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1
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Mather M. The emotion paradox in the aging body and brain. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2024; 1536:13-41. [PMID: 38676452 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.15138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
With age, parasympathetic activity decreases, while sympathetic activity increases. Thus, the typical older adult has low heart rate variability (HRV) and high noradrenaline levels. Younger adults with this physiological profile tend to be unhappy and stressed. Yet, with age, emotional experience tends to improve. Why does older adults' emotional well-being not suffer as their HRV decreases? To address this apparent paradox, I present the autonomic compensation model. In this model, failing organs, the initial phases of Alzheimer's pathology, and other age-related diseases trigger noradrenergic hyperactivity. To compensate, older brains increase autonomic regulatory activity in the pregenual prefrontal cortex (PFC). Age-related declines in nerve conduction reduce the ability of the pregenual PFC to reduce hyperactive noradrenergic activity and increase peripheral HRV. But these pregenual PFC autonomic compensation efforts have a significant impact in the brain, where they bias processing in favor of stimuli that tend to increase parasympathetic activity (e.g., stimuli that increase feelings of safety) and against stimuli that tend to increase sympathetic activity (e.g., threatening stimuli). In summary, the autonomic compensation model posits that age-related chronic sympathetic/noradrenergic hyperactivity stimulates regulatory attempts that have the side effect of enhancing emotional well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Mather
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, Department of Psychology, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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2
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Lu F, Cui Q, Zou Y, Guo Y, Luo W, Yu Y, Gao J, Cai X, Fu L, Yuan S, Huang J, Zhang Y, Xie J, Sheng W, Tang Q, Gao Q, He Z, Chen H. Effects of rTMS Intervention on Functional Neuroimaging Activities in Adolescents with Major Depressive Disorder Measured Using Resting-State fMRI. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1374. [PMID: 38135965 PMCID: PMC10740826 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10121374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (L-DLPFC) is commonly used for the clinical treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). The neuroimaging biomarkers and mechanisms of rTMS are still not completely understood. This study aimed to explore the functional neuroimaging changes induced by rTMS in adolescents with MDD. A total of ten sessions of rTMS were administrated to the L-DLPFC in thirteen adolescents with MDD once a day for two weeks. All of them were scanned using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging at baseline and after rTMS treatment. The regional homogeneity (ReHo), amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF), and the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC)-based functional connectivity (FC) were computed as neuroimaging indicators. The correlation between changes in the sgACC-based FC and the improvement in depressive symptoms was also analyzed. After rTMS treatment, ReHo and ALFF were significantly increased in the L-DLPFC, the left medial prefrontal cortex, bilateral medial orbital frontal cortex, and the left ACC. ReHo and ALFF decreased mainly in the left middle occipital gyrus, the right middle cingulate cortex (MCC), bilateral calcarine, the left cuneus, and the left superior occipital gyrus. Furthermore, the FCs between the left sgACC and the L-DLPFC, the right IFGoper, the left MCC, the left precuneus, bilateral post-central gyrus, the left supplementary motor area, and the left superior marginal gyrus were enhanced after rTMS treatment. Moreover, the changes in the left sgACC-left MCC FC were associated with an improvement in depressive symptoms in early improvers. This study showed that rTMS treatment in adolescents with MDD causes changes in brain activities and sgACC-based FC, which may provide basic neural biomarkers for rTMS clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengmei Lu
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China; (F.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (W.L.); (Y.Y.); (X.C.); (L.F.); (S.Y.); (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (W.S.); (Q.T.)
| | - Qian Cui
- School of Public Affairs and Administration, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Yang Zou
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China; (F.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (W.L.); (Y.Y.); (X.C.); (L.F.); (S.Y.); (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (W.S.); (Q.T.)
| | - Yuanhong Guo
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China; (F.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (W.L.); (Y.Y.); (X.C.); (L.F.); (S.Y.); (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (W.S.); (Q.T.)
| | - Wei Luo
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China; (F.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (W.L.); (Y.Y.); (X.C.); (L.F.); (S.Y.); (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (W.S.); (Q.T.)
| | - Yue Yu
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China; (F.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (W.L.); (Y.Y.); (X.C.); (L.F.); (S.Y.); (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (W.S.); (Q.T.)
| | - Jingjing Gao
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China;
| | - Xiao Cai
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China; (F.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (W.L.); (Y.Y.); (X.C.); (L.F.); (S.Y.); (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (W.S.); (Q.T.)
| | - Linna Fu
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China; (F.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (W.L.); (Y.Y.); (X.C.); (L.F.); (S.Y.); (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (W.S.); (Q.T.)
| | - Shuai Yuan
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China; (F.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (W.L.); (Y.Y.); (X.C.); (L.F.); (S.Y.); (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (W.S.); (Q.T.)
| | - Juan Huang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China; (F.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (W.L.); (Y.Y.); (X.C.); (L.F.); (S.Y.); (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (W.S.); (Q.T.)
| | - Yajun Zhang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China; (F.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (W.L.); (Y.Y.); (X.C.); (L.F.); (S.Y.); (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (W.S.); (Q.T.)
| | - Jing Xie
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China; (F.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (W.L.); (Y.Y.); (X.C.); (L.F.); (S.Y.); (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (W.S.); (Q.T.)
| | - Wei Sheng
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China; (F.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (W.L.); (Y.Y.); (X.C.); (L.F.); (S.Y.); (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (W.S.); (Q.T.)
| | - Qin Tang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China; (F.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (W.L.); (Y.Y.); (X.C.); (L.F.); (S.Y.); (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (W.S.); (Q.T.)
| | - Qing Gao
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Zongling He
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China; (F.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (W.L.); (Y.Y.); (X.C.); (L.F.); (S.Y.); (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (W.S.); (Q.T.)
| | - Huafu Chen
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China; (F.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (W.L.); (Y.Y.); (X.C.); (L.F.); (S.Y.); (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (W.S.); (Q.T.)
- MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
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Neumann N, Domin M, Schmidt CO, Lotze M. Chronic pain is associated with less grey matter volume in the anterior cingulum, anterior and posterior insula and hippocampus across three different chronic pain conditions. Eur J Pain 2023; 27:1239-1248. [PMID: 37366271 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.2153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic pain of different aetiologies and localization has been associated with less grey matter volume (GMV) in several cortical and subcortical brain areas. Recent meta-analyses reported low reproducibility of GMV alterations between studies and pain syndromes. METHODS To investigate GMV in common chronic pain conditions defined by body location (chronic back pain, n = 174; migraine, n = 92; craniomandibular disorder, n = 39) compared to controls (n = 296), we conducted voxel-based morphometry and determined GMV from high-resolution cranial MRIs obtained in an epidemiologic survey. Mediation analyses were performed between the presence of chronic pain and GMV testing the mediators stress and mild depression. The predictability of chronic pain was investigated with binomial logistic regression. RESULTS Whole-brain analyses yielded reduced GMV within the left anterior insula and the anterior cingulate cortex, for a ROI approach additionally the left posterior insula and left hippocampus showing less GMV across all patients with chronic pain. The relationship of pain with GMV in the left hippocampus was mediated by self-reported stressors in the last 12 months. Binomial logistic regression revealed a predictive effect for GMV in the left hippocampus and left anterior insula/temporal pole for the presence of chronic pain. CONCLUSIONS Chronic pain across three different pain conditions was characterized by less GMV in brain regions consistently described for different chronic pain conditions before. Less GMV in the left hippocampus mediated by experienced stress during the last year might be related to altered pain learning mechanisms in chronic pain patients. SIGNIFICANCE Grey matter reorganization could serve as a diagnostic biomarker for chronic pain. In a large cohort, we here replicated findings of less grey matter volume across three pain conditions in the left anterior and posterior insula, anterior cingulate and left hippocampus. Less hippocampal grey matter was mediated by experienced stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Neumann
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, Functional Imaging Unit, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martin Domin
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, Functional Imaging Unit, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Carsten-Oliver Schmidt
- Institute for Community Medicine- Department SHIP/KEF, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martin Lotze
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, Functional Imaging Unit, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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4
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Hector MS, Cheng JC, Hemington KS, Rogachov A, Kim JA, Osborne NR, Bosma RL, Fauchon C, Ayoub LJ, Inman R, Oh J, Anastakis DJ, Davis KD. Resilience is associated with cortical gray matter of the antinociceptive pathway in people with chronic pain. Biol Psychol 2023; 183:108658. [PMID: 37567549 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Resilience is an important personal characteristic that influences health and recovery. Previous studies of chronic pain suggest that highly resilient people may be more effective at modulating their pain. Since brain gray matter in the antinociceptive pathway has also been shown to be abnormal in people with chronic pain, we examined whether resilience is related to gray matter in regions of interest (ROIs) of the antinociceptive pathway (rostral and subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (rACC, sgACC), anterior insula (aINS), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC)) normally and in people who are experiencing chronic pain. We extracted gray matter volume (GMV) and cortical thickness (CT) from 3T MRIs of 88 people with chronic pain (half males/females) and 86 healthy controls (HCs), who completed The Resilience Scale and Brief Pain Inventory. We found that resilience scores were significantly lower in people with chronic pain compared to HCs, whereas ROI GMV and CT were not different between groups. Resilience negatively correlated with average pain scores and positively correlated with GMV in the bilateral rACC, sgACC, and left dlPFC of people with chronic pain. Mediation analyses revealed that GMV in the right rACC and left sgACC partially co-mediated the relationship between resilience and average pain in people with chronic pain. The resilience-pain and some resilience-GMV relationships were sex-dependent. These findings suggest that the antinociceptive pathway may play a role in the impact of resilience on one's ability to modulate chronic pain. A better understanding of the brain-resilience relationship may help advance evidence-based approaches to pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda S Hector
- Division of Brain, Imaging, and Behaviour, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joshua C Cheng
- Division of Brain, Imaging, and Behaviour, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kasey S Hemington
- Division of Brain, Imaging, and Behaviour, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anton Rogachov
- Division of Brain, Imaging, and Behaviour, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Junseok A Kim
- Division of Brain, Imaging, and Behaviour, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Natalie R Osborne
- Division of Brain, Imaging, and Behaviour, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rachael L Bosma
- Division of Brain, Imaging, and Behaviour, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Camille Fauchon
- Division of Brain, Imaging, and Behaviour, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lizbeth J Ayoub
- Centre for Multimodal Sensorimotor and Pain Research, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Clinical and Computational Neuroscience, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robert Inman
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jiwon Oh
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dimitri J Anastakis
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Karen D Davis
- Division of Brain, Imaging, and Behaviour, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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5
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Reimann GM, Küppers V, Camilleri JA, Hoffstaedter F, Langner R, Laird AR, Fox PT, Spiegelhalder K, Eickhoff SB, Tahmasian M. Convergent abnormality in the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex in insomnia disorder: A revisited neuroimaging meta-analysis of 39 studies. Sleep Med Rev 2023; 71:101821. [PMID: 37481961 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2023.101821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The neurobiological underpinnings of insomnia disorder (ID) are still poorly understood. A previous meta-analysis conducted by our research group in 2018 revealed no consistent regional alterations based on the limited number of eligible studies. Given the number of studies published during the last few years, we revisited the meta-analysis to provide an update to the field. Following the best-practice guidelines for conducting neuroimaging meta-analyses, we searched several databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and BrainMap) and identified 39 eligible structural and functional studies, reporting coordinates reflecting significant group differences between ID patients and healthy controls. A significant convergent regional alteration in the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) was observed using the activation likelihood estimation algorithm. Behavioural decoding using the BrainMap database indicated that this region is involved in fear-related emotional and cognitive processing. The sgACC showed robust task-based co-activation in meta-analytic connectivity modelling and task-free functional connectivity in a resting-state functional connectivity analysis with the main hubs of the salience and default mode networks, including the posterior cingulate cortex and dorsal ACC, amygdala, hippocampus, and medial prefrontal cortex. Collectively, the findings from this large-scale meta-analysis suggest a critical role of the sgACC in the pathophysiology of ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerion M Reimann
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain and Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Vincent Küppers
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain and Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Julia A Camilleri
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain and Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Felix Hoffstaedter
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain and Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Robert Langner
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain and Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Angela R Laird
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Peter T Fox
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Centre, San Antonio, TX, USA; South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Kai Spiegelhalder
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Centre, University of Freiburg - Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain and Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Masoud Tahmasian
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain and Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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6
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Oane I, Barborica A, Mindruta IR. Cingulate Cortex: Anatomy, Structural and Functional Connectivity. J Clin Neurophysiol 2023; 40:482-490. [PMID: 36930223 DOI: 10.1097/wnp.0000000000000970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY The cingulate cortex is a paired brain region located on the medial wall of each hemisphere. This review explores the anatomy as well as the structural and functional connectivity of the cingulate cortex underlying essential roles this region plays in emotion, autonomic, cognitive, motor control, visual-spatial processing, and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Oane
- Epilepsy Monitoring Unit, Neurology Department, University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andrei Barborica
- Physics Department, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; and
| | - Ioana R Mindruta
- Epilepsy Monitoring Unit, Neurology Department, University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
- Neurology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
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7
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Pelliccia V, Del Vecchio M, Avanzini P, Revay M, Sartori I, Caruana F. 70 Years of Human Cingulate Cortex Stimulation. Functions and Dysfunctions Through the Lens of Electrical Stimulation. J Clin Neurophysiol 2023; 40:491-500. [PMID: 36007014 DOI: 10.1097/wnp.0000000000000961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY In this review, we retrace the results of 70 years of human cingulate cortex (CC) intracerebral electrical stimulation and discuss its contribution to our understanding of the anatomofunctional and clinical aspects of this wide cortical region. The review is divided into three main sections. In the first section, we report the results obtained by the stimulation of the anterior, middle, and posterior CC, in 30 studies conducted on approximately 1,000 patients from the 1950s to the present day. These studies show that specific manifestations can be reliably associated with specific cingulate subfields, with autonomic, interoceptive, and emotional manifestations clustered in the anterior cingulate, goal-oriented motor behaviors elicited from the anterior midcingulate and a variety of sensory symptoms characterizing the posterior cingulate regions. In the second section, we compare the effect of CC intracerebral electrical stimulation with signs and manifestations characterizing cingulate epilepsy, showing that the stimulation mapping of CC subfields provides precious information for understanding cingulate epileptic manifestations. The last section tackles the issue of the discrepancy emerging when comparing the results of clinical (electrical stimulation, epilepsy) studies-revealing the quintessential affective and motor nature of the CC-with that reported by neuroimaging studies-which focus on high-level cognitive functions. Particular attention will be paid to the hypothesis that CC hosts a "Pain Matrix" specifically involved in pain perception, which we will discuss in the light of the fact that the stimulation of CC (as well as cingulate epileptic seizures) does not induce nociceptive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Pelliccia
- "Claudio Munari" Epilepsy Surgery Center, ASST GOM Niguarda, Milano, Italy; and
| | - Maria Del Vecchio
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Parma, Italy
| | - Pietro Avanzini
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Parma, Italy
| | - Martina Revay
- "Claudio Munari" Epilepsy Surgery Center, ASST GOM Niguarda, Milano, Italy; and
| | - Ivana Sartori
- "Claudio Munari" Epilepsy Surgery Center, ASST GOM Niguarda, Milano, Italy; and
| | - Fausto Caruana
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Parma, Italy
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8
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Huynh V, Lütolf R, Rosner J, Luechinger R, Curt A, Kollias S, Michels L, Hubli M. Intrinsic brain connectivity alterations despite intact pain inhibition in subjects with neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury: a pilot study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11943. [PMID: 37488130 PMCID: PMC10366123 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37783-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Endogenous pain modulation in humans is frequently investigated with conditioned pain modulation (CPM). Deficient pain inhibition is a proposed mechanism that contributes to neuropathic pain (NP) after spinal cord injury (SCI). Recent studies have combined CPM testing and neuroimaging to reveal neural correlates of CPM efficiency in chronic pain. This study investigated differences in CPM efficiency in relation to resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) between 12 SCI-NP subjects and 13 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC). Twelve and 11 SCI-NP subjects were included in psychophysical and rsFC analyses, respectively. All HC were included in the final analyses. Psychophysical readouts were analysed to determine CPM efficiency within and between cohorts. Group differences of rsFC, in relation to CPM efficiency, were explored with seed-to-voxel rsFC analyses with pain modulatory regions, e.g. ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) and amygdala. Overall, pain inhibition was not deficient in SCI-NP subjects and was greater in those with more intense NP. Greater pain inhibition was associated with weaker rsFC between the vlPAG and amygdala with the visual and frontal cortex, respectively, in SCI-NP subjects but with stronger rsFC in HC. Taken together, SCI-NP subjects present with intact pain inhibition, but can be differentiated from HC by an inverse relationship between CPM efficiency and intrinsic connectivity of supraspinal regions. Future studies with larger cohorts are necessary to consolidate the findings in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Huynh
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Forchstrasse 340, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Department of Neuroradiology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich & University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Forchstrasse 340, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Robin Lütolf
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Forchstrasse 340, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Rosner
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Forchstrasse 340, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bern, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Roger Luechinger
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Armin Curt
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Forchstrasse 340, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Spyridon Kollias
- Department of Neuroradiology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich & University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lars Michels
- Department of Neuroradiology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich & University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michèle Hubli
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Forchstrasse 340, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
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Unger N, Haeck M, Eickhoff SB, Camilleri JA, Dickscheid T, Mohlberg H, Bludau S, Caspers S, Amunts K. Cytoarchitectonic mapping of the human frontal operculum-New correlates for a variety of brain functions. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1087026. [PMID: 37448625 PMCID: PMC10336231 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1087026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The human frontal operculum (FOp) is a brain region that covers parts of the ventral frontal cortex next to the insula. Functional imaging studies showed activations in this region in tasks related to language, somatosensory, and cognitive functions. While the precise cytoarchitectonic areas that correlate to these processes have not yet been revealed, earlier receptorarchitectonic analysis resulted in a detailed parcellation of the FOp. We complemented this analysis by a cytoarchitectonic study of a sample of ten postmortem brains and mapped the posterior FOp in serial, cell-body stained histological sections using image analysis and multivariate statistics. Three new areas were identified: Op5 represents the most posterior area, followed by Op6 and the most anterior region Op7. Areas Op5-Op7 approach the insula, up to the circular sulcus. Area 44 of Broca's region, the most ventral part of premotor area 6, and parts of the parietal operculum are dorso-laterally adjacent to Op5-Op7. The areas did not show any interhemispheric or sex differences. Three-dimensional probability maps and a maximum probability map were generated in stereotaxic space, and then used, in a first proof-of-concept-study, for functional decoding and analysis of structural and functional connectivity. Functional decoding revealed different profiles of cytoarchitectonically identified Op5-Op7. While left Op6 was active in music cognition, right Op5 was involved in chewing/swallowing and sexual processing. Both areas showed activation during the exercise of isometric force in muscles. An involvement in the coordination of flexion/extension could be shown for the right Op6. Meta-analytic connectivity modeling revealed various functional connections of the FOp areas within motor and somatosensory networks, with the most evident connection with the music/language network for Op6 left. The new cytoarchitectonic maps are part of Julich-Brain, and publicly available to serve as a basis for future analyses of structural-functional relationships in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Unger
- Cécile and Oskar Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | | | - Simon B. Eickhoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julia A. Camilleri
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Timo Dickscheid
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Computer Science, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hartmut Mohlberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bludau
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Svenja Caspers
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute for Anatomy I, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katrin Amunts
- Cécile and Oskar Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
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Alexander L, Wood CM, Roberts AC. The ventromedial prefrontal cortex and emotion regulation: lost in translation? J Physiol 2023; 601:37-50. [PMID: 35635793 PMCID: PMC10084434 DOI: 10.1113/jp282627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies implicate the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) in a wide range of emotional and cognitive functions, and changes in activity within vmPFC have been linked to the aetiology and successful treatment of depression. However, this is a large, structurally heterogeneous region and the extent to which this structural heterogeneity reflects functional heterogeneity remains unclear. Causal studies in animals should help address this question but attempts to map findings from vmPFC studies in rodents onto human imaging studies highlight cross-species discrepancies between structural homology and functional analogy. Bridging this gap, recent studies in marmosets - a species of new world monkey in which the overall organization of vmPFC is more like humans than that of rodents - have revealed that over-activation of the caudal subcallosal region of vmPFC, area 25, but not neighbouring area 32, heightens reactivity to negatively valenced stimuli whilst blunting responsivity to positively valenced stimuli. These co-occurring states resemble those seen in depressed patients, which are associated with increased activity in caudal subcallosal regions. In contrast, only reward blunting but not heightening of threat reactivity is seen following over-activation of the structurally homologous region in rodents. To further advance understanding of the role of vmPFC in the aetiology and treatment of depression, future work should focus on the behaviourally specific networks by which vmPFC regions have their effects, together with characterization of cross-species similarities and differences in function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laith Alexander
- St Thomas’ HospitalLondonUK
- Department of Psychological MedicineSchool of Academic PsychiatryInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Christian M. Wood
- Department of PhysiologyDevelopment and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Angela C. Roberts
- Department of PhysiologyDevelopment and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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11
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Reduced subgenual cingulate-dorsolateral prefrontal connectivity as an electrophysiological marker for depression. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16903. [PMID: 36207331 PMCID: PMC9546885 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20274-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a widespread mental illness that causes considerable suffering, and neuroimaging studies are trying to reduce this burden by developing biomarkers that can facilitate detection. Prior fMRI- and neurostimulation studies suggest that aberrant subgenual Anterior Cingulate (sgACC)-dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) functional connectivity is consistently present within MDD. Combining the need for reliable depression markers with the electroencephalogram's (EEG) high clinical utility, we investigated whether aberrant EEG sgACC-DLPFC functional connectivity could serve as a marker for depression. Source-space Amplitude Envelope Correlations (AEC) of 20 MDD patients and 20 matched controls were contrasted using non-parametric permutation tests. In addition, extracted AEC values were used to (a) correlate with characteristics of depression and (b) train a Support Vector Machine (SVM) to determine sgACC-DLPFC connectivity's discriminative power. FDR-thresholded statistical maps showed reduced sgACC-DLPFC AEC connectivity in MDD patients relative to controls. This diminished AEC connectivity is located in the beta-1 (13-17 Hz) band and is associated with patients' lifetime number of depressive episodes. Using extracted sgACC-DLPFC AEC values, the SVM achieved a classification accuracy of 84.6% (80% sensitivity and 89.5% specificity) indicating that EEG sgACC-DLPFC connectivity has promise as a biomarker for MDD.
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12
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Patodia S, Lim YM, Chung F, Stylianou I, El Hachami H, Thom M. Cortical neuronal hypertrophy and mTOR pathway activation in CAN regions in SUDEP. Epilepsia 2022; 63:2427-2438. [PMID: 35716147 PMCID: PMC9795893 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dysfunctional connectivity and preexisting structural abnormalities of central autonomic network (CAN) regions have been shown on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) and may be mechanistically relevant. In a previous postmortem study we reported increased microglia in CAN regions, including the superior temporal gyrus (STG) in SUDEP. In this current study we investigated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway activation and neuronal c-Fos activation in CAN regions in SUDEP compared to control groups. METHODS In a series of 59 postmortem cases (SUDEP, n = 26; epilepsy controls [EPCs], n = 14; and nonepilepsy controls [NECs], n = 19), we quantified pS6-240/4, pS6-235/6 (markers of mTOR activation) and c-Fos neuronal densities and labeling index in the STG, anterior cingulate, insula, frontobasal, and pulvinar regions using immunohistochemistry with whole-slide automated image analysis. RESULTS Significantly more pS6-positive neurons were present in the STG in cases with a history of recent seizures prior to death and also in SUDEP compared to other cause of death groups. No differences were noted for c-Fos neuronal labeling in any region between cause of death groups. Cortical neuronal hypertrophy in the STG was observed in some SUDEP cases and associated with pS6-240/4 expression. pS6-235/6 highlighted neuronal intranuclear inclusions, mainly in SUDEP cases and in the STG region. SIGNIFICANCE Neuronal labeling for pS6 in the STG correlated with both seizure activity in the period prior to death and SUDEP. Further investigations are required to explore the significance of this region in terms of autonomic network dysfunction that may increase the vulnerability for SUDEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smriti Patodia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental EpilepsyUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | - Yau Mun Lim
- Department of NeurodegenerationUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | - Freda Chung
- Department of Clinical and Experimental EpilepsyUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | - Irene Stylianou
- Department of Clinical and Experimental EpilepsyUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | - Hanaa El Hachami
- Department of Clinical and Experimental EpilepsyUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | - Maria Thom
- Department of Clinical and Experimental EpilepsyUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
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13
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Le Petit M, Eustache F, Perrier J, de La Sayette V, Desgranges B, Laisney M. Functional connectivity of the medial prefrontal cortex related to mindreading abilities. Cereb Cortex Commun 2022; 3:tgac032. [PMID: 36090668 PMCID: PMC9454031 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgac032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The medial prefrontal cortex is a key region of mindreading belonging to the mentalizing system, a set of brain areas underlying mental state inference based on reasoning on social concepts. The aim of this study was to characterize the functional connectivity between regions involved in mindreading and to highlight the processes it underpins, focusing on the dorsal and ventral parts of the medial prefrontal cortex. We analyzed resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging of 56 healthy volunteers, to study the relationship between mindreading abilities and functional connectivity of the medial prefrontal cortex. Cognitive mindreading performances were correlated with connectivity between the medial prefrontal cortex and frontal regions involved in the regulation of the salience of one’s own mental contents, with a distinction between the dorsal part connected to regions subtending inhibition processes and the ventral part to emotional regions. Affective mindreading performances were negatively correlated with negative connectivity of the ventro- and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex with sensorimotor regions belonging to the mirror neuron system subtending the simulation of mental states. These findings suggested a role of the medial prefrontal cortex to decrease the salience of one’s own mental content and in the antisynchronous interaction between the mentalizing and mirror neurons systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Le Petit
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, PSL Université Paris, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, CHU de Caen, Centre Cyceron, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine , 14000 Caen, France
| | - Francis Eustache
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, PSL Université Paris, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, CHU de Caen, Centre Cyceron, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine , 14000 Caen, France
| | - Joy Perrier
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, PSL Université Paris, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, CHU de Caen, Centre Cyceron, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine , 14000 Caen, France
| | - Vincent de La Sayette
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, PSL Université Paris, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, CHU de Caen, Centre Cyceron, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine , 14000 Caen, France
| | - Béatrice Desgranges
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, PSL Université Paris, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, CHU de Caen, Centre Cyceron, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine , 14000 Caen, France
| | - Mickaël Laisney
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, PSL Université Paris, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, CHU de Caen, Centre Cyceron, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine , 14000 Caen, France
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14
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Rubart AK, Zurowski B, Veer IM, Schön D, Göttlich M, Klein JP, Schramm E, Wenzel JG, Haber C, Schoepf D, Sommer J, Konrad C, Schnell K, Walter H. Precuneus connectivity and symptom severity in chronic depression ✰. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2022; 322:111471. [PMID: 35378340 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2022.111471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although abnormal resting state connectivity within several brain networks has been repeatedly reported in depression, little is known about connectivity in patients with early onset chronic depression. We compared resting state connectivity in a homogenous sample of 32 unmedicated patients with early onset chronic depression and 40 healthy control participants in a seed-to-voxel-analysis. According to previous meta-analyses on resting state connectivity in depression, 12 regions implicated in default mode, limbic, frontoparietal and ventral attention networks were chosen as seeds. We also investigated associations between connectivity values and severity of depression. Patients with chronic depression exhibited stronger connectivity between precuneus and right pre-supplementary motor area than healthy control participants, possibly reflecting aberrant information processing and emotion regulation deficits in depression. Higher depression severity scores (Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression) were strongly and selectively associated with weaker connectivity between the precuneus and the subcallosal anterior cingulate. Our findings correspond to results obtained in studies including both episodic and chronic depression. This suggests that there may be no strong differences between subtypes of depression regarding the seeds analyzed here. To further clarify this issue, future studies should directly compare patients with different courses of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonie K Rubart
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Bartosz Zurowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ilya M Veer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniela Schön
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Martin Göttlich
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jan Philipp Klein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Schramm
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julia G Wenzel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Charlotte Haber
- Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dieter Schoepf
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, CBASP Center of Competence, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jens Sommer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Konrad
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Agaplesion Diakonieklinikum Rotenburg, Rotenburg, Germany
| | - Knut Schnell
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, CBASP Center of Competence, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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15
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Pieperhoff P, Südmeyer M, Dinkelbach L, Hartmann CJ, Ferrea S, Moldovan AS, Minnerop M, Diaz-Pier S, Schnitzler A, Amunts K. Regional changes of brain structure during progression of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease – a longitudinal study using deformation based morphometry. Cortex 2022; 151:188-210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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16
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Tsytsarev V. Methodological aspects of studying the mechanisms of consciousness. Behav Brain Res 2022; 419:113684. [PMID: 34838578 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
There are at least two approaches to the definition of consciousness. In the first case, certain aspects of consciousness, called qualia, are considered inaccessible for research from a third person and can only be described through subjective experience. This approach is inextricably linked with the so-called "hard problem of consciousness", that is, the question of why consciousness has qualia or how any physical changes in the environment can generate subjective experience. With this approach, some aspects of consciousness, by definition, cannot be explained on the basis of external observations and, therefore, are outside the scope of scientific research. In the second case, a priori constraints do not constrain the field of scientific investigation, and the best explanation of the experience in the first person is included as a possible subject of empirical research. Historically, in the study of cause-and-effect relationships in biology, it was customary to distinguish between proximate causation and ultimate causation existing in biological systems. Immediate causes are based on the immediate influencing factors [1]. Proximate causation has evolutionary explanations. When studying biological systems themselves, such an approach is undoubtedly justified, but it often seems insufficient when studying the interaction of consciousness and the brain [2,3]. Current scientific communities proceed from the assumption that the physical substrate for the generation of consciousness is a neural network that unites various types of neurons located in various brain structures. Many neuroscientists attach a key role in this process to the cortical and thalamocortical neural networks. This question is directly related to experimental and clinical research in the field of disorder of consciousness. Progress in this area of medicine depends on advances in neuroscience in this area and is also a powerful source of empirical information. In this area of consciousness research, a large amount of experimental data has been accumulated, and in this review an attempt was made to generalize and systematize.
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Huynh V, Lütolf R, Rosner J, Luechinger R, Curt A, Kollias S, Michels L, Hubli M. Descending pain modulatory efficiency in healthy subjects is related to structure and resting connectivity of brain regions. Neuroimage 2021; 247:118742. [PMID: 34863962 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The descending pain modulatory system in humans is commonly investigated using conditioned pain modulation (CPM). Whilst variability in CPM efficiency, i.e., inhibition and facilitation, is normal in healthy subjects, exploring the inter-relationship between brain structure, resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) and CPM readouts will provide greater insight into the underlying CPM efficiency seen in healthy individuals. Thus, this study combined CPM testing, voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and rsFC to identify the neural correlates of CPM in a cohort of healthy subjects (n =40), displaying pain inhibition (n = 29), facilitation (n = 10) and no CPM effect (n = 1). Clusters identified in the VBM analysis were implemented in the rsFC analysis alongside key constituents of the endogenous pain modulatory system. Greater pain inhibition was related to higher volume of left frontal cortices and stronger rsFC between the motor cortex and periaqueductal grey. Conversely, weaker pain inhibition was related to higher volume of the right frontal cortex - coupled with stronger rsFC to the primary somatosensory cortex, and rsFC between the amygdala and posterior insula. Overall, healthy subjects showed higher volume and stronger rsFC of brain regions involved with descending modulation, while the lateral and medial pain systems were related to greater pain inhibition and facilitation during CPM, respectively. These findings reveal structural alignments and functional interactions between supraspinal areas involved in CPM efficiency. Ultimately understanding these underlying variations and how they may become affected in chronic pain conditions, will advance a more targeted subgrouping in pain patients for future cross-sectional studies investigating endogenous pain modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Huynh
- Department of Neuroradiology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich & University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Forchstrasse 340, Zurich 8008, Switzerland.
| | - Robin Lütolf
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Forchstrasse 340, Zurich 8008, Switzerland
| | - Jan Rosner
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Forchstrasse 340, Zurich 8008, Switzerland; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bern, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Roger Luechinger
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Armin Curt
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Forchstrasse 340, Zurich 8008, Switzerland
| | - Spyros Kollias
- Department of Neuroradiology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich & University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lars Michels
- Department of Neuroradiology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich & University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michèle Hubli
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Forchstrasse 340, Zurich 8008, Switzerland
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18
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Perigenual and Subgenual Anterior Cingulate Afferents Converge on Common Pyramidal Cells in Amygdala Subregions of the Macaque. J Neurosci 2021; 41:9742-9755. [PMID: 34649954 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1056-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The subgenual (sgACC) and perigenual (pgACC) anterior cingulate are important afferents of the amygdala, with different cytoarchitecture, connectivity, and function. The sgACC is associated with arousal mechanisms linked to salient cues, whereas the pgACC is engaged in conflict decision-making, including in social contexts. After placing same-size, small volume tracer injections into sgACC and pgACC of the same hemisphere in male macaques, we examined anterogradely labeled fiber distribution to understand how these different functional systems communicate in the main amygdala nuclei at both mesocopic and cellular levels. The sgACC has broad-based termination patterns. In contrast, the pgACC has a more restricted pattern, which was always nested in sgACC terminals. Terminal overlap occurred in subregions of the accessory basal and basal nuclei, which we termed "hotspots." In triple-labeling confocal studies, the majority of randomly selected CaMKIIα-positive cells (putative amygdala glutamatergic neurons) in hotspots received dual contacts from the sgACC and pgACC. The ratio of dual contacts occurred over a surprisingly narrow range, suggesting a consistent, tight balance of afferent contacts on postsynaptic neurons. Large boutons, which are associated with greater synaptic strength, were ∼3 times more frequent on sgACC versus pgACC axon terminals in hotspots, consistent with a fast "driver" function. Together, the results reveal a nested interaction in which pgACC ("conflict/social monitoring") terminals converge with the broader sgACC ("salience") terminals at both the mesoscopic and cellular level. The presynaptic organization in hotspots suggests that shifts in arousal states can rapidly and flexibly influence decision-making functions in the amygdala.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The subgenual (sgACC) and perigenual cingulate (pgACC) have distinct structural and functional characteristics and are important afferent modulators of the amygdala. The sgACC is critical for arousal, whereas the pgACC mediates conflict-monitoring, including in social contexts. Using dual tracer injections in the same monkey, we found that sgACC inputs broadly project in the main amygdala nuclei, whereas pgACC inputs were more restricted and nested in zones containing sgACC terminals (hotspots). The majority of CaMKIIα + (excitatory) amygdala neurons in hotspots received converging contacts, which were tightly balanced. pgACC and sgACC afferent streams are therefore highly interdependent in these specific amygdala subregions, permitting "internal arousal" states to rapidly shape responses of amygdala neurons involved in conflict and social monitoring networks.
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19
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Kurth F, Zsadanyi SE, Luders E. Reduced age-related gray matter loss in the subgenual cingulate cortex in long-term meditators. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 15:2824-2832. [PMID: 34686969 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-021-00578-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that meditation practices have positive effects on brain ageing overall. The cingulate is known to be recruited during meditation, but research into possible effects of meditation on the ageing of the cingulate is currently missing. Thus, the present study was designed to help close this knowledge gap, with particular focus on the subgenual cingulate, a region involved in emotional regulation and autonomic and endocrine functions, making it potentially relevant for meditation. Here, we investigated differences in age-related gray matter loss between 50 long-term meditation practitioners (28 male, 22 female), aged between 24 and 77, and 50 age- and sex-matched controls. Areas of interest were four subregions of the subgenual cingulate gyrus (areas 25, 33, s24, and s32) defined as per the Julich-Brain atlas. Our study revealed a significant age-related decline in all subregions in both meditators and controls, but with significantly lower rates of annual tissue loss in meditators, specifically in left and right area s32 and right area 25. These regions have been shown to play a role in mood regulation, autonomic processing, and the integration of emotion and cognitive processes, which are all involved in and impacted by meditation. Overall, the results add further evidence to the emerging notion that meditation may slow the effects of ageing on the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Kurth
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Sára E Zsadanyi
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Eileen Luders
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.,Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
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20
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Indovina I, Passamonti L, Mucci V, Chiarella G, Lacquaniti F, Staab JP. Brain Correlates of Persistent Postural-Perceptual Dizziness: A Review of Neuroimaging Studies. J Clin Med 2021; 10:4274. [PMID: 34575385 PMCID: PMC8468644 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10184274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD), defined in 2017, is a vestibular disorder characterized by chronic dizziness that is exacerbated by upright posture and exposure to complex visual stimuli. This review focused on recent neuroimaging studies that explored the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying PPPD and three conditions that predated it. The emerging picture is that local activity and functional connectivity in multimodal vestibular cortical areas are decreased in PPPD, which is potentially related to structural abnormalities (e.g., reductions in cortical folding and grey-matter volume). Additionally, connectivity between the prefrontal cortex, which regulates attentional and emotional responses, and primary visual and motor regions appears to be increased in PPPD. These results complement physiological and psychological data identifying hypervigilant postural control and visual dependence in patients with PPPD, supporting the hypothesis that PPPD arises from shifts in interactions among visuo-vestibular, sensorimotor, and emotional networks that overweigh visual over vestibular inputs and increase the effects of anxiety-related mechanisms on locomotor control and spatial orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iole Indovina
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
- Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy; (V.M.); (F.L.)
| | - Luca Passamonti
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK;
- Institute of Bioimaging & Molecular Physiology, National Research Council, 20054 Milano, Italy
| | - Viviana Mucci
- Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy; (V.M.); (F.L.)
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - Giuseppe Chiarella
- Unit of Audiology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Francesco Lacquaniti
- Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy; (V.M.); (F.L.)
- Department of Systems Medicine and Centre of Space BioMedicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Jeffrey P. Staab
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology and Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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21
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Osborne NR, Anastakis DJ, Kim JA, El-Sayed R, Cheng JC, Rogachov A, Hemington KS, Bosma RL, Fauchon C, Davis KD. Sex-Specific Abnormalities and Treatment-Related Plasticity of Subgenual Anterior Cingulate Cortex Functional Connectivity in Chronic Pain. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2021; 2:673538. [PMID: 35295450 PMCID: PMC8915549 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2021.673538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) is a key node of the descending antinociceptive system with sex differences in its functional connectivity (FC). We previously reported that, in a male-prevalent chronic pain condition, sgACC FC is abnormal in women but not in men. This raises the possibility that, within a sex, sgACC FC may be either protective or represent a vulnerability to develop a sex-dominant chronic pain condition. The aim of this study was to characterize sgACC FC in a female-dominant chronic pain condition, carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), to investigate whether sgACC abnormalities are a common feature in women with chronic pain or unique to individuals with pain conditions that are more prevalent in the opposite sex. We used fMRI to determine the resting state FC of the sgACC in healthy controls (HCs, n = 25, 18 women; 7 men) and people with CTS before (n = 25, 18 women; 7 men) and after (n = 17, 13 women; 4 men) successful surgical treatment. We found reduced sgACC FC with the medial pre-frontal cortex (mPFC) and temporal lobe in CTS compared with HCs. The group-level sgACC-mPFC FC abnormality was driven by men with CTS, while women with CTS did not have sgACC FC abnormalities compared with healthy women. We also found that age and sex influenced sgACC FC in both CTS and HCs, with women showing greater FC with bilateral frontal poles and men showing greater FC with the parietal operculum. After surgery, there was reduced sgACC FC with the orbitofrontal cortex, striatum, and premotor areas and increased FC with the posterior insula and precuneus compared with pre-op scans. Abnormally reduced sgACC-mPFC FC in men but not women with a female-prevalent chronic pain condition suggests pain-related sgACC abnormalities may not be specific to women but rather to individuals who develop chronic pain conditions that are more dominant in the opposite sex. Our data suggest the sgACC plays a role in chronic pain in a sex-specific manner, and its communication with other regions of the dynamic pain connectome undergoes plasticity following pain-relieving treatment, supporting it as a potential therapeutic target for neuromodulation in chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie R. Osborne
- Krembil Research Institute, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dimitri J. Anastakis
- Krembil Research Institute, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Junseok Andrew Kim
- Krembil Research Institute, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rima El-Sayed
- Krembil Research Institute, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joshua C. Cheng
- Krembil Research Institute, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anton Rogachov
- Krembil Research Institute, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kasey S. Hemington
- Krembil Research Institute, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rachael L. Bosma
- Krembil Research Institute, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Camille Fauchon
- Krembil Research Institute, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Karen D. Davis
- Krembil Research Institute, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Karen D. Davis
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22
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A short review on emotion processing: a lateralized network of neuronal networks. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 227:673-684. [PMID: 34216271 PMCID: PMC8844151 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02331-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Emotions are valenced mental responses and associated physiological reactions that occur spontaneously and automatically in response to internal or external stimuli, and can influence our behavior, and can themselves be modulated to a certain degree voluntarily or by external stimuli. They are subserved by large-scale integrated neuronal networks with epicenters in the amygdala and the hippocampus, and which overlap in the anterior cingulate cortex. Although emotion processing is accepted as being lateralized, the specific role of each hemisphere remains an issue of controversy, and two major hypotheses have been proposed. In the right-hemispheric dominance hypothesis, all emotions are thought to be processed in the right hemisphere, independent of their valence or of the emotional feeling being processed. In the valence lateralization hypothesis, the left is thought to be dominant for the processing of positively valenced stimuli, or of stimuli inducing approach behaviors, whereas negatively valenced stimuli, or stimuli inducing withdrawal behaviors, would be processed in the right hemisphere. More recent research points at the existence of multiple interrelated networks, each associated with the processing of a specific component of emotion generation, i.e., its generation, perception, and regulation. It has thus been proposed to move from hypotheses supporting an overall hemispheric specialization for emotion processing toward dynamic models incorporating multiple interrelated networks which do not necessarily share the same lateralization patterns.
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23
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Raufelder D, Neumann N, Domin M, Lorenz RC, Gleich T, Golde S, Romund L, Beck A, Hoferichter F. Do Belonging and Social Exclusion at School Affect Structural Brain Development During Adolescence? Child Dev 2021; 92:2213-2223. [PMID: 34156088 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Students' sense of belonging presents an essential resource for academic and health outcomes, whereas social exclusion at school negatively impacts students' well-being and academic performance. Aiming to understand how feelings of school-related belonging and exclusion shape the structural brain development, this study applied longitudinal questionnaire-based data and MRI data from 71 adolescent students (37 females, Mage at t1 = 15.0; t2 = 16.1 years). All were white participants from Germany. Voxel-based morphometry revealed only an association of social exclusion (and not of belonging) and gray matter volume in the left anterior insula: From t1 to t2, there was less gray matter decrease, the more social exclusion students perceived. School-related social exclusion and disturbed neurodevelopment are thus significantly associated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicola Neumann
- University Medicine Greifswald - Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology
| | - Martin Domin
- University Medicine Greifswald - Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology
| | | | | | | | | | - Anne Beck
- Charité-University Medicine.,HMU Health and Medical University Potsdam
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24
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Caspers S, Röckner ME, Jockwitz C, Bittner N, Teumer A, Herms S, Hoffmann P, Nöthen MM, Moebus S, Amunts K, Cichon S, Mühleisen TW. Pathway-Specific Genetic Risk for Alzheimer's Disease Differentiates Regional Patterns of Cortical Atrophy in Older Adults. Cereb Cortex 2021; 30:801-811. [PMID: 31402375 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain aging is highly variable and represents a challenge to delimit aging from disease processes. Moreover, genetic factors may influence both aging and disease. Here we focused on this issue and investigated effects of multiple genetic loci previously identified to be associated with late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) on brain structure of older adults from a population sample. We calculated a genetic risk score (GRS) using genome-wide significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms from genome-wide association studies of AD and tested its effect on cortical thickness (CT). We observed a common pattern of cortical thinning (right inferior frontal, left posterior temporal, medial occipital cortex). To identify CT changes by specific biological processes, we subdivided the GRS effect according to AD-associated pathways and performed follow-up analyses. The common pattern from the main analysis was further differentiated by pathway-specific effects yielding a more bilateral pattern. Further findings were located in the superior parietal and mid/anterior cingulate regions representing 2 unique pathway-specific patterns. All patterns, except the superior parietal pattern, were influenced by apolipoprotein E. Our step-wise approach revealed atrophy patterns that partially resembled imaging findings in early stages of AD. Our study provides evidence that genetic burden for AD contributes to structural brain variability in normal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Caspers
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, D-52428 Jülich, Germany.,Institute for Anatomy I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,JARA-BRAIN, Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Jülich, Germany
| | - Melanie E Röckner
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, D-52428 Jülich, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christiane Jockwitz
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, D-52428 Jülich, Germany.,JARA-BRAIN, Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Medical Faculty, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nora Bittner
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, D-52428 Jülich, Germany.,Institute for Anatomy I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefan Herms
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, D-52428 Jülich, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Susanne Moebus
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Katrin Amunts
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, D-52428 Jülich, Germany.,JARA-BRAIN, Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Jülich, Germany.,C. & O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sven Cichon
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, D-52428 Jülich, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas W Mühleisen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, D-52428 Jülich, Germany.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,C. & O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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25
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Abnormal subgenual anterior cingulate circuitry is unique to women but not men with chronic pain. Pain 2021; 162:97-108. [PMID: 32773597 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) plays an important role in pain modulation. We previously demonstrated sex differences in sgACC functional connectivity (FC) in healthy individuals. Given that many chronic pain conditions show sex differences in prevalence, here we tested the hypothesis that people with chronic pain exhibit a sex-specific pattern of abnormal sgACC FC. We acquired resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data from 156 (82 W: 74 M) healthy participants and 38 (19 W: 19 M) people with chronic low back pain resulting from ankylosing spondylitis, a condition that predominantly affects men. We confirmed that there are sex differences in sgACC FC in our large cohort of healthy adults; women had greater sgACC FC with the precuneus, a key node of the default mode network, and men had greater sgACC FC with the posterior insula and the operculum. Next, we identified an interaction effect between sex and pain status (healthy/chronic pain) for sgACC FC. Within the chronic pain group, women had greater sgACC FC than men to the default mode and sensorimotor networks. Compared to healthy women, women with chronic pain also had greater sgACC FC to the precuneus and lower FC to the hippocampus and frontal regions. No differences in sgACC FC were seen in men with vs without chronic pain. Our findings indicate that abnormal sgACC circuitry is unique to women but not men with ankylosing spondylitis-related chronic pain. These sex differences may impact the benefit of therapeutics that target the sgACC for chronic pain.
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26
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Borelli WV, Leal-Conceição E, Andrade MA, Esper NB, Feltes PK, Soder RB, Matushita CS, Hartmann LM, Radaelli G, Schilling LP, Moriguchi-Jeckel C, Marques da Silva AM, Portuguez MW, Franco AR, da Costa JC. Increased Glucose Activity in Subgenual Anterior Cingulate and Hippocampus of High Performing Older Adults, Despite Amyloid Burden. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 81:1419-1428. [PMID: 33935091 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals at 80 years of age or above with exceptional memory are considered SuperAgers (SA), an operationalized definition of successful cognitive aging. SA showed increased thickness and altered functional connectivity in the anterior cingulate cortex as a neurobiological signature. However, their metabolic alterations are yet to be uncovered. OBJECTIVE Herein, a metabolic (FDG-PET), amyloid (PIB-PET), and functional (fMRI) analysis of SA were conducted. METHODS Ten SA, ten age-matched older adults (C80), and ten cognitively normal middle-aged (C50) adults underwent cognitive testing and multimodal neuroimaging examinations. Anterior and posterior regions of the cingulate cortex and hippocampal areas were primarily examined, then subregions of anterior cingulate were segregated. RESULTS The SA group showed increased metabolic activity in the left and right subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sACC, p < 0.005 corrected, bilateral) and bilateral hippocampi (right: p < 0.0005 and left: p < 0.005, both corrected) as compared to that in the C80 group. Amyloid deposition was above threshold in 30% of SA and C80 (p > 0.05). The SA group also presented decreased connectivity between right sACC and posterior cingulate (p < 0.005, corrected) as compared to that of the C80 group. CONCLUSION These results support the key role of sACC and hippocampus in SA, even in the presence of amyloid deposition. It also suggests that sACC may be used as a potential biomarker in older adults for exceptional memory ability. Further longitudinal studies measuring metabolic biomarkers may help elucidate the interaction between these areas in the cognitive aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wyllians Vendramini Borelli
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,School of Medicine, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Michele Alberton Andrade
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,School of Science, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Bianchini Esper
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,School of Medicine, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Paula Kopschina Feltes
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ricardo Bernardi Soder
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,School of Medicine, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | | | - Graciane Radaelli
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ana Maria Marques da Silva
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,School of Science, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Mirna Wetters Portuguez
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,School of Medicine, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Rosa Franco
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA.,Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jaderson Costa da Costa
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,School of Medicine, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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27
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Kashanian A, Tsolaki E, Pouratian N, Bari AA. Deep Brain Stimulation of the Subgenual Cingulate Cortex for the Treatment of Chronic Low Back Pain. Neuromodulation 2021; 25:202-210. [PMID: 33872423 DOI: 10.1111/ner.13388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite converging basic scientific and clinical evidence of the link between chronic pain and depression, existing therapies do not often take advantage of this overlap. Here, we provide a critical review of the literature that highlights the intersection in brain networks between chronic low back pain (CLBP) and depression and discuss findings from previous deep brain stimulation (DBS) studies for pain. Based on a multidimensional model of pain processing and the connectivity of the subgenual cingulate cortex (SCC) with areas that are implicated in both CLBP and depression, we propose a novel approach to the treatment of CLBP using DBS of the SCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS A narrative review with literature assessment. RESULTS CLBP is associated with a shift away from somatosensory representation toward brain regions that mediate emotional processes. There is a high degree of overlap between these regions and those involved in depression, including the anterior cingulate cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, and amygdala. Whereas targets sites from previous DBS trials for pain were not anatomically positioned to engage these areas and their associated networks, the SCC is structurally connected to all of these regions and as well as others involved in mediating sensory, cognitive, and affective processing in CLBP. CONCLUSIONS CLBP and depression share a common underlying brain network interconnected by the SCC. Current data and novel technology provide an optimal opportunity to develop clinically effective trials of SCC DBS for CLBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Kashanian
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Evangelia Tsolaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nader Pouratian
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ausaf A Bari
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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28
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Neumann N, Lotze M, Domin M. Sex-specific association of poor sleep quality with gray matter volume. Sleep 2021; 43:5788209. [PMID: 32140718 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Previous studies were inconsistent with regard to the association of sleep dysfunction on the brain's gray matter volume (GMV). The current study set out to investigate if there is a moderating effect of sex on the relationship between sleep quality in healthy individuals and GMV. METHODS We applied voxel-based morphometry in 1,074 young adults of the "Human Connectome Project." An analysis of variance with the factors "sleep quality" (good/poor according to the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, cutoff >5) and "sex" (male, female) on GMV was conducted. Additionally, linear relationships between sleep quality and GMV were tested. RESULTS The analysis of variance yielded no main effect for sleep quality, but an interaction between sex and sleep quality for the right superior frontal gyrus. Post hoc t-tests showed that female good sleepers in comparison to female poor sleepers had larger GMV in the right parahippocampal gyrus extending to the right hippocampus (whole-brain family-wise error [FWE]-corrected), as well as smaller GMV in the right inferior parietal lobule (whole-brain FWE-corrected) and the right inferior temporal gyrus (whole brain FWE-corrected). There were no significant effects when comparing male good sleepers to male poor sleepers. Linear regression analyses corroborated smaller GMV in the right parahippocampal gyrus in women with poor sleep quality. CONCLUSIONS Poor sleep quality was associated with altered GMV in females, but not in males. Future studies are needed to investigate the neurobiological mechanisms that underlie the sex differences in the association of sleep quality and brain differences found in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Neumann
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, Functional Imaging Unit, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martin Lotze
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, Functional Imaging Unit, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martin Domin
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, Functional Imaging Unit, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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29
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Jackson SR, Sigurdsson HP, Dyke K, Condon M, Jackson GM. The role of the cingulate cortex in the generation of motor tics and the experience of the premonitory urge-to-tic in Tourette syndrome. J Neuropsychol 2021; 15:340-362. [PMID: 33774919 DOI: 10.1111/jnp.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neurological disorder of childhood onset that is characterized by the occurrence of motor and vocal tics. TS is associated with cortical-striatal-thalamic-cortical circuit [CSTC] dysfunction and hyper-excitability of cortical limbic and motor regions that are thought to lead to the occurrence of tics. Individuals with TS often report that their tics are preceded by 'premonitory sensory/urge phenomena' (PU) that are described as uncomfortable bodily sensations that precede the execution of a tic and are experienced as a strong urge for motor discharge. While the precise role played by PU in the occurrence of tics is largely unknown, they are nonetheless of considerable theoretical and clinical importance as they form a core component of many behavioural therapies used in the treatment of tic disorders. Recent evidence indicates that the cingulate cortex may play an important role in the generation of PU in TS, and in 'urges-for-action' more generally. In the current study, we utilized voxel-based morphometry (VBM) techniques, together with 'seed-to-voxel' structural covariance network (SCN) mapping, to investigate the putative role played by the cingulate cortex in the generation of motor tics and the experience of PU in a relatively large group of young people with TS. Whole-brain VBM analysis revealed that TS was associated with clusters of significantly reduced grey matter volumes bilaterally within: the orbito-frontal cortex; the cerebellum; and the anterior and mid-cingulate cortex. Similarly, analysis of SCNs associated with bilateral mid- and anterior cingulate 'seed' regions demonstrated that TS is associated with increased structural covariance primarily with the bilateral motor cerebellum; the inferior frontal cortex; and the posterior cingulate cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Jackson
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK.,Institute of Mental Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, UK
| | | | | | - Maria Condon
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Georgina M Jackson
- Institute of Mental Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, UK
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30
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Lotze M, Domin M, Schmidt CO, Hosten N, Grabe HJ, Neumann N. Income is associated with hippocampal/amygdala and education with cingulate cortex grey matter volume. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18786. [PMID: 33139786 PMCID: PMC7608615 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75809-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Income and education are both elements of a person’s socioeconomic status, which is predictive of a broad range of life outcomes. The brain’s gray matter volume (GMV) is influenced by socioeconomic status and mediators related to an unhealthy life style. We here investigated two independent general population samples comprising 2838 participants (all investigated with the same MRI-scanner) with regard to the association of indicators of the socioeconomic status and gray matter volume. Voxel-based morphometry without prior hypotheses revealed that years of education were positively associated with GMV in the anterior cingulate cortex and net-equivalent income with gray matter volume in the hippocampus/amygdala region. Analyses of possible mediators (alcohol, cigarettes, body mass index (BMI), stress) revealed that the relationship between income and GMV in the hippocampus/amygdala region was partly mediated by self-reported stressors, and the association of years of education with GMV in the anterior cingulate cortex by BMI. These results corrected for whole brain effects (and therefore not restricted to certain brain areas) do now offer possibilities for more detailed hypotheses-driven approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lotze
- Functional Imaging Unit, Center for Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Walther-Rathenau-Str.46, 17475, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - M Domin
- Functional Imaging Unit, Center for Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Walther-Rathenau-Str.46, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - C O Schmidt
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - N Hosten
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - H J Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - N Neumann
- Functional Imaging Unit, Center for Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Walther-Rathenau-Str.46, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
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31
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Egbert AR, Łojek E, Biswal B, Pluta A. The laminar pattern of resting state in human cerebral cortex. Magn Reson Imaging 2020; 76:8-16. [PMID: 33130056 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2020.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Resting state functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (RS-fMRI) provides the means to measure neuronal activity. One of the most commonly used methods to explore the RS-fMRI signal is the Probabilistic Independent Component Analysis (PICA). PICA allows to depict brain functional connectivity (FC) networks. Yet most of the IC maps obtained with this method do not represent any particular FC network. Consequently, those IC maps are classified as artifacts or noise of an unknown source. We hypothesized that the unexplained RS-fMRI signal patterns that are picked up by the PICA can be related to the differences in oxygen metabolism and blood flow in cortical layers. This study aimed at (1) providing preliminary evidence to the effects of laminar organization of neocortex on the RS-fMRI signal, and (2) evaluating the application of laminar maps to aid the classification of IC maps. We created laminar maps 1-4 that depict relative cortical thickness of layers IV and VI. Our data show that the RS-fMRI signal is significantly related to the relative thickness of the cortical layer VI but not layer IV. Importantly, the laminar maps 1-4 overlap with four separate IC maps. Thus, the laminar maps 1-4 improve classification and interpretation of the IC maps. Moreover, the laminar maps 1-4 may be considered as FC networks that are the bridging piece between particular cognitive functions. Together, these data provide preliminary evidence to the fundamental questions about the role of cortical layering in the RS-fMRI signal and brain FC networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rita Egbert
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Center for Brain Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Faculty of Psychology, The University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The New Jersey Institute of Technology, NJ, USA.
| | - Emilia Łojek
- Faculty of Psychology, The University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bharat Biswal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The New Jersey Institute of Technology, NJ, USA
| | - Agnieszka Pluta
- Faculty of Psychology, The University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Bioimaging Research Center, World Hearing Center, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, Warsaw, Poland
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- Faculty of Psychology, The University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The New Jersey Institute of Technology, NJ, USA; Bioimaging Research Center, World Hearing Center, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Adult Clinical Psychology, Institute of Psychology, The Maria Grzegorzewska University, Warsaw, Poland; Central Hospital for Infectious Diseases, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Boston Children's Hospital Harvard Medical School, MA, USA; School of Health Professions, Rutgers University, NJ, USA; College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, OH, USA; Cleveland Clinic, OH, USA
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32
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Benarroch EE. What is the role of the cingulate cortex in pain? Neurology 2020; 95:729-732. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000010712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Abstract
“Do no harm” is a universal principle of human social life. But how do we learn which of our actions help or harm others? Learning theory suggests there are two different systems that govern how we link actions and outcomes: a model-free system that is efficient and a model-based system that is deliberative. Here we show that people rely more on model-free decision making when learning to avoid harming others compared to themselves. Model-free neural signals that distinguish self and other are observed in the thalamus/caudate, and reliance on model-free moral learning for others varies with individual differences in moral judgment. These findings suggest that moral decision making for others is more model-free and has a specific neural signature. Moral behavior requires learning how our actions help or harm others. Theoretical accounts of learning propose a key division between “model-free” algorithms that cache outcome values in actions and “model-based” algorithms that map actions to outcomes. Here, we tested the engagement of these mechanisms and their neural basis as participants learned to avoid painful electric shocks for themselves and a stranger. We found that model-free decision making was prioritized when learning to avoid harming others compared to oneself. Model-free prediction errors for others relative to self were tracked in the thalamus/caudate. At the time of choice, neural activity consistent with model-free moral learning was observed in subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC), and switching after harming others was associated with stronger connectivity between sgACC and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Finally, model-free moral learning varied with individual differences in moral judgment. Our findings suggest moral learning favors efficiency over flexibility and is underpinned by specific neural mechanisms.
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34
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Ventromedial prefrontal area 14 provides opposing regulation of threat and reward-elicited responses in the common marmoset. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:25116-25127. [PMID: 32958652 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2009657117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) is a key brain structure implicated in mood and anxiety disorders, based primarily on evidence from correlational neuroimaging studies. Composed of a number of brain regions with distinct architecture and connectivity, dissecting its functional heterogeneity will provide key insights into the symptomatology of these disorders. Focusing on area 14, lying on the medial and orbital surfaces of the gyrus rectus, this study addresses a key question of causality. Do changes in area 14 activity induce changes in threat- and reward-elicited responses within the nonhuman primate, the common marmoset, similar to that seen in mood and anxiety disorders? Area 14 overactivation was found to induce heightened responsivity to uncertain, low-imminence threat while blunting cardiovascular and behavioral anticipatory arousal to high-value food reward. Conversely, inactivation enhanced the arousal to high-value reward cues while dampening the acquisition of cardiovascular and behavioral responses to a Pavlovian threat cue. Basal cardiovascular activity, including heart rate variability and sympathovagal balance, which are dysfunctional in mood and anxiety disorders, are insensitive to alterations in area 14 activity as is the extinction of conditioned threat responses. The distinct pattern of dysregulation compared to neighboring region area 25 highlights the heterogeneity of function within vmPFC and reveals how the effects of area 14 overactivation on positive and negative reactivity mirror symptoms of anhedonia and anxiety that are so often comorbid in mood disorders.
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35
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Scharnowski F, Nicholson AA, Pichon S, Rosa MJ, Rey G, Eickhoff SB, Van De Ville D, Vuilleumier P, Koush Y. The role of the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex in dorsomedial prefrontal-amygdala neural circuitry during positive-social emotion regulation. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:3100-3118. [PMID: 32309893 PMCID: PMC7336138 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Positive-social emotions mediate one's cognitive performance, mood, well-being, and social bonds, and represent a critical variable within therapeutic settings. It has been shown that the upregulation of positive emotions in social situations is associated with increased top-down signals that stem from the prefrontal cortices (PFC) which modulate bottom-up emotional responses in the amygdala. However, it remains unclear if positive-social emotion upregulation of the amygdala occurs directly through the dorsomedial PFC (dmPFC) or indirectly linking the bilateral amygdala with the dmPFC via the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC), an area which typically serves as a gatekeeper between cognitive and emotion networks. We performed functional MRI (fMRI) experiments with and without effortful positive-social emotion upregulation to demonstrate the functional architecture of a network involving the amygdala, the dmPFC, and the sgACC. We found that effortful positive-social emotion upregulation was associated with an increase in top-down connectivity from the dmPFC on the amygdala via both direct and indirect connections with the sgACC. Conversely, we found that emotion processes without effortful regulation increased network modulation by the sgACC and amygdala. We also found that more anxious individuals with a greater tendency to suppress emotions and intrusive thoughts, were likely to display decreased amygdala, dmPFC, and sgACC activity and stronger connectivity strength from the sgACC onto the left amygdala during effortful emotion upregulation. Analyzed brain network suggests a more general role of the sgACC in cognitive control and sheds light on neurobiological informed treatment interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Scharnowski
- Department of Cognition, Emotion and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of PsychologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and PsychosomaticsPsychiatric Hospital, University of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
- Neuroscience Center ZürichUniversity of Zürich and Swiss Federal Institute of TechnologyZürichSwitzerland
- Zürich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP)University of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Andrew A. Nicholson
- Department of Cognition, Emotion and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of PsychologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Swann Pichon
- Geneva Neuroscience Center, Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
- NCCR Affective SciencesUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational ScienceUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Maria J. Rosa
- Department of Computer ScienceCentre for Computational Statistics and Machine Learning, University College LondonLondonUK
| | - Gwladys Rey
- Geneva Neuroscience Center, Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
- Institute of BioengineeringEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Simon B. Eickhoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and MedicineBrain & Behaviour (INM‐7), Research Center JülichJülichGermany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical FacultyHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Dimitri Van De Ville
- Department of Radiology and Medical InformaticsUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
- Institute of BioengineeringEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Patrik Vuilleumier
- Geneva Neuroscience Center, Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
- NCCR Affective SciencesUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Yury Koush
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical ImagingYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
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Amunts K, Mohlberg H, Bludau S, Zilles K. Julich-Brain: A 3D probabilistic atlas of the human brain’s
cytoarchitecture. Science 2020; 369:988-992. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abb4588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytoarchitecture is a basic principle of microstructural brain parcellation.
We introduce Julich-Brain, a three-dimensional atlas containing cytoarchitectonic
maps of cortical areas and subcortical nuclei. The atlas is probabilistic, which
enables it to account for variations between individual brains. Building such an
atlas was highly data- and labor-intensive and required the development of nested,
interdependent workflows for detecting borders between brain areas, data
processing, provenance tracking, and flexible execution of processing chains to
handle large amounts of data at different spatial scales. Full cortical coverage
was achieved by the inclusion of gap maps to complement cortical maps. The atlas
is dynamic and will be adapted as mapping progresses; it is openly available to
support neuroimaging studies as well as modeling and simulation; and it is
interoperable, enabling connection to other atlases and resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Amunts
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- C. and O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hartmut Mohlberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bludau
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Karl Zilles
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
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37
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Chase HW, Grace AA, Fox PT, Phillips ML, Eickhoff SB. Functional differentiation in the human ventromedial frontal lobe: A data-driven parcellation. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:3266-3283. [PMID: 32314470 PMCID: PMC7375078 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ventromedial regions of the frontal lobe (vmFL) are thought to play a key role in decision-making and emotional regulation. However, aspects of this area's functional organization, including the presence of a multiple subregions, their functional and anatomical connectivity, and the cross-species homologies of these subregions with those of other species, remain poorly understood. To address this uncertainty, we employed a two-stage parcellation of the region to identify six distinct structures within the region on the basis of data-driven classification of functional connectivity patterns obtained using the meta-analytic connectivity modeling (MACM) approach. From anterior to posterior, the derived subregions included two lateralized posterior regions, an intermediate posterior region, a dorsal and ventral central region, and a single anterior region. The regions were characterized further by functional connectivity derived using resting-state fMRI and functional decoding using the Brain Map database. In general, the regions could be differentiated on the basis of different patterns of functional connectivity with canonical "default mode network" regions and/or subcortical regions such as the striatum. Together, the findings suggest the presence of functionally distinct neural structures within vmFL, consistent with data from experimental animals as well prior demonstrations of anatomical differences within the region. Detailed correspondence with the anterior cingulate, medial orbitofrontal cortex, and rostroventral prefrontal cortex, as well as specific animal homologs are discussed. The findings may suggest future directions for resolving potential functional and structural correspondence of subregions within the frontal lobe across behavioral contexts, and across mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry W Chase
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anthony A Grace
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Peter T Fox
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Research and Development Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Mary L Phillips
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
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38
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Pantazatos SP, Yttredahl A, Rubin-Falcone H, Kishon R, Oquendo MA, John Mann J, Miller JM. Depression-related anterior cingulate prefrontal resting state connectivity normalizes following cognitive behavioral therapy. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 63:e37. [PMID: 32284075 PMCID: PMC7355178 DOI: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2020.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Aberrant activity of the subcallosal cingulate (SCC) is a common theme across pharmacologic treatment efficacy prediction studies. The functioning of the SCC in psychotherapeutic interventions is relatively understudied, as are functional differences among SCC subdivisions. We conducted functional connectivity analyses (rsFC) on resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data, collected before and after a course of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), using seeds from three SCC subdivisions. Methods. Resting-state data were collected from unmedicated patients with current MDD (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-17 > 16) before and after 14-sessions of CBT monotherapy. Treatment outcome was assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Rostral anterior cingulate (rACC), anterior subcallosal cingulate (aSCC), and Brodmann’s area 25 (BA25) masks were used as seeds in connectivity analyses that assessed baseline rsFC and symptom severity, changes in connectivity related to symptom improvement after CBT, and prediction of treatment outcomes using whole-brain baseline connectivity. Results. Pretreatment BDI negatively correlated with pretreatment rACC ~ dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and aSCC ~ lateral prefrontal cortex rsFC. In a region-of-interest longitudinal analysis, rsFC between these regions increased post-treatment (p < 0.05FDR). In whole-brain analyses, BA25 ~ paracentral lobule and rACC ~ paracentral lobule connectivities decreased post-treatment. Whole-brain baseline rsFC with SCC did not predict clinical improvement. Conclusions. rsFC features of rACC and aSCC, but not BA25, correlated inversely with baseline depression severity, and increased following CBT. Subdivisions of SCC involved in top-down emotion regulation may be more involved in cognitive interventions, while BA25 may be more informative for interventions targeting bottom-up processing. Results emphasize the importance of subdividing the SCC in connectivity analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spiro P Pantazatos
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ashley Yttredahl
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Harry Rubin-Falcone
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ronit Kishon
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Maria A Oquendo
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - J John Mann
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Miller
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 antagonism in neuroinflammation, neuroprotection and epigenetic regulation: potential therapeutic implications for severe psychiatric disorders treatment. Psychiatr Genet 2020; 30:39-48. [DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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40
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Kim JI, Lee JD, Hwang HJ, Ki SW, Park IH, Park TY. Altered subcallosal and posterior cingulate cortex-based functional connectivity during smoking cue and mental simulation processing in smokers. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 97:109772. [PMID: 31647945 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term cigarette smoking induces sensitization of incentive salience and conditioning of contextual cues which involves brain function alteration across multiple regions. Understanding how nicotine affects hub-based functional connectivities involved in affective and cognitive function can help us determine the treatment strategy for nicotine dependence. METHOD Functional MRI was conducted on 30 smokers and 30 non-smokers while mentally simulating neutral and smoking hand movements. Smoking cue and mental simulation processing-related changes in functional connectivity strengths of the subcallosal and posterior cingulate cortex (SCC and PCC) with major brain network nodes were examined. RESULTS Compared to non-smokers, smokers showed cue-induced SCC functional connectivities which were enhanced with the intraparietal sulcus and reduced with the medial prefrontal cortex. The PCC activation and functional connectivity enhancements with the anterior insula cortex and rostro-lateral prefrontal cortex was found during smoking mental simulation. The PCC-lateral prefrontal cortex functional connectivity correlated with nicotine dependence severity. CONCLUSION The present results demonstrate that smokers can be identified by cue-induced SCC functional connectivity strength decline and increment in the default mode and dorsal attention network nodes. However, nicotine dependence was associated with smoking mental simulation-related PCC-lateral prefrontal cortex functional connectivity strength, suggesting that the development of nicotine dependence may depend on the strength of coupling between the default mode network and the central executive network at the cognitive level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joong Il Kim
- Institute of Bio-Medical Convergence, Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea; Future Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Doo Lee
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jin Hwang
- Department of Family Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Wan Ki
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Ho Park
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tae-Yong Park
- Department of Korean Traditional Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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41
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Wojtasik M, Bludau S, Eickhoff SB, Mohlberg H, Gerboga F, Caspers S, Amunts K. Cytoarchitectonic Characterization and Functional Decoding of Four New Areas in the Human Lateral Orbitofrontal Cortex. Front Neuroanat 2020; 14:2. [PMID: 32116573 PMCID: PMC7014920 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2020.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive concept of the biological basis of reward, social and emotional behavior, and language requires a deeper understanding of the microstructure and connectivity of the underlying brain regions. Such understanding could provide deeper insights into their role in functional networks, and form the anatomical basis of the functional segregation of this region as shown in recent in vivo imaging studies. Here, we investigated the cytoarchitecture of the lateral orbitofrontal cortex (lateral OFC) in serial histological sections of 10 human postmortem brains by image analysis and a statistically reproducible approach to detect borders between cortical areas. Profiles of the volume fraction of cell bodies were therefore extracted from digitized histological images, describing laminar changes from the layer I/layer II boundary to the white matter. As a result, four new areas, Fo4–7, were identified. Area Fo4 was mainly found in the anterior orbital gyrus (AOG), Fo5 anteriorly in the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), Fo6 in the lateral orbital gyrus (LOG), and Fo7 in the lateral orbital sulcus. Areas differed in cortical thickness, abundance and size of pyramidal cells in layer III and degree of granularity in layer IV. A hierarchical cluster analysis was used to quantify cytoarchitectonic differences between them. The 3D-reconstructed areas were transformed into the single-subject template of the Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI), where probabilistic maps and a maximum probability map (MPM) were calculated as part of the JuBrain Cytoarchitectonic Atlas. These maps served as reference data to study the functional properties of the areas using the BrainMap database. The type of behavioral tasks that activated them was analyzed to get first insights of co-activation patterns of the lateral OFC and its contribution to cognitive networks. Meta-analytic connectivity modeling (MACM) showed that functional decoding revealed activation in gustatory perception in Fo4; reward and somesthetic perception in Fo5; semantic processing and pain perception in Fo6; and emotional processing and covert reading in Fo7. Together with existing maps of the JuBrain Cytoarchitectonic Atlas, the new maps can now be used as an open-source reference for neuroimaging studies, allowing to further decode brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Wojtasik
- Cécile and Oskar Vogt-Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bludau
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 1 (INM-1), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 7 (INM-7), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Institut für Systemische Neurowissenschaften, Medizinische Fakultät, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hartmut Mohlberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 1 (INM-1), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Fatma Gerboga
- Cécile and Oskar Vogt-Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Svenja Caspers
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 1 (INM-1), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Institute for Anatomy I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katrin Amunts
- Cécile and Oskar Vogt-Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 1 (INM-1), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany
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Clarke T, Jamieson JD, Malone P, Rayhan RU, Washington S, VanMeter JW, Baraniuk JN. Connectivity differences between Gulf War Illness (GWI) phenotypes during a test of attention. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226481. [PMID: 31891592 PMCID: PMC6938369 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
One quarter of veterans returning from the 1990–1991 Persian Gulf War have developed Gulf War Illness (GWI) with chronic pain, fatigue, cognitive and gastrointestinal dysfunction. Exertion leads to characteristic, delayed onset exacerbations that are not relieved by sleep. We have modeled exertional exhaustion by comparing magnetic resonance images from before and after submaximal exercise. One third of the 27 GWI participants had brain stem atrophy and developed postural tachycardia after exercise (START: Stress Test Activated Reversible Tachycardia). The remainder activated basal ganglia and anterior insulae during a cognitive task (STOPP: Stress Test Originated Phantom Perception). Here, the role of attention in cognitive dysfunction was assessed by seed region correlations during a simple 0-back stimulus matching task (“see a letter, push a button”) performed before exercise. Analysis was analogous to resting state, but different from psychophysiological interactions (PPI). The patterns of correlations between nodes in task and default networks were significantly different for START (n = 9), STOPP (n = 18) and control (n = 8) subjects. Edges shared by the 3 groups may represent co-activation caused by the 0-back task. Controls had a task network of right dorsolateral and left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, posterior insulae and frontal eye fields (dorsal attention network). START had a large task module centered on the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex with direct links to basal ganglia, anterior insulae, and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex nodes, and through dorsal attention network (intraparietal sulci and frontal eye fields) nodes to a default module. STOPP had 2 task submodules of basal ganglia–anterior insulae, and dorsolateral prefrontal executive control regions. Dorsal attention and posterior insulae nodes were embedded in the default module and were distant from the task networks. These three unique connectivity patterns during an attention task support the concept of Gulf War Disease with recognizable, objective patterns of cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Clarke
- Center for Functional and Molecular Imaging, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Jessie D. Jamieson
- Department of Mathematics, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Patrick Malone
- Center for Functional and Molecular Imaging, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Rakib U. Rayhan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Stuart Washington
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - John W. VanMeter
- Center for Functional and Molecular Imaging, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - James N. Baraniuk
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Why we need nonhuman primates to study the role of ventromedial prefrontal cortex in the regulation of threat- and reward-elicited responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:26297-26304. [PMID: 31871181 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1902288116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) is consistently implicated in the cognitive and emotional symptoms of many psychiatric disorders, but the causal mechanisms of its involvement remain unknown. In part, this is because of the poor characterization of the disorders and their symptoms, and the focus of experimental studies in animals on subcortical (rather than cortical) dysregulation. Moreover, even in those experimental studies that have focused on the vmPFC, the preferred animal model for such research has been the rodent, in which there are marked differences in the organization of this region to that seen in humans, and thus the extent of functional homology is unclear. There is also a paucity of well-defined behavioral paradigms suitable for translating disorder-relevant findings across species. With these considerations in mind, we discuss the value of nonhuman primates (NHPs) in bridging the translational gap between human and rodent studies. We focus on recent investigations into the involvement in reward and threat processing of 2 major regions of the vmPFC, areas 25 and 32 in NHPs and their anatomical homologs, the infralimbic and prelimbic cortex, in rodents. We highlight potential similarities, but also differences between species, and consider them in light of the extent to which anatomical homology reflects functional homology, the expansion of the PFC in human and NHPs, and most importantly how they can guide future studies to improve the translatability of findings from preclinical animal studies into the clinic.
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Rolls ET. The cingulate cortex and limbic systems for emotion, action, and memory. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:3001-3018. [PMID: 31451898 PMCID: PMC6875144 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01945-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Evidence is provided for a new conceptualization of the connectivity and functions of the cingulate cortex in emotion, action, and memory. The anterior cingulate cortex receives information from the orbitofrontal cortex about reward and non-reward outcomes. The posterior cingulate cortex receives spatial and action-related information from parietal cortical areas. It is argued that these inputs allow the cingulate cortex to perform action-outcome learning, with outputs from the midcingulate motor area to premotor areas. In addition, because the anterior cingulate cortex connects rewards to actions, it is involved in emotion; and because the posterior cingulate cortex has outputs to the hippocampal system, it is involved in memory. These apparently multiple different functions of the cingulate cortex are related to the place of this proisocortical limbic region in brain connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund T Rolls
- Oxford Centre for Computational Neuroscience, Oxford, UK.
- Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
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45
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Inhibition of food craving is a metabolically active process in the brain in obese men. Int J Obes (Lond) 2019; 44:590-600. [PMID: 31740725 PMCID: PMC7046524 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-019-0484-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity is associated with impaired inhibitory control over food intake. We hypothesized that the neural circuitry underlying inhibition of food craving would be impaired in obesity. Here we assessed whether obese men show altered brain responses during attempted cognitive inhibition of craving when exposed to food cues. METHODS Sixteen obese men (32 ± 8.7 years old, BMI = 38.6 ± 7.2) were compared with 11 age-matched non-obese men (BMI 24.2 ± 2.5) using PET and FDG. Brain glucose metabolism was evaluated in a food deprived state: no food stimulation, food stimulation with no inhibition (NI), and food stimulation with attempted inhibition (AI), each on a separate day. Individualized favorite food items were presented prior to and after FDG injection for 40 min. For AI, participants were asked to attempt to inhibit their desire for the food presented. Self-reports for hunger and food desire were recorded. RESULTS Food stimulation compared with no stimulation increased glucose metabolism in inferior and superior frontal gyrus, default mode network and cerebellum, in both groups. For both groups, AI compared with NI-suppressed metabolism in right subgenual anterior cingulate, orbitofrontal areas, bilateral insula, and temporal gyri. There was a stimulation-by-group interaction effect in obese (but not in non-obese) men showing increased metabolism in pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pgACC) and caudate during AI relative to NI. Changes in the food desire from NI to AI correlated negatively with changes in metabolism in pgACC/caudate in obese but not in non-obese men. CONCLUSIONS Obese men showed higher activation in pgACC/caudate, which are regions involved with self-regulation and emotion/reward during AI. Behavioral associations suggest that successful AI is an active process requiring more energy in obese but not in non-obese men. The additional required effort to increase cognitive control in response to food stimulation in obese compared with non-obese men may contribute to their uncontrolled eating behavior.
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Kuo PC, Tseng YL, Zilles K, Suen S, Eickhoff SB, Lee JD, Cheng PE, Liou M. Brain dynamics and connectivity networks under natural auditory stimulation. Neuroimage 2019; 202:116042. [PMID: 31344485 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data is challenging when subjects are under exposure to natural sensory stimulation. In this study, a two-stage approach was developed to enable the identification of connectivity networks involved in the processing of information in the brain under natural sensory stimulation. In the first stage, the degree of concordance between the results of inter-subject and intra-subject correlation analyses is assessed statistically. The microstructurally (i.e., cytoarchitectonically) defined brain areas are designated either as concordant in which the results of both correlation analyses are in agreement, or as discordant in which one analysis method shows a higher proportion of supra-threshold voxels than does the other. In the second stage, connectivity networks are identified using the time courses of supra-threshold voxels in brain areas contingent upon the classifications derived in the first stage. In an empirical study, fMRI data were collected from 40 young adults (19 males, average age 22.76 ± 3.25), who underwent auditory stimulation involving sound clips of human voices and animal vocalizations under two operational conditions (i.e., eyes-closed and eyes-open). The operational conditions were designed to assess confounding effects due to auditory instructions or visual perception. The proposed two-stage analysis demonstrated that stress modulation (affective) and language networks in the limbic and cortical structures were respectively engaged during sound stimulation, and presented considerable variability among subjects. The network involved in regulating visuomotor control was sensitive to the eyes-open instruction, and presented only small variations among subjects. A high degree of concordance was observed between the two analyses in the primary auditory cortex which was highly sensitive to the pitch of sound clips. Our results have indicated that brain areas can be identified as concordant or discordant based on the two correlation analyses. This may further facilitate the search for connectivity networks involved in the processing of information under natural sensory stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Chih Kuo
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Li Tseng
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Karl Zilles
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Summit Suen
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Juin-Der Lee
- Graduate Institute of Business Administration, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Philip E Cheng
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Michelle Liou
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Rodriguez-Raecke R, Loos HM, Sijben R, Singer M, Beauchamp J, Buettner A, Freiherr J. A Masked Aversive Odor Cannot Be Discriminated From the Masking Odor but Can Be Identified Through Odor Quality Ratings and Neural Activation Patterns. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1219. [PMID: 31798404 PMCID: PMC6868123 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Odor masking is a very prominent problem in our daily routines, mainly concerning unpleasant sweat or toilet odors. In the current study we explored the effectiveness of odor masking both on a behavioral and neuronal level. By definition, participants cannot differentiate a fully masked unpleasant odor from the pleasant pure odor used as a masking agent on a behavioral level. We hypothesized, however, that one can still discriminate between a fully masked odor mixture and the pure masking odor on a neuronal level and that, using a reinforcing feedback paradigm, participants could be trained to perceive this difference. A pleasant, lemon-like odor (citral) and a mixture of citral and minor amounts of an unpleasant, goat-like odor (caproic acid) were presented to participants repeatedly using a computer-controlled olfactometer and participants had to decide whether two presented stimuli were the same or different. Accuracy of this task was incentivized with a possible monetary reward. Functional imaging was used throughout the task to investigate central processing of the two stimuli. The participants rated both stimuli as isopleasant and isointense, indicating that the unpleasant odor was fully masked by the pleasant odor. The isolated caproic acid component of the mixture was rated less pleasant than the pleasant odor in a prior experimental session. Although the masked and pure stimuli were not discriminated in the forced-choice task, quality ratings on a dimensional scale differed. Further, we observed an increased activation of the insula and ventral striatum/putamen for the pure in contrast to the fully masked odor, hence revealing a difference in neuronal processing. Our hypothesis that perceptual discrimination and neuronal processing can be enhanced using a reinforcing feedback paradigm is not supported by our data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rea Rodriguez-Raecke
- Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Sensory Analytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Freising, Germany
| | - Helene M Loos
- Sensory Analytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Freising, Germany.,Chair of Aroma and Smell Research, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rik Sijben
- Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Jonathan Beauchamp
- Sensory Analytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Freising, Germany
| | - Andrea Buettner
- Sensory Analytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Freising, Germany.,Chair of Aroma and Smell Research, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jessica Freiherr
- Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Sensory Analytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Freising, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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48
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Is resting state frontal alpha connectivity asymmetry a useful index to assess depressive symptoms? A preliminary investigation in a sample of university students. J Affect Disord 2019; 257:152-159. [PMID: 31301617 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frontal alpha asymmetry (FAA) has been widely investigated in depressive disorders (DDs) with contradictory and not conclusive results. The main aim of the current study was to explore the association between a new neurophysiological index, the so-called frontal alpha connectivity asymmetry index (FACA-I), and depressive symptoms. METHODS One hundred and thirteen participants (45 men and 68 women, mean age: 22.83 ± 2.26 years) were enrolled. Electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings were performed during 5 min of resting state (RS). FACA-I was computed by subtracting connectivity at left frontal regions from right frontal regions and dividing by their sum. RS FAA were also computed and compared to the FACA-I in all analyses. RESULTS After controlling for the presence of potential confounding variables (i.e., sex, age and anxiety symptoms), only FACA-I scores between medial prefrontal cortex and subgenual anterior cingulate cortex were negatively associated with both somatic and cognitive/affective depressive symptoms and were lower in individuals with significant level of depressive symptoms. LIMITATIONS We focused on a sample of university students with no formal diagnosis of depression and we did not assess FAA and FACA-I during cognitive and/or emotional tasks, which make our interpretation specific to the RS condition. CONCLUSIONS Taken together our data suggest that alpha connectivity asymmetry between medial prefrontal cortex and subgenual anterior cingulate cortex may be a useful neurophysiological index in the assessment of depressive symptoms.
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49
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Alexander L, Clarke HF, Roberts AC. A Focus on the Functions of Area 25. Brain Sci 2019; 9:E129. [PMID: 31163643 PMCID: PMC6627335 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9060129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Subcallosal area 25 is one of the least understood regions of the anterior cingulate cortex, but activity in this area is emerging as a crucial correlate of mood and affective disorder symptomatology. The cortical and subcortical connectivity of area 25 suggests it may act as an interface between the bioregulatory and emotional states that are aberrant in disorders such as depression. However, evidence for such a role is limited because of uncertainty over the functional homologue of area 25 in rodents, which hinders cross-species translation. This emphasizes the need for causal manipulations in monkeys in which area 25, and the prefrontal and cingulate regions in which it is embedded, resemble those of humans more than rodents. In this review, we consider physiological and behavioral evidence from non-pathological and pathological studies in humans and from manipulations of area 25 in monkeys and its putative homologue, the infralimbic cortex (IL), in rodents. We highlight the similarities between area 25 function in monkeys and IL function in rodents with respect to the regulation of reward-driven responses, but also the apparent inconsistencies in the regulation of threat responses, not only between the rodent and monkey literatures, but also within the rodent literature. Overall, we provide evidence for a causal role of area 25 in both the enhanced negative affect and decreased positive affect that is characteristic of affective disorders, and the cardiovascular and endocrine perturbations that accompany these mood changes. We end with a brief consideration of how future studies should be tailored to best translate these findings into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laith Alexander
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK.
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK.
| | - Hannah F Clarke
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK.
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK.
| | - Angela C Roberts
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK.
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK.
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50
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Palomero-Gallagher N, Hoffstaedter F, Mohlberg H, Eickhoff SB, Amunts K, Zilles K. Human Pregenual Anterior Cingulate Cortex: Structural, Functional, and Connectional Heterogeneity. Cereb Cortex 2019; 29:2552-2574. [PMID: 29850806 PMCID: PMC6519696 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The human pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pACC) encompasses 7 distinct cyto- and receptorarchitectonic areas. We lack a detailed understanding of the functions in which they are involved, and stereotaxic maps are not available. We present an integrated structural/functional map of pACC based on probabilistic cytoarchitectonic mapping and meta-analytic connectivity modeling and quantitative functional decoding. Due to the restricted spatial resolution of functional imaging data relative to the microstructural parcellation, areas p24a of the callosal sulcus and p24b on the surface of the cingulate gyrus were merged into a "gyral component" (p24ab) of area p24, and areas pv24c, pd24cv, and pd24cd, located within the cingulate sulcus were merged into a "sulcal component" (p24c) for meta-analytic analysis. Area p24ab was specifically associated with interoception, p24c with the inhibition of action, and p32, which was also activated by emotion induction tasks pertaining negatively valenced stimuli, with the ability to experience empathy. Thus, area p32 could be classified as cingulate association cortex playing a crucial role in the cognitive regulation of emotion. By this spectrum of functions, pACC is a structurally and functionally heterogeneous region, clearly differing from other parts of the anterior and middle cingulate cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Palomero-Gallagher
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Felix Hoffstaedter
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Hartmut Mohlberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Katrin Amunts
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- C. & O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- JARA-BRAIN, Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Karl Zilles
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- JARA-BRAIN, Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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