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Koster M, Mannsdörfer L, van der Pluijm M, de Haan L, Ziermans T, van Wingen G, Vermeulen J. The Association Between Chronic Tobacco Smoking and Brain Alterations in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies. Schizophr Bull 2024:sbae088. [PMID: 38824451 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbae088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS The high co-occurrence of tobacco smoking in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) poses a serious health concern, linked to increased mortality and worse clinical outcomes. The mechanisms underlying this co-occurrence are not fully understood. STUDY DESIGN Addressing the need for a comprehensive overview of the impact of tobacco use on SSD neurobiology, we conducted a systematic review of neuroimaging studies (including structural, functional, and neurochemical magnetic resonance imaging studies) that investigate the association between chronic tobacco smoking and brain alterations in patients with SSD. STUDY RESULTS Eight structural and fourteen functional studies were included. Structural studies show widespread independent and additive reductions in gray matter in relation to smoking and SSD. The majority of functional studies suggest that smoking might be associated with improvements in connectivity deficits linked to SSD. However, the limited number of and high amount of cross-sectional studies, and high between-studies sample overlap prevent a conclusive determination of the nature and extent of the impact of smoking on brain functioning in patients with SSD. Overall, functional results imply a distinct neurobiological mechanism for tobacco addiction in patients with SSD, possibly attributed to differences at the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor level. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the need for more longitudinal and exposure-dependent studies to differentiate between inherent neurobiological differences and the (long-term) effects of smoking in SSD, and to unravel the complex interaction between smoking and schizophrenia at various disease stages. This could inform more effective strategies addressing smoking susceptibility in SSD, potentially improving clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merel Koster
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lilli Mannsdörfer
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke van der Pluijm
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lieuwe de Haan
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Ziermans
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guido van Wingen
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jentien Vermeulen
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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2
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Martins D, Brodmann K, Veronese M, Dipasquale O, Mazibuko N, Schuschnig U, Zelaya F, Fotopoulou A, Paloyelis Y. "Less is more": a dose-response account of intranasal oxytocin pharmacodynamics in the human brain. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 211:102239. [PMID: 35122880 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Intranasal oxytocin is attracting attention as a potential treatment for several brain disorders due to promising preclinical results. However, translating findings to humans has been hampered by remaining uncertainties about its pharmacodynamics and the methods used to probe its effects in the human brain. Using a dose-response design (9, 18 and 36 IU), we demonstrate that intranasal oxytocin-induced changes in local regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in the amygdala at rest, and in the covariance between rCBF in the amygdala and other key hubs of the brain oxytocin system, follow a dose-response curve with maximal effects for lower doses. Yet, the effects on local rCBF might vary by amygdala subdivision, highlighting the need to qualify dose-response curves within subregion. We further link physiological changes with the density of the oxytocin receptor gene mRNA across brain regions, strengthening our confidence in intranasal oxytocin as a valid approach to engage central targets. Finally, we demonstrate that intranasal oxytocin does not disrupt cerebrovascular reactivity, which corroborates the validity of haemodynamic neuroimaging to probe the effects of intranasal oxytocin in the human brain. DATA AVAILABILITY: Participants did not consent for open sharing of the data. Therefore, data can only be accessed from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Martins
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Katja Brodmann
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Mattia Veronese
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Ottavia Dipasquale
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Ndaba Mazibuko
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | | | - Fernando Zelaya
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Aikaterini Fotopoulou
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Yannis Paloyelis
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK.
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3
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Noda Y, Soeda K, Uchida M, Goto S, Ito T, Kitagaki S, Mamiya T, Yoshimi A, Ozaki N, Mouri A. Multiple nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes regulate social or cognitive behaviors in mice repeatedly administered phencyclidine. Behav Brain Res 2021; 408:113284. [PMID: 33819533 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Habitual smoking in patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) is considered to improve their own psychoses or to develop a vulnerability to psychological dependence on (-)-nicotine ([-]-NIC) by stimulating nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the central nervous system. In the present study, we investigated whether habitual smoking is due to get therapeutic effect or to psychological dependence and which nAChR subunits are associated with them using mice that were repeatedly administered phencyclidine (PCP: 10 mg/kg/day, s.c. for 14 days) as SCZ-like model mice. Mice that were repeatedly administered PCP showed impairments in social or cognitive behaviors; decreased expression of α7 and/or α4 nAChR subunits in the prefrontal cortex (PFC); and increased expression of α7, α4, and β2 nAChR subunits in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). These changes were attenuated by repeated administration of (-)-NIC. The attenuating effects on behavioral impairments were prevented by a selective α7 nAChR antagonist and a selective α4β2 nAChR antagonist. At non- or weak effective dose by themselves, co-administration of (-)-NIC (0.03 mg/kg) and risperidone (0.03 mg/kg) showed synergistic effects on behavioral impairments in PCP-administered mice. Repeated (-)-NIC administration did not affect the performance of conditioned place preference, while it showed behavioral sensitization to (-)-NIC in the PCP-administered mice. Repeated (-)-NIC administration did not affect the performance of conditioned place preference, while it showed behavioral sensitization to (-)-NIC and attenuating effect on haloperidol-induced catalepsy in the PCP-administered mice. Our findings suggest that habitual smoking in SCZ might be attributed to get therapeutic and reduce side effects mediated by α7 and α4β2 nAChR activation by (-)-NIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Noda
- Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Meijo University Faculty and Graduate School of Pharmacy, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan.
| | - Koki Soeda
- Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Meijo University Faculty and Graduate School of Pharmacy, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Mizuki Uchida
- Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Meijo University Faculty and Graduate School of Pharmacy, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Sakika Goto
- Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Meijo University Faculty and Graduate School of Pharmacy, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ito
- Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Meijo University Faculty and Graduate School of Pharmacy, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Shinji Kitagaki
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Mamiya
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Akira Yoshimi
- Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Meijo University Faculty and Graduate School of Pharmacy, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Norio Ozaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8560, Japan
| | - Akihiro Mouri
- Department of Regulatory Science for Evaluation & Development of Pharmaceuticals and Devices, Graduate School of Health Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan
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4
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Moia S, Termenon M, Uruñuela E, Chen G, Stickland RC, Bright MG, Caballero-Gaudes C. ICA-based denoising strategies in breath-hold induced cerebrovascular reactivity mapping with multi echo BOLD fMRI. Neuroimage 2021; 233:117914. [PMID: 33684602 PMCID: PMC8351526 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.117914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Performing a BOLD functional MRI (fMRI) acquisition during breath-hold (BH) tasks is a non-invasive, robust method to estimate cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR). However, movement and breathing-related artefacts caused by the BH can substantially hinder CVR estimates due to their high temporal collinearity with the effect of interest, and attention has to be paid when choosing which analysis model should be applied to the data. In this study, we evaluate the performance of multiple analysis strategies based on lagged general linear models applied on multi-echo BOLD fMRI data, acquired in ten subjects performing a BH task during ten sessions, to obtain subject-specific CVR and haemodynamic lag estimates. The evaluated approaches range from conventional regression models, i.e. including drifts and motion timecourses as nuisance regressors, applied on single-echo or optimally-combined data, to more complex models including regressors obtained from multi-echo independent component analysis with different grades of orthogonalization in order to preserve the effect of interest, i.e. the CVR. We compare these models in terms of their ability to make signal intensity changes independent from motion, as well as the reliability as measured by voxelwise intraclass correlation coefficients of both CVR and lag maps over time. Our results reveal that a conservative independent component analysis model applied on the optimally-combined multi-echo fMRI signal offers the largest reduction of motion-related effects in the signal, while yielding reliable CVR amplitude and lag estimates, although a conventional regression model applied on the optimally-combined data results in similar estimates. This work demonstrates the usefulness of multi-echo based fMRI acquisitions and independent component analysis denoising for precision mapping of CVR in single subjects based on BH paradigms, fostering its potential as a clinically-viable neuroimaging tool for individual patients. It also proves that the way in which data-driven regressors should be incorporated in the analysis model is not straight-forward due to their complex interaction with the BH-induced BOLD response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Moia
- Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, Donostia, Spain; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Donostia, Spain.
| | - Maite Termenon
- Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, Donostia, Spain
| | - Eneko Uruñuela
- Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, Donostia, Spain; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Donostia, Spain
| | - Gang Chen
- Scientific and Statistical Computing Core, NIMH/NIH/HHS, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Rachael C Stickland
- Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Molly G Bright
- Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
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5
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Altered cerebrovascular reactivity due to respiratory rate and breath holding: a BOLD-fMRI study on healthy adults. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:1229-1239. [PMID: 33598760 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02236-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) is of great significance for the treatment and prevention of cerebrovascular diseases. CVR can be mapped using the blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal of fMRI. Breath holding (BH) is a reliable method to produce the desired increase in arterial CO2, while its application in clinical research is limited due to subject's compliance and variability. BH task with variable respiratory rates could allow more flexibility in clinical populations. In this study, 50 healthy volunteers were scanned for end-inspiration BH tasks with three different respiration rates. For the three respiratory rates BH tasks, the CVR was estimated based on the BOLD signal and general linear model (GLM) separately. Specifically, the extra time delay was considered for the hemodynamic response function, and the optimal delay was estimated for each voxel. To measure CVR in grey matter, BOLD signals of end-inspiration BH were used as regressors in general linear models to quantify their impact on CVR. This was performed for regions and voxels. Systematic differences were observed between the three end-inspiratory breathing rates. The greatest increase in activation intensity was found in fast breathing followed by self-paced and slow breathing. We conclude that the BH task of variable respiratory rates allows for CVR measurement, making breath-holding challenges more flexible and appropriate for routine practice.
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6
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Pinto J, Bright MG, Bulte DP, Figueiredo P. Cerebrovascular Reactivity Mapping Without Gas Challenges: A Methodological Guide. Front Physiol 2021; 11:608475. [PMID: 33536935 PMCID: PMC7848198 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.608475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) is defined as the ability of vessels to alter their caliber in response to vasoactive factors, by means of dilating or constricting, in order to increase or decrease regional cerebral blood flow (CBF). Importantly, CVR may provide a sensitive biomarker for pathologies where vasculature is compromised. Furthermore, the spatiotemporal dynamics of CVR observed in healthy subjects, reflecting regional differences in cerebral vascular tone and response, may also be important in functional MRI studies based on neurovascular coupling mechanisms. Assessment of CVR is usually based on the use of a vasoactive stimulus combined with a CBF measurement technique. Although transcranial Doppler ultrasound has been frequently used to obtain global flow velocity measurements, MRI techniques are being increasingly employed for obtaining CBF maps. For the vasoactive stimulus, vasodilatory hypercapnia is usually induced through the manipulation of respiratory gases, including the inhalation of increased concentrations of carbon dioxide. However, most of these methods require an additional apparatus and complex setups, which not only may not be well-tolerated by some populations but are also not widely available. For these reasons, strategies based on voluntary breathing fluctuations without the need for external gas challenges have been proposed. These include the task-based methodologies of breath holding and paced deep breathing, as well as a new generation of methods based on spontaneous breathing fluctuations during resting-state. Despite the multitude of alternatives to gas challenges, existing literature lacks definitive conclusions regarding the best practices for the vasoactive modulation and associated analysis protocols. In this work, we perform an extensive review of CVR mapping techniques based on MRI and CO2 variations without gas challenges, focusing on the methodological aspects of the breathing protocols and corresponding data analysis. Finally, we outline a set of practical guidelines based on generally accepted practices and available data, extending previous reports and encouraging the wider application of CVR mapping methodologies in both clinical and academic MRI settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Pinto
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Institute for Systems and Robotics - Lisboa and Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Molly G. Bright
- Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Daniel P. Bulte
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Patrícia Figueiredo
- Institute for Systems and Robotics - Lisboa and Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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7
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Barczak-Scarboro NE, Roby PR, Kiefer AW, Bailar-Heath M, Burke RJ, DeLellis SM, Kane SF, Lynch JH, Means GE, Depenbrock PJ, Mihalik JP. The relationship between resilience and neurophysiological stress in Special Operations Forces combat service members. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 55:2804-2812. [PMID: 33432647 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Military resilience research is increasing due to the growing literature associating resilience with stress adaptation. This study aimed to investigate which physiological stress adaptation components were associated with resilience in Special Operations Forces combat service members. Special Operations Forces combat service members (n = 117) self-reported resilience (ER89) and lifetime clinician-confirmed mild traumatic brain injury history. Participants also underwent transcranial Doppler ultrasonography to measure middle cerebral artery velocity during rest and a breath-holding task. Neither resilience nor mild traumatic brain injury history was significantly associated with middle cerebral artery velocity percent increase following breath-holding; younger Special Operations Forces combat service members had a higher percent increase in middle cerebral artery velocity following a breath-holding task. Resilience was negatively associated with time to return to baseline middle cerebral artery velocity following peak velocity; whereas, mild traumatic brain injury history did not have a significant association. The Special Operations Forces combat service members that scored higher in resilience tended to return to baseline middle cerebral artery velocity following peak velocity faster than their less resilient counterparts. More resilient Special Operations Forces combat service members recovered faster from physiological stress (breath-holding) than less resilient counterparts. This is the first study to investigate resilience and cerebrovascular stress response and recovery in this population. Our initial findings indicated that the Ego Resiliency Scale may be an optimal resilience psychometric and should be used to evaluate effective military resilience trainings, which aim to improve performance and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki E Barczak-Scarboro
- Matthew Gfeller Sport-Related Traumatic Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Patricia R Roby
- Matthew Gfeller Sport-Related Traumatic Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Center for Injury Research and Prevention, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Adam W Kiefer
- Matthew Gfeller Sport-Related Traumatic Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Riley J Burke
- Air Force Special Operations Command, Fort Bragg, NC, USA
| | | | - Shawn F Kane
- Matthew Gfeller Sport-Related Traumatic Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Family Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - James H Lynch
- United States Army Special Operations Command, Fort Bragg, NC, USA
| | - Gary E Means
- United States Army Special Operations Command, Fort Bragg, NC, USA
| | | | - Jason P Mihalik
- Matthew Gfeller Sport-Related Traumatic Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Uldall SW, Nielsen MØ, Carlsson J, Glenthøj B, Siebner HR, Madsen KH, Madsen CG, Leffers AM, Nejad AB, Rostrup E. Associations of neural processing of reward with posttraumatic stress disorder and secondary psychotic symptoms in trauma-affected refugees. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2020; 11:1730091. [PMID: 32194922 PMCID: PMC7067194 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2020.1730091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Psychological traumatic experiences can lead to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Secondary psychotic symptoms are not common but may occur. Objectives: Since psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia have been related to aberrant reward processing in the striatum, using the same paradigm we investigate whether the same finding extends to psychotic and anhedonic symptoms in PTSD. Methods: A total of 70 male refugees: 18 PTSD patients with no secondary psychotic symptoms (PTSD-NSP), 21 PTSD patients with secondary psychotic symptoms (PTSD-SP), and 31 healthy controls (RHC) were interviewed and scanned with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during a monetary incentive delay task. Using region of interest analysis of the prefrontal cortex and ventral striatum, we investigated reward-related activity. Results: Compared to RHC, participants with PTSD had decreased neural activity during monetary reward. Also, participants with PTSD-SP exhibited decreased activity in the associative striatum relative to participants with PTSD-NSP during processing of motivational reward anticipation which correlated with severity of psychotic symptoms. However, the difference between the two PTSD groups disappeared when PTSD severity and trauma exposure were accounted for. Conclusions: Anhedonia and secondary psychotic symptoms in PTSD are characterized by dysfunctional reward consumption and anticipation processing, respectively. The latter may reflect a mechanism by which abnormal reward signals in the basal ganglia facilitates psychotic symptoms across psychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigurd Wiingaard Uldall
- Competence Centre for Transcultural Psychiatry (CTP), Mental Health Centre Ballerup, Ballerup, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Ødegaard Nielsen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR) & Centre for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS), Mental Health Centre Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Jessica Carlsson
- Competence Centre for Transcultural Psychiatry (CTP), Mental Health Centre Ballerup, Ballerup, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birte Glenthøj
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR) & Centre for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS), Mental Health Centre Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Hartwig Roman Siebner
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer Hougaard Madsen
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Camilla Gøbel Madsen
- Department of Radiology, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Anne-Mette Leffers
- Department of Radiology, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Ayna Baladi Nejad
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Translational Medicine, Clinical Pharmacology & Translational Medicine, Novo Nordisk A/S, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Egill Rostrup
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR) & Centre for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS), Mental Health Centre Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
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9
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Goldstein BI. Bipolar Disorder and the Vascular System: Mechanisms and New Prevention Opportunities. Can J Cardiol 2017; 33:1565-1576. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Urback AL, MacIntosh BJ, Goldstein BI. Cerebrovascular reactivity measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging during breath-hold challenge: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 79:27-47. [PMID: 28487157 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) is the cerebral hemodynamic response to a vasoactive substance. Breath-hold (BH) induced CVR has the advantage of being non-invasive and easy to implement during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We systematically reviewed the literature regarding MRI measurement of BH induced CVR. The literature was searched using MEDLINE with the search terms breath-hold; and MRI or cerebrovascular reactivity. The search yielded 2244 results and 54 articles were included. Between-group comparisons have found that CVR was higher among healthy controls than patients with various pathologies (e.g. sleep apnea, diabetes, hypertension etc.). However, counter-intuitive findings have also been reported, including higher CVR among smokers, sedentary individuals, and patients with schizophrenia vs. CONTROLS Methodological studies have highlighted important measurement characteristics (e.g. normalizing signal to end-tidal CO2), and comparisons of BH induced CVR to non-BH methods. Future studies are warranted to address questions about group differences, treatment response, disease progression, and other salient clinical themes. Standardization of CVR and BH designs is needed to fully exploit the potential of this practical non-invasive method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L Urback
- Centre for Youth Bipolar Disorder, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre 2075 Bayview Ave., FG-53, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Medicine, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Bradley J MacIntosh
- University of Toronto, Department of Medical Biophysics, 101 College Street Suite 15-701, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada; Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Ave., Room M6 180, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada.
| | - Benjamin I Goldstein
- Centre for Youth Bipolar Disorder, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre 2075 Bayview Ave., FG-53, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Medicine, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Medicine,250 College Street, Room 835, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada.
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11
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Maynard OM, Brooks JCW, Munafò MR, Leonards U. Neural mechanisms underlying visual attention to health warnings on branded and plain cigarette packs. Addiction 2017; 112:662-672. [PMID: 27886656 PMCID: PMC5347953 DOI: 10.1111/add.13699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To (1) test if activation in brain regions related to reward (nucleus accumbens) and emotion (amygdala) differ when branded and plain packs of cigarettes are viewed, (2) test whether these activation patterns differ by smoking status and (3) examine whether activation patterns differ as a function of visual attention to health warning labels on cigarette packs. DESIGN Cross-sectional observational study combining functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with eye-tracking. Non-smokers, weekly smokers and daily smokers performed a memory task on branded and plain cigarette packs with pictorial health warnings presented in an event-related design. SETTING Clinical Research and Imaging Centre, University of Bristol, UK. PARTICIPANTS Non-smokers, weekly smokers and daily smokers (n = 72) were tested. After exclusions, data from 19 non-smokers, 19 weekly smokers and 20 daily smokers were analysed. MEASUREMENTS Brain activity was assessed in whole brain analyses and in pre-specified masked analyses in the amygdala and nucleus accumbens. On-line eye-tracking during scanning recorded visual attention to health warnings. FINDINGS There was no evidence for a main effect of pack type or smoking status in either the nucleus accumbens or amygdala, and this was unchanged when taking account of visual attention to health warnings. However, there was evidence for an interaction, such that we observed increased activation in the right amygdala when viewing branded as compared with plain packs among weekly smokers (P = 0.003). When taking into account visual attention to health warnings, we observed higher levels of activation in the visual cortex in response to plain packaging compared with branded packaging of cigarettes (P = 0.020). CONCLUSIONS Based on functional magnetic resonance imaging and eye-tracking data, health warnings appear to be more salient on 'plain' cigarette packs than branded packs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia M. Maynard
- School of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of BristolBristolUK,MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU)University of BristolBristolUK,UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol StudiesNottinghamUK
| | - Jonathan C. W. Brooks
- School of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of BristolBristolUK,Clinical Research and Imaging CentreUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Marcus R. Munafò
- School of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of BristolBristolUK,MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU)University of BristolBristolUK,UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol StudiesNottinghamUK
| | - Ute Leonards
- School of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of BristolBristolUK
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12
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The Role of the Human Visual Cortex in Assessment of the Long-Term Durability of Retinal Gene Therapy in Follow-on RPE65 Clinical Trial Patients. Ophthalmology 2017; 124:873-883. [PMID: 28237426 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Gene therapy (GT) has offered immense hope to individuals who are visually impaired because of RPE65 mutations. Although GT has shown great success in clinical trials enrolling these individuals, evidence for stability and durability of this treatment over time is still unknown. Herein we explored the value of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) as an objective measure to assess independently the longevity of retinal GT. DESIGN Individuals with RPE65 mutations who underwent GT in their worse-seeing eye in a phase 1 clinical trial received a second subretinal injection in their contralateral eye in a follow-on clinical trial. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed longitudinally to assess brain responses of patients with RPE65 mutations after stimulation of their most recently treated eye before and 1 to 3 years after GT. PARTICIPANTS Seven participants with RPE65 mutations who were part of the follow-on clinical trial gave informed consent to participate in a longitudinal neuroimaging fMRI study. METHODS All participants underwent fMRI using a 3-Tesla MRI system and a 32-channel head coil. Participants' cortical activations were assessed using a block design paradigm of contrast reversing checkerboard stimuli delivered using an MRI-compatible video system. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary parameters being measured in this study were the qualitative and quantitative fMRI cortical activations produced by our population in response to the visual task. RESULTS Functional MRI results showed minimal or no cortical responses before GT. Significant increase in cortical activation lasting at least 3 years after GT was observed for all participants. Repeated measures analysis showed significant associations between cortical activations and clinical measures such as full-field light sensitivity threshold for white, red, and blue colors; visual field; and pupillary light reflex. CONCLUSIONS Participants with RPE65 mutations showed intact visual pathways, which became responsive and strengthened after treatment. Functional MRI results independently revealed the efficacy and durability of a 1-time subretinal injection. The fMRI results paralleled those recently reported during the long-term clinical evaluations of the same patients. Results from this study demonstrated that fMRI may play an important role in providing complementary information to patients' ophthalmic clinical evaluation and has usefulness as an outcome measure for future retinal intervention studies.
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13
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Hanlon FM, Shaff NA, Dodd AB, Ling JM, Bustillo JR, Abbott CC, Stromberg SF, Abrams S, Lin DS, Mayer AR. Hemodynamic response function abnormalities in schizophrenia during a multisensory detection task. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 37:745-55. [PMID: 26598791 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) response has commonly been used to investigate the neuropathology underlying cognitive and sensory deficits in patients with schizophrenia (SP) by examining the positive phase of the BOLD response, assuming a fixed shape for the hemodynamic response function (HRF). However, the individual phases (positive and post-stimulus undershoot (PSU)) of the HRF may be differentially affected by a variety of underlying pathologies. The current experiment used a multisensory detection task with a rapid event-related fMRI paradigm to investigate both the positive and PSU phases of the HRF in SP and healthy controls (HC). Behavioral results indicated no significant group differences during task performance. Analyses that examined the shape of the HRF indicated two distinct group differences. First, SP exhibited a reduced and/or prolonged PSU following normal task-related positive BOLD activation in secondary auditory and visual sensory areas relative to HC. Second, SP did not show task-induced deactivation in the anterior node of the default-mode network (aDMN) relative to HC. In contrast, when performing traditional analyses that focus on the positive phase, there were no group differences. Interestingly, the magnitude of the PSU in secondary auditory and visual areas was positively associated with the magnitude of task-induced deactivation within the aDMN, suggesting a possible common neural mechanism underlying both of these abnormalities (failure in neural inhibition). Results are consistent with recent views that separate neural processes underlie the two phases of the HRF and that they are differentially affected in SP. Hum Brain Mapp 37:745-755, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith M Hanlon
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Nicholas A Shaff
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Andrew B Dodd
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Josef M Ling
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Juan R Bustillo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico.,Department of Neuroscience, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Christopher C Abbott
- Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Shannon F Stromberg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Swala Abrams
- Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Denise S Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Andrew R Mayer
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico.,Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico.,Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico.,Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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14
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Schneider CE, White T, Hass J, Geisler D, Wallace SR, Roessner V, Holt DJ, Calhoun VD, Gollub RL, Ehrlich S. Smoking status as a potential confounder in the study of brain structure in schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2014; 50:84-91. [PMID: 24373929 PMCID: PMC4047795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Several but not all MRI studies have reported volume reductions in the hippocampus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in patients with schizophrenia. Given the high prevalence of smoking among schizophrenia patients and the fact that smoking has also been associated with alterations in brain morphology, this study evaluated whether a proportion of the known gray matter reductions in key brain regions may be attributed to smoking rather than to schizophrenia alone. We examined structural MRI data of 112 schizophrenia patients (53 smokers and 59 non-smokers) and 77 healthy non-smoker controls collected by the MCIC study of schizophrenia. An automated atlas based probabilistic method was used to generate volumetric measures of the hippocampus and DLPFC. The two patient groups were matched with respect to demographic and clinical variables. Smoker schizophrenia patients showed significantly lower hippocampal and DLPFC volumes than non-smoker schizophrenia patients. Gray matter volume reductions associated with smoking status ranged between 2.2% and 2.8%. Furthermore, we found significant volume differences between smoker patients and healthy controls in the hippocampus and DLPFC, but not between non-smoker patients and healthy controls. Our data suggest that a proportion of the volume reduction seen in the hippocampus and DLPFC in schizophrenia is associated with smoking rather than with the diagnosis of schizophrenia. These results may have important implications for brain imaging studies comparing schizophrenia patients and other groups with a lower smoking prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia E Schneider
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tonya White
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry and the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Johanna Hass
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Daniel Geisler
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stuart R Wallace
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital/Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Harvard Medical School, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Veit Roessner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Daphne J Holt
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital/Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Harvard Medical School, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA; The Mind Research Network, Image Analysis and MR Research, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Randy L Gollub
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital/Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Harvard Medical School, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Stefan Ehrlich
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital/Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Harvard Medical School, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, USA.
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15
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Cooper D, Barker V, Radua J, Fusar-Poli P, Lawrie SM. Multimodal voxel-based meta-analysis of structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging studies in those at elevated genetic risk of developing schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2014; 221:69-77. [PMID: 24239093 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Computational brain-imaging studies of individuals at familial high risk for psychosis have provided interesting results, but interpreting these findings can be a challenge due to a number of factors. We searched the literature for studies reporting whole brain voxel-based morphometry (VBM) or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) findings in people at familial high risk for schizophrenia compared with a control group. A voxel-wise meta-analysis with the effect-size version of Signed Differential Mapping (ES-SDM) identified regional abnormalities of functional brain response. Similarly, an ES-SDM meta-analysis was conducted on VBM studies. A multi-modal imaging meta-analysis was used to highlight brain regions with both structural and functional abnormalities. Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria, in which a total of 815 familial high-risk individuals were compared to 685 controls. Our fMRI results revealed a number of regions of altered activation. VBM findings demonstrated both increases and decreases in grey matter density of relatives in a variety of brain regions. The multimodal analysis revealed relatives had decreased grey matter with hyper-activation in the left inferior frontal gyrus/amygdala, and decreased grey matter with hypo-activation in the thalamus. We found several regions of altered activation or structure in familial high-risk individuals. Reliable fMRI findings in the right posterior superior temporal gyrus further confirm that alteration in this area is a potential marker of risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Cooper
- Division of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Kennedy Tower, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Morningside, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF, UK.
| | - Victoria Barker
- Division of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Kennedy Tower, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Morningside, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF, UK
| | - Joaquim Radua
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK; FIDMAG Research Unit, CIBERSAM, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Stephen M Lawrie
- Division of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Kennedy Tower, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Morningside, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF, UK
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16
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Thoma P, Daum I. Comorbid substance use disorder in schizophrenia: a selective overview of neurobiological and cognitive underpinnings. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2013; 67:367-83. [PMID: 23890122 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Although individuals with schizophrenia show a lifetime prevalence of 50% for suffering from a comorbid substance use disorder, substance abuse usually represents an exclusion criterion for studies on schizophrenia. This implies that surprisingly little is known about a large group of patients who are particularly difficult to treat. The aim of the present work is to provide a brief and non-exhaustive overview of the current knowledgebase about neurobiological and cognitive underpinnings for dual diagnosis schizophrenia patients. Studies published within the last 20 years were considered using computerized search engines. The focus was on nicotine, caffeine, alcohol, cannabis and cocaine being among the most common substances of abuse. All drugs of abuse target dopaminergic, glutamatergic and GABAergic transmission which are also involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Current literature suggests that neurocognitive function might beless disrupted in substance-abusing compared to non-abusing schizophrenia patients, but in particular the neuroimaging database on this topic is sparse. Detrimental effects on brain structure and function were shown for patients for whom alcohol is the main substance of abuse. It is as yet unclear whether this finding might be an artifact of age differences of patient subgroups with different substance abuse patterns. More research is warranted on the specific neurocognitive underpinnings of schizophrenia patients abusing distinct psychoactive substances. Treatment programs might either benefit from preserved cognitive function as a resource or specifically target cognitive impairment in different subgroups of addicted schizophrenia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Thoma
- Department of Neuropsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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17
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Yamamoto RT, Rohan ML, Goletiani N, Olson D, Peltier M, Renshaw PF, Mello NK. Nicotine related brain activity: the influence of smoking history and blood nicotine levels, an exploratory study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013; 129:137-44. [PMID: 23117126 PMCID: PMC3582808 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, we sought to explore brain activity in nicotine-dependent men in response to acute intravenous nicotine using pharmacological magnetic resonance imaging (phMRI). METHODS phMRI was used to evaluate brain activity in response to 1.5 mg/70 kg intravenous nicotine or saline. The nicotine and saline were administered on different visits. The time courses of individual subjects' nicotine levels were used as regressors to assess neural activity relating to the infusions. The influence of smoking history and physiological measures on the response to nicotine were also investigated. RESULTS Greater lifetime exposure to cigarette smoking was significantly correlated with higher peak serum nicotine levels. PhMRI analysis of the differential response of nicotine compared to the saline condition showed distinctive activation patterns when analyzed with the (a) nicotine time course, (b) nicotine time course controlling for smoking history (pack years), and (c) pack years controlling for nicotine. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that smoking exposure history influences serum nicotine levels and the brain's response to nicotine. Alterations in brain activity may be a result of vascular and neuro-adaptations involved in drug exposure and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinah T Yamamoto
- Brain Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478, United States.
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18
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Nielsen MØ, Rostrup E, Wulff S, Bak N, Lublin H, Kapur S, Glenthøj B. Alterations of the brain reward system in antipsychotic naïve schizophrenia patients. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 71:898-905. [PMID: 22418013 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various schizophrenic symptoms are suggested to be linked to a dysfunction of the brain reward system. Several studies have found alterations in the reward processing in patients with schizophrenia; however, most previous findings might be confounded by medication effects. METHODS Thirty-one antipsychotic-naïve schizophrenia patients and 31 age- and gender-matched healthy control subjects were examined with functional magnetic resonance imaging while playing a variant of the monetary incentive delay task. The task variant made it possible to separate overall salience (defined as arousing events) into behavioral salience (events where a predicted reward requires performance) and valence anticipation (the anticipation of a monetarily significant outcome). Furthermore, the evaluation of monetary gain and loss was assessed. RESULTS During reward anticipation, patients had a significant attenuation of the activation in ventral tegmentum, ventral striatum, and anterior cingulate cortex during presentation of salient cues. This signal attenuation in ventral striatum was correlated with the degree of positive symptoms. Signal attenuation was most pronounced for behavioral salience and nonsignificant for value anticipation. Furthermore, patients showed a changed activation pattern during outcome evaluation in right prefrontal cortex. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that changes during reward anticipation in schizophrenia are present from the beginning of the disease. This supports a possible involvement of reward disturbances in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The most pronounced changes were seen in relation to overall salience. In ventral striatum these changes were associated with the degree of positive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Ødegaard Nielsen
- Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark.
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Rogers BP, Parks MH, Nickel MK, Katwal SB, Martin PR. Reduced fronto-cerebellar functional connectivity in chronic alcoholic patients. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2011; 36:294-301. [PMID: 22085135 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01614.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol dependence is associated with neurocognitive deficits related to neuropathological changes in structure, metabolism, and function of the brain. Impairments of motor functioning in alcoholics have been attributed to well-characterized neuropathological brain abnormalities in cerebellum. METHODS Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we studied in vivo the functional connectivity between cerebellar and cortical brain regions. Participants were 10 uncomplicated chronic alcoholic patients studied after 5 to 7 days of abstinence when signs of withdrawal had abated and 10 matched healthy controls. We focused on regions of prefrontal, frontal, temporal, and parietal cortex that exhibited an fMRI response associated with nondominant hand finger tapping in the patients but not in the controls. We predicted that fronto-cerebellar functional connectivity would be diminished in alcoholics compared with controls. RESULTS Functional connectivity in a circuit involving premotor areas (Brodmann Area 6) and Lobule VI of the superior cerebellum was reduced in the patients compared with the controls. Functional connectivity was also reduced in a circuit involving prefrontal cortex (Brodmann Area 9) and Lobule VIII of the inferior cerebellum. Reductions in connectivity were specific to fronto-cerebellar circuits and were not found in other regions examined. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show a pattern in recently abstinent alcoholic patients of specific deficits in functional connectivity and recruitment of additional brain regions for the performance of a simple finger-tapping task. A small sample, differences in smoking, and a brief abstinence period preclude definitive conclusions, but this pattern of diminished fronto-cerebellar functional connectivity is highly compatible with the characteristic neuropathological lesions documented in alcoholics and may reflect brain dysfunction associated with alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baxter P Rogers
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2310, USA.
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20
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Palmer HS, Garzon B, Xu J, Berntsen EM, Skandsen T, Håberg AK. Reduced fractional anisotropy does not change the shape of the hemodynamic response in survivors of severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2010; 27:853-62. [PMID: 20199173 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2009.1225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The hemodynamic response (HDR) function is the basis for standard functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) analysis. HDR is influenced by white matter inflammation. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is frequently accompanied by diffuse white matter injury, but the effect of this on the HDR has not been investigated. The aims of the present study were to describe the HDR in visual cortex and examine its relationship with the microstructure of the optic radiation in severe TBI survivors and controls. Ten severe TBI survivors without visual impairments, but with known diffuse axonal injury, and 9 matched controls underwent diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and fMRI. From the fMRI time series obtained during brief randomized visual stimuli, blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal changes for each subject were estimated in V1, and group HDR curves were produced. Standard between-group analysis of BOLD activation in V1 + V2 was performed. For each individual the optic radiations were identified and fractional anisotropy (FA) plus mean apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC(mean)) values for these tracts were calculated. Group HDR curves from the visual cortex were fully transposable between TBI survivors and controls, despite a significant reduction in FA in the optic radiation in TBI survivors. A significant correlation between BOLD signal in the visual cortex and FA values in the optical tract was present in controls, but not in TBI survivors. Between-group comparisons showed that TBI survivors had increased areas of activation in V1 and V2. The HDR appears to be intact in traumatic white matter damage, supporting the validity of using standard fMRI methodology to study neuroplasticity in TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen S Palmer
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review neuroimaging findings that have been reported in samples of patients with cardiovascular disorders and their association with the onset of Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, depression and bipolar disorder in the elderly and to highlight the implications of these findings to the knowledge about the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders in old age, as well as their potential clinical implications. RECENT FINDINGS Vascular risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, smoking habits and heart failure, have all been associated with signs of cerebrovascular dysfunction, including structural MRI findings of signal hyperintensities, lacunes and stroke and functional imaging findings of brain regional hypoperfusion and hypometabolism. Such brain abnormalities have been found to increase the risk of onset of psychiatric disorder (depression, bipolar and dementia) in old age. SUMMARY As vascular risk factors are potentially modifiable when detected in midlife, the early characterization of brain changes associated with the presence of cardiovascular diseases holds promise to afford clinical applications in psychiatry, providing new perspectives for the prevention of old age psychiatric disorders.
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Sepede G, Ferretti A, Perrucci MG, Gambi F, Di Donato F, Nuccetelli F, Del Gratta C, Tartaro A, Salerno RM, Ferro FM, Romani GL. Altered brain response without behavioral attention deficits in healthy siblings of schizophrenic patients: an event-related fMRI study. Neuroimage 2009; 49:1080-90. [PMID: 19646537 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2009] [Revised: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention deficits are common in schizophrenics and sometimes reported in their healthy relatives. The aim of this study was to analyse the behavioural performance and the brain activation of healthy siblings of schizophrenic patients during a sustained-attention task. Eleven healthy siblings of schizophrenic patients and eleven matched controls performed a Continuous Performance Test (CPT), during 1.5 T fMRI. The stimuli were presented at three difficulty-levels, using different degrees of degradation (0, 25 and 40%). There were no significant differences in CPT performance (mean reaction time and percentage of errors) between the two groups. Performance worsened with increasing degradation in both groups. Differences were found when comparing the BOLD signal change in the medial frontal gyrus/dorsal anterior cingulate, right precentral gyrus, bilateral posterior cingulate and bilateral insula. The most evident between group differences were observed in the left insula/inferior frontal gyrus: siblings showed a larger activation during wrong responses and a reduced activation during correct responses in the degraded runs. In conclusion, healthy siblings of schizophrenic patients showed differences in brain function in several brain regions previously reported in schizophrenic subjects, in the absence of behavioral attention deficits. The differences were greater in the two more difficult levels of attention demand and might be expressions of altered and/or compensatory mechanisms in subjects at increased risk for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianna Sepede
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Bio-imaging, G. D'Annunzio University of Chieti, Via dei Vestini 33, Chieti Scalo (CH), Italy.
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Cortical activation during delay discounting in abstinent methamphetamine dependent individuals. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2008; 201:183-93. [PMID: 18685833 PMCID: PMC2835463 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-008-1261-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methamphetamine (MA)-dependent individuals prefer smaller immediate over larger delayed rewards in delay discounting (DD) tasks. Human and animal data implicate ventral (amygdala, ventral striatum, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex insula) and dorsal (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and posterior parietal cortex) systems in DD decisions. The ventral system is hypothesized to respond to the salience and immediacy of rewards while the dorsal system is implicated in the process of comparison and choice. METHODS We used functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging to probe the neural correlates of DD in 19 recently abstinent MA-dependent patients and 17 age- and gender-matched controls. RESULTS Hard DD choices were associated with greatest activation in bilateral middle cingulate, posterior parietal cortex (PPC), and the right rostral insula. Control subjects showed more activation than MA patients bilaterally in the precuneus and in the right caudate nucleus, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Magnitude of discounting was correlated with activity in the amygdala, DLPFC, posterior cingulate cortex and PPC. CONCLUSIONS Our findings were consistent with a model wherein dorsal cognitive systems modulate the neural response of ventral regions. Patients addicted to MA, who strongly prefer smaller immediate over larger delayed rewards, activate the dorsal cognitive control system in order to overcome their preference. Activation of the amygdala during choice of delayed rewards was associated with a greater degree of discounting, suggesting that heavily discounting MA-dependent individuals may be more responsive to the negative salience of delayed rewards than controls.
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Leyba L, Mayer AR, Gollub RL, Andreasen NC, Clark VP. Smoking status as a potential confound in the BOLD response of patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2008; 104:79-84. [PMID: 18684594 PMCID: PMC2577169 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2008.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Revised: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 06/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) studies comparing schizophrenia patients and controls may have been confounded by the vascular effects of heavier long-term cigarette use in patients. METHODS The blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) response to a simple sensorimotor task was compared between schizophrenia patient with a smoking history (mean 17 pack years) and carefully matched patient non-smokers and control non-smokers. RESULTS Group differences in activation magnitude and spatial extent were non-significant. CONCLUSIONS Typical smoking histories in schizophrenia patients do not significantly confound FMRI results in simple sensorimotor tasks when patient demographics are carefully controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Leyba
- The Mind Research Network, Pete & Nancy Domenici Hall, 1101 Yale Blvd. NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States.
| | - Andrew R. Mayer
- The Mind Research Network, Pete & Nancy Domenici Hall, 1101 Yale Blvd. NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Department of Neurology, Albuquerque NM, 87131-0001
| | - Randy L. Gollub
- The Mind Research Network, Pete & Nancy Domenici Hall, 1101 Yale Blvd. NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, 149 13th St. Charlestown, MA 02129-2000
| | - Nancy C. Andreasen
- The Mind Research Network, Pete & Nancy Domenici Hall, 1101 Yale Blvd. NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, University of Iowa, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 42242
| | - Vincent P. Clark
- The Mind Research Network, Pete & Nancy Domenici Hall, 1101 Yale Blvd. NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Department of Neurosciences, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, University of New Mexico, Department of Psychology, Albuquerque, NM 87131-1161
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