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Xicota L, Cosentino S, Vardarajan B, Mayeux R, Perls TT, Andersen SL, Zmuda JM, Thyagarajan B, Yashin A, Wojczynski MK, Krinsky‐McHale S, Handen BL, Christian BT, Head E, Mapstone ME, Schupf N, Lee JH, Barral S. Whole genome-wide sequence analysis of long-lived families (Long-Life Family Study) identifies MTUS2 gene associated with late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2024; 20:2670-2679. [PMID: 38380866 PMCID: PMC11032545 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) has a strong genetic component. Participants in Long-Life Family Study (LLFS) exhibit delayed onset of dementia, offering a unique opportunity to investigate LOAD genetics. METHODS We conducted a whole genome sequence analysis of 3475 LLFS members. Genetic associations were examined in six independent studies (N = 14,260) with a wide range of LOAD risk. Association analysis in a sub-sample of the LLFS cohort (N = 1739) evaluated the association of LOAD variants with beta amyloid (Aβ) levels. RESULTS We identified several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in tight linkage disequilibrium within the MTUS2 gene associated with LOAD (rs73154407, p = 7.6 × 10-9). Association of MTUS2 variants with LOAD was observed in the five independent studies and was significantly stronger within high levels of Aβ42/40 ratio compared to lower amyloid. DISCUSSION MTUS2 encodes a microtubule associated protein implicated in the development and function of the nervous system, making it a plausible candidate to investigate LOAD biology. HIGHLIGHTS Long-Life Family Study (LLFS) families may harbor late onset Alzheimer's dementia (LOAD) variants. LLFS whole genome sequence analysis identified MTUS2 gene variants associated with LOAD. The observed LLFS variants generalized to cohorts with wide range of LOAD risk. The association of MTUS2 with LOAD was stronger within high levels of beta amyloid. Our results provide evidence for MTUS2 gene as a novel LOAD candidate locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Xicota
- Department of NeurologyColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew York CityNew YorkUSA
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical CenterNew York CityNew YorkUSA
| | - Stephanie Cosentino
- Department of NeurologyColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew York CityNew YorkUSA
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical CenterNew York CityNew YorkUSA
| | - Badri Vardarajan
- Department of NeurologyColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew York CityNew YorkUSA
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical CenterNew York CityNew YorkUSA
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky CenterColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew York CityNew YorkUSA
| | - Richard Mayeux
- Department of NeurologyColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew York CityNew YorkUSA
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical CenterNew York CityNew YorkUSA
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky CenterColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew York CityNew YorkUSA
| | - Thomas T. Perls
- Section of GeriatricsDepartment of MedicineBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Stacy L. Andersen
- Section of GeriatricsDepartment of MedicineBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Joseph M. Zmuda
- Department of EpidemiologyGraduate School of Public Health, University of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Bharat Thyagarajan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Anatoli Yashin
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Mary K. Wojczynski
- Division of Statistical GenomicsDepartment of GeneticsWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Sharon Krinsky‐McHale
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky CenterColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew York CityNew YorkUSA
- Department of PsychologyNew York Institute for Basic Research in Developmental DisabilitiesStaten IslandNew YorkUSA
| | - Benjamin L. Handen
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Bradley T. Christian
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin‐Madison School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Department of Medical PhysicsUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison School of Medicine, and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Mark E. Mapstone
- Department of NeurologyInstitute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Nicole Schupf
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical CenterNew York CityNew YorkUSA
| | - Joseph H. Lee
- Department of NeurologyColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew York CityNew YorkUSA
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical CenterNew York CityNew YorkUSA
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky CenterColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew York CityNew YorkUSA
| | - Sandra Barral
- Department of NeurologyColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew York CityNew YorkUSA
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical CenterNew York CityNew YorkUSA
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky CenterColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew York CityNew YorkUSA
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2
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Zhao H, Ji Q, Wu Z, Wang S, Ren J, Yan K, Wang Z, Hu J, Chu Q, Hu H, Cai Y, Wang Q, Huang D, Ji Z, Li J, Belmonte JCI, Song M, Zhang W, Qu J, Liu GH. Destabilizing heterochromatin by APOE mediates senescence. NATURE AGING 2022; 2:303-316. [PMID: 35368774 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-022-00186-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is a component of lipoprotein particles that function in the homeostasis of cholesterol and other lipids. Although APOE is genetically associated with human longevity and Alzheimer's disease, its mechanistic role in aging is largely unknown. Here, we used human genetic, stress-induced and physiological cellular aging models to explore APOE-driven processes in stem cell homeostasis and aging. We report that in aged human mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs), APOE accumulation is a driver for cellular senescence. By contrast, CRISPR-Cas9-mediated deletion of APOE endows human MPCs with resistance to cellular senescence. Mechanistically, we discovered that APOE functions as a destabilizer for heterochromatin. Specifically, increased APOE leads to the degradation of nuclear lamina proteins and a heterochromatin-associated protein KRAB-associated protein 1 via the autophagy-lysosomal pathway, thereby disrupting heterochromatin and causing senescence. Altogether, our findings uncover a role of APOE as an epigenetic mediator of senescence and provide potential targets to ameliorate aging-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Qianzhao Ji
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zeming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Si Wang
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Chongqing Renji Hospital, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Ren
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
| | - Kaowen Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zehua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianli Hu
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
| | - Qun Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Huifang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yusheng Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaoran Wang
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
| | - Daoyuan Huang
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhejun Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China
| | | | - Moshi Song
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Weiqi Zhang
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China.
| | - Jing Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Guang-Hui Liu
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China.
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- Aging Translational Medicine Center, International Center for Aging and Cancer, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Soyal SM, Kwik M, Kalev O, Lenz S, Zara G, Strasser P, Patsch W, Weis S. A TOMM40/APOE allele encoding APOE-E3 predicts high likelihood of late-onset Alzheimer's disease in autopsy cases. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1317. [PMID: 32472747 PMCID: PMC7434743 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The APOE-ε4 allele is an established risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). TOMM40 located adjacent to APOE has also been implicated in AD but reports of TOMM40 associations with AD that are independent of APOE-ε4 are at variance. METHODS We investigated associations of AD with haplotypes defined by three TOMM40 and two APOE single nucleotide polymorphisms in 73 and 71 autopsy cases with intermediate and high likelihood of AD (defined by BRAAK stages RESULTS We observed eight haplotypes with a frequency >0.02. The two haplotypes encoding APOE-E4 showed strong associations with AD that did not differ between intermediate and high likelihood AD. In contrast, a TOMM40 haplotype encoding APOE-E3 was identified as risk haplotype of high- (p = .0186), but not intermediate likelihood AD (p = .7530). Furthermore, the variant allele of rs2075650 located in intron 2 of TOMM40, increased the risk of high-, but not intermediate likelihood AD on the APOE-ε3/ε3 background (p = .0230). CONCLUSION The striking association of TOMM40 only with high likelihood AD may explain some contrasting results for TOMM40 in clinical studies and may reflect an association with more advanced disease and/or suggest a role of TOMM40 in the pathogenesis of neurofibrillary tangles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma M. Soyal
- Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyParacelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
| | - Markus Kwik
- Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyParacelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
| | - Ognian Kalev
- Division of NeuropathologyNeuromed Campus, Kepler University HospitalLinzAustria
| | - Stefan Lenz
- Division of NeuropathologyNeuromed Campus, Kepler University HospitalLinzAustria
| | - Greta Zara
- Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyParacelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
| | - Peter Strasser
- Institute of Laboratory MedicineParacelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
| | - Wolfgang Patsch
- Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyParacelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
| | - Serge Weis
- Division of NeuropathologyNeuromed Campus, Kepler University HospitalLinzAustria
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Gurinovich A, Andersen SL, Puca A, Atzmon G, Barzilai N, Sebastiani P. Varying Effects of APOE Alleles on Extreme Longevity in European Ethnicities. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2020; 74:S45-S51. [PMID: 31724059 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glz179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
APOE is a well-studied gene with multiple effects on aging and longevity. The gene has three alleles: e2, e3, and e4, whose frequencies vary by ethnicity. While the e2 is associated with healthy cognitive aging, the e4 allele is associated with Alzheimer's disease and early mortality and therefore its prevalence among people with extreme longevity (EL) is low. Using the PopCluster algorithm, we identified several ethnically different clusters in which the effect of the e2 and e4 alleles on EL changed substantially. For example, PopCluster discovered a large group of 1,309 subjects enriched of Southern Italian genetic ancestry with weaker protective effect of e2 (odds ratio [OR] = 1.27, p = .14) and weaker damaging effect of e4 (OR = 0.82, p = .31) on the phenotype of EL compared to other European ethnicities. Further analysis of this cluster suggests that the odds for EL in carriers of the e4 allele with Southern Italian genetic ancestry differ depending on whether they live in the United States (OR = 0.29, p = .009) or Italy (OR = 1.21, p = .38). PopCluster also found clusters enriched of subjects with Danish ancestry with varying effect of e2 on EL. The country of residence (Denmark or United States) appears to change the odds for EL in the e2 carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Gurinovich
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Massachusetts.,Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Massachusetts
| | | | - Annibale Puca
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Fisciano, SA, Italy.,Cardiovascular Research Unit, IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto San Giovanni, MI, Italy
| | - Gil Atzmon
- Faculty of Natural Science, University of Haifa, Israel.,Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Nir Barzilai
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Paola Sebastiani
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Massachusetts
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5
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Wang J, Shi L, Zou Y, Tang J, Cai J, Wei Y, Qin J, Zhang Z. Positive association of familial longevity with the moderate-high HDL-C concentration in Bama Aging Study. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 10:3528-3540. [PMID: 30485248 PMCID: PMC6286851 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Familial longevity is characterized by beneficial metabolic phenotype in lipid metabolism and APOE genetic variation. Although effects of lipid metabolism and the genetic basis for human longevity remain largely unclear, the contribution of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and APOE ε2 allele has been repeatedly demonstrated. This study was designed to determine whether ApoE isoforms and HDL-C levels marked the familial longevity status in an offspring cohort with the age range of 20-89 years old and subsequently to explore the correlation between these two markers and the aging. In the Bama Aging Study (BAS), we recruited 312 offspring from longevity historical families and 298 controls from non-longevity historical families. Information on APOE genotype frequencies, lipid levels, and population characteristics were recorded. No evidence was found to support the association of APOE genotypes with HDL-C and age. HDL-C was significantly higher in longevity group (p < 0.0001). Scatter plot showed a moderately strong linear relationship between the HDL-C level and age in longevity group (r = 0.213, p < 0.001). We conclude that the variation of the APOE gene may not influence familial longevity status at a certain age but the moderate-high HDL-C level contributes to the familial longevity in Bama.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Diseases, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Liwei Shi
- Insitute of Vaccine Clinical Research, Guangxi Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning, China
| | - Yunfeng Zou
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Diseases, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jiexia Tang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jiansheng Cai
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yi Wei
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jian Qin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Diseases, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
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6
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Giuliani C, Garagnani P, Franceschi C. Genetics of Human Longevity Within an Eco-Evolutionary Nature-Nurture Framework. Circ Res 2019; 123:745-772. [PMID: 30355083 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.118.312562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Human longevity is a complex trait, and to disentangle its basis has a great theoretical and practical consequences for biomedicine. The genetics of human longevity is still poorly understood despite several investigations that used different strategies and protocols. Here, we argue that such rather disappointing harvest is largely because of the extraordinary complexity of the longevity phenotype in humans. The capability to reach the extreme decades of human lifespan seems to be the result of an intriguing mixture of gene-environment interactions. Accordingly, the genetics of human longevity is here described as a highly context-dependent phenomenon, within a new integrated, ecological, and evolutionary perspective, and is presented as a dynamic process, both historically and individually. The available literature has been scrutinized within this perspective, paying particular attention to factors (sex, individual biography, family, population ancestry, social structure, economic status, and education, among others) that have been relatively neglected. The strength and limitations of the most powerful and used tools, such as genome-wide association study and whole-genome sequencing, have been discussed, focusing on prominently emerged genes and regions, such as apolipoprotein E, Forkhead box O3, interleukin 6, insulin-like growth factor-1, chromosome 9p21, 5q33.3, and somatic mutations among others. The major results of this approach suggest that (1) the genetics of longevity is highly population specific; (2) small-effect alleles, pleiotropy, and the complex allele timing likely play a major role; (3) genetic risk factors are age specific and need to be integrated in the light of the geroscience perspective; (4) a close relationship between genetics of longevity and genetics of age-related diseases (especially cardiovascular diseases) do exist. Finally, the urgent need of a global approach to the largely unexplored interactions between the 3 genetics of human body, that is, nuclear, mitochondrial, and microbiomes, is stressed. We surmise that the comprehensive approach here presented will help in increasing the above-mentioned harvest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Giuliani
- From the Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology and Centre for Genome Biology (C.G.), University of Bologna, Italy.,School of Anthropology and Museum Ethnography, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (C.G.).,Interdepartmental Centre 'L. Galvani' (CIG), University of Bologna, Italy (C.G.)
| | - Paolo Garagnani
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine (DIMES) (P.G.), University of Bologna, Italy.,Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (P.G.)
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7
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Wolters FJ, Yang Q, Biggs ML, Jakobsdottir J, Li S, Evans DS, Bis JC, Harris TB, Vasan RS, Zilhao NR, Ghanbari M, Ikram MA, Launer L, Psaty BM, Tranah GJ, Kulminski AM, Gudnason V, Seshadri S. The impact of APOE genotype on survival: Results of 38,537 participants from six population-based cohorts (E2-CHARGE). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219668. [PMID: 31356640 PMCID: PMC6663005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolipoprotein E is a glycoprotein best known as a mediator and regulator of lipid transport and uptake. The APOE-ε4 allele has long been associated with increased risks of Alzheimer's disease and mortality, but the effect of the less prevalent APOE-ε2 allele on diseases in the elderly and survival remains elusive. METHODS We aggregated data of 38,537 individuals of European ancestry (mean age 65.5 years; 55.6% women) from six population-based cohort studies (Rotterdam Study, AGES-Reykjavik Study, Cardiovascular Health Study, Health-ABC Study, and the family-based Framingham Heart Study and Long Life Family Study) to determine the association of APOE, and in particular APOE-ε2, with survival in the population. RESULTS During a mean follow-up of 11.7 years, 17,021 individuals died. Compared with homozygous APOE-ε3 carriers, APOE-ε2 carriers were at lower risk of death (hazard ratio,95% confidence interval: 0.94,0.90-0.99; P = 1.1*10-2), whereas APOE-ε4 carriers were at increased risk of death (HR 1.17,1.12-1.21; P = 2.8*10-16). APOE was associated with mortality risk in a dose-dependent manner, with risk estimates lowest for homozygous APOE-ε2 (HR 0.89,0.74-1.08), and highest for homozygous APOE-ε4 (HR 1.52,1.37-1.70). After censoring for dementia, effect estimates remained similar for APOE-ε2 (HR 0.95,0.90-1.01), but attenuated for APOE-ε4 (HR 1.07,1.01-1.12). Results were broadly similar across cohorts, and did not differ by age or sex. APOE genotype was associated with baseline lipid fractions (e.g. mean difference(95%CI) in LDL(mg/dL) for ε2 versus ε33: -17.1(-18.1-16.0), and ε4 versus ε33: +5.7(4.8;6.5)), but the association between APOE and mortality was unaltered after adjustment for baseline LDL or cardiovascular disease. Given the European ancestry of the study population, results may not apply to other ethnicities. CONCLUSION Compared with APOE-ε3, APOE-ε2 is associated with prolonged survival, whereas mortality risk is increased for APOE-ε4 carriers. Further collaborative efforts are needed to unravel the role of APOE and in particular APOE-ε2 in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J. Wolters
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Qiong Yang
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mary L. Biggs
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | | - Shuo Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniel S. Evans
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Joshua C. Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Tamara B. Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ramachandran S. Vasan
- Sections of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, and Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Mohsen Ghanbari
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M. Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lenore Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bruce M. Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Departments of Epidemiology and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Gregory J. Tranah
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Alexander M. Kulminski
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykavik, Iceland
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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8
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Tindale LC, Salema D, Brooks-Wilson AR. 10-year follow-up of the Super-Seniors Study: compression of morbidity and genetic factors. BMC Geriatr 2019; 19:58. [PMID: 30819100 PMCID: PMC6394013 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-019-1080-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Super-Seniors are healthy, long-lived individuals who were recruited at age 85 years or older with no history of cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, dementia, or major pulmonary disease. In a 10-year follow-up, we aimed to determine whether surviving Super-Seniors showed compression of morbidity, and to test whether the allele frequencies of longevity-associated variants in APOE and FOXO3 were more extreme in such long-term survivors. METHODS Super-Seniors who survived and were contactable were re-interviewed 10 years after initial characterization. Health and lifestyle were characterized via questionnaire. Geriatric tests including the Timed Up and Go (TUG), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) and the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) were administered, and data were compared to results from on average 10 years earlier. As well, genotype and allele frequencies for SNPs rs7412 and rs429358 in APOE, and rs2802292 in FOXO3 were compared to the frequencies in the original collection of Super-Seniors and mid-life controls. RESULTS Of the 480 Super-Seniors recruited from 2004 to 2007, 13 were alive, contactable, and consented to re-interview (mean age = 100.1 ± 3.3). Eight of these 13 participants (62%) still met Super-Senior health criteria. Diseases that occurred in late life were cardiovascular (5 of 13; 38%) and lung disease (1 of 13; 8%). MMSE and IADL scores declined in the decade between interviews, and GDS and TUG scores increased. The surviving group of centenarians had a higher frequency of APOE and FOXO3 longevity-associated variants even when compared to the original long-lived Super-Senior cohort. CONCLUSIONS Although physical and mental decline occurred in the decade between interviews, the majority of Super-Seniors re-interviewed still met the original health criteria. These observations are consistent with reports of compression of morbidity at extreme ages, particularly in centenarians. The increased frequency of longevity- associated variants in this small group of survivors is consistent with studies that reported genetics as a larger contributor to longevity in older age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C. Tindale
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
- Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC Canada
| | - Diane Salema
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Angela R. Brooks-Wilson
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
- Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC Canada
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9
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Kulminski AM, Barochia AV, Loika Y, Raghavachari N, Arbeev KG, Wojczynski MK, Thyagarajan B, Vardarajan BN, Christensen K, Yashin AI, Levine SJ. The APOE ε4 allele is associated with a reduction in FEV1/FVC in women: A cross-sectional analysis of the Long Life Family Study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206873. [PMID: 30412599 PMCID: PMC6226172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Murine studies have shown that apolipoprotein E modulates pulmonary function during development, aging, and allergen-induced airway disease. It is not known whether the polymorphic human APOE gene influences pulmonary function. OBJECTIVES We assessed whether an association exists between the polymorphic human APOE ε2, ε3, and ε4 alleles and pulmonary function among participants in the Long Life Family Study. METHODS Data from 4,468 Caucasian subjects who had genotyping performed for the APOE ε2, ε3, and ε4 alleles were analyzed, with and without stratification by sex. Statistical models were fitted considering the effects of the ε2 allele, defined as ε2/2 or ε2/3 genotypes, and the ε4 allele, defined as ε3/4 or ε4/4 genotypes, which were compared to the ε3/3 genotype. RESULTS The mean FEV1/FVC ratio (the forced expiratory volume in one second divided by the forced vital capacity) was lower among women with the ε4 allele as compared to women with the ε3/3 genotype or the ε2 allele. Carriage of the APOE ε4 allele was associated with FEV1/FVC, which implied lower values. Further analysis showed that the association primarily reflected women without lung disease who were older than 70 years. The association was not mediated by lipid levels, smoking status, body mass index, or cardiovascular disease. CONCLUSIONS This study for the first time identifies that the APOE gene is associated with modified lung physiology in women. This suggests that a link may exist between the APOE ε4 allele, female sex, and a reduction in the FEV1/FVC ratio in older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M. Kulminski
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Sciences Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AMK); (SJL)
| | - Amisha V. Barochia
- Laboratory of Asthma and Lung Inflammation, Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Yury Loika
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Sciences Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Nalini Raghavachari
- National Institute on Aging, Gateway Building, Suite, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Konstantin G. Arbeev
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Sciences Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Mary K. Wojczynski
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Bharat Thyagarajan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Badri N. Vardarajan
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Kaare Christensen
- The Danish Aging Research Center, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Anatoliy I. Yashin
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Sciences Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Stewart J. Levine
- Laboratory of Asthma and Lung Inflammation, Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AMK); (SJL)
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10
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Yashin AI, Arbeev KG, Wu D, Arbeeva LS, Bagley O, Stallard E, Kulminski AM, Akushevich I, Fang F, Wojczynski MK, Christensen K, Newman AB, Boudreau RM, Province MA, Thielke S, Perls TT, An P, Elo I, Ukraintseva SV. Genetics of Human Longevity From Incomplete Data: New Findings From the Long Life Family Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2018; 73:1472-1481. [PMID: 30299504 PMCID: PMC6175028 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gly057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The special design of the Long Life Family Study provides a unique opportunity to investigate the genetics of human longevity by analyzing data on exceptional lifespans in families. In this article, we performed two series of genome wide association studies of human longevity which differed with respect to whether missing lifespan data were predicted or not predicted. We showed that the use of predicted lifespan is most beneficial when the follow-up period is relatively short. In addition to detection of strong associations of SNPs in APOE, TOMM40, NECTIN2, and APOC1 genes with longevity, we also detected a strong new association with longevity of rs1927465, located between the CYP26A1 and MYOF genes on chromosome 10. The association was confirmed using data from the Health and Retirement Study. We discuss the biological relevance of the detected SNPs to human longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoliy I Yashin
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina,Address correspondence to: Anatoliy I. Yashin, PhD, Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina. E-mail:
| | - Konstantin G Arbeev
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Deqing Wu
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Liubov S Arbeeva
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Olivia Bagley
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Eric Stallard
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Alexander M Kulminski
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Igor Akushevich
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Fang Fang
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Mary K Wojczynski
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Kaare Christensen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anne B Newman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert M Boudreau
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael A Province
- Department of Genetics, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Thomas T Perls
- Medical Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ping An
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Irma Elo
- Department of Sociology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Svetlana V Ukraintseva
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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11
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Sebastiani P, Gurinovich A, Bae H, Andersen S, Malovini A, Atzmon G, Villa F, Kraja AT, Ben-Avraham D, Barzilai N, Puca A, Perls TT. Four Genome-Wide Association Studies Identify New Extreme Longevity Variants. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2017; 72:1453-1464. [PMID: 28329165 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glx027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for the genetic determinants of extreme human longevity has been challenged by the phenotype's rarity and its nonspecific definition by investigators. To address these issues, we established a consortium of four studies of extreme longevity that contributed 2,070 individuals who survived to the oldest one percentile of survival for the 1900 U.S. birth year cohort. We conducted various analyses to discover longevity-associated variants (LAV) and characterized those LAVs that differentiate survival to extreme age at death (eSAVs) from those LAVs that become more frequent in centenarians because of mortality selection (eg, survival to younger years). The analyses identified new rare variants in chromosomes 4 and 7 associated with extreme survival and with reduced risk for cardiovascular disease and Alzheimer's disease. The results confirm the importance of studying truly rare survival to discover those combinations of common and rare variants associated with extreme longevity and longer health span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Sebastiani
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Massachusetts
| | | | - Harold Bae
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis
| | - Stacy Andersen
- Geriatrics Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine & Boston Medical Center, Massachusetts
| | - Alberto Malovini
- Laboratory of Informatics and Systems Engineering for Clinical Research, IRCCS Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gil Atzmon
- Department of Natural Science, University of Haifa, Israel.,Department of Medicine.,Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Francesco Villa
- IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Aldi T Kraja
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Danny Ben-Avraham
- Department of Medicine.,Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Nir Barzilai
- Department of Medicine.,Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Annibale Puca
- IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Thomas T Perls
- Geriatrics Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine & Boston Medical Center, Massachusetts
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12
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Singh J, Minster RL, Schupf N, Kraja A, Liu Y, Christensen K, Newman AB, Kammerer CM. Genomewide Association Scan of a Mortality Associated Endophenotype for a Long and Healthy Life in the Long Life Family Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2017; 72:1411-1416. [PMID: 28329217 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glx011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Identification of genes or fundamental biological pathways that regulate aging phenotypes and longevity could lead to possible interventions to increase healthy longevity. Methods Using data from the Long Life Family Study, we performed genomewide association analyses on an endophenotype construct, LF1, comprising a linear combination of traits across health domains. LF1 primarily reflected traits from the pulmonary and physical activity domains. Results We detected a significant association between LF1 and a locus on chromosome 10p15 (p-value = 4.65 × 10-8) and suggestive evidence (p-value < 5 × 10-6) for association on chromosomes 1, 2, 8, 12, 15, 18, and 22. Using data from the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study, we subsequently replicated the association for the 1p13 region near the NBPF6 locus (p-value = 3.65 × 10-4). Conclusions Our analyses indicate that loci influencing a healthy aging endophenotype construct predominantly comprised of pulmonary and physical function domains may be located on chromosome 1p13 near the NBPF6 locus. Further investigation of this possible locus and other suggestive loci may reveal novel biological pathways that influence healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatinder Singh
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ryan L Minster
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicole Schupf
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, New York
| | - Aldi Kraja
- Division of Statistical Genomics, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri
| | - YongMei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology & Prevention, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Kaare Christensen
- The Danish Aging Research Center, University of Southern Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology and Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Anne B Newman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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13
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Tindale LC, Leach S, Spinelli JJ, Brooks-Wilson AR. Lipid and Alzheimer's disease genes associated with healthy aging and longevity in healthy oldest-old. Oncotarget 2017; 8:20612-20621. [PMID: 28206976 PMCID: PMC5400530 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have found that long-lived individuals do not appear to carry lower numbers of common disease-associated variants than ordinary people; it has been hypothesized that they may instead carry protective variants. An intriguing type of protective variant is buffering variants that protect against variants that have deleterious effects. We genotyped 18 variants in 15 genes related to longevity or healthy aging that had been previously reported as having a gene-gene interaction or buffering effect. We compared a group of 446 healthy oldest-old ‘Super-Seniors’ (individuals 85 or older who have never been diagnosed with cancer, cardiovascular disease, dementia, diabetes or major pulmonary disease) to 421 random population-based midlife controls. Cases and controls were of European ancestry. Association tests of individual SNPs showed that Super-Seniors were less likely than controls to carry an APOEε4 allele or a haptoglobin HP2 allele. Interactions between APOE/FOXO3, APOE/CRYL1, and LPA/CRYL1 did not remain significant after multiple testing correction. In a network analysis of the candidate genes, lipid and cholesterol metabolism was a common theme. APOE, HP, and CRYL1 have all been associated with Alzheimer’s Disease, the pathology of which involves lipid and cholesterol pathways. Age-related changes in lipid and cholesterol maintenance, particularly in the brain, may be central to healthy aging and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Tindale
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, B.C., Canada.,Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C., Canada
| | - Stephen Leach
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - John J Spinelli
- Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, B.C., Canada.,School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - Angela R Brooks-Wilson
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, B.C., Canada.,Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C., Canada
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14
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Sebastiani P, Bae H, Gurinovich A, Soerensen M, Puca A, Perls TT. Limitations and risks of meta-analyses of longevity studies. Mech Ageing Dev 2017; 165:139-146. [PMID: 28143747 PMCID: PMC5533653 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Searching for genetic determinants of human longevity has been challenged by the rarity of data sets with large numbers of individuals who have reached extreme old age, inconsistent definitions of the phenotype, and the difficulty of defining appropriate controls. Meta-analysis - a statistical method to summarize results from different studies - has become a common tool in genetic epidemiology to accrue large sample sizes for powerful genetic association studies. In conducting a meta-analysis of studies of human longevity however, particular attention must be made to the definition of cases and controls (including their health status) and on the effect of possible confounders such as sex and ethnicity upon the genetic effect to be estimated. We will show examples of how a meta-analysis can inflate the false negative rates of genetic association studies or it can bias estimates of the association between a genetic variant and extreme longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Sebastiani
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, MA 02118, United States.
| | - Harold Bae
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, 151 Milam Hall, Corvallis, OR, United States.
| | - Anastasia Gurinovich
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, United States.
| | - Mette Soerensen
- The Danish Aging Research Center, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloews Vej 9 B, St., 5000 Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Annibale Puca
- IRCCS MultiMedica, 20138 Milan (Mi), Italy; University of Salerno, Department of Medicine and Surgery, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy.
| | - Thomas T Perls
- Geriatrics Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine & Boston Medical Center, 88 E Newton St., Boston, MA 02118, United States.
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15
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Reales G, Rovaris DL, Jacovas VC, Hünemeier T, Sandoval JR, Salazar-Granara A, Demarchi DA, Tarazona-Santos E, Felkl AB, Serafini MA, Salzano FM, Bisso-Machado R, Comas D, Paixão-Côrtes VR, Bortolini MC. A tale of agriculturalists and hunter-gatherers: Exploring the thrifty genotype hypothesis in native South Americans. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 163:591-601. [PMID: 28464262 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine genetic differences between agriculturalist and hunter-gatherer southern Native American populations for selected metabolism-related markers and to test whether Neel's thrifty genotype hypothesis (TGH) could explain the genetic patterns observed in these populations. MATERIALS AND METHODS 375 Native South American individuals from 17 populations were genotyped using six markers (APOE rs429358 and rs7412; APOA2 rs5082; CD36 rs3211883; TCF7L2 rs11196205; and IGF2BP2 rs11705701). Additionally, APOE genotypes from 39 individuals were obtained from the literature. AMOVA, main effects, and gene-gene interaction tests were performed. RESULTS We observed differences in allele distribution patterns between agriculturalists and hunter-gatherers for some markers. For instance, between-groups component of genetic variance (FCT ) for APOE rs429358 showed strong differences in allelic distributions between hunter-gatherers and agriculturalists (p = 0.00196). Gene-gene interaction analysis indicated that the APOE E4/CD36 TT and APOE E4/IGF2BP2 A carrier combinations occur at a higher frequency in hunter-gatherers, but this combination is not replicated in archaic (Neanderthal and Denisovan) and ancient (Anzick, Saqqaq, Ust-Ishim, Mal'ta) hunter-gatherer individuals. DISCUSSION A complex scenario explains the observed frequencies of the tested markers in hunter-gatherers. Different factors, such as pleotropic alleles, rainforest selective pressures, and population dynamics, may be collectively shaping the observed genetic patterns. We conclude that although TGH seems a plausible hypothesis to explain part of the data, other factors may be important in our tested populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Reales
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Diego L Rovaris
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Vanessa C Jacovas
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Tábita Hünemeier
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José R Sandoval
- Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martin de Porres, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Darío A Demarchi
- Instituto de Antropología de Córdoba, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Tarazona-Santos
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Aline B Felkl
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Michele A Serafini
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Francisco M Salzano
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rafael Bisso-Machado
- Polo de Desarrollo Universitario Diversidad Genética Humana, Centro Universitario de Tacuarembó, Universidad de la República, Tacuarembó, Uruguay
| | - David Comas
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF), Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de La Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vanessa R Paixão-Côrtes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Maria Cátira Bortolini
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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16
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Pedersen JK, Elo IT, Schupf N, Perls TT, Stallard E, Yashin AI, Christensen K. The Survival of Spouses Marrying Into Longevity-Enriched Families. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2016; 72:109-114. [PMID: 27540092 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glw159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies of longevity-enriched families are an important tool to gain insight into the mechanisms of exceptionally long and healthy lives. In the Long Life Family Study, the spouses of the members of the longevity-enriched families are often used as a control group. These spouses could be expected to have better health than the background population due to shared family environment with the longevity-enriched family members and due to assortative mating. METHODS A Danish cohort study of 5,363 offspring of long-lived siblings, born 1917-1982, and 4,498 "first spouses" of these offspring. For each offspring and spouse, 10 controls were drawn from a 5% random sample of the Danish population matched on birth year and sex. Mortality was assessed for ages 20-69 years during 1968-2013 based on prospectively collected registry data. RESULTS During the 45-year follow-up period, 437 offspring deaths and 502 offspring spouse deaths were observed. Compared with the background population, the hazard ratio for male offspring was 0.44 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.38-0.50) and for female offspring it was 0.57 (95% CI: 0.49-0.66). For male spouses, the hazard ratio was 0.66 (95% CI: 0.59-0.74), whereas for female spouses it was 0.64 (95% CI: 0.54-0.76). Sensitivity analyses in restricted samples gave similar results. CONCLUSION The mortality for ages 20-69 years of spouses marrying into longevity-enriched families is substantially lower than the mortality in the background population, although long-lived siblings participation bias may have contributed to the difference. This finding has implications for the use of spouses as controls in healthy aging and longevity studies, as environmental and/or genetic overmatching may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob K Pedersen
- The Danish Aging Research Center .,Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Irma T Elo
- Department of Sociology, Population Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Nicole Schupf
- Sergievsky Center.,Taub Institute, and.,Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York
| | - Thomas T Perls
- Geriatrics Division, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Massachusetts
| | - Eric Stallard
- Center for Population Health and Aging, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Anatoliy I Yashin
- Center for Population Health and Aging, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kaare Christensen
- The Danish Aging Research Center.,Department of Clinical Genetics and.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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17
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Kulminski AM, Raghavachari N, Arbeev KG, Culminskaya I, Arbeeva L, Wu D, Ukraintseva SV, Christensen K, Yashin AI. Protective role of the apolipoprotein E2 allele in age-related disease traits and survival: evidence from the Long Life Family Study. Biogerontology 2016; 17:893-905. [PMID: 27447179 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-016-9659-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a classic example of a gene exhibiting pleiotropism. We examine potential pleiotropic associations of the apoE2 allele in three biodemographic cohorts of long-living individuals, offspring, and spouses from the Long Life Family Study, and intermediate mechanisms, which can link this allele with age-related phenotypes. We focused on age-related macular degeneration, bronchitis, asthma, pneumonia, stroke, creatinine, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, diseases of heart (HD), cancer, and survival. Our analysis detected favorable associations of the ε2 allele with lower LDL-C levels, lower risks of HD, and better survival. The ε2 allele was associated with LDL-C in each gender and biodemographic cohort, including long-living individuals, offspring, and spouses, resulting in highly significant association in the entire sample (β = -7.1, p = 6.6 × 10-44). This allele was significantly associated with HD in long-living individuals and offspring (relative risk [RR] = 0.60, p = 3.1 × 10-6) but this association was not mediated by LDL-C. The protective effect on survival was specific for long-living women but it was not explained by LDL-C and HD in the adjusted model (RR = 0.70, p = 2.1 × 10-2). These results show that ε2 allele may favorably influence LDL-C, HD, and survival through three mechanisms. Two of them (HD- and survival-related) are pronounced in the long-living parents and their offspring; the survival-related mechanism is also sensitive to gender. The LDL-C-related mechanism appears to be independent of these factors. Insights into mechanisms linking ε2 allele with age-related phenotypes given biodemographic structure of the population studied may benefit translation of genetic discoveries to health care and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Kulminski
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708-0408, USA.
| | - Nalini Raghavachari
- National Institute on Aging, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2292, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Konstantin G Arbeev
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708-0408, USA
| | - Irina Culminskaya
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708-0408, USA
| | - Liubov Arbeeva
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708-0408, USA
| | - Deqing Wu
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708-0408, USA
| | - Svetlana V Ukraintseva
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708-0408, USA
| | - Kaare Christensen
- The Danish Aging Research Center, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Anatoliy I Yashin
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708-0408, USA
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Morgan A, Mooney K, Wilkinson S, Pickles N, Mc Auley M. Cholesterol metabolism: A review of how ageing disrupts the biological mechanisms responsible for its regulation. Ageing Res Rev 2016; 27:108-124. [PMID: 27045039 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol plays a vital role in the human body as a precursor of steroid hormones and bile acids, in addition to providing structure to cell membranes. Whole body cholesterol metabolism is maintained by a highly coordinated balancing act between cholesterol ingestion, synthesis, absorption, and excretion. The aim of this review is to discuss how ageing interacts with these processes. Firstly, we will present an overview of cholesterol metabolism. Following this, we discuss how the biological mechanisms which underpin cholesterol metabolism are effected by ageing. Included in this discussion are lipoprotein dynamics, cholesterol absorption/synthesis and the enterohepatic circulation/synthesis of bile acids. Moreover, we discuss the role of oxidative stress in the pathological progression of atherosclerosis and also discuss how cholesterol biosynthesis is effected by both the mammalian target of rapamycin and sirtuin pathways. Next, we examine how diet and alterations to the gut microbiome can be used to mitigate the impact ageing has on cholesterol metabolism. We conclude by discussing how mathematical models of cholesterol metabolism can be used to identify therapeutic interventions.
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Kulminski AM, Arbeev KG, Culminskaya I, Ukraintseva SV, Stallard E, Province MA, Yashin AI. Trade-offs in the effects of the apolipoprotein E polymorphism on risks of diseases of the heart, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders: insights on mechanisms from the Long Life Family Study. Rejuvenation Res 2016; 18:128-35. [PMID: 25482294 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2014.1616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of evolutionary established mechanisms linking genes to age-related traits makes the problem of genetic susceptibility to health span inherently complex. One complicating factor is genetic trade-off. Here we focused on long-living participants of the Long Life Family Study (LLFS), their offspring, and spouses to: (1) Elucidate whether trade-offs in the effect of the apolipoprotein E e4 allele documented in the Framingham Heart Study (FHS) are a more general phenomenon, and (2) explore potential mechanisms generating age- and gender-specific trade-offs in the effect of the e4 allele on cancer, diseases of the heart, and neurodegenerative disorders assessed retrospectively in the LLFS populations. The e4 allele can diminish risks of cancer and diseases of the heart and confer risks of diseases of the heart in a sex-, age-, and LLFS-population-specific manner. A protective effect against cancer is seen in older long-living men and, potentially, their sons (>75 years, relative risk [RR]>75=0.48, p=0.086), which resembles our findings in the FHS. The protective effect against diseases of the heart is limited to long-living older men (RR>76=0.50, p=0.016), as well. A detrimental effect against diseases of the heart is characteristic for a normal LLFS population of male spouses and is specific for myocardial infarction (RR=3.07, p=2.1×10(-3)). These trade-offs are likely associated with two inherently different mechanisms, including disease-specific (detrimental; characteristic for a normal male population) and systemic, aging-related (protective; characteristic for older long-living men) mechanisms. The e4 allele confers risks of neurological disorders in men and women (RR=1.98, p=0.046). The results highlight the complex role of the e4 allele in genetic susceptibility to health span.
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Stevenson M, Bae H, Schupf N, Andersen S, Zhang Q, Perls T, Sebastiani P. Burden of disease variants in participants of the Long Life Family Study. Aging (Albany NY) 2015; 7:123-32. [PMID: 25664523 PMCID: PMC4359694 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Case control studies of nonagenarians and centenarians provide evidence that long-lived individuals do not differ in the rate of disease associated variants compared to population controls. These results suggest that an enrichment of novel protective variants, rather than a lack of disease associated variants, determine the genetic predisposition to exceptionally long lives. Using data from the Long Life Family Study (LLFS), we sought to replicate these findings and extend them to include a larger number of disease-specific risk alleles. To accomplish this goal, we built a genetic risk score for each of four age-related disease groups: Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular disease and stroke, type 2 diabetes, and various cancers and compared the distribution of these scores between older participants of the LLFS, their offspring and their spouses. The analyses showed no significant differences in distribution of the genetic risk scores for cardiovascular disease and stroke, type 2 diabetes, or cancer between the groups, while participants of the LLFS appeared to carry an average 1% fewer risk alleles for Alzheimer's disease compared to spousal controls and, while the difference may not be clinically relevant, it was statistically significant. However, the statistical significance between familial longevity and the Alzheimer's disease genetic risk score was lost when a more stringent linkage disequilibrium threshold was imposed to select independent genetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith Stevenson
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Harold Bae
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, OR 97331, USA
| | - Nicole Schupf
- Department of Neurology, Columbia UNiversity, New York City, NY 10027, USA
| | - Stacy Andersen
- Section of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Qunyuan Zhang
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Thomas Perls
- Section of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Paola Sebastiani
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Polymorphisms in the APOE gene and the location of retinal fluid in eyes with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Retina 2015; 34:2367-75. [PMID: 25077528 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000000258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous reports suggest that the outcome of age-related macular degeneration treatment is dependent on variants in the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene. We wish to establish if variants in this gene are associated with anatomical location of fluid within the macula on optical coherence tomography imaging before and after three anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatments. METHODS Patients with subfoveal choroidal neovascularization secondary to age-related macular degeneration were prospectively enrolled and monitored over a 12-month period. Main outcome measures were logMAR best-corrected visual acuity and correlation of qualitative optical coherence tomography features (intraretinal fluid [IRF] and/or subretinal fluid) at baseline and after three anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injections with genetic variants of the APOE gene. RESULTS One hundred and eighty-six eyes of 186 patients aged 79.4 years (range, 58-103 years). Subjects with an ε2 allele were more likely to have IRF at baseline compared with the eyes without (odds ratio: 2.98, 95% confidence interval: 1.22-7.29, P = 0.02). After 3 injections, 184 eyes remained. Of these, 114 of eyes (62.0%) were classified as "dry" on optical coherence tomography, whereas 48 eyes (26.1%) still had a component of IRF, and 22 (12.0%) had subretinal fluid alone. There was no statistically significant association between APOE variants and presence of persistent IRF, although there were almost double the number of subjects with ε2 (40%) who had persistent fluid compared with those with ε3/ε4 (23%) (P = 0.06). CONCLUSION In patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration, the presence of the ε2 allele of the APOE gene was associated with having IRF at baseline. Larger studies are required to determine if a greater proportion of those with the ε2 allele retain this fluid after three initial injections.
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Shadyab AH, LaCroix AZ. Genetic factors associated with longevity: a review of recent findings. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 19:1-7. [PMID: 25446805 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Given the rising rate of survival into advanced old age in the United States, achieving longevity and healthy aging is becoming increasingly important. Besides maintaining healthy lifestyle behaviors, positive aging outcomes may also be heritable, with estimates ranging from 20% to 35%. In this qualitative review, we summarize recent findings on genetic factors linked to longevity across different populations and study designs. Recent studies not only confirm the association of APOE with longevity in different populations, but also implicate several other pathways that may influence longevity including nitric oxide production, inflammation, immunity, and DNA damage response and repair. Recent evidence also suggests that mitochondrial DNA may play an important role in attaining longevity. Despite these implicated pathways, longevity may be a polygenic trait influenced by a complex interplay of multiple genes. Future genetic studies on aging would benefit from larger samples of long-lived individuals, birth-cohort matched controls, inclusion of different aging phenotypes (e.g., aging free of morbidities), and analysis of gender differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aladdin H Shadyab
- San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego Joint-Doctoral Program in Public Health (Epidemiology), USA; Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, Hardy Tower Room 119, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182-4162, USA.
| | - Andrea Z LaCroix
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Corella D, Ordovás JM. Aging and cardiovascular diseases: the role of gene-diet interactions. Ageing Res Rev 2014; 18:53-73. [PMID: 25159268 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the study of longevity, increasing importance is being placed on the concept of healthy aging rather than considering the total number of years lived. Although the concept of healthy lifespan needs to be defined better, we know that cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the main age-related diseases. Thus, controlling risk factors will contribute to reducing their incidence, leading to healthy lifespan. CVDs are complex diseases influenced by numerous genetic and environmental factors. Numerous gene variants that are associated with a greater or lesser risk of the different types of CVD and of intermediate phenotypes (i.e., hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, diabetes) have been successfully identified. However, despite the close link between aging and CVD, studies analyzing the genes related to human longevity have not obtained consistent results and there has been little coincidence in the genes identified in both fields. The APOE gene stands out as an exception, given that it has been identified as being relevant in CVD and longevity. This review analyzes the genomic and epigenomic factors that may contribute to this, ranging from identifying longevity genes in model organisms to the importance of gene-diet interactions (outstanding among which is the case of the TCF7L2 gene).
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We are ageing. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:808307. [PMID: 25045704 PMCID: PMC4090574 DOI: 10.1155/2014/808307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Ageing and longevity is unquestioningly complex. Several thoughts and mechanisms of ageing such as pathways involved in oxidative stress, lipid and glucose metabolism, inflammation, DNA damage and repair, growth hormone axis and insulin-like growth factor (GH/IGF), and environmental exposure have been proposed. Also, some theories of ageing were introduced. To date, the most promising leads for longevity are caloric restriction, particularly target of rapamycin (TOR), sirtuins, hexarelin and hormetic responses. This review is an attempt to analyze the mechanisms and theories of ageing and achieving longevity.
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25
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Lu F, Guan H, Gong B, Liu X, Zhu R, Wang Y, Qian J, Zhou T, Lan X, Wang P, Lin Y, Ma S, Lin H, Zhu X, Chen R, Zhu X, Shi Y, Yang Z. Genetic variants in PVRL2-TOMM40-APOE region are associated with human longevity in a Han Chinese population. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99580. [PMID: 24924924 PMCID: PMC4055715 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Human longevity results from a number of factors, including genetic background, favorable environmental, social factors and chance. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the association of human longevity with genetic variations in several major candidate genes in a Han Chinese population. Methods A case-control association study of 1015 long-lived individuals (aged 90 years or older) and 1725 younger controls (30–70 years old) was undertaken. Rs2075650 in TOMM40 was firstly genotyped using the ABI SNaPshot method in an initial cohort consisted of 597 unrelated long-lived individuals and 1275 younger controls enrolled from Sichuan. Secondly, eighteen tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the PVRL2-TOMM40-APOE locus were genotyped for extensive study in the same cohort. Finally, 5 associated SNPs were genotyped in a replication cohort including 418 older individuals and 450 younger controls. The genotype and allele frequencies were evaluated using the χ2 tests. The linkage disequilibrium (LD) block structure was examined using the program Haploview. Results The case-control study of rs2075650 in TOMM40 showed significant difference in allele frequencies between cases and controls (P = 0.006) in an initial study. Of the 18 SNPs genotyped, rs405509 in APOE and another three SNPs (rs12978931, rs519825 and rs395908) in the PVRL2 gene also showed significant association with human longevity in extensive study in the same cohort. Rs2075650 in TOMM40, rs405509 in APOE and rs519825 in PVRL2 showed a significant association with human longevity in a replication cohort. Conclusion These results suggested that PVRL2, TOMM40 and APOE might be associated with human longevity. However, further research is needed to identify the causal variants and determine which of these genes are involved in the progress of human longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Lu
- Sichuan Key Laboratory for Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Huaijin Guan
- Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bo Gong
- Sichuan Key Laboratory for Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoqi Liu
- Sichuan Key Laboratory for Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Rongrong Zhu
- Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingjing Qian
- Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tianqiu Zhou
- Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoyan Lan
- Sichuan Key Laboratory for Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Pu Wang
- Sichuan Key Laboratory for Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Lin
- Sichuan Key Laboratory for Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shi Ma
- Sichuan Key Laboratory for Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - He Lin
- Sichuan Key Laboratory for Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiong Zhu
- Sichuan Key Laboratory for Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Sichuan Key Laboratory for Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xianjun Zhu
- Sichuan Key Laboratory for Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Sichuan Key Laboratory for Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- * E-mail: (YS); (ZY)
| | - Zhenglin Yang
- Sichuan Key Laboratory for Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- * E-mail: (YS); (ZY)
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Sebastiani P, Bae H, Sun FX, Andersen SL, Daw EW, Malovini A, Kojima T, Hirose N, Schupf N, Puca A, Perls TT. Meta‐analysis of genetic variants associated with human exceptional longevity. Aging (Albany NY) 2014; 5:653-61. [PMID: 24244950 PMCID: PMC3808698 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite evidence from family studies that there is a strong genetic influence upon exceptional longevity, relatively few genetic variants have been associated with this trait. One reason could be that many genes individually have such weak effects that they cannot meet standard thresholds of genome wide significance, but as a group in specific combinations of genetic variations, they can have a strong influence. Previously we reported that such genetic signatures of 281 genetic markers associated with about 130 genes can do a relatively good job of differentiating centenarians from non-centenarians particularly if the centenarians are 106 years and older. This would support our hypothesis that the genetic influence upon exceptional longevity increases with older and older (and rarer) ages. We investigated this list of markers using similar genetic data from 5 studies of centenarians from the USA, Europe and Japan. The results from the meta-analysis show that many of these variants are associated with survival to these extreme ages in other studies. Since many centenarians compress morbidity and disability towards the end of their lives, these results could point to biological pathways and therefore new therapeutics to increase years of healthy lives in the general population.
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Reales G, Hernández CL, Dugoujon JM, Novelletto A, Cuesta P, Fortes-Lima C, Rodríguez JN, Calderón R. New insights into the distribution of APOE polymorphism in the Iberian Peninsula. The case of Andalusia (Spain). Ann Hum Biol 2014; 41:443-52. [PMID: 24502694 DOI: 10.3109/03014460.2013.877966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The APOE gene has received much attention due to the remarkable spatial variation patterns of some of its genotypes and alleles in human populations and to its relevance in biomedicine. AIM This work was addressed to investigate the extent of APOE polymorphism between autochthonous Andalusians originating from Huelva and Granada provinces. No data on this marker in these southern Spanish coastal populations are available up to date. SUBJECTS AND METHODS This study used genomic DNA from healthy, unrelated Andalusians of both sexes (n = 322). All samples were genotyped for two SNPs, rs429358 and rs7412, which determine the three APOE alleles: ε2, ε3 and ε4. For analyses, a TaqMan-based technique was applied using a RT-PCR. Comparisons with other Mediterranean populations were performed based on multivariate analysis. RESULTS A relatively high frequency of ε4 in Granada (eastern Andalusia), as well as a low ε2 frequency in Huelva (western Andalusia) were observed. The finding that ε4 allele in Southern Spain and Portugal is higher than expected given its geographical location poses an interesting question for this study, given the well-established APOE-ε4 gradient in Europe. CONCLUSION This population study may represent useful information for further prospective anthropological and molecular genetic studies focused on unravelling the relationship between population genetic composition and specific human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Reales
- Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense , Madrid , Spain
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Salakhov RR, Goncharova IA, Makeeva OA, Golubenko MV, Kulish EV, Kashtalap VV, Barbarash OL, Puzyrev VP. TOMM40 gene polymorphisms association with lipid profile. RUSS J GENET+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795413120090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kulminski AM, Arbeev KG, Culminskaya I, Arbeeva L, Ukraintseva SV, Stallard E, Christensen K, Schupf N, Province MA, Yashin AI. Age, gender, and cancer but not neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases strongly modulate systemic effect of the Apolipoprotein E4 allele on lifespan. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004141. [PMID: 24497847 PMCID: PMC3907310 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Enduring interest in the Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) polymorphism is ensured by its evolutionary-driven uniqueness in humans and its prominent role in geriatrics and gerontology. We use large samples of longitudinally followed populations from the Framingham Heart Study (FHS) original and offspring cohorts and the Long Life Family Study (LLFS) to investigate gender-specific effects of the ApoE4 allele on human survival in a wide range of ages from midlife to extreme old ages, and the sensitivity of these effects to cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders (ND). The analyses show that women's lifespan is more sensitive to the e4 allele than men's in all these populations. A highly significant adverse effect of the e4 allele is limited to women with moderate lifespan of about 70 to 95 years in two FHS cohorts and the LLFS with relative risk of death RR = 1.48 (p = 3.6×10−6) in the FHS cohorts. Major human diseases including CVD, ND, and cancer, whose risks can be sensitive to the e4 allele, do not mediate the association of this allele with lifespan in large FHS samples. Non-skin cancer non-additively increases mortality of the FHS women with moderate lifespans increasing the risks of death of the e4 carriers with cancer two-fold compared to the non-e4 carriers, i.e., RR = 2.07 (p = 5.0×10−7). The results suggest a pivotal role of non-sex-specific cancer as a nonlinear modulator of survival in this sample that increases the risk of death of the ApoE4 carriers by 150% (p = 5.3×10−8) compared to the non-carriers. This risk explains the 4.2 year shorter life expectancy of the e4 carriers compared to the non-carriers in this sample. The analyses suggest the existence of age- and gender-sensitive systemic mechanisms linking the e4 allele to lifespan which can non-additively interfere with cancer-related mechanisms. Discovering genetic origins of healthspan and lifespan could lead to breakthroughs in increasing the years of healthy and long life. In this paper we characterize the association of the e4 allele of the well-studied ApoE gene with lifespan in two generations of participants of large longitudinal studies, the Framingham Heart Study and the Long Life Family Study, and investigate the role of major human diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders in this association. This wide range of systemic analyses is possible given the large sample with directly genotyped ApoE polymorphism available from these studies (N = 9841, with 2557 deaths). The analyses show that women's lifespan is more sensitive to the e4 allele than men's in these populations. However, the strongly adverse effect of the e4 allele is not observed for all women, but only for those 70 to 95 years old. Cardiovascular disease, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders do not mediate the association of the e4 allele with lifespan. However, cancer, but not cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, non-additively enhances this effect resulting in 4.2 years of difference in mean lifespan for the e4 allele carriers compared to the non-carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M. Kulminski
- Center for Population Health and Aging, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Institute for Genome Science and Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Konstantin G. Arbeev
- Center for Population Health and Aging, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Irina Culminskaya
- Center for Population Health and Aging, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Liubov Arbeeva
- Center for Population Health and Aging, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Svetlana V. Ukraintseva
- Center for Population Health and Aging, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Institute for Genome Science and Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Eric Stallard
- Center for Population Health and Aging, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kaare Christensen
- The Danish Aging Research Center, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Nicole Schupf
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Province
- Washington University School of Medicine, Division of Statistical Genomics, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Anatoli I. Yashin
- Center for Population Health and Aging, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Institute for Genome Science and Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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Bendjilali N, Hsueh WC, He Q, Willcox DC, Nievergelt CM, Donlon TA, Kwok PY, Suzuki M, Willcox BJ. Who are the Okinawans? Ancestry, genome diversity, and implications for the genetic study of human longevity from a geographically isolated population. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2014; 69:1474-84. [PMID: 24444611 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glt203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolated populations have advantages for genetic studies of longevity from decreased haplotype diversity and long-range linkage disequilibrium. This permits smaller sample sizes without loss of power, among other utilities. Little is known about the genome of the Okinawans, a potential population isolate, recognized for longevity. Therefore, we assessed genetic diversity, structure, and admixture in Okinawans, and compared this with Caucasians, Chinese, Japanese, and Africans from HapMap II, genotyped on the same Affymetrix GeneChip Human Mapping 500K array. Principal component analysis, haplotype coverage, and linkage disequilibrium decay revealed a distinct Okinawan genome-more homogeneity, less haplotype diversity, and longer range linkage disequilibrium. Population structure and admixture analyses utilizing 52 global reference populations from the Human Genome Diversity Cell Line Panel demonstrated that Okinawans clustered almost exclusively with East Asians. Sibling relative risk (λs) analysis revealed that siblings of Okinawan centenarians have 3.11 times (females) and 3.77 times (males) more likelihood of centenarianism. These findings suggest that Okinawans are genetically distinct and share several characteristics of a population isolate, which are prone to develop extreme phenotypes (eg, longevity) from genetic drift, natural selection, and population bottlenecks. These data support further exploration of genetic influence on longevity in the Okinawans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wen-Chi Hsueh
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Qimei He
- Pacific Health Research and Education Institute, Honolulu, Hawaii. Department of Research, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | | | | | - Timothy A Donlon
- Pacific Health Research and Education Institute, Honolulu, Hawaii. Ohana Genetics, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Pui-Yan Kwok
- Department of Dermatology, Institute for Human Genetics, and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Makoto Suzuki
- Okinawa Research Center for Longevity Science, Urasoe, Okinawa, Japan. Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Bradley J Willcox
- Pacific Health Research and Education Institute, Honolulu, Hawaii. Department of Research, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii. Okinawa Research Center for Longevity Science, Urasoe, Okinawa, Japan. Department of Geriatric Medicine, John A Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
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Tindale LC, Leach S, Ushey K, Daley D, Brooks-Wilson AR. Rare and common variants in the Apolipoprotein E gene in healthy oldest old. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 35:727.e1-3. [PMID: 24126160 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) alleles are associated with longevity in genome-wide scans, with ε4 correlated with shorter life, and ε2 with longer life, than ε3. We hypothesized that rare APOE variants with large individual effects might also contribute to long-term good health. The APOE exons and promoter were resequenced in DNA samples from 376 healthy oldest old aged ≥ 85 yrs with no self-reported history of cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, major pulmonary disease or Alzheimer disease ("Super-Seniors") and 376 population-based controls aged 41-54. Forty variants were observed: 32 were rare (minor allele frequency <2%); 9 were nonsynonymous. Controls were more likely to have an ε4 allele (Pearson χ(2) = 6.61, p = 0.04). Among the Super-Seniors, APOE allele status was not associated with body mass index or Mini Mental State Examination score. There was no excess of rare APOE variants in healthy oldest old compared with midlife controls, or vice-versa; however, this does not rule out an effect of some variants on ApoE function. Our findings were consistent with ε4 being a risk factor for early mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Tindale
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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Gonzalez-Covarrubias V. Lipidomics in longevity and healthy aging. Biogerontology 2013; 14:663-72. [PMID: 23948799 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-013-9450-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The role of classical lipids in aging diseases and human longevity has been widely acknowledged. Triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations are clinically assessed to infer the risk of cardiovascular disease while larger lipoprotein particle size and low triglyceride levels have been identified as markers of human longevity. The rise of lipidomics as a branch of metabolomics has provided an additional layer of accuracy to pinpoint specific lipids and its association with aging diseases and longevity. The molecular composition and concentration of lipid species determine their cellular localization, metabolism, and consequently, their impact in disease and health. For example, low density lipoproteins are the main carriers of sphingomyelins and ceramides, while high density lipoproteins are mostly loaded with ether phosphocholines, partly explaining their opposing roles in atherogenesis. Moreover, the identification of specific lipid species in aging diseases and longevity would aid to clarify how these lipids alter health and influence longevity. For instance, ether phosphocholines PC (O-34:1) and PC (O-34:3) have been positively associated with longevity and negatively with diabetes, and hypertension, but other species of phosphocholines show no effect or an opposite association with these traits confirming the relevance of the identification of molecular lipid species to tackle our understanding of healthy aging and disease. Up-to-date, a minor fraction of the human plasma lipidome has been associated to healthy aging and longevity, further research would pinpoint toward specific lipidomic profiles as potential markers of healthy aging and metabolic diseases.
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Sebastiani P, Perls TT. The genetics of extreme longevity: lessons from the new England centenarian study. Front Genet 2012; 3:277. [PMID: 23226160 PMCID: PMC3510428 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2012.00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The New England Centenarian Study (NECS) was founded in 1994 as a longitudinal study of centenarians to determine if centenarians could be a model of healthy human aging. Over time, the NECS along with other centenarian studies have demonstrated that the majority of centenarians markedly delay high mortality risk-associated diseases toward the ends of their lives, but many centenarians have a history of enduring more chronic age-related diseases for many years, women more so than men. However, the majority of centenarians seem to deal with these chronic diseases more effectively, not experiencing disability until well into their nineties. Unlike most centenarians who are less than 101 years old, people who live to the most extreme ages, e.g., 107+ years, are generally living proof of the compression of morbidity hypothesis. That is, they compress morbidity and disability to the very ends of their lives. Various studies have also demonstrated a strong familial component to extreme longevity and now evidence particularly from the NECS is revealing an increasingly important genetic component to survival to older and older ages beyond 100 years. It appears to us that this genetic component consists of many genetic modifiers each with modest effects, but as a group they can have a strong influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Sebastiani
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health Boston, MA, USA
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