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Ueda R, Sakakura K, Mitsuhashi T, Sonoda M, Firestone E, Kuroda N, Kitazawa Y, Uda H, Luat AF, Johnson EL, Ofen N, Asano E. Cortical and white matter substrates supporting visuospatial working memory. Clin Neurophysiol 2024; 162:9-27. [PMID: 38552414 PMCID: PMC11102300 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2024.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In tasks involving new visuospatial information, we rely on working memory, supported by a distributed brain network. We investigated the dynamic interplay between brain regions, including cortical and white matter structures, to understand how neural interactions change with different memory loads and trials, and their subsequent impact on working memory performance. METHODS Patients undertook a task of immediate spatial recall during intracranial EEG monitoring. We charted the dynamics of cortical high-gamma activity and associated functional connectivity modulations in white matter tracts. RESULTS Elevated memory loads were linked to enhanced functional connectivity via occipital longitudinal tracts, yet decreased through arcuate, uncinate, and superior-longitudinal fasciculi. As task familiarity grew, there was increased high-gamma activity in the posterior inferior-frontal gyrus (pIFG) and diminished functional connectivity across a network encompassing frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes. Early pIFG high-gamma activity was predictive of successful recall. Including this metric in a logistic regression model yielded an accuracy of 0.76. CONCLUSIONS Optimizing visuospatial working memory through practice is tied to early pIFG activation and decreased dependence on irrelevant neural pathways. SIGNIFICANCE This study expands our knowledge of human adaptation for visuospatial working memory, showing the spatiotemporal dynamics of cortical network modulations through white matter tracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riyo Ueda
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit Medical Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA; National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 1878551, Japan.
| | - Kazuki Sakakura
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit Medical Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 3058575, Japan.
| | - Takumi Mitsuhashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit Medical Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, Tokyo 1138421, Japan.
| | - Masaki Sonoda
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit Medical Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 2360004, Japan.
| | - Ethan Firestone
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.
| | - Naoto Kuroda
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit Medical Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA; Department of Epileptology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 9808575, Japan.
| | - Yu Kitazawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit Medical Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA; Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 2360004, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Uda
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit Medical Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 5458585, Japan.
| | - Aimee F Luat
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit Medical Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA; Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit Medical Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, Michigan 48858, USA.
| | - Elizabeth L Johnson
- Departments of Medical Social Sciences, Pediatrics, and Psychology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.
| | - Noa Ofen
- Life-Span Cognitive Neuroscience Program, Institute of Gerontology and Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA; Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.
| | - Eishi Asano
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit Medical Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA; Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit Medical Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA; Translational Neuroscience Program, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
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Pang C, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Nan W, Fu S. Suppression on the basis of template for rejection is reactive: Evidence from human electrophysiology. Atten Percept Psychophys 2024; 86:1148-1162. [PMID: 38491317 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02873-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
According to most theories of attention, the selection of task-relevant visual information can be enhanced by holding them in visual working memory (VWM). However, there has been a long-standing debate concerning whether similar optimization can also be achieved for task-irrelevant information, known as a "template for rejection". The present study aimed to explore this issue by examining the consequence of cue distractors before visual search tasks. For this endeavor, we manipulated the display heterogeneity by using two distractor conditions, salient and non-salient, to explore the extent to which holding the distractor color in VWM might affect attentional selection. We measured the reaction times of participants while their EEG activity was recorded. The results showed that WM-matched distractors did not improve reaction times but rather slowed them down in both tasks. Event-related potential (ERP) results showed that the display heterogeneity had no modulatory effect on the degree of distractor suppression. Even in the salient distractor condition, the WM-matched distractor received no greater suppression. Furthermore, the WM-matched distractor but not the neutral distractor elicited an N2pc before the PD in salient distractor conditions. This suggests that the template for rejection operates reactively since suppression occurs after extra attentional processes to the distractor. Moreover, the presence of WM-matched distractors led to a reduction of P3b, indicating a competition between target processing and WM-matched distractor rejection. Our findings provide insights into the mechanisms underlying the optimization of attentional selection, and have implications for future studies aimed at understanding the role of VWM in cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Pang
- Department of Psychology and Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yanzhang Chen
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Psychology and Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Weizhi Nan
- Department of Psychology and Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shimin Fu
- Department of Psychology and Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Barnes-Scheufler CV, Rösler L, Schaum M, Schiweck C, Peters B, Mayer JS, Reif A, Wibral M, Bittner RA. External cues improve visual working memory encoding in the presence of salient distractors in schizophrenia. Psychol Med 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38436135 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291724000059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with schizophrenia (PSZ) are impaired in attentional prioritization of non-salient but relevant stimuli over salient distractors during visual working memory (VWM) encoding. Conversely, guidance of top-down attention by external predictive cues is intact. Yet, it is unknown whether this preserved ability can help PSZ encode more information in the presence of salient distractors. METHODS We employed a visuospatial change-detection task using four Gabor patches with differing orientations in 66 PSZ and 74 healthy controls (HCS). Two Gabor patches flickered which were designated either as targets or distractors and either a predictive or a non-predictive cue was displayed to manipulate top-down attention, resulting in four conditions. RESULTS We observed significant effects of group, salience and cue as well as significant interactions of salience by cue, group by salience and group by cue. Across all conditions, PSZ stored significantly less information in VWM than HCS. PSZ stored significantly less non-flickering than flickering information with a non-predictive cue. However, PSZ stored significantly more flickering and non-flickering information with a predictive cue. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that control of attentional selection is impaired in schizophrenia. We demonstrate that additional top-down information significantly improves performance in PSZ. The observed deficit in attentional control suggests a disturbance of GABAergic inhibition in early visual areas. Moreover, our findings are indicative of a mechanism for enhancing attentional control in PSZ, which could be utilized by pro-cognitive interventions. Thus, the current paradigm is suitable to reveal both preserved and compromised cognitive component processes in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine V Barnes-Scheufler
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lara Rösler
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Schaum
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Carmen Schiweck
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Benjamin Peters
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jutta S Mayer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michael Wibral
- Campus Institute for Dynamics of Biological Networks, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Robert A Bittner
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt, Germany
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Zhao D, Shen X, Li S, He W. The Impact of Spatial Frequency on the Perception of Crowd Emotion: An fMRI Study. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1699. [PMID: 38137147 PMCID: PMC10742193 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13121699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Recognizing the emotions of faces in a crowd is crucial for understanding overall behavior and intention as well as for smooth and friendly social interactions. However, it is unclear whether the spatial frequency of faces affects the discrimination of crowd emotion. Although high- and low-spatial-frequency information for individual faces is processed by distinct neural channels, there is a lack of evidence on how this applies to crowd faces. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate neural representations of crowd faces at different spatial frequencies. Thirty-three participants were asked to compare whether a test face was happy or more fearful than a crowd face that varied in high, low, and broad spatial frequencies. Our findings revealed that fearful faces with low spatial frequencies were easier to recognize in terms of accuracy (78.9%) and response time (927 ms). Brain regions, such as the fusiform gyrus, located in the ventral visual stream, were preferentially activated in high spatial frequency crowds, which, however, were the most difficult to recognize behaviorally (68.9%). Finally, the right inferior frontal gyrus was found to be better activated in the broad spatial frequency crowds. Our study suggests that people are more sensitive to fearful crowd faces with low spatial frequency and that high spatial frequency does not promote crowd face recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongfang Zhao
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China; (D.Z.); (X.S.); (S.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Province, Dalian 116029, China
| | - Xiangnan Shen
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China; (D.Z.); (X.S.); (S.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Province, Dalian 116029, China
| | - Shuaixia Li
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China; (D.Z.); (X.S.); (S.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Province, Dalian 116029, China
| | - Weiqi He
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China; (D.Z.); (X.S.); (S.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Province, Dalian 116029, China
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Xing S, Yang J. The Impact of Interpreting Training Experience on the Attentional Networks and Their Dynamics. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1306. [PMID: 37759907 PMCID: PMC10526303 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13091306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Interpreting, a complicated and demanding bilingual task, depends heavily on attentional control. However, few studies have focused on the interpreters' advantages in attention, and the findings so far have been inconsistent. Meanwhile, the connection between attentional networks and other cognitive abilities, such as working memory (WM), has rarely been explored in interpreters. The present study investigated whether interpreting experience (IE) contributed to the attentional networks of bilinguals and explored the link between interpreters' attention and WM. Three groups of Chinese-English bilinguals, differing only in their duration of interpreting training (the More-IE group, the Less-IE group, and the No-IE group), completed the Attention Network Test (ANT). Results showed that only the alerting network was more efficient in the More-IE group than in the Less-IE and No-IE groups; moreover, the dynamics between the alerting and executive networks were significant only in the More-IE group. Furthermore, we found a negative correlation between the executive effect and the working memory capacity (WMC) in the More-IE group. Our study validated and provided empirical support for the Attentional Control Model, stimulating further research into neurocognitive mechanisms of advanced second language learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunjie Xing
- Bilingual Cognition and Development Lab, Center for Linguistics and Applied Linguistics, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, Guangzhou 510420, China;
| | - Jing Yang
- School of International Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Viñas-Guasch N, Ng THB, Heng JG, Chan YC, Chew E, Desmond JE, Chen SHA. Cerebellar Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) Impairs Visual Working Memory. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 22:332-347. [PMID: 35355219 PMCID: PMC9522915 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-022-01396-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
An increasing body of evidence points to the involvement of the cerebellum in cognition. Specifically, previous studies have shown that the superior and inferior portions of the cerebellum are involved in different verbal working memory (WM) mechanisms as part of two separate cerebro-cerebellar loops for articulatory rehearsal and phonological storage mechanisms. In comparison, our understanding of the involvement of the cerebellum in visual WM remains limited. We have previously shown that performance in verbal WM is disrupted by single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the right superior cerebellum. The present study aimed to expand on this notion by exploring whether the inferior cerebellum is similarly involved in visual WM. Here, we used fMRI-guided, double-pulse TMS to probe the necessity of left superior and left inferior cerebellum in visual WM. We first conducted an fMRI localizer using the Sternberg visual WM task, which yielded targets in left superior and inferior cerebellum. Subsequently, TMS stimulation of these regions at the end of the encoding phase resulted in decreased accuracy in the visual WM task. Differences in the visual WM deficits caused by stimulation of superior and inferior left cerebellum raise the possibility that these regions are involved in different stages of visual WM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nestor Viñas-Guasch
- Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tommy Hock Beng Ng
- National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jiamin Gladys Heng
- Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yee Cheun Chan
- Division of Neurology, University Medicine Cluster, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Effie Chew
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - John E Desmond
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - S H Annabel Chen
- Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
- National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
- Centre for Research and Development in Learning (CRADLE), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine (LKCMedicine), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
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Rahmati M, Curtis CE, Sreenivasan KK. Mnemonic representations in human lateral geniculate nucleus. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1094226. [PMID: 37234404 PMCID: PMC10206025 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1094226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing appreciation for the role of the thalamus in high-level cognition. Motivated by findings that internal cognitive state drives activity in feedback layers of primary visual cortex (V1) that target the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), we investigated the role of LGN in working memory (WM). Specifically, we leveraged model-based neuroimaging approaches to test the hypothesis that human LGN encodes information about spatial locations temporarily encoded in WM. First, we localized and derived a detailed topographic organization in LGN that accords well with previous findings in humans and non-human primates. Next, we used models constructed on the spatial preferences of LGN populations in order to reconstruct spatial locations stored in WM as subjects performed modified memory-guided saccade tasks. We found that population LGN activity faithfully encoded the spatial locations held in memory in all subjects. Importantly, our tasks and models allowed us to dissociate the locations of retinal stimulation and the motor metrics of memory-guided saccades from the maintained spatial locations, thus confirming that human LGN represents true WM information. These findings add LGN to the growing list of subcortical regions involved in WM, and suggest a key pathway by which memories may influence incoming processing at the earliest levels of the visual hierarchy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masih Rahmati
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, United States
- Division of Science and Mathematics, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Clayton E. Curtis
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, United States
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kartik K. Sreenivasan
- Division of Science and Mathematics, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Menze I, Mueller NG, Zaehle T, Schmicker M. Individual response to transcranial direct current stimulation as a function of working memory capacity and electrode montage. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1134632. [PMID: 36968784 PMCID: PMC10034341 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1134632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionAttempts to improve cognitive abilities via transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) have led to ambiguous results, likely due to the method’s susceptibility to methodological and inter-individual factors. Conventional tDCS, i.e., using an active electrode over brain areas associated with the targeted cognitive function and a supposedly passive reference, neglects stimulation effects on entire neural networks.MethodsWe investigated the advantage of frontoparietal network stimulation (right prefrontal anode, left posterior parietal cathode) against conventional and sham tDCS in modulating working memory (WM) capacity dependent transfer effects of a single-session distractor inhibition (DIIN) training. Since previous results did not clarify whether electrode montage drives this individual transfer, we here compared conventional to frontoparietal and sham tDCS and reanalyzed data of 124 young, healthy participants in a more robust way using linear mixed effect modeling.ResultsThe interaction of electrode montage and WM capacity resulted in systematic differences in transfer effects. While higher performance gains were observed with increasing WM capacity in the frontoparietal stimulation group, low WM capacity individuals benefited more in the sham condition. The conventional stimulation group showed subtle performance gains independent of WM capacity.DiscussionOur results confirm our previous findings of WM capacity dependent transfer effects on WM by a single-session DIIN training combined with tDCS and additionally highlight the pivotal role of the specific electrode montage. WM capacity dependent differences in frontoparietal network recruitment, especially regarding the parietal involvement, are assumed to underlie this observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Menze
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Inga Menze,
| | - Notger G. Mueller
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
- Research Group Degenerative and Chronic Diseases, Movement, Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Tino Zaehle
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Marlen Schmicker
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
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Mole C, Henry A. What is attention? Adverbialist theories. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2023; 14:e1588. [PMID: 35019242 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This article presents theories of attention that attempt to derive their answer to the question of what attention is from their answers to the question of what it is for some activity to be done attentively. Such theories provide a distinctive account of the difficulties that are faced by the attempt to locate processes in the brain by which the phenomena of attention can be explained. Their account does not share the pessimism of theories suggesting that the concept of attention is defective. Instead it reconstrues the explanatory relationship between attention and the processes that constitute it, in a way that is illustrated here by considering the relationship between attention and the processes that are identified by the biased competition theory. After considering some of the ways in which an adverbialist approach might be developed, the article concludes by suggesting some possible solutions to a problem concerning distraction, by which prominent adverbialist theories of attention have been dogged. This article is categorized under: Psychology > Attention Philosophy > Metaphysics Philosophy > Foundations of Cognitive Science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Mole
- Department of Philosophy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Aaron Henry
- Department of Philosophy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Cardiac and Gastric Interoceptive Awareness Have Distinct Neural Substrates. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0157-22.2023. [PMID: 36653188 PMCID: PMC9887674 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0157-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Interoceptive awareness, an awareness of the internal body state, guides adaptive behavior by providing ongoing information on body signals, such as heart rate and energy status. However, it is still unclear how interoceptive awareness of different body organs are represented in the human brain. Hence, we directly compared the neural activations accompanying attention to cardiac (related to heartbeat) and gastric (related to stomach) sensations, which generate cardiac and gastric interoceptive awareness, in the same population (healthy humans, N = 31). Participants were asked to direct their attention toward heart and stomach sensations and become aware of them in a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner. The results indicated that the neural activations underlying gastric attention encompassed larger brain regions, including the occipitotemporal visual cortices, bilateral primary motor cortices, primary somatosensory cortex, left orbitofrontal cortex, and hippocampal regions. Cardiac attention, however, selectively activated the right anterior insula extending to the frontal operculum compared with gastric attention. Moreover, our detailed analyses focusing on the insula, the most relevant region for interoceptive awareness, revealed that the left dorsal middle insula encoded cardiac and gastric attention via different activation patterns, but the posterior insula did not. Our results demonstrate that cardiac and gastric attention evoke different brain activation patterns; in particular, the selective activation may reflect differences in the functional roles of cardiac and gastric interoceptive awareness.
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The interaction of internal and external attention. Atten Percept Psychophys 2023; 85:52-63. [PMID: 36459275 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-022-02577-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The internal/external framework of attention characterizes attention focused to perceptual stimuli and internal representations as highly similar processes. While much research on external attention examines how attention may be broadened or narrowed (attentional zoom lens), it is unclear if internal attention functions in a similar way. In the present study, we manipulate both internal and external attentions to be either broad or narrow. Participants first encoded either a broad or narrow working memory array containing three differently colored items. This array was maintained as they performed an Eriksen flanker task that was either distributed broadly or narrowly, followed by a memory test for a random memory item. We found that regardless of whether the flanker fell inside or outside of the internal breadth of attention, flanker congruency effects did not change. The exception to this was when internal breadth was manipulated with retrocuing, which resulted in greater congruency effects when flankers aligned with the span of internal breadth rather than falling outside of it. Overall, this study shows that internal breadth information is unlikely to alter processing of external distractors until some of the information is cued internally after encoding, suggesting limitations in the internal/external attention framework.
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Jones B, Ching S. Synthesizing network dynamics for short-term memory of impulsive inputs. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ... IEEE CONFERENCE ON DECISION & CONTROL. IEEE CONFERENCE ON DECISION & CONTROL 2022; 2022:6836-6841. [PMID: 37151985 PMCID: PMC10162585 DOI: 10.1109/cdc51059.2022.9993238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Illuminating the mechanisms that the brain uses to manage and coordinate its resources is a core question in neuroscience. In particular, circuits and networks in the brain are able to encode, store and recall large amounts of information, in the service of a wide range of functionality. How do the various dynamical mechanisms within these networks allow for such coordination? We consider the specific problem of how the dynamics of networks can enact a representation of input stimuli that is retained over time, i.e., a form of short-term memory. We utilize modeling and control-theoretic methods to approach these questions, treating the state trajectory of a dynamical system as an abstract memory trace of prior inputs. The inputs impinge on the network via a variable gain, which is to be synthesized by optimization. In order to perpetuate these memory traces of stimuli, we propose that this gain is adapted to optimize: i) the error between a ground truth representation of stimuli and the encoding of them; as well as ii) overwriting of prior information. Optimizing over these central tenets of memory, we obtain a 'policy' for adapting the input gain that is dependent on the state of the network. This derived policy yields a recurrent neural network between the policy and the neural circuits, affirming existing theories that the prefrontal cortex may hold subnetworks dedicated to working memory while actively engaging with other neural subnetworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- BethAnna Jones
- Department of Electrical & Systems Engineering, Washington Univeristy in St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - ShiNung Ching
- Faculty of Electrical & Systems Engineering, Washington Univeristy in St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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13
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The Rejection Template of Working Memory Operates after Attention Capture. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:bs12110436. [DOI: 10.3390/bs12110436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although scientists know that information stored in working memory guides visual attention, how this is accomplished is still under debate. Specifically, there is a dispute between the Biased Competition Model and Visual Attention Theory. The current study used two experiments to resolve this controversy based on previous research. Experiment 1 found that although inverse efficiency scores for High and Low numbers of memory distractors were both longer than the Baseline (no memory distractors), they did not significantly differ from each other. This indicated that memory might guide attention via a capture-then-global-inhibition process. Experiment 2 addressed the possibility that the findings resulted from the time needed to reject the interfering objects by requiring both memory-matching and memory-mismatching conditions to be rejected under a highlighted target. This result showed that the memory-matching condition resulted in longer search times than the memory-mismatching condition, indicating an attention-capture effect based on working memory. Together, the two experiments support the idea that when multiple memory-matching distractors in a search array first capture an individual’s attention, it then acts as a template that allows the individual to suppress all interfering items that containing memory information holds. This study supports the Biased Competition Model early on in visual search. However, the late stage of visual search supports the Visual Attention Theory. These advance our knowledge regarding the relationship between working memory content and attention.
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14
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Fidaleo KE, Savin MJ, Aghvinian MN, Summers AC, Arentoft A, Byrd D, Cham H, Rivera Mindt M. The neurocognitive implications of depression and socioeconomic status in people with HIV. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2022; 44:592-603. [PMID: 36440814 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2022.2149703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This cross-sectional study investigates the independent and interactive effects of depression and socioeconomic status (SES) on neurocognition in a diverse sample of people with HIV (PWH). METHOD The sample of 119 PWH (71% Latinx, 27% female) completed comprehensive neurocognitive and psychosocial evaluations and were separated into two groups: those with a history of depression diagnosis (n = 47) and those without (n = 72). RESULTS The results of regression analyses indicated that lifetime depression was not associated with lower SES nor with worse neurocognitive performance on any neurocognitive outcome. However, a significant main effect of SES was observed on the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (total), indicating that higher SES was associated with better verbal learning performance (B= .11, SE = .05, p< .02). Lastly, the results revealed an interactive effect of lifetime depression and SES, such that individuals with depression and higher SES performed better on tests of attention/working memory (i.e., WAIS-III Letter-Number Sequencing, B= .08, SE = .04, p< .02; Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test, B= .39, SE = .16, p< .02). CONCLUSIONS Depression and SES appear to play an important role in the neurocognitive performance of PWH. Specifically, higher SES appears to have a protective effect on attention/working memory among PWH only if they have co-morbid history of lifetime depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaleigh E Fidaleo
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University, New York, NY, USA.,Division of General Internal Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Micah J Savin
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maral N Aghvinian
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Angela C Summers
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alyssa Arentoft
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Desiree Byrd
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychology, Queens College and the Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Heining Cham
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Monica Rivera Mindt
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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15
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Zhang Y, Farrugia N, Bellec P. Deep learning models of cognitive processes constrained by human brain connectomes. Med Image Anal 2022; 80:102507. [DOI: 10.1016/j.media.2022.102507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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16
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Sun Y, Xu Y, Lv J, Liu Y. Self- and Situation-Focused Reappraisal are not homogeneous: Evidence from behavioral and brain networks. Neuropsychologia 2022; 173:108282. [PMID: 35660514 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Reappraisal is an effective emotion regulation strategy which can be divided into self- and situation-focused subtypes. Previous studies have produced inconsistent findings on the moderating effects and neural mechanisms of reappraisal; thus, further research is necessary to clarify these inconsistencies. In this study, a total of 44 participants were recruited and randomly assigned to two groups. 23 participants were assigned to the self-focused group, while 21 participants were assigned to the situation-focused group. The participants' resting EEG data were collected for 6 minutes before the experiment began, followed by an emotional regulation task. During this task, participants were asked to view emotion-provoking images under four emotion regulation conditions (View, Watch, Increase, and Decrease). Late positive potential (LPP) was obtained when these emotional images were observed. LPP is an effective physiological indicator of emotion regulation, enabling this study to explore emotion regulation under different reappraisal strategies, as well as the functional connectivity and node efficiency within the brain. It was found that, in terms of the effect on emotion regulation, situation-focused reappraisal was significantly better than self-focused reappraisal at enhancing the valence of negative emotion, while self-focused reappraisal was significantly better than situation-focused reappraisal at increasing the arousal of negative emotion. In terms of neural mechanisms, multiple brain regions such as the anterior cingulate cortex, the frontal lobe, the parahippocampal gyrus, parts of the temporal lobe, and parts of the parietal lobe were involved in both reappraisal processes. In addition, there were some differences in brain regions associated with different forms of cognitive reappraisal. Self-focused reappraisal was associated with the posterior cingulate gyrus, fusiform gyrus, and lingual gyrus, and situation-focused reappraisal was associated with the parietal lobule, anterior central gyrus, and angular gyrus. In conclusion, this research demonstrates that self- and situation-focused reappraisal are not homogenous in terms of their effects and neural mechanisms and clarifies the uncertainties over their regulatory effects. Different types of reappraisal activate different brain regions when used, and the functional connectivity or node efficiency of these brain regions seems to be a suitable indicator for assessing the effects of different types of reappraisal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sun
- School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China
| | - Jiaojiao Lv
- School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China; Department of Psychology, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, 037009, China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China.
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17
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Periodic attention operates faster during more complex visual search. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6688. [PMID: 35461325 PMCID: PMC9035177 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10647-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention has been found to sample visual information periodically, in a wide range of frequencies below 20 Hz. This periodicity may be supported by brain oscillations at corresponding frequencies. We propose that part of the discrepancy in periodic frequencies observed in the literature is due to differences in attentional demands, resulting from heterogeneity in tasks performed. To test this hypothesis, we used visual search and manipulated task complexity, i.e., target discriminability (high, medium, low) and number of distractors (set size), while electro-encephalography was simultaneously recorded. We replicated previous results showing that the phase of pre-stimulus low-frequency oscillations predicts search performance. Crucially, such effects were observed at increasing frequencies within the theta-alpha range (6–18 Hz) for decreasing target discriminability. In medium and low discriminability conditions, correct responses were further associated with higher post-stimulus phase-locking than incorrect ones, in increasing frequency and latency. Finally, the larger the set size, the later the post-stimulus effect peaked. Together, these results suggest that increased complexity (lower discriminability or larger set size) requires more attentional cycles to perform the task, partially explaining discrepancies between reports of attentional sampling. Low-frequency oscillations structure the temporal dynamics of neural activity and aid top-down, attentional control for efficient visual processing.
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18
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Delay activity during visual working memory: A meta-analysis of 30 fMRI experiments. Neuroimage 2022; 255:119204. [PMID: 35427771 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Visual working memory refers to the temporary maintenance and manipulation of task-related visual information. Recent debate on the underlying neural substrates of visual working memory has focused on the delay period of relevant tasks. Persistent neural activity throughout the delay period has been recognized as a correlate of working memory, yet regions demonstrating sustained hemodynamic responses show inconsistency across individual studies. To develop a more precise understanding of delay-period activations during visual working memory, we conducted a coordinate-based meta-analysis on 30 fMRI experiments involving 515 healthy adults with a mean age of 25.65 years. The main analysis revealed a widespread frontoparietal network associated with delay-period activity, as well as activation in the right inferior temporal cortex. These findings were replicated using different meta-analytical algorithms and were shown to be robust against between-study heterogeneity and publication bias. Further meta-analyses on different subgroups of experiments with specific task demands and stimulus types revealed similar delay-period networks, with activations distributed across the frontal and parietal cortices. The roles of prefrontal regions, posterior parietal regions, and inferior temporal areas are reviewed and discussed in the context of content-specific storage. We conclude that cognitive operations that occur during the unfilled delay period in visual working memory tasks can be flexibly expressed across a frontoparietal-temporal network depending on experimental parameters.
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19
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Aniwattanapong D, List JJ, Ramakrishnan N, Bhatti GS, Jorge R. Effect of Vagus Nerve Stimulation on Attention and Working Memory in Neuropsychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review. Neuromodulation 2022; 25:343-355. [PMID: 35088719 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurom.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been suggested that vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) may enhance attention and working memory. The neuromodulator effects of VNS are thought to activate the release of neurotransmitters involving cognition and to promote neuronal plasticity. Therefore, VNS has been studied for its effects on attention and working memory impairment in neuropsychiatric disorders. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to assess the effects of VNS on attention and working memory among patients with neuropsychiatric disorders, examine stimulation parameters, provide mechanistic hypotheses, and propose future studies using VNS. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a systematic review using electronic databases MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), Cochrane library, and PsycINFO (Ovid). Narrative analysis was used to describe the therapeutic effects of VNS on attention and working memory, describe stimulation parameters, and propose explanatory mechanisms. RESULTS We identified 20 studies reporting VNS effects on attention and working memory in patients with epilepsy or mood disorders. For epilepsy, there was one randomized controlled trial from all 18 studies. It demonstrated no statistically significant differences in the cognitive tasks between active and control VNS. From a within-subject experimental design, significant improvement of working memory after VNS was demonstrated. One of three nonrandomized controlled trials found significantly improved attentional performance after VNS. The cohort studies compared VNS and surgery and found attentional improvement in both groups. Nine of 12 pretest-posttest studies showed improvement of attention or working memory after VNS. For mood disorders, although one study showed significant improvement of attention following VNS, the other did not. CONCLUSIONS This review suggests that, although we identified some positive results from eligible studies, there is insufficient good-quality evidence to establish VNS as an effective intervention to enhance attention and working memory in persons with neuropsychiatric disorders. Further studies assessing the efficacy of such intervention are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daruj Aniwattanapong
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Chulalongkorn Cognitive, Clinical & Computational Neuroscience Lab, Chula Neuroscience Center, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Justine J List
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Mental Health Care Line, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nithya Ramakrishnan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Mental Health Care Line, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gursimrat S Bhatti
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Mental Health Care Line, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ricardo Jorge
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Mental Health Care Line, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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20
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Luis EO, Akrivou K, Bermejo-Martins E, Scalzo G, Orón JV. The Interprocessual-Self Theory in Support of Human Neuroscience Studies. Front Psychol 2022; 12:686928. [PMID: 35153881 PMCID: PMC8832125 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.686928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rather than occurring abstractly (autonomously), ethical growth occurs in interpersonal relationships (IRs). It requires optimally functioning cognitive processes [attention, working memory (WM), episodic/autobiographical memory (AM), inhibition, flexibility, among others], emotional processes (physical contact, motivation, and empathy), processes surrounding ethical, intimacy, and identity issues, and other psychological processes (self-knowledge, integration, and the capacity for agency). Without intending to be reductionist, we believe that these aspects are essential for optimally engaging in IRs and for the personal constitution. While they are all integrated into our daily life, in research and academic work, it is hard to see how they are integrated. Thus, we need better theoretical frameworks for studying them. That study and integration thereof are undertaken differently depending on different views of what it means to live as a human being. We rely on neuroscientific data to support the chosen theory to offer knowledge to understand human beings and interpersonal relational growth. We should of course note that to describe what makes up the uniqueness of being, acting, and growing as a human person involves something much more profound which requires too, a methodology that opens the way for a theory of the person that responds to the concerns of philosophy and philosophical anthropology from many disciplines and methods (Orón Semper, 2015; Polo, 2015), but this is outside the scope of this study. With these in mind, this article aims to introduce a new explanatory framework, called the Interprocessual-self (IPS), for the neuroscientific findings that allow for a holistic consideration of the previously mentioned processes. Contributing to the knowledge of personal growth and avoiding a reductionist view, we first offer a general description of the research that supports the interrelation between personal virtue in IRs and relevant cognitive, emotional, and ethic-moral processes. This reveals how relationships allow people to relate ethically and grow as persons. We include conceptualizations and descriptions of their neural bases. Secondly, with the IPS model, we explore neuroscientific findings regarding self-knowledge, integration, and agency, all psychological processes that stimulate inner exploration of the self concerning the other. We find that these fundamental conditions can be understood from IPS theory. Finally, we explore situations that involve the integration of two levels, namely the interpersonal one and the social contexts of relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elkin O. Luis
- Psychological Processes in Education and Health Group, School of Education and Psychology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Kleio Akrivou
- Henley Business School, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Bermejo-Martins
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Community Nursing and Midwifery, School of Nursing, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Germán Scalzo
- School of Business, Universidad Panamericana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Víctor Orón
- Fundación UpToYou Educación, Zaragoza, Spain
- *Correspondence: José Víctor Orón,
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21
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Eldardeer O, Gonzalez-Billandon J, Grasse L, Tata M, Rea F. A Biological Inspired Cognitive Framework for Memory-Based Multi-Sensory Joint Attention in Human-Robot Interactive Tasks. Front Neurorobot 2021; 15:648595. [PMID: 34887738 PMCID: PMC8650613 DOI: 10.3389/fnbot.2021.648595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the fundamental prerequisites for effective collaborations between interactive partners is the mutual sharing of the attentional focus on the same perceptual events. This is referred to as joint attention. In psychological, cognitive, and social sciences, its defining elements have been widely pinpointed. Also the field of human-robot interaction has extensively exploited joint attention which has been identified as a fundamental prerequisite for proficient human-robot collaborations. However, joint attention between robots and human partners is often encoded in prefixed robot behaviours that do not fully address the dynamics of interactive scenarios. We provide autonomous attentional behaviour for robotics based on a multi-sensory perception that robustly relocates the focus of attention on the same targets the human partner attends. Further, we investigated how such joint attention between a human and a robot partner improved with a new biologically-inspired memory-based attention component. We assessed the model with the humanoid robot iCub involved in performing a joint task with a human partner in a real-world unstructured scenario. The model showed a robust performance on capturing the stimulation, making a localisation decision in the right time frame, and then executing the right action. We then compared the attention performance of the robot against the human performance when stimulated from the same source across different modalities (audio-visual and audio only). The comparison showed that the model is behaving with temporal dynamics compatible with those of humans. This provides an effective solution for memory-based joint attention in real-world unstructured environments. Further, we analyzed the localisation performances (reaction time and accuracy), the results showed that the robot performed better in an audio-visual condition than an audio only condition. The performance of the robot in the audio-visual condition was relatively comparable with the behaviour of the human participants whereas it was less efficient in audio-only localisation. After a detailed analysis of the internal components of the architecture, we conclude that the differences in performance are due to egonoise which significantly affects the audio-only localisation performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Eldardeer
- Dipartimento di Informatica, Bioingegneria, Robotica e Ingegneria dei Sistemi, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy.,Robotics, Brain, and Cognitive Science Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Jonas Gonzalez-Billandon
- Dipartimento di Informatica, Bioingegneria, Robotica e Ingegneria dei Sistemi, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy.,COgNiTive Architecture for Collaborative Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Lukas Grasse
- Neuroscience/CCBN Department, The University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Matthew Tata
- Neuroscience/CCBN Department, The University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Francesco Rea
- Robotics, Brain, and Cognitive Science Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
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22
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Schudlo LC, Anagnostou E, Chau T, Doyle-Thomas K. Investigating sensory response to physical discomfort in children with autism spectrum disorder using near-infrared spectroscopy. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257029. [PMID: 34478466 PMCID: PMC8415580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-reporting of pain can be difficult in populations with communication challenges or atypical sensory processing, such as children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Consequently, pain can go untreated. An objective method to identify discomfort would be valuable to individuals unable to express or recognize their own bodily distress. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a brain-imaging modality that is suited for this application. We evaluated the potential of detecting a cortical response to discomfort in the ASD population using NIRS. Using a continuous-wave spectrometer, prefrontal and parietal measures were collected from 15 males with ASD and 7 typically developing (TD) males 10-15 years of age. Participants were exposed to a noxious cold stimulus by immersing their hands in cold water and tepid water as a baseline task. Across all participants, the magnitude and timing of the cold and tepid water-induced brain responses were significantly different (p < 0.001). The effect of the task on the brain response depended on the study group (group x task: p < 0.001), with the ASD group exhibiting a blunted response to the cold stimulus. Findings suggest that NIRS may serve as a tool for objective pain assessment and atypical sensory processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa C. Schudlo
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Computer and Biomedical Engineering Department, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Evdokia Anagnostou
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tom Chau
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Krissy Doyle-Thomas
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- School of Health and Community Services, Mohawk College, Hamilton, Canada
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23
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Fernández G, Parra MA. Oculomotor Behaviors and Integrative Memory Functions in the Alzheimer's Clinical Syndrome. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 82:1033-1044. [PMID: 34151787 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biological information drawn from eye-tracking metrics is providing evidence regarding drivers of cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. In particular, pupil size has proved useful to investigate cognitive performance during online activities. OBJECTIVE To investigate the oculomotor correlates of impaired performance of patients with mild Alzheimer's Clinical Syndrome (ACS) on a recently developed memory paradigm, namely the Short-Term Memory Binding Test (STMBT). METHODS We assessed a sample of eighteen healthy controls (HC) and eighteen patients with a diagnosis of mild ACS with the STMBT while we recorded their oculomotor behaviors using pupillometry and eye-tracking. RESULTS As expected, a group (healthy controls versus ACS) by condition (Unbound Colours versus Bound Colours) interaction was found whereby behavioral group differences were paramount in the Bound Colours condition. Healthy controls' pupils dilated significantly more in the Bound Colours than in the Unbound Colours condition, a discrepancy not observed in ACS patients. Furthermore, ROC analysis revealed the abnormal pupil behaviors distinguished ACS patients from healthy controls with values of sensitivity and specify of 100%, thus outperforming both recognition scores and gaze duration. CONCLUSION The biological correlates of Short-Term Memory Binding impairments appear to involve a network much wider than we have thought to date, which expands across cortical and subcortical structures. We discuss these findings focusing on their implications for our understanding of neurocognitive phenotypes in the preclinical stages of Alzheimer's disease and potential development of cognitive biomarkers that can support ongoing initiatives to prevent dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Fernández
- Chief Scientific Officer, ViewMind Inc., New York, NY, USA.,Axis Neurociencias, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Eléctrica (IIIE) (UNS-CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mario A Parra
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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24
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Bach P, Frischknecht U, Reinhard I, Bekier N, Demirakca T, Ende G, Vollstädt-Klein S, Kiefer F, Hermann D. Impaired working memory performance in opioid-dependent patients is related to reduced insula gray matter volume: a voxel-based morphometric study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2021; 271:813-822. [PMID: 31422451 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-019-01052-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Opioid-dependent patients frequently show deficits in multiple cognitive domains that might impact on their everyday life performance and interfere with therapeutic efforts. To date, the neurobiological underpinnings of those deficits remain to be determined. We investigated working memory performance and gray matter volume (GMV) differences in 17 patients on opioid maintenance treatment (OMT) and 17 healthy individuals using magnetic resonance imaging and voxel-based morphometry. In addition, we explored associations between substance intake, gray matter volume, and working memory task performance. Patients on OMT committed more errors during the working memory task than healthy individuals and showed smaller insula and putamen GMV. The duration of heroin use prior to OMT was associated with working memory performance and insula GMV in patients. Neither the substitution agent (methadone and buprenorphine) nor concurrent abuse of illegal substances during the 3 months prior to the experiment was significantly associated with GMV. Results indicate that impaired working memory performance and structural deficits in the insula of opioid-dependent patients are related to the duration of heroin use. This suggests that early inclusion into OMT or abstinence-oriented therapies that shorten the period of heroin abuse may limit the impairments to GMV and cognitive performance of opioid-dependent individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Bach
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Square J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Frischknecht
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Square J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Iris Reinhard
- Department of Biostatistics, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nina Bekier
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Square J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Traute Demirakca
- Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gabriele Ende
- Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sabine Vollstädt-Klein
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Square J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Falk Kiefer
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Square J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Derik Hermann
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Square J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
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25
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Li J, Hong L, Bi HY, Yang Y. Functional brain networks underlying automatic and controlled handwriting in Chinese. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2021; 219:104962. [PMID: 33984629 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2021.104962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the functional brain networks underlying the distinctions between automatic and controlled handwriting in Chinese. Network-based analysis was applied to functional magnetic resonance imaging data collected while adult participants performed a copying task under automatic and speed-controlled conditions. We found significant differences between automatic and speed-controlled handwriting in functional connectivity within and between the frontoparietal network, default mode network, dorsal attention network, somatomotor network and visual network; these differences reflect the variations in general attentional control and task-relevant visuomotor operations. However, no differences in brain activation were detected between the two handwriting conditions, suggesting that the reorganization of functional networks, rather than the modulation of local brain activation, underlies the dissociations between automatic and controlled handwriting in Chinese. Our findings illustrate the brain basis of handwriting automaticity, shedding new light on how handwriting automaticity may be disrupted in individuals with neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Center for Brain Science and Learning Difficulties, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lei Hong
- Department of Foreign Languages, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong-Yan Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Center for Brain Science and Learning Difficulties, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Center for Brain Science and Learning Difficulties, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Schmicker M, Menze I, Schneider C, Taubert M, Zaehle T, Mueller NG. Making the rich richer: Frontoparietal tDCS enhances transfer effects of a single-session distractor inhibition training on working memory in high capacity individuals but reduces them in low capacity individuals. Neuroimage 2021; 242:118438. [PMID: 34332042 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Working memory (WM) performance depends on the ability to extract relevant while inhibiting irrelevant information from entering the WM storage. This distractor inhibition ability can be trained and is known to induce transfer effects on WM performance. Here we asked whether transfer on WM can be boosted by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) during a single-session distractor inhibition training. As WM performance is ascribed to the frontoparietal network, in which prefrontal areas are associated with inhibiting distractors and posterior parietal areas with storing information, we placed the anode over the prefrontal and the cathode over the posterior parietal cortex during a single-session distractor inhibition training. This network-oriented stimulation protocol should enhance inhibition processes by shifting the neural activity from posterior to prefrontal regions. WM improved after a single-session distractor inhibition training under verum stimulation but only in subjects with a high WM capacity. In subjects with a low WM capacity, verum tDCS reduced the transfer effects on WM. We assume tDCS to strengthen the frontostriatal pathway in individuals with a high WM capacity leading to efficient inhibition of distractors. In contrast, the cathodal stimulation of the posterior parietal cortex might have hindered usual compensational mechanism in low capacity subjects, i.e. maintaining also irrelevant information in memory. Our results thus stress the need to adjust tDCS protocols to well-founded knowledge about neural networks and individual cognitive differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlen Schmicker
- Neuroprotection Lab, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Inga Menze
- Neuroprotection Lab, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christine Schneider
- Neuroprotection Lab, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Marco Taubert
- Chair for Training Science, Faculty for Humanities, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Tino Zaehle
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Notger G Mueller
- Neuroprotection Lab, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
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27
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Bae E, Kim JY, Han SW. The role of right temporo-parietal junction in stimulus evaluation. Brain Cogn 2021; 152:105770. [PMID: 34174747 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2021.105770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A predominant model of the temporo-parietal junction (TPJ) claims that this region is critical for attentional orienting/reorienting toward an unexpected, but behaviorally significant stimulus. However, recent studies have suggested that the TPJ is also involved in the process of evaluating stimulus, especially matching between external sensory inputs and internal representations. While some studies provide evidence for the involvement of the TPJ in stimulus evaluation, the nature of the evaluative process mediated by the TPJ remains unclear. To address this issue, we tested whether the TPJ activation amplitude and its peak latency is proportional to the demand of the evaluative process. We found that when the amount of sensory evidence for the matching process was abundant, the TPJ was transiently activated. Importantly, the TPJ activation showed a greater and more sustained pattern while the sensory evidence was accumulating for a longer period of time. These findings suggest that the TPJ function is associated with the evaluative process of matching sensory inputs with internal representations, as well as attentional reorienting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhee Bae
- Department of Psychology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Yeon Kim
- Department of Research Equipment Operation, Koera Basic Science Institute, Cheong-won, Ochang, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Won Han
- Department of Psychology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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28
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Does the presence of more features in a bound representation in working memory require extra object-based attention? Mem Cognit 2021; 49:1583-1599. [PMID: 34046872 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-021-01183-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have examined the role of attention in retaining bound representations in working memory (WM) and found that object-based attention plays a pivotal role. However, no study has investigated whether maintaining bound representations with more features in WM requires extra object-based attention. We investigated this by examining whether a secondary task consuming object-based attention was more disruptive to the maintenance of bindings in WM when more features were stored per object. We instructed participants to memorize three bound representations in a WM task while manipulating the number of features (two vs. three features) contained in each representation. Moreover, we manipulated whether a secondary task consuming object-based attention was interpolated into the maintenance phase of WM. If extra object-based attention was required after the addition of an extra feature in the bound representation, the secondary task would result in a greater disruption of the three- rather than two-featured binding. In two experiments, we found that the added secondary task significantly impaired the binding performance, but the performance of the two- and three-featured bindings was disrupted to the same extent. These results suggest that the presence of more features in a bound representation in WM does not require extra object-based attention.
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29
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Plaska CR, Ng K, Ellmore TM. Does rehearsal matter? Left anterior temporal alpha and theta band changes correlate with the beneficial effects of rehearsal on working memory. Neuropsychologia 2021; 155:107825. [PMID: 33713670 PMCID: PMC8102380 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rehearsal during working memory (WM) maintenance is assumed to facilitate retrieval. Less is known about how rehearsal modulates WM delay activity. In the present study, 44 participants completed a Sternberg Task with either intact novel scenes or phase-scrambled scenes, which had similar color and spatial frequency but lacked semantic content. During the rehearsal condition participants generated a descriptive label during encoding and covertly rehearsed during the delay period. During the suppression condition participants did not generate a label during encoding and suppressed (repeated "the") during the delay period. This was easy in the former (novel scenes) but more difficult in the later condition (phase-scrambled scenes) where scenes lacked semantic content. Behavioral performance and EEG delay activity was analyzed as a function of maintenance strategy. Performance during WM revealed a benefit of rehearsal for phase-scrambled but not intact scenes. Examination of the absolute amplitude revealed three underlying sources of activity for rehearsal, including the left anterior temporal (ATL) and left and midline parietal regions. Increases in alpha and theta activity in ATL were correlated with improvement in performance on WM with rehearsal only when labeling was not automatic (e.g., phase-scrambled scenes), which may reflect differences in labeling and rehearsal (i.e., semantic associations vs. shallow labels). We conclude that rehearsal only benefits memory for visual stimuli that lack semantic information, and that this is correlated with changes in alpha and theta rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Reichert Plaska
- The Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Program, CUNY Graduate Center, USA; Department of Psychology, The City College of New York, USA
| | - Kenneth Ng
- Department of Psychology, The City College of New York, USA
| | - Timothy M Ellmore
- The Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Program, CUNY Graduate Center, USA; Department of Psychology, The City College of New York, USA.
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Balestrieri E, Ronconi L, Melcher D. Shared resources between visual attention and visual working memory are allocated through rhythmic sampling. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 55:3040-3053. [PMID: 33942394 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Attention and visual working memory (VWM) are among the most theoretically detailed and empirically tested constructs in human cognition. Nevertheless, the nature of the interrelation between selective attention and VWM still presents a fundamental controversy: Do they rely on the same cognitive resources or not? The present study aims at disentangling this issue by capitalizing on recent evidence showing that attention is a rhythmic phenomenon, oscillating over short time windows. Using a dual-task approach, we combined a classic VWM task with a visual detection task in which we densely sampled detection performance during the time between the memory and the test array. Our results show that an increment in VWM load was related to reduced detection of near-threshold visual stimuli. Importantly, we observed an oscillatory pattern in detection at ~7.5 Hz in the low VWM load conditions, which decreased towards ~5 Hz in the high VWM load condition. These findings suggest that the frequency of this sampling rhythm changes according to the allocation of attentional resources to either the VWM or the detection task. This pattern of results is consistent with a central sampling attentional rhythm which allocates shared attentional resources both to the flow of external visual stimulation and to the internal maintenance of visual information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elio Balestrieri
- Institute of Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Otto Creutzfeld Center for Cognitive and Behavioural Neuroscience, Münster, Germany
| | - Luca Ronconi
- School of Psychology, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - David Melcher
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy.,Psychology Program, Division of Science, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
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31
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Atypical cortical activation during fine motor tasks in autism spectrum disorder. Neurosci Res 2021; 172:92-98. [PMID: 33932550 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often have difficulty with coordinated fine motor skills, but the degree of difficulty significantly varies from person to person. To elucidate the cause of this diversity, we monitored brain activity during fine movement tasks (tying bowknots) by near-infrared spectroscopy in 17 adults with ASD and 18 adults with typical development matched for age, gender, and intelligence quotient (IQ). We also examined the relationship between brain activation and developmental characteristics, including ASD severity, using the Autism-Spectrum Quotient and the Multi-dimensional Scale for Pervasive Developmental Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Although participants in the ASD group did not show significant clumsiness, their right prefrontal cortexes were relatively less activated, particularly in individuals with poor social skills and inattention. Our study indicates that individuals with ASD traits may use different strategies when performing fine movements; that is, they less use the brain areas responsible for processing visual image or planning behaviors.
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32
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Liu Y, Bi T, Zhang B, Kuang Q, Li H, Zong K, Zhao J, Ning Y, She S, Zheng Y. Face and object visual working memory deficits in first-episode schizophrenia correlate with multiple neurocognitive performances. Gen Psychiatr 2021; 34:e100338. [PMID: 33728399 PMCID: PMC7896562 DOI: 10.1136/gpsych-2020-100338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Working memory (WM) deficit is considered a core feature and cognitive biomarker in patients with schizophrenia. Several studies have reported prominent object WM deficits in patients with schizophrenia, suggesting that visual WM in these patients extends to non-spatial domains. However, whether non-spatial WM is similarly affected remains unclear. Aim This study primarily aimed to identify the processing of visual object WM in patients with first-episode schizophrenia. Methods The study included 36 patients with first-episode schizophrenia and 35 healthy controls. Visual object WM capacity, including face and house WM capacity, was assessed by means of delayed matching-to-sample visual WM tasks, in which participants must distribute memory so that they can discriminate a target sample. We specifically examined their anhedonia experience by the Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale and the Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale. Cognitive performance was measured by the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS). Results Both face and house WM capacity was significantly impaired in patients with schizophrenia. For both tasks, the performance of all the subjects was worse under the high-load condition than under the low-load condition. We found that WM capacity was highly positively correlated with the performance on RBANS total scores (r=−0.528, p=0.005), RBANS delayed memory scores (r=−0.470, p=0.013), RBANS attention scores (r=−0.584, p=0.001), RBANS language scores (r=−0.448, p=0.019), Trail-Making Test: Part A raw scores (r=0.465, p=0.015) and simple IQ total scores (r=−0.538, p=0.005), and correlated with scores of the vocabulary test (r=−0.490, p=0.011) and scores of the Block Diagram Test (r=−0.426, p=0.027) in schizophrenia. No significant correlations were observed between WM capacity and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale symptoms. Conclusions Our research found that visual object WM capacity is dramatically impaired in patients with schizophrenia and is strongly correlated with other measures of cognition, suggesting a mechanism that is critical in explaining a portion of the broad cognitive deficits observed in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Taiyong Bi
- Centre for Mental Health Research in School of Management, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Bei Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Psychology, General and Experimental Psychology, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Qijie Kuang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Haijing Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kunlun Zong
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingping Zhao
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Chinese National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders; Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders; Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuping Ning
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shenglin She
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingjun Zheng
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Mamashli F, Kozhemiako N, Khan S, Nunes AS, McGuiggan NM, Losh A, Joseph RM, Ahveninen J, Doesburg SM, Hämäläinen MS, Kenet T. Children with autism spectrum disorder show altered functional connectivity and abnormal maturation trajectories in response to inverted faces. Autism Res 2021; 14:1101-1114. [PMID: 33709531 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The processing of information conveyed by faces is a critical component of social communication. While the neurophysiology of processing upright faces has been studied extensively in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), less is known about the neurophysiological abnormalities associated with processing inverted faces in ASD. We used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to study both long-range and local functional connectivity, with the latter assessed using local cross-frequency coupling, in response to inverted faces stimuli, in 7-18 years old individuals with ASD and age and IQ matched typically developing (TD) individuals. We found abnormally reduced coupling between the phase of the alpha rhythm and the amplitude of the gamma rhythm in the fusiform face area (FFA) in response to inverted faces, as well as reduced long-range functional connectivity between the FFA and the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) in response to inverted faces in the ASD group. These group differences were absent in response to upright faces. The magnitude of functional connectivity between the FFA and the IFG was significantly correlated with the severity of ASD, and FFA-IFG long-range functional connectivity increased with age in TD group, but not in the ASD group. Our findings suggest that both local and long-range functional connectivity are abnormally reduced in children with ASD when processing inverted faces, and that the pattern of abnormalities associated with the processing of inverted faces differs from the pattern of upright faces in ASD, likely due to the presumed greater reliance on top-down regulations necessary for efficient processing of inverted faces. LAY SUMMARY: We found alterations in the neurophysiological responses to inverted faces in children with ASD, that were not reflected in the evoked responses, and were not observed in the responses to upright faces. These alterations included reduced local functional connectivity in the fusiform face area (FFA), and decreased long-range alpha-band modulated functional connectivity between the FFA and the left IFG. The magnitude of long-range functional connectivity between the FFA and the inferior frontal gyrus was correlated with the severity of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Mamashli
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, MGH/HST, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Radiology, MGH, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nataliia Kozhemiako
- Department of Neurology, MGH, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sheraz Khan
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, MGH/HST, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Radiology, MGH, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Adonay S Nunes
- Department of Neurology, MGH, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nicole M McGuiggan
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, MGH/HST, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ainsley Losh
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, MGH/HST, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, MGH, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert M Joseph
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jyrki Ahveninen
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, MGH/HST, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Radiology, MGH, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sam M Doesburg
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Institute, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Matti S Hämäläinen
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, MGH/HST, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Radiology, MGH, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tal Kenet
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, MGH/HST, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, MGH, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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The development of retro-cue benefits with extensive practice: Implications for capacity estimation and attentional states in visual working memory. Mem Cognit 2021; 49:1036-1049. [PMID: 33616865 PMCID: PMC7899059 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-021-01138-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Accessing the contents of visual short-term memory (VSTM) is compromised by information bottlenecks and visual interference between memorization and recall. Retro-cues, displayed after the offset of a memory stimulus and prior to the onset of a probe stimulus, indicate the test item and improve performance in VSTM tasks. It has been proposed that retro-cues aid recall by transferring information from a high-capacity memory store into visual working memory (multiple-store hypothesis). Alternatively, retro-cues could aid recall by redistributing memory resources within the same (low-capacity) working memory store (single-store hypothesis). If retro-cues provide access to a memory store with a capacity exceeding the set size, then, given sufficient training in the use of the retro-cue, near-ceiling performance should be observed. To test this prediction, 10 observers each performed 12 hours across 8 sessions in a retro-cue change-detection task (40,000+ trials total). The results provided clear support for the single-store hypothesis: retro-cue benefits (difference between a condition with and without retro-cues) emerged after a few hundred trials and then remained constant throughout the testing sessions, consistently improving performance by two items, rather than reaching ceiling performance. Surprisingly, we also observed a general increase in performance throughout the experiment in conditions with and without retro-cues, calling into question the generalizability of change-detection tasks in assessing working memory capacity as a stable trait of an observer (data and materials are available at osf.io/9xr82 and github.com/paulzerr/retrocues). In summary, the present findings suggest that retro-cues increase capacity estimates by redistributing memory resources across memoranda within a low-capacity working memory store.
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35
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Response of multiple demand network to visual search demands. Neuroimage 2021; 229:117755. [PMID: 33454402 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.117755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies for human participants have shown that the activity in the multiple-demand (MD) network is associated with various kinds of cognitive demand. However, surprisingly, it remains unclear how this MD network is related to a core component of cognition, the process of searching for a target among distractors. This was because previous neuroimaging studies of visual search were confounded by task difficulty or time on task. To circumvent these limitations, we examined human brain activity while participants perform two different visual search tasks. The performance of a task was limited by increased attentional demand, while the other task was primarily limited by poor quality of input data or neural noise. Throughout the MD network, increased activity and strengthened functional connectivity among the MD regions were observed under the search task recruiting capacity-limited attentional resources. The present findings provide unequivocal evidence that the MD network mediates visual search, as well as other capacity-limited cognitive processes.
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36
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Nunes AS, Mamashli F, Kozhemiako N, Khan S, McGuiggan NM, Losh A, Joseph RM, Ahveninen J, Doesburg SM, Hämäläinen MS, Kenet T. Classification of evoked responses to inverted faces reveals both spatial and temporal cortical response abnormalities in Autism spectrum disorder. Neuroimage Clin 2020; 29:102501. [PMID: 33310630 PMCID: PMC7734307 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The neurophysiology of face processing has been studied extensively in the context of social impairments associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but the existing studies have concentrated mainly on univariate analyses of responses to upright faces, and, less frequently, inverted faces. The small number of existing studies on neurophysiological responses to inverted face in ASD have used univariate approaches, with divergent results. Here, we used a data-driven, classification-based, multivariate machine learning decoding approach to investigate the temporal and spatial properties of the neurophysiological evoked response for upright and inverted faces, relative to the neurophysiological evoked response for houses, a neutral stimulus. 21 (2 females) ASD and 29 (4 females) TD participants ages 7 to 19 took part in this study. Group level classification accuracies were obtained for each condition, using first the temporal domain of the evoked responses, and then the spatial distribution of the evoked responses on the cortical surface, each separately. We found that classification of responses to inverted neutral faces vs. houses was less accurate in ASD compared to TD, in both the temporal and spatial domains. In contrast, there were no group differences in the classification of evoked responses to upright neutral faces relative to houses. Using the classification in the temporal domain, lower decoding accuracies in ASD were found around 120 ms and 170 ms, corresponding the known components of the evoked responses to faces. Using the classification in the spatial domain, lower decoding accuracies in ASD were found in the right superior marginal gyrus (SMG), intra-parietal sulcus (IPS) and posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS), but not in core face processing areas. Importantly, individual classification accuracies from both the temporal and spatial classifiers correlated with ASD severity, confirming the relevance of the results to the ASD phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adonay S Nunes
- Department of Neurology, MGH, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Fahimeh Mamashli
- Department of Radiology, MGH, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, MGH/HST, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Nataliia Kozhemiako
- Department of Neurology, MGH, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sheraz Khan
- Department of Radiology, MGH, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, MGH/HST, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Nicole M McGuiggan
- Department of Neurology, MGH, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, MGH/HST, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Ainsley Losh
- Department of Neurology, MGH, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jyrki Ahveninen
- Department of Radiology, MGH, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, MGH/HST, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Sam M Doesburg
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Behavioural and Cognitive Neuroscience Institute, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Matti S Hämäläinen
- Department of Radiology, MGH, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, MGH/HST, Charlestown, MA, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
| | - Tal Kenet
- Department of Neurology, MGH, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, MGH/HST, Charlestown, MA, USA.
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Bocincova A, Olivers CNL, Stokes MG, Manohar SG. A common neural network architecture for visual search and working memory. VISUAL COGNITION 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2020.1825142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bocincova
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christian N. L. Olivers
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Institute for Brain and Behaviour Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mark G. Stokes
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sanjay G. Manohar
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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A computational paradigm for real-time MEG neurofeedback for dynamic allocation of spatial attention. Biomed Eng Online 2020; 19:45. [PMID: 32532277 PMCID: PMC7291727 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-020-00787-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neurofeedback aids volitional control of one’s own brain activity using non-invasive recordings of brain activity. The applications of neurofeedback include improvement of cognitive performance and treatment of various psychiatric and neurological disorders. During real-time magnetoencephalography (rt-MEG), sensor-level or source-localized brain activity is measured and transformed into a visual feedback cue to the subject. Recent real-time fMRI (rt-fMRI) neurofeedback studies have used pattern recognition techniques to decode and train a brain state to link brain activities and cognitive behaviors. Here, we utilize the real-time decoding technique similar to ones employed in rt-fMRI to analyze time-varying rt-MEG signals. Results We developed a novel rt-MEG method, state-based neurofeedback (sb-NFB), to decode a time-varying brain state, a state signal, from which timings are extracted for neurofeedback training. The approach is entirely data-driven: it uses sensor-level oscillatory activity to find relevant features that best separate the targeted brain states. In a psychophysical task of spatial attention switching, we trained five young, healthy subjects using the sb-NFB method to decrease the time necessary for switch spatial attention from one visual hemifield to the other (referred to as switch time). Training resulted in a decrease in switch time with training. We saw that the activity targeted by the training involved proportional changes in alpha and beta-band oscillations, in sensors at the occipital and parietal regions. We also found that the state signal that encodes whether subjects attend to the left or right visual field effectively switches consistently with the task. Conclusion We demonstrated the use of the sb-NFB method when the subject learns to increase the speed of shifting covert spatial attention from one visual field to the other. The sb-NFB method can target timing features that would otherwise also include extraneous features such as visual detection and motor response in a simple reaction time task.
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Wu T, Chen C, Spagna A, Wu X, Mackie M, Russell‐Giller S, Xu P, Luo Y, Liu X, Hof PR, Fan J. The functional anatomy of cognitive control: A domain‐general brain network for uncertainty processing. J Comp Neurol 2020; 528:1265-1292. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wu
- Department of Psychology, Queens CollegeThe City University of New York Queens New York
| | - Caiqi Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, School of PsychologySouth China Normal University Guangzhou China
| | - Alfredo Spagna
- Department of PsychologyColumbia University in the City of New York New York New York
| | - Xia Wu
- Faculty of PsychologyTianjin Normal University Tianjin China
| | - Melissa‐Ann Mackie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesNorthwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago Illinois
| | - Shira Russell‐Giller
- Department of Psychology, Queens CollegeThe City University of New York Queens New York
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Neuroscience, Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive NeuroscienceShenzhen University Shenzhen China
| | - Yue‐jia Luo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Neuroscience, Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive NeuroscienceShenzhen University Shenzhen China
| | - Xun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of PsychologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Patrick R. Hof
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York New York
| | - Jin Fan
- Department of Psychology, Queens CollegeThe City University of New York Queens New York
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40
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Bone MB, Ahmad F, Buchsbaum BR. Feature-specific neural reactivation during episodic memory. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1945. [PMID: 32327642 PMCID: PMC7181630 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15763-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a multi-voxel analytical approach, feature-specific informational connectivity (FSIC), that leverages hierarchical representations from a neural network to decode neural reactivation in fMRI data collected while participants performed an episodic visual recall task. We show that neural reactivation associated with low-level (e.g. edges), high-level (e.g. facial features), and semantic (e.g. “terrier”) features occur throughout the dorsal and ventral visual streams and extend into the frontal cortex. Moreover, we show that reactivation of both low- and high-level features correlate with the vividness of the memory, whereas only reactivation of low-level features correlates with recognition accuracy when the lure and target images are semantically similar. In addition to demonstrating the utility of FSIC for mapping feature-specific reactivation, these findings resolve the contributions of low- and high-level features to the vividness of visual memories and challenge a strict interpretation the posterior-to-anterior visual hierarchy. Memory recollection involves reactivation of neural activity that occurred during the recalled experience. Here, the authors show that neural reactivation can be decomposed into visual-semantic features, is widely synchronized throughout the brain, and predicts memory vividness and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Bone
- Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest, Toronto, ON, M6A 2E1, Canada. .,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada.
| | - Fahad Ahmad
- Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest, Toronto, ON, M6A 2E1, Canada
| | - Bradley R Buchsbaum
- Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest, Toronto, ON, M6A 2E1, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada
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41
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Mayer JS, Korinth S, Peters B, Fiebach CJ. An Electrophysiological Dissociation of Encoding vs. Maintenance Failures in Visual-Spatial Working Memory. Front Psychol 2020; 11:522. [PMID: 32265809 PMCID: PMC7105797 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Working memory (WM) performance varies substantially among individuals but the precise contribution of different WM component processes to these functional limits remains unclear. By analyzing different types of responses in a spatial WM task, we recently demonstrated a functional dissociation between confident and not-confident errors reflecting failures of WM encoding and maintenance, respectively. Here, we use event-related brain potentials to further explore this dissociation. Healthy participants performed a delayed orientation-discrimination task and rated their response confidence for each trial. The encoding-related N2pc component was significantly reduced for confident errors compared to confident correct responses, which is indicative of an encoding failure. In contrast, the maintenance-related contra-lateral delay activity was similar for these response types indicating that in confident error trials, WM representations – potentially the wrong ones – were maintained accurately and with stability throughout the delay interval. However, contra-lateral delay activity measured during the early part of the delay period was decreased for not-confident errors, potentially reflecting compromised maintenance processes. These electrophysiological findings contribute to a refined understanding of the encoding and maintenance processes that contribute to limitations in WM performance and capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta S. Mayer
- Department of Psychology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- *Correspondence: Jutta S. Mayer,
| | | | - Benjamin Peters
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christian J. Fiebach
- Department of Psychology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- Brain Imaging Center, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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42
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Altered resting-state voxel-level whole-brain functional connectivity in multiple system atrophy patients with cognitive impairment. Clin Neurophysiol 2020; 131:54-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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43
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Muthukrishnan SP, Soni S, Sharma R. Brain Networks Communicate Through Theta Oscillations to Encode High Load in a Visuospatial Working Memory Task: An EEG Connectivity Study. Brain Topogr 2019; 33:75-85. [PMID: 31650366 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-019-00739-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The encoding of visuospatial information is the foremost and indispensable step which determines the outcome in a visuospatial working memory (VSWM) task. It is considered to play a crucial role in limiting our ability to attend and process only 3-5 integrated items of information. Despite its importance in determining VSWM performance, the neural mechanisms underlying VSWM encoding have not been clearly differentiated from those involved during VSWM retention, manipulation and/or retrieval. The high temporal resolution of electroencephalography (EEG) and improved spatial resolution with dense array data acquisition makes it an ideal tool to study the dynamics in the functional brain connectivity during a cognitive task. In the present study, the changes in the functional brain connectivity due to memory load during VSWM encoding were studied using 128-channel EEG. Lagged linear coherence (LagR) was computed between 84 regions of interest (ROIs) defined according to the Brodmann areas for seven EEG frequency bands: delta (2-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz), alpha 1 (8-10.5 Hz), alpha 2 (10.5-13 Hz), beta 1 (13-20 Hz), beta 2 (20-30 Hz), and gamma (30-45 Hz). Interestingly, out of seven EEG frequency bands investigated in the current study, LagR of only theta band varied significantly in 13 brain connections due to memory load during VSWM encoding. LagR of theta band increased significantly at high memory load when compared to low memory load in twelve brain connections with the maximum change observed between right cuneus and right middle temporal gyrus (Cohen's d = 0.836), indicating the integration of brain processes to confront the increase in memory demands. Theta LagR decreased significantly between left postcentral gyrus and right precentral gyrus at high memory load as compared to low memory load, which might have a role for sustaining attention during encoding. Change in the LagR values due to memory load between fusiform gyrus and lingual gyrus in the right hemisphere had a positive correlation (r = 0.464, p = 0.003) with the error rate, signifying the crucial role played by these two regions in predicting the performance. The current study has not only identified the neural connections that are responsible for the formation of working memory traces during VSWM encoding, but also support the notion that encoding is a rate-limiting process underlying our memory capacity limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suriya Prakash Muthukrishnan
- Stress and Cognitive Electroimaging Laboratory, Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Sunaina Soni
- Stress and Cognitive Electroimaging Laboratory, Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Ratna Sharma
- Stress and Cognitive Electroimaging Laboratory, Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
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44
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de Water E, Curtin P, Zilverstand A, Sjödin A, Bonilla A, Herbstman JB, Ramirez J, Margolis AE, Bansal R, Whyatt RM, Peterson BS, Factor-Litvak P, Horton MK. A preliminary study on prenatal polybrominated diphenyl ether serum concentrations and intrinsic functional network organization and executive functioning in childhood. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2019; 60:1010-1020. [PMID: 30882909 PMCID: PMC7105394 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prenatal period is a period of vulnerability during which neurotoxic exposures exert persistent changes in brain development and behavior. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), used as flame retardants in commercial products, are known to be developmental neurotoxicants. PBDEs were phased out of use in the United States a decade ago, but exposure remains widespread due to their release from existing products and biopersistence. Despite consistent animal and epidemiological evidence of developmental neurotoxicity, the neural substrates linking prenatal PBDE serum concentrations to impaired neurodevelopment are poorly understood. METHODS In the present study, we used resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine associations between prenatal PBDE concentrations measured in maternal serum and intrinsic functional network organization (i.e., global and local efficiency; estimated using a graph-theoretical approach) in 5-year-old children (n = 34). We explored whether PBDE serum concentrations were associated with executive functioning (EF) assessed using a parent-report questionnaire (BRIEF-P) (n = 106) and whether changes in intrinsic functional network organization linked the association between prenatal PBDE serum concentrations and EF problems. RESULTS Children with higher prenatal PBDE serum concentrations showed: (a) increased global efficiency of brain areas involved in visual attention (e.g., inferior occipital gyrus) (β's = .01, FDR-corrected p's ≤ .05); (b) more reported EF problems (β's = .001, FDR-corrected p's ≤ .05). Higher global efficiency of brain areas involved in visual attention was associated with more EF problems (β's = .01, FDR-corrected p's < .05). CONCLUSIONS Intrinsic functional network organization of visual attention brain areas linked prenatal PBDE concentrations to EF problems in childhood. Visual attention may contribute to the development of higher-order cognitive functions, such as EF, which could be explored in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik de Water
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul Curtin
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anna Zilverstand
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Andreas Sjödin
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anny Bonilla
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Julie B. Herbstman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Judyth Ramirez
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amy E. Margolis
- The Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry in the Department of Psychiatry, The New York State Psychiatric Institute and the College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ravi Bansal
- Institute for the Developing Mind, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles and the Department of Psychiatry at the Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robin M. Whyatt
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bradley S. Peterson
- Institute for the Developing Mind, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles and the Department of Psychiatry at the Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Pam Factor-Litvak
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Megan K. Horton
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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45
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Peyron R, Fauchon C. The posterior insular-opercular cortex: An access to the brain networks of thermosensory and nociceptive processes? Neurosci Lett 2019; 702:34-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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46
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Dijkstra N, Bosch SE, van Gerven MA. Shared Neural Mechanisms of Visual Perception and Imagery. Trends Cogn Sci 2019; 23:423-434. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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47
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Seghezzi S, Zirone E, Paulesu E, Zapparoli L. The Brain in (Willed) Action: A Meta-Analytical Comparison of Imaging Studies on Motor Intentionality and Sense of Agency. Front Psychol 2019; 10:804. [PMID: 31031676 PMCID: PMC6473038 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Voluntary actions can be fractionated in different phenomena: from the emergence of intentions and the ensuing motor plans and actions, to the anticipation and monitoring of their outcomes, to the appreciation of their congruency with intentions and to the eventual emergence of a sense of agency. It follows that motor intention and the sense of agency should occur at different stages in the normal generation of willed actions. Both these processes have been associated with a fronto-parietal motor network, but no study has investigated to what extent the two experiences can be dissociated for the brain regions involved. To this end, we assessed the PET/fMRI literature on agency and intentionality using a meta-analytic technique based on a hierarchical clustering algorithm. Beside a shared brain network involving the meso-frontal and prefrontal regions, the middle insula and subcortical structures, we found that motor intention and the sense of agency are functionally underpinned by separable sets of brain regions: an “intentionality network,” involving the rostral area of the mesial frontal cortex (middle cingulum and pre-supplementary motor area), the anterior insula and the parietal lobules, and a “self-agency network,” which involves the posterior areas of the mesial frontal cortex (the SMA proper), the posterior insula, the occipital lobe and the cerebellum. We were then able to confirm this functional organization by a subsequent seed-based fMRI resting-state functional connectivity analysis, with seeds derived from the intentionality/sense of agency specific clusters of the medial wall of the frontal lobe. Our results suggest the existence of a rostro-caudal gradient within the mesial frontal cortex, with the more anterior regions linked to the concept of motor intentionality and the brain areas located more posteriorly associated with the direct monitoring between the action and its outcome. This suggestion is reinforced by the association between the sense of agency and the activation of the occipital lobes, to suggest a direct comparison between the movement and its external (e.g., visual) consequences. The shared network may be important for the integration of intentionality and agency in a coherent appreciation of self-generated actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Seghezzi
- Department of Psychology and NeuroMI - Milan Centre for Neuroscience, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,Ph.D. Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Eleonora Zirone
- fMRI Unit, IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Eraldo Paulesu
- Department of Psychology and NeuroMI - Milan Centre for Neuroscience, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,fMRI Unit, IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Zapparoli
- fMRI Unit, IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
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Zammit N, Muscat R. Beta band oscillatory deficits during working memory encoding in adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactive disorder. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 50:2905-2920. [PMID: 30825351 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurobehavioural disorder, characterized by symptoms of inattention and/or hyperactivity/impulsivity, in addition to various cognitive deficits, including working memory impairments. This pathology arises from a complex constellation of genetic, structural and neurotransmission abnormalities, which give rise to the aberrant electrophysiological patterns evident in patients with ADHD. Among such, findings have consistently provided support in favour of weaker power across the beta frequency range. Evidence has also emerged that beta rhythmic decrements are linked to working memory encoding. The catecholaminergic modulation of both working memory and beta oscillations may suggest that the link between the two might be rooted at the neurotransmission level. Studies have consistently shown that ADHD involves significant catecholaminergic dysregulation, which is also supported by other clinical studies that demonstrate stimulant-induced amelioration of ADHD symptomology. In this study, we explore the possible ways that might relate ADHD, working memory, beta rhythms and catecholaminergic signalling altogether by investigating the integrity of encoding-relevant electroencephalographic beta rhythms in medication-naïve and stimulant-medicated adolescent patients. The aberrant parietal and frontal encoding-related beta rhythm revealed in the ADHD patients together with a working memory (WM) deficit as observed herein was reversed by methylphenidate in the latter case but not with regard to the beta rhythm. This finding per se raises the issue of the role played by beta rhythms in the WM deficits associated with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nowell Zammit
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Richard Muscat
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, University of Malta, Msida, Malta.,Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
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49
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Functional mapping of the human insula: Data from electrical stimulations. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2019; 175:150-156. [PMID: 30827578 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Electrical stimulations of the insula performed during stereo-electro-encephalography (SEEG) reproduce the ictal symptoms observed during the development of insular seizures and are also a unique opportunity to provide a functional mapping of the insular cortex. We provide here a functional mapping of the insular cortex obtained by electrical stimulation, based on our previous work and a review of literature. The most frequent responses to insula stimulation were somatosensory sensations followed by visceral responses. Then, in decreasing order of frequency, auditory sensations, vestibular illusions, speech impairment, gustato-olfactory sensations and motor reactions were evoked. A bipolar organization could be evidenced with a posterior part assigned to somatosensory functions and notably to pain perception; and an anterior part assigned to visceral functions. Although some degree of spatial segregation could be evidenced, there was a clear spatial overlap between the representations of the different types of responses. These data provide a better understanding of physiological insular functions, insula seizures semiology and a prediction of post-surgical deficits. Insula is the only cortical region where stimulations demonstrate such a multi-modal representation, perhaps supporting its integrative functions of polymodal inputs.
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50
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Mapelli I, Özkurt TE. Brain Oscillatory Correlates of Visual Short-Term Memory Errors. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:33. [PMID: 30814942 PMCID: PMC6381075 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain dynamics of memory formation were explored during encoding and retention intervals of a visual working memory task. EEG data were acquired while subjects were exposed to grayscale images of widely known object categories (e.g., "luggage," "chair," and "car"). Following a short delay, two probes were shown to test memory accuracy. Oscillatory portraits of successful and erroneous memories were contrasted. Where significant differences were identified, oscillatory traits of false memories (i.e., when a novel probe item of the same category is recognized as familiar) were compared with those of successful and erroneous memories. Spectral analysis revealed theta (6-8 Hz) power over occipital channels for encoding of successful and false memories that was smaller when compared to other types of memory errors. The reduced theta power indicates successful encoding and reflects the efficient activation of the underlying neural assemblies. Prominent alpha-beta (10-26 Hz) activity belonging to the right parieto-occipital channels was identified during the retention interval. It was found to be larger for false memories and errors than that of correctly answered trials. High levels of alpha-beta oscillatory activity for errors correspond to poor maintenance leading to inefficient allocation of WM resources. In case of false memories, this would imply necessary cognitive effort to manage the extra semantic and perceptual load induced by the encoded stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Mapelli
- Neurosignal Laboratory, Graduate School of Informatics, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tolga Esat Özkurt
- Neurosignal Laboratory, Graduate School of Informatics, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
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