1
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Age-related differences in frontoparietal activation for target and distractor singletons during visual search. Atten Percept Psychophys 2023; 85:749-768. [PMID: 36627473 PMCID: PMC10066832 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-022-02640-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Age-related decline in visual search performance has been associated with different patterns of activation in frontoparietal regions using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), but whether these age-related effects represent specific influences of target and distractor processing is unclear. Therefore, we acquired event-related fMRI data from 68 healthy, community-dwelling adults ages 18-78 years, during both conjunction (T/F target among rotated Ts and Fs) and feature (T/F target among Os) search. Some displays contained a color singleton that could correspond to either the target or a distractor. A diffusion decision analysis indicated age-related increases in sensorimotor response time across all task conditions, but an age-related decrease in the rate of evidence accumulation (drift rate) was specific to conjunction search. Moreover, the color singleton facilitated search performance when occurring as a target and disrupted performance when occurring as a distractor, but only during conjunction search, and these effects were independent of age. The fMRI data indicated that decreased search efficiency for conjunction relative to feature search was evident as widespread frontoparietal activation. Activation within the left insula mediated the age-related decrease in drift rate for conjunction search, whereas this relation in the FEF and parietal cortex was significant only for individuals younger than 30 or 44 years, respectively. Finally, distractor singletons were associated with significant parietal activation, whereas target singletons were associated with significant frontoparietal deactivation, and this latter effect increased with adult age. Age-related differences in frontoparietal activation therefore reflect both the overall efficiency of search and the enhancement from salient targets.
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2
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Luo L, Lei X, Zhu C, Wu J, Ren H, Zhan J, Qin Y. Decreased Connectivity in Precuneus of the Ventral Attentional Network in First-Episode, Treatment-Naïve Patients With Major Depressive Disorder: A Network Homogeneity and Independent Component Analysis. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:925253. [PMID: 35693966 PMCID: PMC9184427 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.925253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The ventral attentional network (VAN) can provide quantitative information on cognitive problems in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). Nevertheless, little is known about network homogeneity (NH) changes in the VAN of these patients. The aim of this study was to examine the NH values in the VAN by independent component analysis (ICA) and compare the NH values between MDD patients and the normal controls (NCs). METHODS Attentional network test and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data were collected from 73 patients, and 70 NCs matched by gender, age, and education years. ICA and NH were employed to evaluate the data. Moreover, the NH values were compared, and Spearman's rank correlation analysis was used to assess the correlations with the executive control reaction time (ECRT). RESULTS Our results showed that the first-episode, treatment-naive MDD patients had decreased NH in the right precuneus (PCu) and abnormal ECRT compared with NCs. However, no significant correlation was found between the NH values and measured clinical variables. CONCLUSION Our results highlight the potential importance of VAN in the pathophysiology of cognitive problems in MDD, thus offering new directions for future research on MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiong Luo
- Department of Oncology, Tianyou Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xijun Lei
- Department of Oncology, Tianyou Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Canmin Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Jiangxia District, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuhan Central Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongwei Ren
- Department of Medical Imaging, Tianyou Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Zhan
- Department of Oncology, Tianyou Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongzhang Qin
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
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3
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Understanding the collinear masking effect in visual search through eye tracking. Psychon Bull Rev 2021; 28:1933-1943. [PMID: 34109536 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-021-01944-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has reported that, while both orientation contrast and collinearity increase target salience in visual search, a combination of the two counterintuitively masks a local target. Through eye-tracking and eye-movement analysis with hidden Markov models (EMHMM), here we showed that this collinear masking effect was associated with reduced eye-fixation consistency (as measured in entropy) at the central fixation cross prior to the search display presentation. As a decreased precision of saccade landing position is shown to be related to attention shift away from the saccadic target, our result suggested that the collinear masking effect may be related to attention shift to a non-saccadic-goal location in expectation of the search display before saccading to the central fixation cross. This attention shift may consequently interfere with attention capture by the collinear distractor containing the target, resulting in the masking effect. In contrast, although older adults had longer response times, more dispersed eye-movement pattern, and lower eye-movement consistency than young adults during visual search, the two age groups did not differ in the masking effect, suggesting limited contribution from ageing-related cognitive decline. Thus, participants' pre-saccadic attention shift prior to search may be an important factor influencing their search behavior.
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4
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Kojouharova P, Gaál ZA, Nagy B, Czigler I. Age Effects on Distraction in a Visual Task Requiring Fast Reactions: An Event-Related Potential Study. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:596047. [PMID: 33324195 PMCID: PMC7726357 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.596047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of distractors in older and younger participants in choice and simple reaction time tasks with concurrent registration of event-related potentials. In the task the participants had to prevent a disk from falling into a bin after a color or luminosity change (target stimuli). Infrequently, task-irrelevant stimuli (schematic faces or threatening objects) were superimposed on the target stimuli (distractors), or the bin disappeared which required no response (Nogo trials). Reaction time was delayed to the distractors, but this effect was similar in the two age groups. As a robust age-related difference, in the older group a large anterior positivity and posterior negativity emerged to the distractors within the 100-200 ms post-stimulus range, and these components were larger for schematic faces than for threatening objects. sLORETA localized the age-specific effect to the ventral stream of the visual system and to anterior structures considered as parts of the executive system. The Nogo stimuli elicited a late positivity (Nogo P3) with longer latency in the older group. We interpreted the age-related differences as decreased but compensated resistance to task-irrelevant change of the target stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petia Kojouharova
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Anna Gaál
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Boglárka Nagy
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Psychology (Cognitive Science), Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Czigler
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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5
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Response-level processing during visual feature search: Effects of frontoparietal activation and adult age. Atten Percept Psychophys 2019; 82:330-349. [PMID: 31376024 PMCID: PMC6995405 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-019-01823-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Previous research suggests that feature search performance is relatively resistant to age-related decline. However, little is known regarding the neural mechanisms underlying the age-related constancy of feature search. In this experiment, we used a diffusion decision model of reaction time (RT), and event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate age-related differences in response-level processing during visual feature search. Participants were 80 healthy, right-handed, community-dwelling individuals, 19–79 years of age. Analyses of search performance indicated that targets accompanied by response-incompatible distractors were associated with a significant increase in the nondecision-time (t0) model parameter, possibly reflecting the additional time required for response execution. Nondecision time increased significantly with increasing age, but no age-related effects were evident in drift rate, cautiousness (boundary separation, a), or in the specific effects of response compatibility. Nondecision time was also associated with a pattern of activation and deactivation in frontoparietal regions. The relation of age to nondecision time was indirect, mediated by this pattern of frontoparietal activation and deactivation. Response-compatible and -incompatible trials were associated with specific patterns of activation in the medial and superior parietal cortex, and frontal eye field, but these activation effects did not mediate the relation between age and search performance. These findings suggest that, in the context of a highly efficient feature search task, the age-related influence of frontoparietal activation is operative at a relatively general level, which is common to the task conditions, rather than at the response level specifically.
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6
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Swirsky LT, Spaniol J. Cognitive and motivational selectivity in healthy aging. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2019; 10:e1512. [DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Spaniol
- Department of Psychology Ryerson University Toronto Ontario Canada
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7
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Wei P, Yu H, Müller HJ, Pollmann S, Zhou X. Differential brain mechanisms for processing distracting information in task-relevant and -irrelevant dimensions in visual search. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 40:110-124. [PMID: 30256504 PMCID: PMC8022275 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A crucial function of our goal-directed behavior is to select task-relevant targets among distractor stimuli, some of which may share properties with the target and thus compete for attentional selection. Here, by applying functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to a visual search task in which a target was embedded in an array of distractors that were homogeneous or heterogeneous along the task-relevant (orientation or form) and/or task-irrelevant (color) dimensions, we demonstrate that for both (orientation) feature search and (form) conjunction search, the fusiform gyrus is involved in processing the task-irrelevant color information, while the bilateral frontal eye fields (FEF), the cortex along the left intraparietal sulcus (IPS), and the left junction of intraparietal and transverse occipital sulci (IPTO) are involved in processing task-relevant distracting information, especially for target-absent trials. Moreover, in conjunction (but not in feature) search, activity in these frontoparietal regions is affected by stimulus heterogeneity along the task-irrelevant dimension: heterogeneity of the task-irrelevant information increases the activity in these regions only when the task-relevant information is homogeneous, not when it is heterogeneous. These findings suggest that differential neural mechanisms are involved in processing task-relevant and task-irrelevant dimensions of the searched-for objects. In addition, they show that the top-down task set plays a dominant role in determining whether or not task-irrelevant information can affect the processing of the task-relevant dimension in the frontoparietal regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition and School of PsychologyCapital Normal UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Imaging TechnologyCapital Normal UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Hongbo Yu
- School of Psychological and Cognitive SciencesPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Hermann J. Müller
- General & Experimental Psychology, Department of PsychologyLMU MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Stefan Pollmann
- Department of Experimental Psychology and Center for Behavioral Brain SciencesOtto‐von‐Guericke‐University MagdeburgMagdeburgGermany
| | - Xiaolin Zhou
- School of Psychological and Cognitive SciencesPeking UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental HealthPeking UniversityBeijingChina
- PKU‐IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain ResearchPeking UniversityBeijingChina
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8
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Ma H, Huang X, Liu M, Ma H, Zhang D. Aging of stimulus-driven and goal-directed attentional processes in young immigrants with long-term high altitude exposure in Tibet: An ERP study. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17417. [PMID: 30479363 PMCID: PMC6258680 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34706-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
High altitude (HA) exposure reduces the behavioral response to visual attention and the neural basis is still largely unclear. The present study explored the stimulus-driven and goal-directed factors that are hidden within this attentional behavior impairment via a visual search paradigm in young immigrants in Tibet by recording event-related potential (ERPs). We found that HA explosure significantly slowed the stimulus-driven behaviors instead of the goal-directed behaviors. Furthermore, the P1, N1, and P3 amplitudes collectively indicated the poor efficiency of entire attention behaviors, in which the P3 magnitude of resources allocation was negatively correlated with the attentional behavior response. And the P3 scalp distribution suggested a compensation for insufficient resources of sensory processing only in the goal-directed behaviors. Together, the present study made the point on how stimulus-driven and goal-directed attentional behaviors changed as a result of chronic HA environment exposure, which is similar to aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailin Ma
- Plateau Brain Science Research Center, South China Normal University/Tibet University, Guangzhou, 510631/Lhasa 850012, China.,Center for the Study of Applied Psychology, Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science of Guangdong Province, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Huang
- Plateau Brain Science Research Center, South China Normal University/Tibet University, Guangzhou, 510631/Lhasa 850012, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Plateau Brain Science Research Center, South China Normal University/Tibet University, Guangzhou, 510631/Lhasa 850012, China.,Center for the Study of Applied Psychology, Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science of Guangdong Province, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Huifang Ma
- College of Management, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Delong Zhang
- Plateau Brain Science Research Center, South China Normal University/Tibet University, Guangzhou, 510631/Lhasa 850012, China. .,Center for the Study of Applied Psychology, Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science of Guangdong Province, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China. .,Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
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9
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Hedge C, Powell G, Sumner P. The mapping between transformed reaction time costs and models of processing in aging and cognition. Psychol Aging 2018; 33:1093-1104. [PMID: 30299155 PMCID: PMC6233521 DOI: 10.1037/pag0000298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Older adults tend to have slower response times (RTs) than younger adults on cognitive tasks. This makes the examination of domain-specific deficits in aging difficult, as differences between conditions in raw RTs (RT costs) typically increase with slower average RTs. Here, we examine the mapping between 2 established approaches to dealing with this confound in the literature. The first is to use transformed RT costs, with the z-score and proportional transforms both being commonly used. The second is to use mathematical models of choice RT behavior, such as the drift-diffusion model (Ratcliff, 1978). We simulated data for younger and older adults from the drift-diffusion model under 4 scenarios: (a) a domain specific deficit, (b) general slowing, (c) strategic slowing, and (d) a slowing of nondecision processes. In each scenario we varied the size of the difference between younger and older adults in the model parameters, and examined corresponding effect sizes and Type I error rates in the raw and transformed RT costs. The z-score transformation provided better control of Type I error rates than the raw or proportional costs, though did not fully control for differences in the general slowing and strategic slowing scenarios. We recommend that RT analyses are ideally supplemented by analyses of error rates where possible, as these may help to identify the presence of confounds. To facilitate this, it would be beneficial to include conditions that elicit below ceiling accuracy in tasks.
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10
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Tsvetanov KA, Ye Z, Hughes L, Samu D, Treder MS, Wolpe N, Tyler LK, Rowe JB. Activity and Connectivity Differences Underlying Inhibitory Control Across the Adult Life Span. J Neurosci 2018; 38:7887-7900. [PMID: 30049889 PMCID: PMC6125816 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2919-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory control requires precise regulation of activity and connectivity within multiple brain networks. Previous studies have typically evaluated age-related changes in regional activity or changes in interregional interactions. Instead, we test the hypothesis that activity and connectivity make distinct, complementary contributions to performance across the life span and the maintenance of successful inhibitory control systems. A representative sample of healthy human adults in a large, population-based life span cohort performed an integrated Stop-Signal (SS)/No-Go task during functional magnetic resonance imaging (n = 119; age range, 18-88 years). Individual differences in inhibitory control were measured in terms of the SS reaction time (SSRT), using the blocked integration method. Linear models and independent components analysis revealed that individual differences in SSRT correlated with both activity and connectivity in a distributed inhibition network, comprising prefrontal, premotor, and motor regions. Importantly, this pattern was moderated by age, such that the association between inhibitory control and connectivity, but not activity, differed with age. Multivariate statistics and out-of-sample validation tests of multifactorial functional organization identified differential roles of activity and connectivity in determining an individual's SSRT across the life span. We propose that age-related differences in adaptive cognitive control are best characterized by the joint consideration of multifocal activity and connectivity within distributed brain networks. These insights may facilitate the development of new strategies to support cognitive ability in old age.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The preservation of cognitive and motor control is crucial for maintaining well being across the life span. We show that such control is determined by both activity and connectivity within distributed brain networks. In a large, population-based cohort, we used a novel whole-brain multivariate approach to estimate the functional components of inhibitory control, in terms of their activity and connectivity. Both activity and connectivity in the inhibition network changed with age. But only the association between performance and connectivity, not activity, differed with age. The results suggest that adaptive control is best characterized by the joint consideration of multifocal activity and connectivity. These insights may facilitate the development of new strategies to maintain cognitive ability across the life span in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamen A Tsvetanov
- Centre for Speech, Language and the Brain,
- Cambridge Centre for Ageing and Neuroscience (Cam-CAN), Department of Psychology and MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2PY, United Kingdom
| | - Zheng Ye
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
- Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, People's Republic of China
| | - Laura Hughes
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2PY, United Kingdom
| | - David Samu
- Centre for Speech, Language and the Brain
- Cambridge Centre for Ageing and Neuroscience (Cam-CAN), Department of Psychology and MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias S Treder
- Cambridge Centre for Ageing and Neuroscience (Cam-CAN), Department of Psychology and MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
- School of Computer Science and Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
| | - Noham Wolpe
- Cambridge Centre for Ageing and Neuroscience (Cam-CAN), Department of Psychology and MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2PY, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge CB2 7EF, United Kingdom, and
| | - Lorraine K Tyler
- Centre for Speech, Language and the Brain
- Cambridge Centre for Ageing and Neuroscience (Cam-CAN), Department of Psychology and MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - James B Rowe
- Cambridge Centre for Ageing and Neuroscience (Cam-CAN), Department of Psychology and MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2PY, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge CB2 7EF, United Kingdom, and
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11
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Michely J, Volz LJ, Hoffstaedter F, Tittgemeyer M, Eickhoff SB, Fink GR, Grefkes C. Network connectivity of motor control in the ageing brain. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2018; 18:443-455. [PMID: 29552486 PMCID: PMC5852391 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Older individuals typically display stronger regional brain activity than younger subjects during motor performance. However, knowledge regarding age-related changes of motor network interactions between brain regions remains scarce. We here investigated the impact of ageing on the interaction of cortical areas during movement selection and initiation using dynamic causal modelling (DCM). We found that age-related psychomotor slowing was accompanied by increases in both regional activity and effective connectivity, especially for ‘core’ motor coupling targeting primary motor cortex (M1). Interestingly, younger participants within the older group showed strongest connectivity targeting M1, which steadily decreased with advancing age. Conversely, prefrontal influences on the motor system increased with advancing age, and were inversely correlated with reduced parietal influences and core motor coupling. Interestingly, higher net coupling within the prefrontal-premotor-M1 axis predicted faster psychomotor speed in ageing. Hence, as opposed to a uniform age-related decline, our findings are compatible with the idea of different age-related compensatory mechanisms, with an important role of the prefrontal cortex compensating for reduced coupling within the core motor network. Enhanced motor network activity and connectivity in ageing Parietal-premotor and premotor-M1 coupling decreases with advancing age. Prefrontal influences on the motor system increase with advancing age. Prefrontal cortex compensates for age-related decline in other motor connections. Prefrontal-premotor-M1 coupling predicts psychomotor speed in ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Michely
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - L J Volz
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and UCSB Brain Imaging Center, University of California, 93106 Santa Barbara, USA
| | - F Hoffstaedter
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1, INM-3), Research Centre Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany; Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - M Tittgemeyer
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - S B Eickhoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1, INM-3), Research Centre Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany; Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - G R Fink
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1, INM-3), Research Centre Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - C Grefkes
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1, INM-3), Research Centre Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany.
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12
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Mattan BD, Quinn KA, Acaster SL, Jennings RM, Rotshtein P. Prioritization of Self-Relevant Perspectives in Ageing. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2017; 70:1033-1052. [DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2015.1127399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether age-related sensitivity to self-relevance may benefit perspective taking, despite generally poorer perspective-taking capacity in older adults. In one perceptual matching task and two visual perspective-taking paradigms, we examined age differences in sensitivity to avatars representing self and other. In the matching task, older (60–83 years) and younger (18–20 years) adults were similarly biased toward the self- versus other-associated avatar. In the perspective-taking tasks, participants viewed these avatars within a virtual room. Task-relevant perspectives were either the same (i.e., congruent) or different (i.e., incongruent). In the 3PP–3PP task, both avatars were present, and participants adopted the perspective of one or the other. As in the matching task, young and old were similarly biased toward the self-associated avatar. However, age differences emerged in the 1PP–3PP task, which presented only one avatar per trial (varying between self and other), and participants responded based on their own first-person perspective or the avatar's. In summary, age modulated the ability to take perspectives primarily when participants’ own first-person perspective was task relevant. Relative to younger adults, older adults prioritized the self (vs. other) avatar more during initial perspective computation and the first-person (vs. third-person) perspective more when selecting between incongruent perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kimberly A. Quinn
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Psychology, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Pia Rotshtein
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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13
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Madden DJ, Parks EL, Tallman CW, Boylan MA, Hoagey DA, Cocjin SB, Johnson MA, Chou YH, Potter GG, Chen NK, Packard LE, Siciliano RE, Monge ZA, Diaz MT. Frontoparietal activation during visual conjunction search: Effects of bottom-up guidance and adult age. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:2128-2149. [PMID: 28052456 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with a visual search paradigm to test the hypothesis that aging is associated with increased frontoparietal involvement in both target detection and bottom-up attentional guidance (featural salience). Participants were 68 healthy adults, distributed continuously across 19 to 78 years of age. Frontoparietal regions of interest (ROIs) were defined from resting-state scans obtained prior to task-related fMRI. The search target was defined by a conjunction of color and orientation. Each display contained one item that was larger than the others (i.e., a size singleton) but was not informative regarding target identity. Analyses of search reaction time (RT) indicated that bottom-up attentional guidance from the size singleton (when coincident with the target) was relatively constant as a function of age. Frontoparietal fMRI activation related to target detection was constant as a function of age, as was the reduction in activation associated with salient targets. However, for individuals 35 years of age and older, engagement of the left frontal eye field (FEF) in bottom-up guidance was more prominent than for younger individuals. Further, the age-related differences in left FEF activation were a consequence of decreasing resting-state functional connectivity in visual sensory regions. These findings indicate that age-related compensatory effects may be expressed in the relation between activation and behavior, rather than in the magnitude of activation, and that relevant changes in the activation-RT relation may begin at a relatively early point in adulthood. Hum Brain Mapp 38:2128-2149, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Madden
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Emily L Parks
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Catherine W Tallman
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Maria A Boylan
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - David A Hoagey
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Sally B Cocjin
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Micah A Johnson
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ying-Hui Chou
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Guy G Potter
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Nan-Kuei Chen
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Lauren E Packard
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Rachel E Siciliano
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Zachary A Monge
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Michele T Diaz
- Department of Psychology, and Social, Life, and Engineering Sciences Imaging Center, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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14
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Deslauriers J, Ansado J, Marrelec G, Provost JS, Joanette Y. Increase of posterior connectivity in aging within the Ventral Attention Network: A functional connectivity analysis using independent component analysis. Brain Res 2016; 1657:288-296. [PMID: 28012826 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Multiple studies have found neurofunctional changes in normal aging in a context of selective attention. Furthermore, many articles report intrahemispheric alteration in functional networks. However, little is known about age-related changes within the Ventral Attention Network (VAN), which underlies selective attention. The aim of this study is to examine age-related changes within the VAN, focusing on connectivity between its regions. Here we report our findings on the analysis of 27 participants' (13 younger and 14 older healthy adults) BOLD signals as well as their performance on a letter-matching task. We identified the VAN independently for both groups using spatial independent component analysis. Three main findings emerged: First, younger adults were faster and more accurate on the task. Second, older adults had greater connectivity among posterior regions (right temporoparietal junction, right superior parietal lobule, right middle temporal gyrus and left cerebellum crus I) than younger adults but lower connectivity among anterior regions (right anterior insula, right medial superior frontal gyrus and right middle frontal gyrus). Older adults also had more connectivity between anterior and posterior regions than younger adults. Finally, correlations between connectivity and response time on the task showed a trend toward connectivity in posterior regions for the older group and in anterior regions for the younger group. Thus, this study shows that intrahemispheric neurofunctional changes in aging also affect the VAN. The results suggest that, in contexts of selective attention, posterior regions increased in importance for older adults, while anterior regions had reduced centrality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan Deslauriers
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Canada; Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Guillaume Marrelec
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'imagerie biomédicale (LIB), F-75013 Paris, France
| | | | - Yves Joanette
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Canada; Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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15
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Beran MJ, Menzel CR, Parrish AE, Perdue BM, Sayers K, Smith JD, Washburn DA. Primate cognition: attention, episodic memory, prospective memory, self-control, and metacognition as examples of cognitive control in nonhuman primates. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2016; 7:294-316. [PMID: 27284790 PMCID: PMC5173379 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Primate Cognition is the study of cognitive processes, which represent internal mental processes involved in discriminations, decisions, and behaviors of humans and other primate species. Cognitive control involves executive and regulatory processes that allocate attention, manipulate and evaluate available information (and, when necessary, seek additional information), remember past experiences to plan future behaviors, and deal with distraction and impulsivity when they are threats to goal achievement. Areas of research that relate to cognitive control as it is assessed across species include executive attention, episodic memory, prospective memory, metacognition, and self-control. Executive attention refers to the ability to control what sensory stimuli one attends to and how one regulates responses to those stimuli, especially in cases of conflict. Episodic memory refers to memory for personally experienced, autobiographical events. Prospective memory refers to the formation and implementation of future-intended actions, such as remembering what needs to be done later. Metacognition consists of control and monitoring processes that allow individuals to assess what information they have and what information they still need, and then if necessary to seek information. Self-control is a regulatory process whereby individuals forego more immediate or easier to obtain rewards for more delayed or harder to obtain rewards that are objectively more valuable. The behavioral complexity shown by nonhuman primates when given tests to assess these capacities indicates psychological continuities with human cognitive control capacities. However, more research is needed to clarify the proper interpretation of these behaviors with regard to possible cognitive constructs that may underlie such behaviors. WIREs Cogn Sci 2016, 7:294-316. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1397 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Beran
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Charles R Menzel
- Language Research Center, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Audrey E Parrish
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bonnie M Perdue
- Department of Psychology, Agnes Scott College, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Ken Sayers
- Language Research Center, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - J David Smith
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David A Washburn
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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16
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Abstract
Although aging is associated with clear declines in physical and cognitive processes, emotional functioning fares relatively well. Consistent with this behavioral profile, two core emotional brain regions, the amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, show little structural and functional decline in aging, compared with other regions. However, emotional processes depend on interacting systems of neurotransmitters and brain regions that go beyond these structures. This review examines how age-related brain changes influence processes such as attending to and remembering emotional stimuli, regulating emotion, and recognizing emotional expressions, as well as empathy, risk taking, impulsivity, behavior change, and attentional focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Mather
- Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089;
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