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Bettinetti-Luque M, Trujillo-Estrada L, Garcia-Fuentes E, Andreo-Lopez J, Sanchez-Varo R, Garrido-Sánchez L, Gómez-Mediavilla Á, López MG, Garcia-Caballero M, Gutierrez A, Baglietto-Vargas D. Adipose tissue as a therapeutic target for vascular damage in Alzheimer's disease. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:840-878. [PMID: 37706346 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue has recently been recognized as an important endocrine organ that plays a crucial role in energy metabolism and in the immune response in many metabolic tissues. With this regard, emerging evidence indicates that an important crosstalk exists between the adipose tissue and the brain. However, the contribution of adipose tissue to the development of age-related diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, remains poorly defined. New studies suggest that the adipose tissue modulates brain function through a range of endogenous biologically active factors known as adipokines, which can cross the blood-brain barrier to reach the target areas in the brain or to regulate the function of the blood-brain barrier. In this review, we discuss the effects of several adipokines on the physiology of the blood-brain barrier, their contribution to the development of Alzheimer's disease and their therapeutic potential. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue From Alzheimer's Disease to Vascular Dementia: Different Roads Leading to Cognitive Decline. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v181.6/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Bettinetti-Luque
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Laura Trujillo-Estrada
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Garcia-Fuentes
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Málaga, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juana Andreo-Lopez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Raquel Sanchez-Varo
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología Humana, Histología Humana, Anatomía Patológica y Educación Física y Deportiva, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Lourdes Garrido-Sánchez
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Málaga, Spain
| | - Ángela Gómez-Mediavilla
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina. Instituto Teófilo Hernando para la I+D de Fármacos, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuela G López
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina. Instituto Teófilo Hernando para la I+D de Fármacos, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IIS-IP), Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Melissa Garcia-Caballero
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonia Gutierrez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Baglietto-Vargas
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Kervancioglu Demirci E, Onen EA, Sevic Yilmaz E, Karagoz Koroglu A, Akakin D. SARS-CoV-2 Causes Brain Damage: Therapeutic Intervention with AZD8797. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:2161-2173. [PMID: 37967299 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Elevated CX3CL1 is associated with severe COVID-19 and neurologic symptoms. We aimed to investigate the potential protective effects of selective CX3CR1 antagonist AZD8797 on SARS-CoV-2-induced neuronal damage, and to identify the underlying mechanisms. K18-hACE2 transgenic mice (n = 37) were randomly divided into control groups and SARS-CoV-2 groups, with and without intraperitoneal administration of vehicle or AZD8797 (2.5 mg/mL/day), following exposure to either a single dose of SARS-CoV-2 inhalation or no exposure. Object recognition and hole board tests were performed to assess memory function. Postinfection 8 days, brain tissues were analyzed for histopathological changes, viral, glial, apoptotic, and other immunohistochemical markers, along with measuring malondialdehyde, glutathione, and myeloperoxidase activities. Serum samples were analyzed for proinflammatory cytokines. The SARS-CoV-2 group showed significant weight loss, neuronal damage, oxidative stress, and impaired object recognition memory, while AZD8797 treatment mitigated some of these effects, especially in weight, apoptosis, glutathione, and MCP-1. Histopathological analyses supported the protective effects of AZD8797 against SARS-CoV-2-induced damage. The CX3CL1-CX3CR1 signaling pathway could offer a promising target for reducing SARS-CoV-2's neurological impact, but additional research is needed to confirm these findings in combination with other therapies and assess the clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Kervancioglu Demirci
- Histology and Embryology Department, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Turgut Ozal Cd. No:118m, Capa-Fatih, Istanbul 34093, Turkey
| | - Engin Alp Onen
- Vaccine and Biotechnology R&D, Kocak Pharmaceuticals, Karaagac O.S.B. 11.Sk No:5, Kapakli, Tekirdag 59520, Turkey
| | - Erva Sevic Yilmaz
- Histology and Embryology Department, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Turgut Ozal Cd. No:118m, Capa-Fatih, Istanbul 34093, Turkey
| | - Ayca Karagoz Koroglu
- Histology and Embryology Department, School of Medicine, Istinye University, Azerbaycan Cd. No:3C, Sariyer, Istanbul 34010, Turkey
- Histology and Embryology Department, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Basibuyuk Mh. Maltepe Basibuyuk Yolu Sk. No:9/2, Basibuyuk-Maltepe, Istanbul 34854, Turkey
| | - Dilek Akakin
- Histology and Embryology Department, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Basibuyuk Mh. Maltepe Basibuyuk Yolu Sk. No:9/2, Basibuyuk-Maltepe, Istanbul 34854, Turkey
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Wu J, Xu J, Naguib M, Bie B. Blockade of Type 2A Protein Phosphatase Signaling Attenuates Complement C1q-Mediated Microglial Phagocytosis of Glutamatergic Synapses Induced by Amyloid Fibrils. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:1527-1536. [PMID: 36515857 PMCID: PMC9910161 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03161-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported the critical involvement of metabotropic GluR1 (mGluR1) signaling in complement C1q-dependent microglial phagocytosis of glutamatergic synapses in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease (AD) injected with amyloid fibrils. Here, we explored the role of type 2A protein phosphatase (type 2A PPase), a key enzyme downstream of mGluR1 signaling, in the pathogenesis of AD in rats. Significant local upregulation of PP2A expression was observed in the hippocampal CA1 after bilateral microinjection of amyloid-beta (Aβ1-40) fibrils. Amyloid fibrils induced remarkable dephosphorylation of pFMRP (fragile X mental retardation protein) and C1q upregulation in hippocampal glutamatergic synapses, which was ameliorated by microinjection of type 2A PPase inhibitor okadaic acid (OA). Microinjection of OA further attenuated the microglial phagocytosis of glutamatergic synapses, recovered the hippocampal glutamatergic transmission, and improved the performance in Morris water maze test. These findings demonstrated that dysfunction of type 2A PPase signaling contributed to complement C1q-dependent microglial phagocytosis of glutamatergic synapses and the cognitive impairments in the rat model of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Wu
- Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Jijun Xu
- Department of Pain Management, Anesthesiology Institute, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Mohamed Naguib
- Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Bihua Bie
- Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
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Fractalkine/CX3CR1-Dependent Modulation of Synaptic and Network Plasticity in Health and Disease. Neural Plast 2023; 2023:4637073. [PMID: 36644710 PMCID: PMC9833910 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4637073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CX3CR1 is a G protein-coupled receptor that is expressed exclusively by microglia within the brain parenchyma. The only known physiological CX3CR1 ligand is the chemokine fractalkine (FKN), which is constitutively expressed in neuronal cell membranes and tonically released by them. Through its key role in microglia-neuron communication, the FKN/CX3CR1 axis regulates microglial state, neuronal survival, synaptic plasticity, and a variety of synaptic functions, as well as neuronal excitability via cytokine release modulation, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis. Thus, the absence of CX3CR1 or any failure in the FKN/CX3CR1 axis has been linked to alterations in different brain functions, including changes in synaptic and network plasticity in structures such as the hippocampus, cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord. Since synaptic plasticity is a basic phenomenon in neural circuit integration and adjustment, here, we will review its modulation by the FKN/CX3CR1 axis in diverse brain circuits and its impact on brain function and adaptation in health and disease.
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Kim B, Vasanthakumar A, Li QS, Nudelman KN, Risacher SL, Davis JW, Idler K, Lee J, Seo SW, Waring JF, Saykin AJ, Nho K. Integrative analysis of DNA methylation and gene expression identifies genes associated with biological aging in Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 14:e12354. [PMID: 36187194 PMCID: PMC9489162 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The acceleration of biological aging is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we performed weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to identify modules and dysregulated genesinvolved in biological aging in AD. Methods We performed WGCNA to identify modules associated with biological clocks and hub genes of the module with the highest module significance. In addition, we performed differential expression analysis and association analysis with AD biomarkers. Results WGCNA identified five modules associated with biological clocks, with the module designated as "purple" showing the strongest association. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that the purple module was related to cell migration and death. Ten genes were identified as hub genes in purple modules, of which CX3CR1 was downregulated in AD and low levels of CX3CR1 expression were associated with AD biomarkers. Conclusion Network analysis identified genes associated with biological clocks, which suggests the genetic architecture underlying biological aging in AD. Highlights Examine links between Alzheimer's disease (AD) peripheral transcriptome and biological aging changes.Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) found five modules related to biological aging.Among the hub genes of the module, CX3CR1 was downregulated in AD.The CX3CR1 expression level was associated with cognitive performance and brain atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo‐Hyun Kim
- Center for NeuroimagingDepartment of Radiology and Imaging SciencesIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
- Samsung Alzheimer Research CenterSamsung Medical CenterSeoulRepublic of Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and TechnologySHAISTSungkyunkwan UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | | | - Qingqin S. Li
- Neuroscience Therapeutic AreaJanssen Research & Development, LLCTitusvilleNew JerseyUSA
| | - Kelly N.H. Nudelman
- National Centralized Repository for Alzheimer's Disease and Related DementiasIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
- Indiana Alzheimer Disease CenterIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
- Department of Medical and Molecular GeneticsIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Shannon L. Risacher
- Center for NeuroimagingDepartment of Radiology and Imaging SciencesIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
- Indiana Alzheimer Disease CenterIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | | | - Kenneth Idler
- Genomics Research CenterAbbVieNorth ChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Jong‐Min Lee
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringHanyang UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Sang Won Seo
- Samsung Alzheimer Research CenterSamsung Medical CenterSeoulRepublic of Korea
- Department of NeurologySamsung Medical CenterSungkyunkwan University School of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and TechnologySHAISTSungkyunkwan UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | | | - Andrew J. Saykin
- Center for NeuroimagingDepartment of Radiology and Imaging SciencesIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
- Indiana Alzheimer Disease CenterIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
- Department of Medical and Molecular GeneticsIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Kwangsik Nho
- Center for NeuroimagingDepartment of Radiology and Imaging SciencesIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
- Indiana Alzheimer Disease CenterIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
- Center for Computational Biology and BioinformaticsIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
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Role of Chemokines in the Development and Progression of Alzheimer's Disease. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:1929-1951. [PMID: 35821178 PMCID: PMC9392685 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-022-02047-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurogenerative disorder manifested by gradual memory loss and cognitive decline due to profound damage of cholinergic neurons. The neuropathological hallmarks of AD are intracellular deposits of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and extracellular aggregates of amyloid β (Aβ). Mounting evidence indicates that intensified neuroinflammatory processes play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of AD. Chemokines serve as signaling molecules in immune cells but also in nerve cells. Under normal conditions, neuroinflammation plays a neuroprotective role against various harmful factors. However, overexpression of chemokines initiates disruption of the integrity of the blood–brain barrier, facilitating immune cells infiltration into the brain. Then activated adjacent glial cells–astrocytes and microglia, release massive amounts of chemokines. Prolonged inflammation loses its protective role and drives an increase in Aβ production and aggregation, impairment of its clearance, or enhancement of tau hyperphosphorylation, contributing to neuronal loss and exacerbation of AD. Moreover, chemokines can be further released in response to growing deposits of toxic forms of Aβ. On the other hand, chemokines seem to exert multidimensional effects on brain functioning, including regulation of neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity in regions responsible for memory and cognitive abilities. Therefore, underexpression or complete genetic ablation of some chemokines can worsen the course of AD. This review covers the current state of knowledge on the role of particular chemokines and their receptors in the development and progression of AD. Special emphasis is given to their impact on forming Aβ and NFTs in humans and in transgenic murine models of AD.
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Haidar MA, Ibeh S, Shakkour Z, Reslan MA, Nwaiwu J, Moqidem YA, Sader G, Nickles RG, Babale I, Jaffa AA, Salama M, Shaito A, Kobeissy F. Crosstalk between Microglia and Neurons in Neurotrauma: An Overview of the Underlying Mechanisms. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:2050-2065. [PMID: 34856905 PMCID: PMC9886840 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666211202123322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the brain and play a crucial role in housekeeping and maintaining homeostasis of the brain microenvironment. Upon injury or disease, microglial cells become activated, at least partly, via signals initiated by injured neurons. Activated microglia, thereby, contribute to both neuroprotection and neuroinflammation. However, sustained microglial activation initiates a chronic neuroinflammatory response which can disturb neuronal health and disrupt communications between neurons and microglia. Thus, microglia-neuron crosstalk is critical in a healthy brain as well as during states of injury or disease. As most studies focus on how neurons and microglia act in isolation during neurotrauma, there is a need to understand the interplay between these cells in brain pathophysiology. This review highlights how neurons and microglia reciprocally communicate under physiological conditions and during brain injury and disease. Furthermore, the modes of microglia-neuron communication are exposed, focusing on cell-contact dependent signaling and communication by the secretion of soluble factors like cytokines and growth factors. In addition, it has been discussed that how microglia-neuron interactions could exert either beneficial neurotrophic effects or pathologic proinflammatory responses. We further explore how aberrations in microglia-neuron crosstalk may be involved in central nervous system (CNS) anomalies, namely traumatic brain injury (TBI), neurodegeneration, and ischemic stroke. A clear understanding of how the microglia-neuron crosstalk contributes to the pathogenesis of brain pathologies may offer novel therapeutic avenues of brain trauma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali Haidar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Stanley Ibeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Zaynab Shakkour
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mohammad Amine Reslan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Judith Nwaiwu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Yomna Adel Moqidem
- Biotechnology Program, School of Science and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Georgio Sader
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Balamand, Balamand, Lebanon
| | - Rachel G. Nickles
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics & Biomarkers Research, Departments of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Ismail Babale
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Aneese A. Jaffa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mohamed Salama
- Institute of Global Health and Human Ecology (I-GHHE), The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
- Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Abdullah Shaito
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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Soares NL, Vieira HLA. Microglia at the Centre of Brain Research: Accomplishments and Challenges for the Future. Neurochem Res 2021; 47:218-233. [PMID: 34586585 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03456-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are the immune guardians of the central nervous system (CNS), with critical functions in development, maintenance of homeostatic tissue balance, injury and repair. For a long time considered a forgotten 'third element' with basic phagocytic functions, a recent surge in interest, accompanied by technological progress, has demonstrated that these distinct myeloid cells have a wide-ranging importance for brain function. This review reports microglial origins, development, and function in the healthy brain. Moreover, it also targets microglia dysfunction and how it contributes to the progression of several neurological disorders, focusing on particular molecular mechanisms and whether these may present themselves as opportunities for novel, microglia-targeted therapeutic approaches, an ever-enticing prospect. Finally, as it has been recently celebrated 100 years of microglia research, the review highlights key landmarks from the past century and looked into the future. Many challenging problems have arisen, thus it points out some of the most pressing questions and experimental challenges for the ensuing century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno L Soares
- Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC) - Faculdade de Ciências Médicas/NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Helena L A Vieira
- Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC) - Faculdade de Ciências Médicas/NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal.,Department of Chemistry, UCIBIO, Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
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Kaur D, Behl T, Sehgal A, Singh S, Sharma N, Bungau S. Multifaceted Alzheimer's Disease: Building a Roadmap for Advancement of Novel Therapies. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:2832-2851. [PMID: 34357520 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03415-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most prevailing neurodegenerative disorders of elderly humans associated with cognitive damage. Biochemical, epigenetic, and pathophysiological factors all consider a critical role of extracellular amyloid-beta (Aß) plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) as pathological hallmarks of AD. In an endeavor to describe the intricacy and multifaceted nature of AD, several hypotheses based on the roles of Aß accumulation, tau hyperphosphorylation, impaired cholinergic signaling, neuroinflammation, and autophagy during the initiation and advancement of the disease have been suggested. However, in no way do these theories have the potential of autonomously describing the pathophysiological alterations located in AD. The complex pathological nature of AD has hindered the recognition and authentication of successful biomarkers for the progression of its diagnosis and therapeutic strategies. There has been a significant research effort to design multi-target-directed ligands for the treatment of AD, an approach which is developed by the knowledge that AD is a composite and multifaceted disease linked with several separate but integrated molecular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapinder Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India.
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
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Lee B, Shin M, Park Y, Won SY, Cho KS. Physical Exercise-Induced Myokines in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115795. [PMID: 34071457 PMCID: PMC8198301 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), are disorders characterized by progressive degeneration of the nervous system. Currently, there is no disease-modifying treatments for most NDs. Meanwhile, numerous studies conducted on human and animal models over the past decades have showed that exercises had beneficial effects on NDs. Inter-tissue communication by myokine, a peptide produced and secreted by skeletal muscles during exercise, is thought to be an important underlying mechanism for the advantages. Here, we reviewed studies about the effects of myokines regulated by exercise on NDs and their mechanisms. Myokines could exert beneficial effects on NDs through a variety of regulatory mechanisms, including cell survival, neurogenesis, neuroinflammation, proteostasis, oxidative stress, and protein modification. Studies on exercise-induced myokines are expected to provide a novel strategy for treating NDs, for which there are no adequate treatments nowadays. To date, only a few myokines have been investigated for their effects on NDs and studies on mechanisms involved in them are in their infancy. Therefore, future studies are needed to discover more myokines and test their effects on NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banseok Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.L.); (M.S.); (Y.P.)
| | - Myeongcheol Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.L.); (M.S.); (Y.P.)
| | - Youngjae Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.L.); (M.S.); (Y.P.)
| | - So-Yoon Won
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.L.); (M.S.); (Y.P.)
- Korea Hemp Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-Y.W.); (K.S.C.); Tel.: +82-10-3688-5474 (S.-Y.W.); Tel.: +82-2-450-3424 (K.S.C.)
| | - Kyoung Sang Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.L.); (M.S.); (Y.P.)
- Korea Hemp Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-Y.W.); (K.S.C.); Tel.: +82-10-3688-5474 (S.-Y.W.); Tel.: +82-2-450-3424 (K.S.C.)
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11
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Improved Spatial Memory And Neuroinflammatory Profile Changes in Aged Rats Submitted to Photobiomodulation Therapy. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:1875-1886. [PMID: 33704604 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01069-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidences have shown the therapeutic potential of transcranial photobiomodulation on traumatic brain injury and Alzheimer's disease. Despite the promising benefits in the brain, little is known about the laser's effects in the absence of pathological conditions. We submitted young (4 months old) and aged (20 months old) rats to transcranial low-level laser and evaluated their exploratory activity and habituation in open field, anxiety in elevated plus maze, spatial memory in Barnes maze, and aversive memory in a step-down inhibitory avoidance task. Additionally, the levels of a panel of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines were quantified in two different brain regions: the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus. Young and aged rats submitted to transcranial laser exhibited better cognitive performance in Barnes maze than did control rats. Transcranial laser therapy decreased cortical levels of GM-CSF, IL-10, MCP-1, LIX, and TNFα in young rats and IL-5 in aged rats. High levels of IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-alpha were found in the cerebral cortex of aged rats submitted to transcranial laser. In the hippocampus, a decrease in IP-10 and fractalkine levels was observed in the aged rats from the laser group when compared to the aged rats from the control group. Our data indicate that transcranial photobiomodulation improves spatial learning and memory and alters the neuroinflammatory profile of young and aged rats' brains.
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12
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Suresh P, Phasuk S, Liu IY. Modulation of microglia activation and Alzheimer's disease: CX3 chemokine ligand 1/CX3CR and P2X 7R signaling. Tzu Chi Med J 2021; 33:1-6. [PMID: 33505871 PMCID: PMC7821819 DOI: 10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_144_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by cognitive deficits. Two hallmarks of AD that cause chronic inflammation and lead to neuronal dysfunction and damage are tau tangles and amyloid plaques. Microglial cells, the primary immune cells of the central nervous system, maintain a homeostatic active/inactive state via a bidirectional, dynamic communication with neurons. Several studies have revealed that dysregulated microglial activation leads to AD pathology. Therefore, we reviewed the relationship between AD and two important signaling complexes, CX3 chemokine ligand 1 (CX3CL1)/CX3CR1 and ATP/P2X7R, that play critical roles in the regulation of microglial activation. CX3CL1/CX3CR1 is one important signaling which controls the microglia function. Altering this pathway can have opposite effects on amyloid and tau pathology in AD. Another important molecule is P2X7R which involves in the activation of microglia. Over activation of P2X7R is evident in AD pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss influence of the two signaling pathways at different stages of AD pathology as well as the drug candidates that can modulate CX3CL1/CX3CR1 and ATP/P2X7R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavithra Suresh
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Sarayut Phasuk
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ingrid Y Liu
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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13
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González-Prieto M, Gutiérrez IL, García-Bueno B, Caso JR, Leza JC, Ortega-Hernández A, Gómez-Garre D, Madrigal JLM. Microglial CX3CR1 production increases in Alzheimer's disease and is regulated by noradrenaline. Glia 2020; 69:73-90. [PMID: 32662924 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The loss of noradrenergic neurons and subsequent reduction of brain noradrenaline (NA) levels are associated with the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This seems to be due mainly to the ability of NA to reduce the activation of microglial cells. We previously observed that NA induces the production of the chemokine Fractalkine/CX3CL1 in neurons. The activation of microglial CX3CR1, sole receptor for CX3CL1, reduces the activation of microglia, which is known to largely contribute to the neuronal damage characteristic of AD. Therefore, alterations of CX3CR1 production in microglia could translate into the enhancement or inhibition of CX3CL1 anti-inflammatory effects. In order to determine if microglial CX3CR1 production is altered in AD and if NA can control it, CX3CR1 expression and synthesis were analyzed in 5xFAD mice and human AD brain samples. In addition, the effects of NA and its reuptake inhibitor reboxetine were analyzed in microglial cultures and mice respectively. Our results indicate that in AD CX3CR1 production is increased in the brain cortex and that reboxetine administration further increases it and enhances microglial reactivity toward amyloid beta plaques. However, direct administration of NA to primary rat microglia or human HMC3 cells inhibits CX3CR1 production, suggesting that microglia responses to NA may be altered in the absence of CX3CL1-producing neurons or other nonmicroglial external factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta González-Prieto
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene L Gutiérrez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Borja García-Bueno
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier R Caso
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan C Leza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adriana Ortega-Hernández
- Vascular Biology Laboratory and Flow Cytometric Unit, Hospital Clínico San Carlos-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Cardiovascular Diseases (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Dulcenombre Gómez-Garre
- Vascular Biology Laboratory and Flow Cytometric Unit, Hospital Clínico San Carlos-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Cardiovascular Diseases (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - José L M Madrigal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital, Madrid, Spain
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14
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Schueller E, Paiva I, Blanc F, Wang XL, Cassel JC, Boutillier AL, Bousiges O. Dysregulation of histone acetylation pathways in hippocampus and frontal cortex of Alzheimer's disease patients. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2020; 33:101-116. [PMID: 32057591 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Memory impairment is the main feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Initial impairments originate in the temporal lobe area and propagate throughout the brain in a sequential manner. Epigenetic mechanisms, especially histone acetylation, regulate plasticity and memory processes. These may be dismantled during the disease. The aim of this work was to establish changes in the acetylation-associated pathway in two key brain regions affected in AD: the hippocampus and the F2 area of frontal cortex in end-stage AD patients and age-matched controls. We found that the F2 area was more affected than the hippocampus. Indeed, CREB-Binding Protein (CBP), P300/CBP-associated protein (PCAF), Histone Deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) and HDAC2 (but not HDAC3) levels were strongly decreased in F2 area of AD compared to controls patients, whereas only HDAC1 was decreased and CBP showed a downward trend in the hippocampus. At the histone level, we detected a substantial increase in total (H3 and H2B) histone levels in the frontal cortex, but these were decreased in nuclear extracts, pointing to a dysregulation in histone trafficking/catabolism in this brain region. Histone H3 acetylation levels were increased in cell nuclei mainly in the frontal cortex. These findings provide evidence for acetylation dysfunctions at the level of associated enzymes and of histones in AD brains, which may underlie transcriptional dysregulations and AD-related cognitive impairments. They further point to stronger dysregulations in the F2 area of the frontal cortex than in the hippocampus at an end-stage of the disease, suggesting a differential vulnerability and/or compensatory mechanisms efficiency towards epigenetic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Schueller
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR 7364 CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), 12 Rue Goethe, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Isabel Paiva
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR 7364 CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), 12 Rue Goethe, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Frédéric Blanc
- Neuropsychology Unit, Neurology Service, and CNRS, ICube laboratory UMR 7357 and FMTS (Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg), team IMIS/Neurocrypto, and CMRR (Memory Resources and Research Centre), and Geriatrics Day Hospital, Geriatrics Service, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Xiao-Lan Wang
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR 7364 CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), 12 Rue Goethe, Strasbourg 67000, France; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jean-Christophe Cassel
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR 7364 CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), 12 Rue Goethe, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Anne-Laurence Boutillier
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR 7364 CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), 12 Rue Goethe, Strasbourg 67000, France.
| | - Olivier Bousiges
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR 7364 CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), 12 Rue Goethe, Strasbourg 67000, France; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Avenue Molière, Strasbourg, France.
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15
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Amyloid Fibril-Induced Astrocytic Glutamate Transporter Disruption Contributes to Complement C1q-Mediated Microglial Pruning of Glutamatergic Synapses. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:2290-2300. [PMID: 32008166 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01885-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The complement C1q plays a critical role in microglial phagocytosis of glutamatergic synapses and in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We recently reported that upregulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor signaling is associated with increased synaptic C1q production and subsequent microglial phagocytosis of synapses in the rodent models of AD. Here, we explored the role of astrocytic glutamate transporter in the synaptic C1q production and microglial phagocytosis of hippocampal glutamatergic synapses in a rat model of AD. Activation of astrocyte and reduction glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1) were noted after bilateral microinjection of amyloid-beta (Aβ1-40) fibrils into the hippocampal CA1 area of rats. Ceftriaxone is a β-lactam antibiotic that upregulates GLT1 expression. Bilateral microinjection of ceftriaxone recovered GLT1 expression, decreased synaptic C1q production, suppressed microglial phagocytosis of glutamatergic synapses in the hippocampal CA1, and attenuated synaptic and cognitive deficits in rats microinjected with Aβ1-40. In contrast, artificial suppression of GLT1 activity by DL-threo-beta-benzyloxyaspartate (DL-TBOA) in naïve rats induced synaptic C1q expression and microglial phagocytosis of glutamatergic synapses in the hippocampal CA1 area, resulting in synaptic and cognitive dysfunction. These findings demonstrated that impairment of astrocytic glutamate transporter plays a role in the pathogenesis of AD.
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16
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Zuena AR, Casolini P, Lattanzi R, Maftei D. Chemokines in Alzheimer's Disease: New Insights Into Prokineticins, Chemokine-Like Proteins. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:622. [PMID: 31231219 PMCID: PMC6568308 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease is the most common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the presence of β-amyloid aggregates deposited as senile plaques and by the presence of neurofibrillary tangles of tau protein. To date, there is a broad consensus on the idea that neuroinflammation is one of the most important component in Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis. Chemokines and their receptors, beside the well-known role in the immune system, are widely expressed in the nervous system, where they play a significant role in the neuroinflammatory processes. Prokineticins are a new family of chemokine-like molecules involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes including immunity, pain, inflammation, and neuroinflammation. Prokineticin 2 (PROK2) and its receptors PKR1 and PKR2 are widely expressed in the central nervous system in both neuronal and glial cells. In Alzheimer’s disease, PROK2 sustains the neuroinflammatory condition and contributes to neurotoxicity, since its expression is strongly upregulated by amyloid-β peptide and reversed by the PKR antagonist PC1. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge on the neurotoxic and/or neuroprotective function of chemokines in Alzheimer’s disease, focusing on the prokineticin system: it represents a new field of investigation that can stimulate the research of innovative pharmacotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rita Zuena
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Casolini
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Lattanzi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Maftei
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "Alessandro Rossi Fanelli," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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17
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Bie B, Wu J, Foss JF, Naguib M. Activation of mGluR1 Mediates C1q-Dependent Microglial Phagocytosis of Glutamatergic Synapses in Alzheimer's Rodent Models. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:5568-5585. [PMID: 30652266 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1467-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Microglia and complements appear to be involved in the synaptic and cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD), though the mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, utilizing two types of rodent model of AD, we reported increased complement C1q-mediated microglial phagocytosis of hippocampal glutamatergic synapses, which led to synaptic and cognitive deficits. We also found increased activity of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1) in hippocampal CA1 in the modeled rodents. Artificial activation of mGluR1 signaling promoted dephosphorylation of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) and facilitated the local translation machinery of synaptic C1q mRNA, thus mimicking the C1q-mediated microglial phagocytosis of hippocampal glutamatergic synapses and synaptic and cognitive deficiency in the modeled rodents. However, suppression of mGluR1 signaling inhibited the dephosphorylation of FMRP and repressed the local translation of synaptic C1q mRNA, which consequently alleviated microglial phagocytosis of synapses and restored the synaptic and cognitive function in the rodent models. These findings illustrate a novel molecular mechanism underlying C1q-mediated microglial phagocytosis of hippocampal glutamatergic synapses in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bihua Bie
- Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Jiang Wu
- Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Joseph F Foss
- Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Mohamed Naguib
- Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA. .,Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 9500 Euclid Ave., Mail Code NB3-78, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
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18
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Influence of microglia and astrocyte activation in the neuroinflammatory pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease: Rational insights for the therapeutic approaches. J Clin Neurosci 2019; 59:6-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2018.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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19
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Luo P, Chu SF, Zhang Z, Xia CY, Chen NH. Fractalkine/CX3CR1 is involved in the cross-talk between neuron and glia in neurological diseases. Brain Res Bull 2018; 146:12-21. [PMID: 30496784 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Fractalkine (CX3C chemokine ligand 1, CX3CL1) is an essential chemokine, for regulating adhesion and chemotaxis through binding to CX3CR1, which plays a critical role in the crosstalk between glial cells and neurons by direct or indirect ways in the central nervous system (CNS). Fractalkine/CX3CR1 axis regulates microglial activation and function, neuronal survival and synaptic function by controlling the release of inflammatory cytokines and synaptic plasticity in the course of the neurological disease. The multiple functions of fractalkine/CX3CR1 make it exert neuroprotective or neurotoxic effects, which determines the pathogenesis. However, the role of fractalkine/CX3CR1 in the CNS remains controversial. Whether it can be used as a therapeutic target for neurological diseases needs to be further investigated. In this review, we summarize the studies highlighting fractalkine/CX3CR1-mediated effects and discuss the potential neurotoxic and neuroprotective actions of fractalkine/CX3CR1 in brain injury for providing useful insights into the potential applications of fractalkine/CX3CR1 in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piao Luo
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Feng Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong-Yuan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China.
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20
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An overview of the cannabinoid type 2 receptor system and its therapeutic potential. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2018; 31:407-414. [PMID: 29794855 DOI: 10.1097/aco.0000000000000616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This narrative review summarizes recent insights into the role of the cannabinoid type 2 (CB2) receptor as potential therapeutic target in neuropathic pain and neurodegenerative conditions. RECENT FINDINGS The cannabinoid system continues to receive attention as a therapeutic target. The CB2 receptor is primarily expressed on glial cells only when there is active inflammation and appears to be devoid of undesired psychotropic effects or addiction liability. The CB2 receptor has been shown to have potential as a therapeutic target in models of diseases with limited or no currently approved therapies, such as neuropathic pain and neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease. SUMMARY The functional involvement of CB2 receptor in neuropathic pain and other neuroinflammatory diseases highlights the potential therapeutic role of drugs acting at the CB2 receptor.
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21
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Tóthová B, Kovalská M, Kalenská D, Tomašcová A, Lehotský J. Histone Hyperacetylation as a Response to Global Brain Ischemia Associated with Hyperhomocysteinemia in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3147. [PMID: 30322095 PMCID: PMC6214033 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic regulations play an important role in both normal and pathological conditions of an organism, and are influenced by various exogenous and endogenous factors. Hyperhomocysteinemia (hHcy), as a risk factor for several pathological conditions affecting the central nervous system, is supposed to alter the epigenetic signature of the given tissue, which therefore worsens the subsequent damage. To investigate the effect of hHcy in combination with ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) and histone acetylation, we used the hHcy animal model of global forebrain ischemia in rats. Cresyl violet staining showed massive neural disintegration in the M1 (primary motor cortex) region as well as in the CA1 (cornu ammonis 1) area of the hippocampus induced by IRI. Neural loss was significantly higher in the group with induced hHcy. Moreover, immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis of the brain cortex showed prominent changes in the acetylation of histones H3 and H4, at lysine 9 and 12, respectively, as a result of IRI and induced hHcy. It seems that the differences in histone acetylation patterns in the cortical region have a preferred role in pathological processes induced by IRI associated with hHcy and could be considered in therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Tóthová
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia.
| | - Mária Kovalská
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia.
| | - Dagmar Kalenská
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia.
| | - Anna Tomašcová
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia.
| | - Ján Lehotský
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia.
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia.
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22
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Szepesi Z, Manouchehrian O, Bachiller S, Deierborg T. Bidirectional Microglia-Neuron Communication in Health and Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:323. [PMID: 30319362 PMCID: PMC6170615 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are ramified cells that exhibit highly motile processes, which continuously survey the brain parenchyma and react to any insult to the CNS homeostasis. Although microglia have long been recognized as a crucial player in generating and maintaining inflammatory responses in the CNS, now it has become clear, that their function are much more diverse, particularly in the healthy brain. The innate immune response and phagocytosis represent only a little segment of microglia functional repertoire that also includes maintenance of biochemical homeostasis, neuronal circuit maturation during development and experience-dependent remodeling of neuronal circuits in the adult brain. Being equipped by numerous receptors and cell surface molecules microglia can perform bidirectional interactions with other cell types in the CNS. There is accumulating evidence showing that neurons inform microglia about their status and thus are capable of controlling microglial activation and motility while microglia also modulate neuronal activities. This review addresses the topic: how microglia communicate with other cell types in the brain, including fractalkine signaling, secreted soluble factors and extracellular vesicles. We summarize the current state of knowledge of physiological role and function of microglia during brain development and in the mature brain and further highlight microglial contribution to brain pathologies such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, brain ischemia, traumatic brain injury, brain tumor as well as neuropsychiatric diseases (depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Szepesi
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Oscar Manouchehrian
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sara Bachiller
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tomas Deierborg
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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23
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Guedes JR, Lao T, Cardoso AL, El Khoury J. Roles of Microglial and Monocyte Chemokines and Their Receptors in Regulating Alzheimer's Disease-Associated Amyloid-β and Tau Pathologies. Front Neurol 2018; 9:549. [PMID: 30158892 PMCID: PMC6104478 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors have been shown to affect amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau pathologies in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) by regulating microglia and monocyte-associated neuroinflammation, microglial movement and monocyte recruitment into the brain. These cells in turn can promote and mediate Aβ phagocytosis and degradation and tau phosphorylation. In this review we discuss published work in this field in mouse models of AD and review what is known about the contributions of microglial and monocyte chemokines and their receptors to amyloid and tau pathologies. We focus on the roles of the chemokine/chemokine receptor pairs CCL2/CCR2, CX3CL1/CX3CR1, CCL5/CCR5, CXCL10/CXCR3 and CXCL1/CXCR2, highlighting important knowledge gaps in this field. A full understanding of the functions of chemokines and their receptors in AD may guide the development of novel immunotherapies for this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana R Guedes
- Doctoral Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Taotao Lao
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Ana L Cardoso
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joseph El Khoury
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
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24
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Bie B, Wu J, Foss JF, Naguib M. Amyloid fibrils induce dysfunction of hippocampal glutamatergic silent synapses. Hippocampus 2018; 28:549-556. [PMID: 29704282 PMCID: PMC6133714 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Silent glutamatergic synapses lacking functional AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazoleproprionate) receptors exist in several brain regions including the hippocampus. Their involvement in the dysfunction of hippocampal glutamatergic transmission in the setting of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is unknown. This study demonstrated a decrease in the percentage of silent synapses in rats microinjected with amyloid fibrils (Aβ1-40 ) into the hippocampal CA1. Also, pairing low-frequency electric stimuli failed to induce activation of the hippocampal silent synapses in the modeled rats. Immunoblotting studies revealed a decreased expression of GluR1 subunits in the hippocampal CA1 synaptosomal preparation, indicating a potential reduction in the GluR1 subunits anchoring in postsynaptic density in the modeled rats. We also noted a decreased expression of phosphorylated cofilin, which regulates the function of actin cytoskeleton and receptor trafficking, and reduced expression of the scaffolding protein PSD95 in the hippocampal CA1 synaptosome in rats injected with Aβ1-40 . Taken together, this study illustrates dysfunction of hippocampal silent synapse in the rodent model of AD, which might result from the impairments of actin cytoskeleton and postsynaptic scaffolding proteins induced by amyloid fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bihua Bie
- Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 9500 Euclid Ave. – NB3-78, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Jiang Wu
- Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 9500 Euclid Ave. – NB3-78, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Joseph F. Foss
- Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 9500 Euclid Ave. – NB3-78, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Mohamed Naguib
- Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 9500 Euclid Ave. – NB3-78, Cleveland, OH 44195
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25
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Activation of the Cannabinoid Type 2 Receptor by a Novel Indazole Derivative Normalizes the Survival Pattern of Lymphoblasts from Patients with Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease. CNS Drugs 2018; 32:579-591. [PMID: 29736745 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-018-0515-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease is a multifactorial disorder for which there is no disease-modifying treatment yet. CB2 receptors have emerged as a promising therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease because they are expressed in neuronal and glial cells and their activation has no psychoactive effects. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate whether activation of the CB2 receptor would restore the aberrant enhanced proliferative activity characteristic of immortalized lymphocytes from patients with late-onset Alzheimer's disease. It is assumed that cell-cycle dysfunction occurs in both peripheral cells and neurons in patients with Alzheimer's disease, contributing to the instigation of the disease. METHODS Lymphoblastoid cell lines from patients with Alzheimer's disease and age-matched control individuals were treated with a new, in-house-designed dual drug PGN33, which behaves as a CB2 agonist and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor. We analyzed the effects of this compound on the rate of cell proliferation and levels of key regulatory proteins. In addition, we investigated the potential neuroprotective action of PGN33 in β-amyloid-treated neuronal cells. RESULTS We report here that PGN33 normalized the increased proliferative activity of Alzheimer's disease lymphoblasts. The compound blunted the calmodulin-dependent overactivation of the PI3K/Akt pathway, by restoring the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 levels, which in turn reduced the activity of the cyclin-dependent kinase/pRb cascade. Moreover, this CB2 agonist prevented β-amyloid-induced cell death in neuronal cells. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the activation of CB2 receptors could be considered a useful therapeutic approach for Alzheimer's disease.
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26
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Korczeniewska OA, Husain S, Khan J, Eliav E, Soteropoulos P, Benoliel R. Differential gene expression in trigeminal ganglia of male and female rats following chronic constriction of the infraorbital nerve. Eur J Pain 2018; 22:875-888. [PMID: 29350446 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms underlying sex-based differences in pain and analgesia are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated gene expression changes in trigeminal ganglia (TG) of male and female rats exposed to infraorbital nerve chronic constriction injury (IoN-CCI). METHODS Somatosensory assessments were performed prior to IoN-CCI and at selected time points postsurgery. Selected gene expression changes were examined with real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in ipsilateral TG at 21 days postsurgery. RESULTS Rats exposed to IoN-CCI developed significant mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia on days 19 and 21 postsurgery. During this period, females developed significantly more allodynia but not hyperalgesia compared to males. At 21 days postsurgery, expression levels of 44 of the 84 investigated pain-related genes in ipsilateral TG were significantly regulated relative to naïve rats in either sex. Csf1 and Cx3cr1 were up-regulated in both sexes, but the magnitude of regulation was significantly higher in females (p = 0.02 and p = 0.001, respectively). Htr1a and Scn9a were down-regulated in both sexes, but the down-regulation was significantly more pronounced in males (p = 0.04 and p = 0.02, respectively). Additionally, Cck, Il1a, Pla2g1b and Tnf genes were significantly regulated in females but not in males, and Chrna4 gene was significantly down-regulated in males but not in females. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest sex-dependent gene regulation in response to nerve injury, which may contribute to sex dimorphism of trigeminal neuropathic pain. Further studies are needed to establish gene expression changes over time and correlate these with hormonal and other physiological parameters in male and female. SIGNIFICANCE We present novel sex-specific transcriptional regulation in trigeminal ganglia that may contribute to male-/female-based differences in trigeminal neuropathic pain. These findings are expected to open new research horizons, particularly in male versus female targeted therapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Korczeniewska
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - S Husain
- The Genomics Center, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - J Khan
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - E Eliav
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - P Soteropoulos
- The Genomics Center, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - R Benoliel
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
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Cunha C, Santos C, Gomes C, Fernandes A, Correia AM, Sebastião AM, Vaz AR, Brites D. Downregulated Glia Interplay and Increased miRNA-155 as Promising Markers to Track ALS at an Early Stage. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:4207-4224. [PMID: 28612258 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0631-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease of unknown cause. Absence of specific targets and biomarkers compromise the development of new therapeutic strategies and of innovative tools to stratify patients and assess their responses to treatment. Here, we investigate changes in neuroprotective-neuroinflammatory actions in the spinal cord of SOD1 G93A mice, at presymptomatic and symptomatic stages to identify stage-specific biomarkers and potential targets. Results showed that in the presymptomatic stage, there are alterations in both astrocytes and microglia, which comprise decreased expression of GFAP and S100B and upregulation of GLT-1, as well as reduced expression of CD11b, M2-phenotype markers, and a set of inflammatory mediators. Reduced levels of Connexin-43, Pannexin-1, CCL21, and CX3CL1 further indicate the existence of a compromised intercellular communication. In contrast, in the symptomatic stage, increased markers of inflammation became evident, such as NF-κB/Nlrp3-inflammasome, Iba1, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and M1-polarizion markers, together with a decreased expression of M2-phenotypic markers. We also observed upregulation of the CX3CL1-CX3CR1 axis, Connexin-43, Pannexin-1, and of microRNAs (miR)-124, miR-125b, miR-146a and miR-21. Reduced motor neuron number and presence of reactive astrocytes with decreased GFAP, GLT-1, and GLAST further characterized this inflammatory stage. Interestingly, upregulation of miR-155 and downregulation of MFG-E8 appear as consistent biomarkers of both presymptomatic and symptomatic stages. We hypothesize that downregulated cellular interplay at the early stages may represent neuroprotective mechanisms against inflammation, SOD1 aggregation, and ALS onset. The present study identified a set of inflamma-miRNAs, NLRP3-inflammasome, HMGB1, CX3CL1-CX3CR1, Connexin-43, and Pannexin-1 as emerging candidates and promising pharmacological targets that may represent potential neuroprotective strategies in ALS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Cunha
- Neuron Glia Biology in Health and Disease Group, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Catarina Santos
- Neuron Glia Biology in Health and Disease Group, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cátia Gomes
- Neuron Glia Biology in Health and Disease Group, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Adelaide Fernandes
- Neuron Glia Biology in Health and Disease Group, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Ana Maria Sebastião
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Vaz
- Neuron Glia Biology in Health and Disease Group, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Dora Brites
- Neuron Glia Biology in Health and Disease Group, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal. .,Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
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28
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Old Maids: Aging and Its Impact on Microglia Function. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040769. [PMID: 28379162 PMCID: PMC5412353 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are highly active and vigilant housekeepers of the central nervous system that function to promote neuronal growth and activity. With advanced age, however, dysregulated inflammatory signaling and defects in phagocytosis impede their ability to perform the most essential of homeostatic functions, including immune surveillance and debris clearance. Microglial activation is one of the hallmarks of the aging brain and coincides with age-related neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. Age-associated microglial dysfunction leads to cellular senescence and can profoundly alter the response to sterile injuries and immune diseases, often resulting in maladaptive responses, chronic inflammation, and worsened outcomes after injury. Our knowledge of microglia aging and the factors that regulate age-related microglial dysfunction remain limited, as the majority of pre-clinical studies are performed in young animals, and human brain samples are difficult to obtain quickly post-mortem or in large numbers. This review outlines the impact of normal aging on microglial function, highlights the potential mechanisms underlying age-related changes in microglia, and discusses how aging can shape the recovery process following injury.
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Criscuolo C, Fontebasso V, Middei S, Stazi M, Ammassari-Teule M, Yan SS, Origlia N. Entorhinal Cortex dysfunction can be rescued by inhibition of microglial RAGE in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42370. [PMID: 28205565 PMCID: PMC5304222 DOI: 10.1038/srep42370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Entorhinal cortex (EC) has been implicated in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In particular, spreading of neuronal dysfunction within the EC-Hippocampal network has been suggested. We have investigated the time course of EC dysfunction in the AD mouse model carrying human mutation of amyloid precursor protein (mhAPP) expressing human Aβ. We found that in mhAPP mice plasticity impairment is first observed in EC superficial layer and further affected with time. A selective impairment of LTP was observed in layer II horizontal connections of EC slices from 2 month old mhAPP mice, whereas at later stage of neurodegeneration (6 month) basal synaptic transmission and LTD were also affected. Accordingly, early synaptic deficit in the mhAPP mice were associated with a selective impairment in EC-dependent associative memory tasks. The introduction of the dominant-negative form of RAGE lacking RAGE signalling targeted to microglia (DNMSR) in mhAPP mice prevented synaptic and behavioural deficit, reducing the activation of stress related kinases (p38MAPK and JNK). Our results support the involvement of the EC in the development and progression of the synaptic and behavioural deficit during amyloid-dependent neurodegeneration and demonstrate that microglial RAGE activation in presence of Aβ-enriched environment contributes to the EC vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Criscuolo
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council, Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Veronica Fontebasso
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Italian National Research Council, Roma, 00143 Roma, Italy
| | - Silvia Middei
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Italian National Research Council, Roma, 00143 Roma, Italy
- Santa Lucia Foundation, Roma 00143, Italy
| | - Martina Stazi
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council, Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Martine Ammassari-Teule
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Italian National Research Council, Roma, 00143 Roma, Italy
- Santa Lucia Foundation, Roma 00143, Italy
| | - Shirley ShiDu Yan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Nicola Origlia
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council, Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
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30
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Psychosocial stress on neuroinflammation and cognitive dysfunctions in Alzheimer's disease: the emerging role for microglia? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 77:148-164. [PMID: 28185874 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Chronic psychosocial stress is increasingly recognized as a risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) and associated cognitive deficits. Chronic stress also primes microglia and induces inflammatory responses in the adult brain, thereby compromising synapse-supportive roles of microglia and deteriorating cognitive functions during aging. Substantial evidence demonstrates that failure of microglia to clear abnormally accumulating amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide contributes to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in AD. Moreover, genome-wide association studies have linked variants in several immune genes, such as TREM2 and CD33, the expression of which in the brain is restricted to microglia, with cognitive dysfunctions in LOAD. Thus, inflammation-promoting chronic stress may create a vicious cycle of aggravated microglial dysfunction accompanied by increased Aβ accumulation, collectively exacerbating neurodegeneration. Surprisingly, however, little is known about whether and how chronic stress contributes to microglia-mediated neuroinflammation that may underlie cognitive impairments in AD. This review aims to summarize the currently available clinical and preclinical data and outline potential molecular mechanisms linking stress, microglia and neurodegeneration, to foster future research in this field.
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31
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Horiuchi M, Smith L, Maezawa I, Jin LW. CX 3CR1 ablation ameliorates motor and respiratory dysfunctions and improves survival of a Rett syndrome mouse model. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 60:106-116. [PMID: 26883520 PMCID: PMC5531048 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RTT) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding MeCP2, an epigenetic modulator that binds the methyl CpG dinucleotide in target genes to regulate transcription. Previously we and others reported a role of microglia in the pathophysiology of RTT. Because microglia in the Mecp2 knockout (Mecp2KO) mouse model of RTT over-produce neurotoxic mediators glutamate and reactive oxygen species, we hypothesize that blocking neuron-microglia interaction by ablation of CX3CR1, a chemokine receptor expressed in microglia/myeloid cells mediating such interaction by pairing with its neuronal ligand CX3CL1, would ameliorate the RTT-like phenotype in Mecp2KO mice. Here we report that CX3CR1 ablation prolonged the lifespan of Mecp2KO mice from a median survival of 54.5-74days, and significantly improved the body weight gain, symptomatic scores, major respiratory parameters, and motor coordination and performance. CX3CR1 ablation rectified previously identified histological abnormalities in the Mecp2KO brain such as neuronal soma size in hippocampal CA2, and the number, soma size, and process complexity of microglia. Moreover, CX3CR1 ablation enhanced the neurotrophic action of microglia in Mecp2KO mice by producing higher amount of insulin-like growth factor 1. Our data support a role of myeloid cells/microglia in RTT and suggest a novel therapeutic approach for RTT by targeting CX3CR1 with specific antagonists or genetic downregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Horiuchi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 2805 50th Street, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States
| | - Lucas Smith
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 2805 50th Street, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States
| | - Izumi Maezawa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 2805 50th Street, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States,M.I.N.D. (Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders) Institute, 2805 50th Street, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States
| | - Lee-Way Jin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 2805 50th Street, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States; M.I.N.D. (Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders) Institute, 2805 50th Street, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States.
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Zhao B, Pan Y, Wang Z, Xu H, Song X. Hyperbaric Oxygen Pretreatment Improves Cognition and Reduces Hippocampal Damage Via p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase in a Rat Model. Yonsei Med J 2017; 58:131-138. [PMID: 27873505 PMCID: PMC5122628 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2017.58.1.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) pretreatment on cognitive decline and neuronal damage in an Alzheimer's disease (AD) rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were divided into three groups: normal saline (NS), AD, and HBO+AD. In the AD group, amyloid β peptide (Aβ)₁₋₄₀ was injected into the hippocampal CA1 region of the brain. NS rats received NS injection. In the HBO+AD group, rats received 5 days of daily HBO therapy following Aβ₁₋₄₀ injection. Learning and memory capabilities were examined using the Morris water maze task. Neuronal damage and astrocyte activation were evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Dendritic spine density was determined by Golgi-Cox staining. Tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-10 production was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Neuron apoptosis was evaluated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling. Protein expression was examined by western blotting. RESULTS Learning and memory dysfunction was ameliorated in the HBO+AD group, as shown by significantly lower swimming distances and escape latency, compared to the AD group. Lower rates of neuronal damage, astrocyte activation, dendritic spine loss, and hippocampal neuron apoptosis were seen in the HBO+AD than in the AD group. A lower rate of hippocampal p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation was observed in the HBO+AD than in the AD group. CONCLUSION HBO pretreatment improves cognition and reduces hippocampal damage via p38 MAPK in AD rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baisong Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongying Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zixin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiping Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingrong Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China.
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de Miranda AS, Zhang CJ, Katsumoto A, Teixeira AL. Hippocampal adult neurogenesis: Does the immune system matter? J Neurol Sci 2016; 372:482-495. [PMID: 27838002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis involves proliferation, survival, differentiation and integration of newborn neurons into pre-existing neuronal networks. Although its functional significance in the central nervous system (CNS) has not comprehensively elucidated, adult neurogenesis has been attributed a role in cognition, learning and memory. There is a growing body of evidence that CNS resident as well as peripheral immune cells participate in regulating hippocampal adult neurogenesis. Microglial cells are closely associated with neural stem/progenitor cell (NSPC) in the neurogenic niche engaged in a bidirectional communication with neurons, which may be important for adult neurogenesis. Microglial and neuronal crosstalk is mediated in part by CX3CL1/CX3CR1 signaling and a disruption in this pathway has been associated with impaired neurogenesis. It has been also reported that microglial neuroprotective or neurotoxic effects in adult neurogenesis occur in a context-dependent manner. Apart from microglia other brain resident and peripheral immune cells including pericytes, perivascular macrophages, mast cells and T-cells also modulate this phenomenon. It is worth mentioning that under some physiological circumstances such as normal aging there is a significant decrease in hippocampal neurogenesis. A role for innate and adaptive immune system in adult neurogenesis has been also reported during aging. Here, we review the current evidence regarding neuro-immune interactions in the regulation of neurogenesis under distinct conditions, including aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Silva de Miranda
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Department of Neuroscience, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Laboratory of Neurobiology "Conceição Machado", Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Cun-Jin Zhang
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Department of Neuroscience, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Neurology, Key Laboratory of Neurorepair and Regeneration, Tianjin and Ministry of Education, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Atsuko Katsumoto
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Department of Neuroscience, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Antônio Lúcio Teixeira
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Bronzuoli MR, Iacomino A, Steardo L, Scuderi C. Targeting neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. J Inflamm Res 2016; 9:199-208. [PMID: 27843334 PMCID: PMC5098782 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s86958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost 47 million people suffer from dementia worldwide, with an estimated new case diagnosed every 3.2 seconds. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) accounts for approximately 60%–80% of all dementia cases. Given this evidence, it is clear dementia represents one of the greatest global public health challenges. Currently used drugs alleviate the symptoms of AD but do not treat the underlying causes of dementia. Hence, a worldwide quest is under way to find new treatments to stop, slow, or even prevent AD. Besides the classic targets of the oldest therapies, represented by cholinergic and glutamatergic systems, β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques, and tau tangles, new therapeutic approaches have other targets. One of the newest and most promising strategies is the control of reactive gliosis, a multicellular response to brain injury. This phenomenon occurs as a consequence of a persistent glial activation, which leads to cellular dysfunctions and neuroinflammation. Reactive gliosis is now considered a key abnormality in the AD brain. It has been demonstrated that reactive astrocytes surround both Aβ plaques and tau tangles. In this condition, glial cells lose some of their homeostatic functions and acquire a proinflammatory phenotype amplifying neuronal damage. So, molecules that are able to restore their physiological functions and control the neuroinflammatory process offer new therapeutic opportunities for this devastating disease. In this review, we describe the role of neuroinflammation in the AD pathogenesis and progression and then provide an overview of the recent research with the aim of developing new therapies to treat this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosanna Bronzuoli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Aniello Iacomino
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Rome "G. Marconi", Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Steardo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Scuderi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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35
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Seo Y, Kim HS, Kang I, Choi SW, Shin TH, Shin JH, Lee BC, Lee JY, Kim JJ, Kook MG, Kang KS. Cathepsin S contributes to microglia-mediated olfactory dysfunction through the regulation of Cx3cl1-Cx3cr1 axis in a Niemann-Pick disease type C1 model. Glia 2016; 64:2291-2305. [PMID: 27687148 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Microglia can aggravate olfactory dysfunction by mediating neuronal death in the olfactory bulb (OB) of a murine model of Niemann-Pick disease type C1 (NPC1), a fatal neurodegenerative disorder accompanied by lipid trafficking defects. In this study, we focused on the crosstalk between neurons and microglia to elucidate the mechanisms underlying extensive microgliosis in the NPC1-affected brain. Microglia in the OB of NPC1 mice strongly expressed CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (Cx3cr1), a specific receptor for the neural chemokine C-X3-C motif ligand 1 (Cx3cl1). In addition, a high level of Cx3cl1 was detected in NPC1 mouse-derived CSF due to enhanced catalytic activity of Cathepsin S (Ctss), which is responsible for Cx3cl1 secretion. Notably, nasal delivery of Cx3cl1 neutralizing antibody or Ctss inhibitor could inhibit the Cx3cl1-Cx3cr1 interaction and support neuronal survival through the suppression of microglial activation, leading to an improvement in the olfactory function in NPC1 mice. Relevant in vitro experiments revealed that intracellular cholesterol accumulation could act as a strong inducer of abnormal Ctss activation and, in turn, stimulated the Cx3cl1-Cx3cr1 axis in microglia via p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. Our data address the significance of Cx3cl1-Cx3cr1 interaction in the development of microglial neurotoxicity and suggest that Ctss is a key upstream regulator. Therefore, this study contributes to a better understanding of the crosstalk between neurons and microglia in the development of the neurodegeneration and provides a new perspective for the management of olfactory deficits and other microglia-dependent neuropathies. GLIA 2016;64:2291-2305.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoojin Seo
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.,School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan, 49241, South Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, 49241, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Sik Kim
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.,School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan, 49241, South Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, 49241, South Korea
| | - Insung Kang
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.,Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Soon Won Choi
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.,Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Tae-Hoon Shin
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.,Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Ji-Hee Shin
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.,Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Byung-Chul Lee
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.,Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Jin Young Lee
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.,Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Jae-Jun Kim
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Myung Geun Kook
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.,Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Sun Kang
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea. .,Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
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36
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Yamin G, Coppola G, Teplow DB. Design, Characterization, and Use of a Novel Amyloid β-Protein Control for Assembly, Neurotoxicity, and Gene Expression Studies. Biochemistry 2016; 55:5049-60. [PMID: 27505174 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A key pathogenic agent in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the amyloid β-protein (Aβ), which self-assembles into a variety of neurotoxic structures. Establishing structure-activity relationships for these assemblies, which is critical for proper therapeutic target identification and design, requires aggregation and neurotoxicity experiments that are properly controlled with respect to the Aβ peptide itself. "Reverse" Aβ or non-Aβ peptides suffer from the fact that their biophysical properties are too similar or dissimilar, respectively, to those of native Aβ for them to be appropriate controls. For this reason, we used simple protein design principles to create scrambled Aβ peptides predicted to behave distinctly from native Aβ. We showed that our prediction was true by monitoring secondary structure dynamics with thioflavin T fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopy, determining oligomer size distributions, and assaying neurotoxic activity. We then demonstrated the utility of the scrambled Aβ peptides by using them to control experiments examining the effects of Aβ monomers, dimers, higher-order oligomers, and fibrils on gene expression in primary rat hippocampal neurons. Significant changes in gene expression were observed for all peptide assemblies, but fibrils induced the largest changes. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis revealed two predominant gene modules related to Aβ treatment. Many genes within these modules were associated with inflammatory signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghiam Yamin
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine , La Jolla, California 92093, United States.,Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - David B Teplow
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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CX3CL1/CX3CR1 in Alzheimer's Disease: A Target for Neuroprotection. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:8090918. [PMID: 27429982 PMCID: PMC4939332 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8090918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CX3C chemokine ligand 1 (CX3CL1) is an intriguing chemokine belonging to the CX3C family. CX3CL1 is secreted by neurons and plays an important role in modulating glial activation in the central nervous system after binding to its sole receptor CX3CR1 which mainly is expressed on microglia. Emerging data highlights the beneficial potential of CX3CL1-CX3CR1 in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), a common progressive neurodegenerative disease, and in the progression of which neuroinflammation plays a vital role. Even so, the importance of CX3CL1/CX3CR1 in AD is still controversial and needs further clarification. In this review, we make an attempt to present a concise map of CX3CL1-CX3CR1 associated with AD to find biomarkers for early diagnosis or therapeutic interventions.
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38
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Liu W, Jiang L, Bian C, Liang Y, Xing R, Yishakea M, Dong J. Role of CX3CL1 in Diseases. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2016; 64:371-83. [PMID: 27098399 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-016-0395-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines are a family of small 8-10 kDa inducible cytokines. Initially characterized as chemotactic factors, they are now considered to affect not just cellular recruitment. CX3CL1 is a unique chemokine that can exist in a soluble form, as a chemotactic cytokine, or in a membrane-attached form that acts as a binding molecule. Recently, the effects of CX3CL1 on diseases, such as inflammation and cancer, have been supported and confirmed by numerous publications. However, due to its dual effects, CX3CL1 exerts numerous effects on pathophysiological conditions that have both negative and positive consequences on pathogenesis and outcome. This review article summarizes the important scientific and clinical data that now point to a critical role for CX3CL1 in diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- WangMi Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Libo Jiang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chong Bian
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yun Liang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Rong Xing
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Mumingjiang Yishakea
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jian Dong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Bv8/prokineticin 2 is involved in Aβ-induced neurotoxicity. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15301. [PMID: 26477583 PMCID: PMC4610025 DOI: 10.1038/srep15301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Bv8/Prokineticin 2 (PROK2) is a bioactive peptide initially discovered as a regulator of gastrointestinal motility. Among multiple biological roles demonstrated for PROK2, it was recently established that PROK2 is an insult-inducible endangering mediator for cerebral damage. Aim of the present study was to evaluate the PROK2 and its receptors' potential involvement in amyloid beta (Aβ) neurotoxicity, a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and various forms of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Analyzing primary cortical cultures (CNs) and cortex and hippocampus from Aβ treated rats, we found that PROK2 and its receptors PKR1 and PKR2 mRNA are up-regulated by Aβ, suggesting their potential involvement in AD. Hence we evaluated if impairing the prokineticin system activation might have protective effect against neuronal death induced by Aβ. We found that a PKR antagonist concentration-dependently protects CNs against Aβ(1-42)-induced neurotoxicity, by reducing the Aβ-induced PROK2 neuronal up-regulation. Moreover, the antagonist completely rescued LTP impairment in hippocampal slices from 6 month-old Tg2576 AD mice without affecting basal synaptic transmission and paired pulse-facilitation paradigms. These results indicate that PROK2 plays a role in cerebral amyloidosis and that PROK2 antagonists may represent a new approach for ameliorating the defining pathology of AD.
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40
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Dworzak J, Renvoisé B, Habchi J, Yates EV, Combadière C, Knowles TP, Dobson CM, Blackstone C, Paulsen O, Murphy PM. Neuronal Cx3cr1 Deficiency Protects against Amyloid β-Induced Neurotoxicity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127730. [PMID: 26038823 PMCID: PMC4454597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cx3cr1, the receptor for the chemokine Cx3cl1 (fractalkine), has been implicated in the progression and severity of Alzheimer's disease-like pathology in mice, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. A complicating factor is that Cx3cr1 has been demonstrated in both neurons and microglia. Here, we have dissected the differences between neuronal and microglial Cx3cr1, specifically by comparing direct amyloid-β-induced toxicity in cultured, mature, microglia-depleted hippocampal neurons from wild-type and Cx3cr1-/- mice. Wild-type neurons expressed both Cx3cl1 and Cx3cr1 and released Cx3cl1 in response to amyloid-β. Knockout of neuronal Cx3cr1 abated amyloid-β-induced lactate dehydrogenase release. Furthermore, amyloid-β differentially induced depression of pre- and postsynaptic components of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents, in a peptide conformation-dependent manner. Knockout of neuronal Cx3cr1 abated effects of both amyloid-β conformational states, which were differentiable by aggregation kinetics and peptide morphology. We obtained similar results after both acute and chronic treatment of cultured neurons with the Cx3cr1 antagonist F1. Thus, neuronal Cx3cr1 may impact Alzheimer's disease-like pathology by modulating conformational state-dependent amyloid-β-induced synaptotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Dworzak
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Neuronal Oscillations Group, Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cell Biology Section, Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Benoît Renvoisé
- Cell Biology Section, Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Johnny Habchi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Emma V. Yates
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Christophe Combadière
- Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses-Paris, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
| | - Tuomas P. Knowles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Craig Blackstone
- Cell Biology Section, Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ole Paulsen
- Neuronal Oscillations Group, Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (PMM); (OP)
| | - Philip M. Murphy
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PMM); (OP)
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41
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Minocycline does not affect long-term potentiation in the anterior cingulate cortex of normal adult mice. Mol Pain 2015; 11:25. [PMID: 25933605 PMCID: PMC4464617 DOI: 10.1186/s12990-015-0025-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that activated microglia plays important roles in chronic pain-related sensory signaling at the spinal cord dorsal horn. Less is known about the possible contribution of microglia to cortical plasticity that has been found to be important for chronic pain. In the present study, we used a 64-channel multi-electrode array recording system to investigate the role of microglia in cortical plasticity of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in normal adult mice. We found that bath application of minocycline, an inhibitor of microglial activation, had no effect on postsynaptic LTP (post-LTP) induced by theta burst stimulation in the ACC. Furthermore, presynaptic LTP (pre-LTP) induced by the combination of low-frequency stimulation with a GluK1-containing kainate receptor agonist was also not affected. The spatial distribution of post-LTP or pre-LTP among the cingulate network is also unaltered by minocycline. Our results suggest that minocycline does not affect cingulate plasticity and neurons are the major player in pain-related cortical plasticity.
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42
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Increased acetyl and total histone levels in post-mortem Alzheimer's disease brain. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 74:281-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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43
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Jabłkowski M, Szemraj M, Oszajca K, Janiszewska G, Bartkowiak J, Szemraj J. New type of BACE1 siRNA delivery to cells. Med Sci Monit 2014; 20:2598-606. [PMID: 25491230 PMCID: PMC4266366 DOI: 10.12659/msm.891219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small interfering RNA (siRNA) gene therapy is a new molecular approach in the search for an efficient therapy for Alzheimer disease (AD), based on the principle of RNA interference. Reducing BACE activity can have great therapeutic potential for the treatment of AD. In this study, receptor-mediated delivery was used to deliver opioid peptide-conjugated BACE 1 to INR-32 human neuroblastoma cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS An INR-32 human neuroblastoma cell line was stably transfected to express the APP cDNA coding fragment containing the predicted sites for cleavage by α, β, or γ-secretase. This was then treated with BACE 1 siRNA to silence BACE gene expression. BACE gene transcription and translation was determined using BACE-1 siRNA cross-linked with opioid peptide, together with RT-PCR, Western blot analysis, and ELISA. RESULTS Receptor-mediated delivery was used to introduce BACE1 siRNA to the APP - INR 32 human neuroblastoma cells. Decreased BACE mRNA and protein expression were observed after the cells were transfected with BACE1 siRNA. CONCLUSIONS Delivery of BACE1 siRNA appears to specifically reduce the cleavage of APP by inhibiting BACE1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Jabłkowski
- Department of Infectious and Liver Diseases, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - Maciej Szemraj
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Oszajca
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - Grażyna Janiszewska
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - Jacek Bartkowiak
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - Janusz Szemraj
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
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44
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Ali I, Chugh D, Ekdahl CT. Role of fractalkine-CX3CR1 pathway in seizure-induced microglial activation, neurodegeneration, and neuroblast production in the adult rat brain. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 74:194-203. [PMID: 25461978 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporal lobe seizures lead to an acute inflammatory response in the brain primarily characterized by activation of parenchymal microglial cells. Simultaneously, degeneration of pyramidal cells and interneurons is evident together with a seizure-induced increase in the production of new neurons within the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. We have previously shown a negative correlation between the acute seizure-induced inflammation and the survival of newborn hippocampal neurons. Here, we aimed to evaluate the role of the fractalkine-CX3CR1 pathway for these acute events. Fractalkine is a chemokine expressed by both neurons and glia, while its receptor, CX3CR1 is primarily expressed on microglia. Electrically-induced partial status epilepticus (SE) was induced in adult rats through stereotaxically implanted electrodes in the hippocampus. Recombinant rat fractalkine or CX3CR1 antibody was infused intraventricularly during one week post-SE. A significant increase in the expression of CX3CR1, but not fractalkine, was observed in the dentate gyrus at one week. CX3CR1 antibody treatment resulted in a reduction in microglial activation, neurodegeneration, as well as neuroblast production. In contrast, fractalkine treatment had only minor effects. This study provides evidence for a role of the fractalkine-CX3CR1 signaling pathway in seizure-induced microglial activation and suggests that neuroblast production following seizures may partly occur as a result of microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idrish Ali
- Inflammation and Stem Cell Therapy Group, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lund University, Sweden; Lund Epilepsy Center, Lund University, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Deepti Chugh
- Inflammation and Stem Cell Therapy Group, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lund University, Sweden; Lund Epilepsy Center, Lund University, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Christine T Ekdahl
- Inflammation and Stem Cell Therapy Group, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lund University, Sweden; Lund Epilepsy Center, Lund University, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden.
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45
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Fernandes A, Miller-Fleming L, Pais TF. Microglia and inflammation: conspiracy, controversy or control? Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:3969-85. [PMID: 25008043 PMCID: PMC11113719 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1670-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Microglial cells contribute to normal function of the central nervous system (CNS). Besides playing a role in the innate immunity, they are also involved in neuronal plasticity and homeostasis of the CNS. While microglial cells get activated and undergo phenotypic changes in different disease contexts, they are far from being the "villains" in the CNS. Mounting evidence indicates that microglial dysfunction can exacerbate the pathogenesis of several diseases in the CNS. Several molecular mechanisms tightly regulate the production of inflammatory and toxic factors released by microglia. These mechanisms involve the interaction with other glial cells and neurons and the fine regulation of signaling and transcription activation pathways. The purpose of this review is to discuss microglia activation and to highlight the molecular pathways that can counteract the detrimental role of microglia in several neurologic diseases. Recent work presented in this review support that the understanding of microglial responses can pave the way to design new therapies for inflammatory diseases of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelaide Fernandes
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Leonor Miller-Fleming
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
- Present Address: Cambridge Systems Biology Centre and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Rd, CB21GA Cambridge, UK
| | - Teresa F. Pais
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
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46
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Sheridan GK, Wdowicz A, Pickering M, Watters O, Halley P, O'Sullivan NC, Mooney C, O'Connell DJ, O'Connor JJ, Murphy KJ. CX3CL1 is up-regulated in the rat hippocampus during memory-associated synaptic plasticity. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:233. [PMID: 25161610 PMCID: PMC4130185 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several cytokines and chemokines are now known to play normal physiological roles in the brain where they act as key regulators of communication between neurons, glia, and microglia. In particular, cytokines and chemokines can affect cardinal cellular and molecular processes of hippocampal-dependent long-term memory consolidation including synaptic plasticity, synaptic scaling and neurogenesis. The chemokine, CX3CL1 (fractalkine), has been shown to modulate synaptic transmission and long-term potentiation (LTP) in the CA1 pyramidal cell layer of the hippocampus. Here, we confirm widespread expression of CX3CL1 on mature neurons in the adult rat hippocampus. We report an up-regulation in CX3CL1 protein expression in the CA1, CA3 and dentate gyrus (DG) of the rat hippocampus 2 h after spatial learning in the water maze task. Moreover, the same temporal increase in CX3CL1 was evident following LTP-inducing theta-burst stimulation in the DG. At physiologically relevant concentrations, CX3CL1 inhibited LTP maintenance in the DG. This attenuation in dentate LTP was lost in the presence of GABAA receptor/chloride channel antagonism. CX3CL1 also had opposing actions on glutamate-mediated rise in intracellular calcium in hippocampal organotypic slice cultures in the presence and absence of GABAA receptor/chloride channel blockade. Using primary dissociated hippocampal cultures, we established that CX3CL1 reduces glutamate-mediated intracellular calcium rises in both neurons and glia in a dose dependent manner. In conclusion, CX3CL1 is up-regulated in the hippocampus during a brief temporal window following spatial learning the purpose of which may be to regulate glutamate-mediated neurotransmission tone. Our data supports a possible role for this chemokine in the protective plasticity process of synaptic scaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham K Sheridan
- Neurotherapeutics Research Group, UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland ; Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | - Anita Wdowicz
- Neurotherapeutics Research Group, UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark Pickering
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, Health Sciences Centre, University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
| | - Orla Watters
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul Halley
- Neurotherapeutics Research Group, UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niamh C O'Sullivan
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
| | - Claire Mooney
- Neurotherapeutics Research Group, UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
| | - David J O'Connell
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
| | - John J O'Connor
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
| | - Keith J Murphy
- Neurotherapeutics Research Group, UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
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47
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Limatola C, Ransohoff RM. Modulating neurotoxicity through CX3CL1/CX3CR1 signaling. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:229. [PMID: 25152714 PMCID: PMC4126442 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the initial cloning of fractalkine/CX3CL1, it was proposed that the only known member of the CX3C or δ subfamily of chemotactic cytokines could play some significant role in the nervous system, due to its high expression on neurons. The pivotal description of the localization of the unique CX3CL1 receptor, CX3CR1, on microglial cells, firmed up by the generation of cx3cr1GFP/GFP mice, opened the road to the hypothesis of some specific key interactions between microglia and neurons mediated by this pair. This expectation has been indeed supported by recent exciting evidence indicating that CX3CL1-mediated microglia-neuron interaction modulates basic physiological activities during development, adulthood and aging, including: synaptic pruning; promoting survival of neurons and neural precursors; modulating synaptic transmission and plasticity; enhancing synapse and network maturation; and facilitating the establishment of neuropathic pain circuits. Beyond playing such fascinating roles in physiological conditions, CX3CL1 signaling has been implicated in different neuropathologies. Early papers demonstrated that the levels of CX3CL1 may be modulated by various toxic stimuli in vitro and that CX3CL1 signaling is positively or negatively regulated in EAE and MS, in HIV infection and LPS challenge, in epilepsy, in brain tumors, and in other neuropathologies. In this review we focus on the experimental evidence of CX3CL1 involvement in neuroprotection and survey the common molecular and cellular mechanisms described in different brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Limatola
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Istituto Pasteur Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome Rome, Italy ; Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Neuromed, Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Richard M Ransohoff
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Lerner Research Institute and Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, OH, USA
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Briones TL, Woods J, Wadowska M. Chronic neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment following transient global cerebral ischemia: role of fractalkine/CX3CR1 signaling. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:13. [PMID: 24447880 PMCID: PMC3976090 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Although neuroinflammation has been studied extensively in animal models of cerebral ischemia, their contrasting functions are still not completely understood. A major participant in neuroinflammation is microglia and microglial activation usually regulated by the chemokine CX3CL1 (fractalkine) and its receptor, CX3CR1. Here, we examined the involvement of CX3CR1 on ischemia-induced chronic neuroinflammation and cognitive function using small interfering RNA (siRNA). Forty adult male Wistar rats were included in the study and received either ischemia or sham surgery then were randomized to receive either CX3CR1 siRNA or scrambled RNA as control starting at 7 days after reperfusion. Behavioral testing commenced 28 days after siRNA delivery and all rats were euthanized after behavioral testing. Our data showed that: (i) transient global cerebral ischemia significantly decreased fractalkine/CX3CR1 signaling in the hippocampus; (ii) inhibition of CX3CR1 function exacerbated the ischemia-induced chronic increase in microglial activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels; (iii) inhibition of CX3CR1 function worsened ischemia-induced chronic cognitive impairment; (iv) inhibition of CX3CR1 function in sham rats resulted in increased IL-1β expression and impaired behavioral performance. However, no significant effect of CX3CR1 on ischemia-induced neurodegeneration was seen. The present study provides important insight to understanding the involvement of CX3CR1 in chronic neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresita L Briones
- Department of Adult Health, Wayne State University, 5557 Cass Ave.Cohn Bldg, Rm 344, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Julie Woods
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Magdalena Wadowska
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Sheridan GK, Murphy KJ. Neuron-glia crosstalk in health and disease: fractalkine and CX3CR1 take centre stage. Open Biol 2013; 3:130181. [PMID: 24352739 PMCID: PMC3877844 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.130181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
An essential aspect of normal brain function is the bidirectional interaction and communication between neurons and neighbouring glial cells. To this end, the brain has evolved ligand-receptor partnerships that facilitate crosstalk between different cell types. The chemokine, fractalkine (FKN), is expressed on neuronal cells, and its receptor, CX(3)CR1, is predominantly expressed on microglia. This review focuses on several important functional roles for FKN/CX(3)CR1 in both health and disease of the central nervous system. It has been posited that FKN is involved in microglial infiltration of the brain during development. Microglia, in turn, are implicated in the developmental synaptic pruning that occurs during brain maturation. The abundance of FKN on mature hippocampal neurons suggests a homeostatic non-inflammatory role in mechanisms of learning and memory. There is substantial evidence describing a role for FKN in hippocampal synaptic plasticity. FKN, on the one hand, appears to prevent excess microglial activation in the absence of injury while promoting activation of microglia and astrocytes during inflammatory episodes. Thus, FKN appears to be neuroprotective in some settings, whereas it contributes to neuronal damage in others. Many progressive neuroinflammatory disorders that are associated with increased microglial activation, such as Alzheimer's disease, show disruption of the FKN/CX(3)CR1 communication system. Thus, targeting CX(3)CR1 receptor hyperactivation with specific antagonists in such neuroinflammatory conditions may eventually lead to novel neurotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham K Sheridan
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
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