISCO), Universitá Politecnica delle Marche, Italy
| | - Gianna Ferretti
- Dipartimento di Scienze cliniche Specialistiche ed Odontostomatologiche (DISCO), Universitá Politecnica delle Marche, Italy
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Seow DCC, Gao Q, Yap P, Gan JM, Chionh HL, Lim SC, Feng L, Ng TP. Profile of the Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) Gene 192Q/R Polymorphism and Clinical Associations among Older Singaporean Chinese with Alzheimer's and Mixed Dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra 2016; 6:43-54. [PMID: 27293416 PMCID: PMC4899677 DOI: 10.1159/000442382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To examine the prevalence of the Paraoxonase1 (PON1) gene 192Q/R polymorphism amongst Singaporean Chinese with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mixed dementia and possible clinical associations. METHODS We examined the presence of the PON1 192Q/R polymorphism together with cognitive status, functional status and neuropsychiatric symptoms among 186 older Singaporean Chinese with AD (n = 109) and mixed dementia (n = 77). RESULTS The R allele predominated in 67% of the AD patients and 63.1% of the patients with mixed dementia. Within the mixed dementia subgroup, the R allele was significantly associated with a higher BADLS score, NPI-Q scores and CDR scores. CONCLUSION Among older Singaporean Chinese with AD and mixed dementia, the R allele was predominant. In particular, within the mixed dementia subgroup, the R allele carrier status was associated with poorer functional status, greater presence of neuropsychiatric symptoms and a more severe stage of dementia. Further studies should be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis C C Seow
- Geriatric Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, SingHealth, Singapore
| | - Qi Gao
- Gerontological Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Psychological Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Philip Yap
- Geriatric Medicine, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Alexandra Health, Singapore
| | - Jia Min Gan
- Institute of Medical Biology, ASTAR/Singapore OncoGenome Laboratory, Singapore
| | - Hui Ling Chionh
- Nursing, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Alexandra Health, Singapore
| | - Su Chi Lim
- Endocrinology, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Alexandra Health, Singapore
| | - Lei Feng
- Gerontological Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Psychological Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Tze Pin Ng
- Gerontological Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Psychological Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
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Cervellati C, Trentini A, Romani A, Bellini T, Bosi C, Ortolani B, Zurlo A, Passaro A, Seripa D, Zuliani G. Serum paraoxonase and arylesterase activities of paraoxonase-1 (PON-1), mild cognitive impairment, and 2-year conversion to dementia: A pilot study. J Neurochem 2015; 135:395-401. [PMID: 26178739 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Converging lines of evidence suggest that paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) may confer protection against inflammatory and oxidative challenge which, in turn, plays a key-role in the onset and progression of dementia. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether serum PON-1 paraoxonase/arylesterase activities might predict the clinical conversion of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) or vascular dementia (VAD). Serum paraoxonase and arylesterase activities were measured by spectrophotometric assays at baseline in 141 MCI patients (median age: 77 years; interquartile range 71-81) and in 78 healthy controls (median age: 76 years; interquartile range 73-79). After 2 years of follow-up, 86 MCI remained stable (MCI/MCI), 34 converted to LOAD (MCI/LOAD), whereas 21 converted to VAD (MCI/VAD). Baseline arylesterase activity was lower in all MCI groups compared with controls (all p < 0.01), whereas paraoxonase activity was lower in MCI/VAD group compared to controls (p < 0.05) and MCI/MCI patients (p = 0.009). Low paraoxonase and arylesterase activities (I quartile) were associated to higher risk of conversion to VAD (OR: 3.74, 95% CI: 1.37-10.25 and OR: 3.16, 95% CI: 1.17-8.56, respectively). Our results suggest that in MCI patients low PON-1 activity might contribute to identify individuals susceptible to develop vascular dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Cervellati
- Section of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics, Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Trentini
- Section of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics, Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Arianna Romani
- Section of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics, Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Tiziana Bellini
- Section of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics, Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Cristina Bosi
- Section of Internal and Cardiopulmonary Medicine, Department of Medical Science, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Beatrice Ortolani
- Section of Internal and Cardiopulmonary Medicine, Department of Medical Science, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Amedeo Zurlo
- Operative Unit of Geriatrics, S. Anna University Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Angelina Passaro
- Section of Internal and Cardiopulmonary Medicine, Department of Medical Science, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Davide Seripa
- Geriatric Unit of the IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Zuliani
- Section of Internal and Cardiopulmonary Medicine, Department of Medical Science, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Pesticides exposure as etiological factors of Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases—A mechanistic approach. Toxicol Lett 2014; 230:85-103. [PMID: 24503016 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Linking pesticide exposure and dementia: what is the evidence? Toxicology 2013; 307:3-11. [PMID: 23416173 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There has been a steep increase in the prevalence of dementia in recent decades, which has roughly followed an increase in pesticide use some decades earlier, a time when it is probable that current dementia patients could have been exposed to pesticides. This raises the question whether pesticides contribute to dementia pathogenesis. Indeed, many studies have found increased prevalence of cognitive, behavioral and psychomotor dysfunction in individuals chronically exposed to pesticides. Furthermore, evidence from recent studies shows a possible association between chronic pesticide exposure and an increased prevalence of dementia, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia. At the cellular and molecular level, the mechanism of action of many classes of pesticides suggests that these compounds could be, at least partly, accountable for the neurodegeneration accompanying AD and other dementias. For example, organophosphates, which inhibit acetylcholinesterase as do the drugs used in treating AD symptoms, have also been shown to lead to microtubule derangements and tau hyperphosphorylation, a hallmark of AD. This emerging association is of considerable public health importance, given the increasing dementia prevalence and pesticide use. Here we review the epidemiological links between dementia and pesticide exposure and discuss the possible pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical implications of this association.
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Borowczyk K, Shih DM, Jakubowski H. Metabolism and neurotoxicity of homocysteine thiolactone in mice: evidence for a protective role of paraoxonase 1. J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 30:225-31. [PMID: 22406444 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2012-111940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Homocysteine (Hcy)-thiolactone is toxic, induces epileptic seizures in rodents, and has been implicated in Alzheimer's disease. Paraoxonase 1 (Pon1), a component of high-density lipoprotein, hydrolyzes Hcy-thiolactone in vitro. Whether this reflects a physiological function and whether Pon1 can protect against Hcy-thiolactone toxicity was unknown. Here we show that Hcy-thiolactone was elevated in brains of Pon1-/- mice (1.5-fold, p = 0.047) and that Pon1-/- mice excrete more Hcy-thiolactone than wild type animals (2.4-fold, p = 0.047). The frequency of seizures induced by intraperitoneal injections of L-Hcy-thiolactone was significantly higher in Pon1-/- mice compared with wild type animals (52.8% versus 29.5%, p = 0.042); the latency of seizures was lower in Pon1-/- mice than in wild type animals (31.8 min versus 41.2 min, p = 0.019). Using the Pon1 null mice, we provide the first direct evidence that a specific Hcy metabolite, Hcy-thiolactone, rather than Hcy itself is neurotoxic in vivo. Our findings indicate that Pon1 protects mice against Hcy-thiolactone neurotoxicity by hydrolyzing it in the brain, and suggest a mechanism by which Pon1 can protect against neurodegeneration associated with hyperhomocysteinemia and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Borowczyk
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
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Pi Y, Zhang L, Chang K, Li B, Guo L, Fang C, Gao C, Wang J, Xiang J, Li J. Lack of an association between Paraoxonase 1 gene polymorphisms (Q192R, L55M) and Alzheimer's disease: A meta-analysis. Neurosci Lett 2012; 523:174-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.06.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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22
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Association of a protective paraoxonase 1 (PON1) polymorphism in Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 2012; 522:30-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Talkowski ME, Rosenfeld JA, Blumenthal I, Pillalamarri V, Chiang C, Heilbut A, Ernst C, Hanscom C, Rossin E, Lindgren A, Pereira S, Ruderfer D, Kirby A, Ripke S, Harris D, Lee JH, Ha K, Kim HG, Solomon BD, Gropman AL, Lucente D, Sims K, Ohsumi TK, Borowsky ML, Loranger S, Quade B, Lage K, Miles J, Wu BL, Shen Y, Neale B, Shaffer LG, Daly MJ, Morton CC, Gusella JF. Sequencing chromosomal abnormalities reveals neurodevelopmental loci that confer risk across diagnostic boundaries. Cell 2012; 149:525-37. [PMID: 22521361 PMCID: PMC3340505 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 425] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Balanced chromosomal abnormalities (BCAs) represent a relatively untapped reservoir of single-gene disruptions in neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). We sequenced BCAs in patients with autism or related NDDs, revealing disruption of 33 loci in four general categories: (1) genes previously associated with abnormal neurodevelopment (e.g., AUTS2, FOXP1, and CDKL5), (2) single-gene contributors to microdeletion syndromes (MBD5, SATB2, EHMT1, and SNURF-SNRPN), (3) novel risk loci (e.g., CHD8, KIRREL3, and ZNF507), and (4) genes associated with later-onset psychiatric disorders (e.g., TCF4, ZNF804A, PDE10A, GRIN2B, and ANK3). We also discovered among neurodevelopmental cases a profoundly increased burden of copy-number variants from these 33 loci and a significant enrichment of polygenic risk alleles from genome-wide association studies of autism and schizophrenia. Our findings suggest a polygenic risk model of autism and reveal that some neurodevelopmental genes are sensitive to perturbation by multiple mutational mechanisms, leading to variable phenotypic outcomes that manifest at different life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Talkowski
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Ian Blumenthal
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Vamsee Pillalamarri
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Colby Chiang
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Adrian Heilbut
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Carl Ernst
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Carrie Hanscom
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Elizabeth Rossin
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Amelia Lindgren
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Shahrin Pereira
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Douglas Ruderfer
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Andrew Kirby
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Stephan Ripke
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - David Harris
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Boston, Boston, MA
| | - Ji-Hyun Lee
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Kyungsoo Ha
- Cancer Research Center, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA
| | - Hyung-Goo Kim
- Department of OB/GYN, IMMAG, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA
| | - Benjamin D. Solomon
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrea L. Gropman
- Department of Neurology, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Neurology, George Washington University of Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Diane Lucente
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Katherine Sims
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Toshiro K. Ohsumi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Mark L. Borowsky
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | | | - Bradley Quade
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Kasper Lage
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Pediatric Surgical Research Laboratories, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
- Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Judith Miles
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medical Genetics & Pathology, The Thompson Center for Autism & Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Missouri Hospitals and Clinics, Columbia, MO
| | - Bai-Lin Wu
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, MA
- Children’s Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiping Shen
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, MA
- Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Benjamin Neale
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Lisa G. Shaffer
- Signature Genomic Laboratories, PerkinElmer, Inc., Spokane, WA
| | - Mark J. Daly
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Autism Consortium of Boston, Boston, MA
| | - Cynthia C. Morton
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - James F. Gusella
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Autism Consortium of Boston, Boston, MA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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