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Zimmermann S, Mathew A, Bondareva O, Elwakiel A, Waldmann K, Jiang S, Rana R, Singh K, Kohli S, Shahzad K, Biemann R, Roskoden T, Storsberg SD, Mawrin C, Krügel U, Bechmann I, Goldschmidt J, Sheikh BN, Isermann B. Chronic kidney disease leads to microglial potassium efflux and inflammasome activation in the brain. Kidney Int 2024:S0085-2538(24)00535-0. [PMID: 39089576 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2024.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is common in extracerebral diseases such as chronic kidney disease (CKD). Kidney transplantation reverses cognitive impairment, indicating that cognitive impairment driven by CKD is therapeutically amendable. However, we lack mechanistic insights allowing development of targeted therapies. Using a combination of mouse models (including mice with neuron-specific IL-1R1 deficiency), single cell analyses (single-nuclei RNA-sequencing and single-cell thallium autometallography), human samples and in vitro experiments we demonstrate that microglia activation impairs neuronal potassium homeostasis and cognition in CKD. CKD disrupts the barrier of brain endothelial cells in vitro and the blood-brain barrier in vivo, establishing that the uremic state modifies vascular permeability in the brain. Exposure to uremic conditions impairs calcium homeostasis in microglia, enhances microglial potassium efflux via the calcium-dependent channel KCa3.1, and induces p38-MAPK associated IL-1β maturation in microglia. Restoring potassium homeostasis in microglia using a KCa3.1-specific inhibitor (TRAM34) improves CKD-triggered cognitive impairment. Likewise, inhibition of the IL-1β receptor 1 (IL-1R1) using anakinra or genetically abolishing neuronal IL-1R1 expression in neurons prevent CKD-mediated reduced neuronal potassium turnover and CKD-induced impaired cognition. Accordingly, in CKD mice, impaired cognition can be ameliorated by either preventing microglia activation or inhibiting IL-1R-signaling in neurons. Thus, our data suggest that potassium efflux from microglia triggers their activation, which promotes microglia IL-1β release and IL-1R1-mediated neuronal dysfunction in CKD. Hence, our study provides new mechanistic insight into cognitive impairment in association with CKD and identifies possible new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Zimmermann
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital; Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Akash Mathew
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital; Leipzig, Germany
| | - Olga Bondareva
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (Hl-MAG) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ahmed Elwakiel
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital; Leipzig, Germany
| | - Klarina Waldmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Shihai Jiang
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital; Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rajiv Rana
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital; Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kunal Singh
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital; Leipzig, Germany
| | - Shrey Kohli
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital; Leipzig, Germany
| | - Khurrum Shahzad
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital; Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ronald Biemann
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital; Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Roskoden
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Christian Mawrin
- Department of Neuropathology and Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ute Krügel
- Rudolf Boehm Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ingo Bechmann
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Bilal N Sheikh
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (Hl-MAG) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Berend Isermann
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital; Leipzig, Germany.
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2
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Mahmoud GAE, Mayer P, Gaber DA, Ibrahim AB. Response to oxidative stress generation in Rhodotorula glutinis and Candida tropicalis by thallium dithiocarbamate complexes. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2023; 156:111283. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2023.111283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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3
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Wang Z, Peng C, Zhang Y, Wang L, Yu L, Wang C. Characteristics of Zn Content and Localization, Cu-Zn SOD, and MT Levels in the Tissues of Marginally Zn-Deficient Mice. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:262-271. [PMID: 35064869 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03119-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is an important trace element in the human body, and Zn deficiency affects the Zn content of major tissues. Marginal Zn deficiency is more common than severe Zn deficiency in humans. The objective of the present study was to compare the content and distribution of Zn and the change in the copper (Cu)-Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) and metallothionein (MT) levels of soft tissues. Mice were fed with 30 mg/kg (control) or 10 mg/kg (marginally Zn-deficient, MZD) Zn diet for 35 days. We observed that only the Zn contents of serum, bones, and muscles in the control group were higher than those in the MZD group. Autometallography (AMG) was used as a method for staining Zn ions, and the semi-quantitative result indicated that the AMG products of the liver, duodenum, heart, lung, testes, and epididymis in the control group were higher than those in the MZD group. Furthermore, the contents of MT and the activities of Cu-Zn SOD in the testes, brain, duodenum, and liver were higher in the control group than those in the MZD group. However, the AMG products and the activities of Cu-Zn SOD of the kidney in the MZD group were more/higher than those in the control group. These results indicated that a change in the total Zn content of soft tissues may be not obvious and insensitive, and thus, more attention should be given to the distribution and localization of Zn ions. The functional indicators, MT and Cu-Zn SOD, are suitable biomarkers for evaluating zinc nutritional status. The brain, testes, duodenum, and liver are susceptive organs to Zn deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiong Wang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Yu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhong Wang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China.
- Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Wuhan University, 115# Donghu Road, Wuhan, China.
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Wallace MN, Zobay O, Hardman E, Thompson Z, Dobbs P, Chakrabarti L, Palmer AR. The large numbers of minicolumns in the primary visual cortex of humans, chimpanzees and gorillas are related to high visual acuity. Front Neuroanat 2022; 16:1034264. [PMID: 36439196 PMCID: PMC9681811 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2022.1034264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Minicolumns are thought to be a fundamental neural unit in the neocortex and their replication may have formed the basis of the rapid cortical expansion that occurred during primate evolution. We sought evidence of minicolumns in the primary visual cortex (V-1) of three great apes, three rodents and representatives from three other mammalian orders: Eulipotyphla (European hedgehog), Artiodactyla (domestic pig) and Carnivora (ferret). Minicolumns, identified by the presence of a long bundle of radial, myelinated fibers stretching from layer III to the white matter of silver-stained sections, were found in the human, chimpanzee, gorilla and guinea pig V-1. Shorter bundles confined to one or two layers were found in the other species but represent modules rather than minicolumns. The inter-bundle distance, and hence density of minicolumns, varied systematically both within a local area that might represent a hypercolumn but also across the whole visual field. The distance between all bundles had a similar range for human, chimpanzee, gorilla, ferret and guinea pig: most bundles were 20-45 μm apart. By contrast, the space between bundles was greater for the hedgehog and pig (20-140 μm). The mean density of minicolumns was greater in tangential sections of the gorilla and chimpanzee (1,243-1,287 bundles/mm2) than in human (314-422 bundles/mm2) or guinea pig (643 bundles/mm2). The minicolumnar bundles did not form a hexagonal lattice but were arranged in thin curving and branched bands separated by thicker bands of neuropil/somata. Estimates of the total number of modules/minicolumns within V-1 were strongly correlated with visual acuity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark N. Wallace
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Institute of Hearing Research, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Hearing Sciences, Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Zobay
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Institute of Hearing Research, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Hearing Sciences—Scottish Section, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Eden Hardman
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Institute of Hearing Research, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Zoe Thompson
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Institute of Hearing Research, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Phillipa Dobbs
- Veterinary Department, Twycross Zoo, East Midland Zoological Society, Atherstone, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Chakrabarti
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alan R. Palmer
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Institute of Hearing Research, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Hearing Sciences, Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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5
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Imaging of Functional Brain Circuits during Acquisition and Memory Retrieval in an Aversive Feedback Learning Task: Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography of Regional Cerebral Blood Flow in Freely Behaving Rats. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11050659. [PMID: 34070079 PMCID: PMC8158148 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11050659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Active avoidance learning is a complex form of aversive feedback learning that in humans and other animals is essential for actively coping with unpleasant, aversive, or dangerous situations. Since the functional circuits involved in two-way avoidance (TWA) learning have not yet been entirely identified, the aim of this study was to obtain an overall picture of the brain circuits that are involved in active avoidance learning. In order to obtain a longitudinal assessment of activation patterns in the brain of freely behaving rats during different stages of learning, we applied single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). We were able to identify distinct prefrontal cortical, sensory, and limbic circuits that were specifically recruited during the acquisition and retrieval phases of the two-way avoidance learning task.
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6
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Hockley A, Berger JI, Smith PA, Palmer AR, Wallace MN. Nitric oxide regulates the firing rate of neuronal subtypes in the guinea pig ventral cochlear nucleus. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 51:963-983. [PMID: 31494975 PMCID: PMC7078996 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The gaseous free radical, nitric oxide (NO) acts as a ubiquitous neuromodulator, contributing to synaptic plasticity in a complex way that can involve either long term potentiation or depression. It is produced by neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) which is presynaptically expressed and also located postsynaptically in the membrane and cytoplasm of a subpopulation of each major neuronal type in the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN). We have used iontophoresis in vivo to study the effect of the NOS inhibitor L-NAME (L-NG-Nitroarginine methyl ester) and the NO donors SIN-1 (3-Morpholinosydnonimine hydrochloride) and SNOG (S-Nitrosoglutathione) on VCN units under urethane anaesthesia. Collectively, both donors produced increases and decreases in driven and spontaneous firing rates of some neurones. Inhibition of endogenous NO production with L-NAME evoked a consistent increase in driven firing rates in 18% of units without much effect on spontaneous rate. This reduction of gain produced by endogenous NO was mirrored when studying the effect of L-NAME on NMDA(N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid)-evoked excitation, with 30% of units showing enhanced NMDA-evoked excitation during L-NAME application (reduced NO levels). Approximately 25% of neurones contain nNOS and the NO produced can modulate the firing rate of the main principal cells: medium stellates (choppers), large stellates (onset responses) and bushy cells (primary-like responses). The main endogenous role of NO seems to be to partly suppress driven firing rates associated with NMDA channel activity but there is scope for it to increase neural gain if there were a pathological increase in its production following hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Hockley
- Medical Research Council Institute of Hearing ResearchSchool of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
- Department of OtolaryngologyKresge Hearing Research InstituteUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Joel I. Berger
- Medical Research Council Institute of Hearing ResearchSchool of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
| | - Paul A. Smith
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Alan R. Palmer
- Medical Research Council Institute of Hearing ResearchSchool of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
- Hearing SciencesSchool of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Mark N. Wallace
- Medical Research Council Institute of Hearing ResearchSchool of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
- Hearing SciencesSchool of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
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7
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Mannewitz A, Bock J, Kreitz S, Hess A, Goldschmidt J, Scheich H, Braun K. Comparing brain activity patterns during spontaneous exploratory and cue-instructed learning using single photon-emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging of regional cerebral blood flow in freely behaving rats. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 223:2025-2038. [PMID: 29340757 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1605-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Learning can be categorized into cue-instructed and spontaneous learning types; however, so far, there is no detailed comparative analysis of specific brain pathways involved in these learning types. The aim of this study was to compare brain activity patterns during these learning tasks using the in vivo imaging technique of single photon-emission computed tomography (SPECT) of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). During spontaneous exploratory learning, higher levels of rCBF compared to cue-instructed learning were observed in motor control regions, including specific subregions of the motor cortex and the striatum, as well as in regions of sensory pathways including olfactory, somatosensory, and visual modalities. In addition, elevated activity was found in limbic areas, including specific subregions of the hippocampal formation, the amygdala, and the insula. The main difference between the two learning paradigms analyzed in this study was the higher rCBF observed in prefrontal cortical regions during cue-instructed learning when compared to spontaneous learning. Higher rCBF during cue-instructed learning was also observed in the anterior insular cortex and in limbic areas, including the ectorhinal and entorhinal cortexes, subregions of the hippocampus, subnuclei of the amygdala, and the septum. Many of the rCBF changes showed hemispheric lateralization. Taken together, our study is the first to compare partly lateralized brain activity patterns during two different types of learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mannewitz
- Department of Zoology/Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Straße 44, Bldg. 91, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - J Bock
- "Epigenetics and Structural Plasticity", Institute of Biology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - S Kreitz
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Fahrstr. 17, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - A Hess
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Fahrstr. 17, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - J Goldschmidt
- Department Acoustics, Learning and Speech, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department Systems Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - H Scheich
- Department Acoustics, Learning and Speech, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Braun
- Department of Zoology/Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Straße 44, Bldg. 91, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany. .,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany.
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8
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Cholinergic Potentiation of Restoration of Visual Function after Optic Nerve Damage in Rats. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:6928489. [PMID: 28928986 PMCID: PMC5592016 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6928489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Enhancing cortical plasticity and brain connectivity may improve residual vision following a visual impairment. Since acetylcholine plays an important role in attention and neuronal plasticity, we explored whether potentiation of the cholinergic transmission has an effect on the visual function restoration. To this end, we evaluated for 4 weeks the effect of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor donepezil on brightness discrimination, visually evoked potentials, and visual cortex reactivity after a bilateral and partial optic nerve crush in adult rats. Donepezil administration enhanced brightness discrimination capacity after optic nerve crush compared to nontreated animals. The visually evoked activation of the primary visual cortex was not restored, as measured by evoked potentials, but the cortical neuronal activity measured by thallium autometallography was not significantly affected four weeks after the optic nerve crush. Altogether, the results suggest a role of the cholinergic system in postlesion cortical plasticity. This finding agrees with the view that restoration of visual function may involve mechanisms beyond the area of primary damage and opens a new perspective for improving visual rehabilitation in humans.
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Pöttker B, Stöber F, Hummel R, Angenstein F, Radyushkin K, Goldschmidt J, Schäfer MKE. Traumatic brain injury causes long-term behavioral changes related to region-specific increases of cerebral blood flow. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 222:4005-4021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1452-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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10
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Vincenz D, Wernecke KEA, Fendt M, Goldschmidt J. Habenula and interpeduncular nucleus differentially modulate predator odor-induced innate fear behavior in rats. Behav Brain Res 2017; 332:164-171. [PMID: 28552601 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fear is an important behavioral system helping humans and animals to survive potentially dangerous situations. Fear can be innate or learned. Whereas the neural circuits underlying learned fear are already well investigated, the knowledge about the circuits mediating innate fear is still limited. We here used a novel, unbiased approach to image in vivo the spatial patterns of neural activity in odor-induced innate fear behavior in rats. We intravenously injected awake unrestrained rats with a 99m-technetium labeled blood flow tracer (99mTc-HMPAO) during ongoing exposure to fox urine or water as control, and mapped the brain distribution of the trapped tracer using single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Upon fox urine exposure blood flow increased in a number of brain regions previously associated with odor-induced innate fear such as the amygdala, ventromedial hypothalamus and dorsolateral periaqueductal grey, but, unexpectedly, decreased at higher significance levels in the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN). Significant flow changes were found in regions monosynaptically connected to the IPN. Flow decreased in the dorsal tegmentum and entorhinal cortex. Flow increased in the habenula (Hb) and correlated with odor effects on behavioral defensive strategy. Hb lesions reduced avoidance of but increased approach to the fox urine while IPN lesions only reduced avoidance behavior without approach behavior. Our study identifies a new component, the IPN, of the neural circuit mediating odor-induced innate fear behavior in mammals and suggests that the evolutionarily conserved Hb-IPN system, which has recently been implicated in cued fear, also forms an integral part of the innate fear circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Vincenz
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Department Systems Physiology of Learning, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Kerstin E A Wernecke
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Markus Fendt
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Goldschmidt
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Department Systems Physiology of Learning, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany.
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11
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Töpperwien M, Krenkel M, Vincenz D, Stöber F, Oelschlegel AM, Goldschmidt J, Salditt T. Three-dimensional mouse brain cytoarchitecture revealed by laboratory-based x-ray phase-contrast tomography. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42847. [PMID: 28240235 PMCID: PMC5327439 DOI: 10.1038/srep42847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of brain cytoarchitecture in mammals are routinely performed by serial sectioning of the specimen and staining of the sections. The procedure is labor-intensive and the 3D architecture can only be determined after aligning individual 2D sections, leading to a reconstructed volume with non-isotropic resolution. Propagation-based x-ray phase-contrast tomography offers a unique potential for high-resolution 3D imaging of intact biological specimen due to the high penetration depth and potential resolution. We here show that even compact laboratory CT at an optimized liquid-metal jet microfocus source combined with suitable phase-retrieval algorithms and a novel tissue preparation can provide cellular and subcellular resolution in millimeter sized samples of mouse brain. We removed water and lipids from entire mouse brains and measured the remaining dry tissue matrix in air, lowering absorption but increasing phase contrast. We present single-cell resolution images of mouse brain cytoarchitecture and show that axons can be revealed in myelinated fiber bundles. In contrast to optical 3D techniques our approach does neither require staining of cells nor tissue clearing, procedures that are increasingly difficult to apply with increasing sample and brain sizes. The approach thus opens a novel route for high-resolution high-throughput studies of brain architecture in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Töpperwien
- Institute for X-Ray Physics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Center for Nanoscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Krenkel
- Institute for X-Ray Physics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Tim Salditt
- Institute for X-Ray Physics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Center for Nanoscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Göttingen, Germany
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12
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Wanger T, Wetzel W, Scheich H, Ohl FW, Goldschmidt J. Spatial patterns of neuronal activity in rat cerebral cortex during non-rapid eye movement sleep. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 220:3469-84. [PMID: 25113606 PMCID: PMC4575691 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0867-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
It is commonly assumed that cortical activity in non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) is spatially homogeneous on the mesoscopic scale. This is partly due to the limited observational scope of common metabolic or imaging methods in sleep. We used the recently developed technique of thallium-autometallography (TlAMG) to visualize mesoscopic patterns of activity in the sleeping cortex with single-cell resolution. We intravenously injected rats with the lipophilic chelate complex thallium diethyldithiocarbamate (TlDDC) during spontaneously occurring periods of NREMS and mapped the patterns of neuronal uptake of the potassium (K+) probe thallium (Tl+). Using this method, we show that cortical activity patterns are not spatially homogeneous during discrete 5-min episodes of NREMS in unrestrained rats-rather, they are complex and spatially diverse. Along with a relative predominance of infragranular layer activation, we find pronounced differences in metabolic activity of neighboring neuronal assemblies, an observation which lends support to the emerging paradigm that sleep is a distributed process with regulation on the local scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Wanger
- Department Systems Physiology of Learning, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Brenneckestraße 6, 39118, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Wolfram Wetzel
- Department Systems Physiology of Learning, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Brenneckestraße 6, 39118, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Henning Scheich
- Emeritus Group Lifelong Learning, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Brenneckestraße 6, 39118, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Frank W Ohl
- Department Systems Physiology of Learning, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Brenneckestraße 6, 39118, Magdeburg, Germany
- Otto-von-Guericke University, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Science (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Goldschmidt
- Department Systems Physiology of Learning, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Brenneckestraße 6, 39118, Magdeburg, Germany
- Otto-von-Guericke University, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
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13
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Nguyen HN, Huppé-Gourgues F, Vaucher E. Activation of the mouse primary visual cortex by medial prefrontal subregion stimulation is not mediated by cholinergic basalo-cortical projections. Front Syst Neurosci 2015; 9:1. [PMID: 25709570 PMCID: PMC4321436 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2015.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) exerts top-down control of primary visual cortex (V1) activity. As there is no direct neuronal projection from mPFC to V1, this functional connection may use an indirect route, i.e., via basalo-cortical cholinergic projections. The cholinergic projections to V1 originate from neurons in the horizontal limb of the diagonal band of Broca (HDB), which receive neuronal projections from the ventral part of the mPFC, composed of prelimbic (PrL) and infralimbic cortices (IL). Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine whether electrical stimulation of mice mPFC subregions activate (1) V1 neurons; and (2) HDB cholinergic neurons, suggesting that the HDB serves as a relay point in the mPFC-V1 interaction. Neuronal activation was quantified using c-Fos immunocytochemistry or thallium autometallography for each V1 layer using automated particle analysis tools and optical density measurement. Stimulation of IL and PrL induced significantly higher c-Fos expression or thallium labeling in layers II/III and V of V1 in the stimulated hemisphere only. A HDB cholinergic neuron-specific lesion by saporin administration reduced IL-induced c-Fos expression in layers II/III of V1 but not in layer V. However, there was no c-Fos expression or thallium labeling in the HDB neurons, suggesting that this area was not activated by IL stimulation. Stimulation of another mPFC subarea, the anterior cingulate cortex (AC), which is involved in attention and receives input from V1, activated neither V1 nor HDB. The present results indicate that IL and PrL, but not AC, stimulation activates V1 with the minor involvement of the HDB cholinergic projections. These results suggest a functional link between the ventral mPFC and V1, but this function is only marginally supported by HDB cholinergic neurons and may involve other brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Nam Nguyen
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie de la Cognition Visuelle, École D'optométrie, Université de Montréal Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Frédéric Huppé-Gourgues
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie de la Cognition Visuelle, École D'optométrie, Université de Montréal Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Elvire Vaucher
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie de la Cognition Visuelle, École D'optométrie, Université de Montréal Montréal, QC, Canada
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Kolodziej A, Lippert M, Angenstein F, Neubert J, Pethe A, Grosser OS, Amthauer H, Schroeder UH, Reymann KG, Scheich H, Ohl FW, Goldschmidt J. SPECT-imaging of activity-dependent changes in regional cerebral blood flow induced by electrical and optogenetic self-stimulation in mice. Neuroimage 2014; 103:171-180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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Saldeitis K, Happel MF, Ohl FW, Scheich H, Budinger E. Anatomy of the auditory thalamocortical system in the mongolian gerbil: Nuclear origins and cortical field-, layer-, and frequency-specificities. J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:2397-430. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Saldeitis
- Department of Auditory Learning & Speech; Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology; D-39118 Magdeburg Germany
| | - Max F.K. Happel
- Department of Systems Physiology of Learning; Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology; D-39118 Magdeburg Germany
- Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke University; D-39120 Magdeburg Germany
| | - Frank W. Ohl
- Department of Systems Physiology of Learning; Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology; D-39118 Magdeburg Germany
- Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke University; D-39120 Magdeburg Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences; Magdeburg Universitätsplatz 2, D-39106 Germany
| | - Henning Scheich
- Department of Auditory Learning & Speech; Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology; D-39118 Magdeburg Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences; Magdeburg Universitätsplatz 2, D-39106 Germany
| | - Eike Budinger
- Department of Auditory Learning & Speech; Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology; D-39118 Magdeburg Germany
- Clinic of Neurology; Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg; D-39120 Magdeburg Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences; Magdeburg Universitätsplatz 2, D-39106 Germany
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Stöber F, Baldauf K, Ziabreva I, Harhausen D, Zille M, Neubert J, Reymann KG, Scheich H, Dirnagl U, Schröder UH, Wunder A, Goldschmidt J. Single-cell resolution mapping of neuronal damage in acute focal cerebral ischemia using thallium autometallography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34:144-52. [PMID: 24129748 PMCID: PMC3887354 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2013.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal damage shortly after onset or after brief episodes of cerebral ischemia has remained difficult to assess with clinical and preclinical imaging techniques as well as with microscopical methods. We here show, in rodent models of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), that neuronal damage in acute focal cerebral ischemia can be mapped with single-cell resolution using thallium autometallography (TlAMG), a histochemical technique for the detection of the K(+)-probe thallium (Tl(+)) in the brain. We intravenously injected rats and mice with thallium diethyldithiocarbamate (TlDDC), a lipophilic chelate complex that releases Tl(+) after crossing the blood-brain barrier. We found, within the territories of the affected arteries, areas of markedly reduced neuronal Tl(+) uptake in all animals at all time points studied ranging from 15 minutes to 24 hours after MCAO. In large lesions at early time points, areas with neuronal and astrocytic Tl(+) uptake below thresholds of detection were surrounded by putative penumbral zones with preserved but diminished Tl(+) uptake. At 24 hours, the areas of reduced Tl(+)uptake matched with areas delineated by established markers of neuronal damage. The results suggest the use of (201)TlDDC for preclinical and clinical single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging of hyperacute alterations in brain K(+) metabolism and prediction of tissue viability in cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Stöber
- 1] Department of Experimental Neurology, Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB), Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany [2] Department of Auditory Learning and Speech, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Baldauf
- 1] Project Group Neuropharmacology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany [2] German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Partner site Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Iryna Ziabreva
- 1] Project Group Neuropharmacology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany [2] Research Institute for Applied Neurosciences (FAN) GmbH, Magdeburg, Germany [3] Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Denise Harhausen
- Department of Experimental Neurology, Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB), Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marietta Zille
- Department of Experimental Neurology, Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB), Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jenni Neubert
- 1] Department of Auditory Learning and Speech, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany [2] Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus G Reymann
- 1] Project Group Neuropharmacology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany [2] German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Partner site Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Henning Scheich
- 1] Department of Auditory Learning and Speech, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany [2] German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Partner site Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany [3] Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Dirnagl
- 1] Department of Experimental Neurology, Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB), Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany [2] German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich H Schröder
- 1] Project Group Neuropharmacology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany [2] Research Institute for Applied Neurosciences (FAN) GmbH, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Wunder
- Department of Experimental Neurology, Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB), Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Goldschmidt
- 1] Department of Auditory Learning and Speech, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany [2] Clinic for Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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17
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Lison H, Happel MFK, Schneider F, Baldauf K, Kerbstat S, Seelbinder B, Schneeberg J, Zappe M, Goldschmidt J, Budinger E, Schröder UH, Ohl FW, Schilling S, Demuth HU, Scheich H, Reymann KG, Rönicke R. Disrupted cross-laminar cortical processing in β amyloid pathology precedes cell death. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 63:62-73. [PMID: 24291517 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption of neuronal networks in the Alzheimer-afflicted brain is increasingly recognized as a key correlate of cognitive and memory decline in Alzheimer patients. We hypothesized that functional synaptic disconnections within cortical columnar microcircuits by pathological β-amyloid accumulation, rather than cell death, initially causes the cognitive impairments. During development of cortical β-amyloidosis with still few plaques in the transgenic 5xFAD mouse model single cell resolution mapping of neuronal thallium uptake revealed that electrical activity of pyramidal cells breaks down throughout infragranular cortical layer V long before cell death occurs. Treatment of 5xFAD mice with the glutaminyl cyclase inhibitor, PQ 529, partially prevented the decline of pyramidal cell activity, indicating pyroglutamate-modified forms, potentially mixed oligomers of Aβ are contributing to neuronal impairment. Laminar investigation of cortical circuit dysfunction with current source density analysis identified an early loss of excitatory synaptic input in infragranular layers, linked to pathological recurrent activations in supragranular layers. This specific disruption of normal cross-laminar cortical processing coincided with a decline of contextual fear learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lison
- Leibniz-Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestr. 6, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - M F K Happel
- Leibniz-Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestr. 6, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - F Schneider
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e. V. (DZNE), c/o Universitätsklinikum Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44/Haus 64, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - K Baldauf
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e. V. (DZNE), c/o Universitätsklinikum Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44/Haus 64, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - S Kerbstat
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e. V. (DZNE), c/o Universitätsklinikum Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44/Haus 64, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - B Seelbinder
- Leibniz-Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestr. 6, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - J Schneeberg
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e. V. (DZNE), c/o Universitätsklinikum Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44/Haus 64, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - M Zappe
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e. V. (DZNE), c/o Universitätsklinikum Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44/Haus 64, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - J Goldschmidt
- Leibniz-Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestr. 6, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - E Budinger
- Leibniz-Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestr. 6, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - U H Schröder
- Leibniz-Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestr. 6, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - F W Ohl
- Leibniz-Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestr. 6, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - S Schilling
- Probiodrug AG, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - H-U Demuth
- Probiodrug AG, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - H Scheich
- Leibniz-Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestr. 6, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - K G Reymann
- Leibniz-Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestr. 6, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e. V. (DZNE), c/o Universitätsklinikum Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44/Haus 64, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - R Rönicke
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e. V. (DZNE), c/o Universitätsklinikum Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44/Haus 64, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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18
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Sivagurunathan G, Ramalingam K, Rizzoli C. Nanothallium(III) sulfide from dithiocarbamate precursors: Synthesis, single crystal X-ray structures and characterization. Polyhedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Steric influence on hapto interactions in supramolecularly linked thallium dithiocarbamates. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-013-0974-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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20
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Wanger T, Scheich H, Ohl FW, Goldschmidt J. The use of thallium diethyldithiocarbamate for mapping CNS potassium metabolism and neuronal activity: Tl+-redistribution, Tl+-kinetics and Tl+-equilibrium distribution. J Neurochem 2012; 122:106-14. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07757.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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21
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Haroon F, Händel U, Angenstein F, Goldschmidt J, Kreutzmann P, Lison H, Fischer KD, Scheich H, Wetzel W, Schlüter D, Budinger E. Toxoplasma gondii actively inhibits neuronal function in chronically infected mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35516. [PMID: 22530040 PMCID: PMC3329480 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon infection with the obligate intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii, fast replicating tachyzoites infect a broad spectrum of host cells including neurons. Under the pressure of the immune response, tachyzoites convert into slow-replicating bradyzoites, which persist as cysts in neurons. Currently, it is unclear whether T. gondii alters the functional activity of neurons, which may contribute to altered behaviour of T. gondii-infected mice and men. In the present study we demonstrate that upon oral infection with T. gondii cysts, chronically infected BALB/c mice lost over time their natural fear against cat urine which was paralleled by the persistence of the parasite in brain regions affecting behaviour and odor perception. Detailed immunohistochemistry showed that in infected neurons not only parasitic cysts but also the host cell cytoplasm and some axons stained positive for Toxoplasma antigen suggesting that parasitic proteins might directly interfere with neuronal function. In fact, in vitro live cell calcium (Ca(2+)) imaging studies revealed that tachyzoites actively manipulated Ca(2+) signalling upon glutamate stimulation leading either to hyper- or hypo-responsive neurons. Experiments with the endoplasmatic reticulum Ca(2+) uptake inhibitor thapsigargin indicate that tachyzoites deplete Ca(2+) stores in the endoplasmatic reticulum. Furthermore in vivo studies revealed that the activity-dependent uptake of the potassium analogue thallium was reduced in cyst harbouring neurons indicating their functional impairment. The percentage of non-functional neurons increased over time In conclusion, both bradyzoites and tachyzoites functionally silence infected neurons, which may significantly contribute to the altered behaviour of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Haroon
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Otto-von-Guericke Universität Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Händel
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Otto-von-Guericke Universität Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Frank Angenstein
- Leibniz-Institut für Neurobiologie, Speziallabor Nicht-Invasive Bildgebung, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Goldschmidt
- Leibniz-Institut für Neurobiologie, Abteilung Akustik, Lernen und Sprache, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Peter Kreutzmann
- Institut für Biochemie und Zellbiologie, Otto-von-Guericke Universität Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Holger Lison
- Leibniz-Institut für Neurobiologie, Abteilung Akustik, Lernen und Sprache, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Klaus-Dieter Fischer
- Institut für Biochemie und Zellbiologie, Otto-von-Guericke Universität Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Henning Scheich
- Leibniz-Institut für Neurobiologie, Abteilung Akustik, Lernen und Sprache, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Wolfram Wetzel
- Leibniz-Institut für Neurobiologie, Speziallabor Verhaltenspharmakologie, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Schlüter
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Otto-von-Guericke Universität Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Eike Budinger
- Leibniz-Institut für Neurobiologie, Abteilung Akustik, Lernen und Sprache, Magdeburg, Germany
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22
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Schreiber S, Bueche CZ, Garz C, Kropf S, Angenstein F, Goldschmidt J, Neumann J, Heinze HJ, Goertler M, Reymann KG, Braun H. The pathologic cascade of cerebrovascular lesions in SHRSP: is erythrocyte accumulation an early phase? J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2012; 32:278-90. [PMID: 21878945 PMCID: PMC3272595 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2011.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is associated with vessel wall changes, microbleeds, blood-brain barrier (BBB) disturbances, and reduced cerebral blood flow (CBF). As spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rats (SHRSP) may be a valid model of some aspects of human CSVD, we aimed to identify whether those changes occur in definite temporal stages and whether there is an initial phenomenon beyond those common vascular alterations. Groups of 51 SHRSP were examined simultaneously by histologic (Hematoxylin-Eosin, IgG-Immunohistochemistry, vessel diameter measurement) and imaging methods (Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 201-Thallium-Diethyldithiocarbamate/99m-Technetium-HMPAO Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography conducted as pilot study) at different stages of age. Vascular pathology in SHRSP proceeds in definite stages, whereas an age-dependent accumulation of erythrocytes in capillaries and arterioles represents the homogeneous initial step of the disease. Erythrocyte accumulations are followed by BBB disturbances and microbleeds, both also increasing with age. Microthromboses, tissue infarctions with CBF reduction, and disturbed potassium uptake represent the final stage of vascular pathology in SHRSP. Erythrocyte accumulations--we parsimoniously interpreted as stases--without cerebral tissue damage represent the first step of vascular pathology in SHRSP. If that initial phenomenon could be identified in patients, these erythrocyte accumulations might be a promising target for implementing prophylactic and therapeutic strategies in human CSVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Schreiber
- Klinik für Neurologie, Otto-von-Guericke Universität, Magdeburg, Germany.
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Macharadze T, Pielot R, Wanger T, Scheich H, Gundelfinger ED, Budinger E, Goldschmidt J, Kreutz MR. Altered Neuronal Activity Patterns in the Visual Cortex of the Adult Rat after Partial Optic Nerve Crush—A Single-Cell Resolution Metabolic Mapping Study. Cereb Cortex 2011; 22:1824-33. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhr256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Abstracts. Int J Audiol 2011. [DOI: 10.3109/14992027.2011.588967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Stimulus-specific adaptation in the gerbil primary auditory thalamus is the result of a fast frequency-specific habituation and is regulated by the corticofugal system. J Neurosci 2011; 31:9708-22. [PMID: 21715636 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5814-10.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection of novel and therefore potentially behavioral relevant stimuli is of fundamental importance for animals. In the auditory system, stimulus-specific adaptation (SSA) resulting in stronger responses to rare compared with frequent stimuli was proposed as such a novelty detection mechanism. SSA is a now well established phenomenon found at different levels along the mammalian auditory pathway. It depends on various stimulus features, such as deviant probability, and may be an essential mechanism underlying perception of changes in sound statistics. We recorded neuronal responses from the ventral part of the medial geniculate body (vMGB) in Mongolian gerbils to determine details of the adaptation process that might indicate underlying neuronal mechanisms. Neurons in the vMGB exhibited a median spike rate change of 15.4% attributable to a fast habituation to the frequently presented standard stimulus. Accordingly, the main habituation effect could also be induced by the repetition of a few uniform tonal stimuli. The degree of habituation was frequency-specific, and comparison across simultaneously recorded units indicated that adaptation effects were apparently topographically organized. At the population level, stronger habituation effects were on average associated with the border regions of the frequency response areas. Finally, the pharmacological inactivation of the auditory cortex demonstrated that SSA in the vMGB is mainly regulated by the corticofugal system. Hence, these results indicate a more general function of SSA in the processing and analysis of auditory information than the term novelty detection suggests.
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Coomber B, Edwards D, Jones SJ, Shackleton TM, Goldschmidt J, Wallace MN, Palmer AR. Cortical inactivation by cooling in small animals. Front Syst Neurosci 2011; 5:53. [PMID: 21734869 PMCID: PMC3122068 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2011.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Reversible inactivation of the cortex by surface cooling is a powerful method for studying the function of a particular area. Implanted cooling cryoloops have been used to study the role of individual cortical areas in auditory processing of awake-behaving cats. Cryoloops have also been used in rodents for reversible inactivation of the cortex, but recently there has been a concern that the cryoloop may also cool non-cortical structures either directly or via the perfusion of blood, cooled as it passed close to the cooling loop. In this study we have confirmed that the loop can inactivate most of the auditory cortex without causing a significant reduction in temperature of the auditory thalamus or other subcortical structures. We placed a cryoloop on the surface of the guinea pig cortex, cooled it to 2°C and measured thermal gradients across the neocortical surface. We found that the temperature dropped to 20–24°C among cells within a radius of about 2.5 mm away from the loop. This temperature drop was sufficient to reduce activity of most cortical cells and led to the inactivation of almost the entire auditory region. When the temperature of thalamus, midbrain, and middle ear were measured directly during cortical cooling, there was a small drop in temperature (about 4°C) but this was not sufficient to directly reduce neural activity. In an effort to visualize the extent of neural inactivation we measured the uptake of thallium ions following an intravenous injection. This confirmed that there was a large reduction of activity across much of the ipsilateral cortex and only a small reduction in subcortical structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Coomber
- MRC Institute of Hearing Research, University Park Nottingham, UK
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27
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Hijnen NM, de Vries A, Blange R, Burdinski D, Grüll H. Synthesis and in vivo evaluation of 201Tl(III)–DOTA complexes for applications in SPECT imaging. Nucl Med Biol 2011; 38:585-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2010.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Revised: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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28
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Alexander N, Ramalingam K, Rizzoli C. Supramolecularly linked linear polymers of thallium(I) dithiocarbamates: Steric influence on the supramolecular interactions of methyl and ethylcyclohexyl dithiocarbamates of thallium(I). Inorganica Chim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2010.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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29
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Spectral integration in primary auditory cortex attributable to temporally precise convergence of thalamocortical and intracortical input. J Neurosci 2010; 30:11114-27. [PMID: 20720119 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0689-10.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary sensory cortex integrates sensory information from afferent feedforward thalamocortical projection systems and convergent intracortical microcircuits. Both input systems have been demonstrated to provide different aspects of sensory information. Here we have used high-density recordings of laminar current source density (CSD) distributions in primary auditory cortex of Mongolian gerbils in combination with pharmacological silencing of cortical activity and analysis of the residual CSD, to dissociate the feedforward thalamocortical contribution and the intracortical contribution to spectral integration. We found a temporally highly precise integration of both types of inputs when the stimulation frequency was in close spectral neighborhood of the best frequency of the measurement site, in which the overlap between both inputs is maximal. Local intracortical connections provide both directly feedforward excitatory and modulatory input from adjacent cortical sites, which determine how concurrent afferent inputs are integrated. Through separate excitatory horizontal projections, terminating in cortical layers II/III, information about stimulus energy in greater spectral distance is provided even over long cortical distances. These projections effectively broaden spectral tuning width. Based on these data, we suggest a mechanism of spectral integration in primary auditory cortex that is based on temporally precise interactions of afferent thalamocortical inputs and different short- and long-range intracortical networks. The proposed conceptual framework allows integration of different and partly controversial anatomical and physiological models of spectral integration in the literature.
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