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Navarro-Lobato I, Masmudi-Martín M, López-Aranda MF, López-Téllez JF, Delgado G, Granados-Durán P, Gaona-Romero C, Carretero-Rey M, Posadas S, Quiros-Ortega ME, Khan ZU. Promotion of structural plasticity in area V2 of visual cortex prevents against object recognition memory deficits in aging and Alzheimer's disease rodents. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1835-1841. [PMID: 38103251 PMCID: PMC10960297 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.389301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202408000-00038/figure1/v/2023-12-16T180322Z/r/image-tiff Memory deficit, which is often associated with aging and many psychiatric, neurological, and neurodegenerative diseases, has been a challenging issue for treatment. Up till now, all potential drug candidates have failed to produce satisfactory effects. Therefore, in the search for a solution, we found that a treatment with the gene corresponding to the RGS14414 protein in visual area V2, a brain area connected with brain circuits of the ventral stream and the medial temporal lobe, which is crucial for object recognition memory (ORM), can induce enhancement of ORM. In this study, we demonstrated that the same treatment with RGS14414 in visual area V2, which is relatively unaffected in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, produced long-lasting enhancement of ORM in young animals and prevent ORM deficits in rodent models of aging and Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, we found that the prevention of memory deficits was mediated through the upregulation of neuronal arborization and spine density, as well as an increase in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). A knockdown of BDNF gene in RGS14414-treated aging rats and Alzheimer's disease model mice caused complete loss in the upregulation of neuronal structural plasticity and in the prevention of ORM deficits. These findings suggest that BDNF-mediated neuronal structural plasticity in area V2 is crucial in the prevention of memory deficits in RGS14414-treated rodent models of aging and Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, our findings of RGS14414 gene-mediated activation of neuronal circuits in visual area V2 have therapeutic relevance in the treatment of memory deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Navarro-Lobato
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigaciones Médico Sanitarias (CIMES), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Mariam Masmudi-Martín
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigaciones Médico Sanitarias (CIMES), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Manuel F. López-Aranda
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigaciones Médico Sanitarias (CIMES), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Juan F. López-Téllez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigaciones Médico Sanitarias (CIMES), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Gloria Delgado
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigaciones Médico Sanitarias (CIMES), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Pablo Granados-Durán
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigaciones Médico Sanitarias (CIMES), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Celia Gaona-Romero
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigaciones Médico Sanitarias (CIMES), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Marta Carretero-Rey
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigaciones Médico Sanitarias (CIMES), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Sinforiano Posadas
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigaciones Médico Sanitarias (CIMES), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - María E. Quiros-Ortega
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigaciones Médico Sanitarias (CIMES), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Zafar U. Khan
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigaciones Médico Sanitarias (CIMES), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Zhang J, Chen Y, Zhao Y, Wang P, Ding H, Liu C, Lyu J, Le W. Terahertz Irradiation Improves Cognitive Impairments and Attenuates Alzheimer's Neuropathology in the APP SWE/PS1 DE9 Mouse: A Novel Therapeutic Intervention for Alzheimer's Disease. Neurosci Bull 2024; 40:857-871. [PMID: 37971654 PMCID: PMC11250709 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01145-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by the deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ), neurofibrillary tangles, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration in the brain. In recent years, considering the unsatisfied benefits of pharmacological therapies, non-pharmacological therapy has become a research hotspot for AD intervention. Terahertz (THz) waves with a range between microwave and infrared regions in the electromagnetic spectrum and high permeability to a wide range of materials have great potential in the bioengineering field. However, its biological impacts on the central nervous system, under either physiological or pathological conditions, are poorly investigated. In this study, we first measured the 0.14 THz waves penetration across the skull of a C57BL/6 mouse and found the percentage of THz penetration to be ~70%, guaranteeing that THz waves can reach the relevant brain regions. We then exposed the APPSWE/PS1DE9 mouse model of AD to repeated low-frequency THz waves on the head. We demonstrated that THz waves treatment significantly improved the cognitive impairment and alleviated AD neuropathology including Aβ deposition and tau hyperphosphorylation in the AD mice. Moreover, THz waves treatment effectively attenuated mitochondrial impairment, neuroinflammation, and neuronal loss in the AD mouse brain. Our findings reveal previously unappreciated beneficial effects of THz waves treatment in AD and suggest that THz waves may have the potential to be used as a novel therapeutic intervention for this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, China
| | - Yixin Chen
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, China
| | - Yarui Zhao
- School of Physics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Panpan Wang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, China
| | - Hongbin Ding
- School of Physics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Cong Liu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Junhong Lyu
- Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Weidong Le
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, China.
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences-Sichuan Provincial Hospital, Medical School, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China.
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Zhong G, Fang Z, Sun T, Ying M, Wang A, Chen Y, Wang H, Ma C, Wang C, Ge R, Liu G, Guo Y. Ubiquitin ligase RFWD2 promotes dendritic spine and synapse formation by activating the ERK/PEA3/c-Jun pathway in rat cerebral cortical neurons. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167319. [PMID: 38909848 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
The regulation of protein degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome system is essential for normal brain development, axon growth, synaptic growth and plasticity. The E3 ubiquitin ligase RFWD2 plays a key role in the onset and development of neurological diseases, including the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the mechanisms controlling the homeostasis of neuronal synaptic proteins are still poorly understood. Here, we showed that the expression level of RFWD2 gradually decreased with the age of the rats and was negatively correlated with the development of cerebral cortical neurons and dendrites in vivo. RFWD2 was shown to localize to presynaptic terminals and some postsynaptic sides of both excitatory synapses and inhibitory synapses via colocalization with neuronal synaptic proteins (SYN, PSD95, Vglut1 and GAD67). Overexpression of RFWD2 promoted dendrite development and dendritic spine formation and markedly decreased the expression of synaptophysin and PSD95 by reducing the expression of ETV1, ETV4, ETV5 and c-JUN in vitro. Furthermore, the whole-cell membrane slice clamp results showed that RFWD2 overexpression resulted in greater membrane capacitance in neuronal cells, inadequate cell repolarization, and a longer time course for neurons to emit action potentials with decreased excitability. RFWD2 regulates dendritic development and plasticity, dendritic spine formation and synaptic function in rat cerebral cortex neurons by activating the ERK/PEA3/c-Jun pathway via a posttranslational regulatory mechanism and can be used as an efficient treatment target for neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangshang Zhong
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, Anhui, China; School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, Anhui, China
| | - Zhuling Fang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, Anhui, China
| | - Tingting Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, Anhui, China
| | - Mengjiao Ying
- School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, Anhui, China
| | - Ao Wang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, Anhui, China
| | - Ying Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, Anhui, China
| | - Haojie Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, Anhui, China
| | - Caiyun Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, Anhui, China
| | - Chunjing Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, Anhui, China
| | - Rongjing Ge
- School of Clinical Medicine, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, Anhui, China; Anhui Engineering Research Center for Neural Regeneration Technology and Medical New Materials, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Gaofeng Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, Anhui, China; Anhui Engineering Research Center for Neural Regeneration Technology and Medical New Materials, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, 233000, China.
| | - Yu Guo
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, Anhui, China; Anhui Engineering Research Center for Neural Regeneration Technology and Medical New Materials, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, 233000, China.
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Lv T, Chen Y, Hou X, Qin R, Yang Z, Hu Z, Bai F. Anterior-temporal hippocampal network mechanisms of left angular gyrus-navigated rTMS for memory improvement in aMCI: A sham-controlled study. Behav Brain Res 2024; 471:115117. [PMID: 38908485 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neuro-navigated repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the left angular gyrus has been broadly investigated for the treatment of amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). Although abnormalities in two hippocampal networks, the anterior-temporal (AT) and posterior-medial (PM) networks, are consistent with aMCI and are potential therapeutic targets for rTMS, the underlying mechanisms of the therapeutic effects of rTMS on hippocampal network connections remain unknown. Here, we assessed the impact of left angular gyrus rTMS on activity in these networks and explored whether the treatment response was due to the distance between the clinically applied target (the group average optimal site) and the personalized target in patients with aMCI. METHODS Sixty subjects clinically diagnosed with aMCI participated in this study after 20 sessions of sham-controlled rTMS targeting the left angular gyrus. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and neuropsychological assessments were performed before and after rTMS. Functional connectivity alterations in the PM and AT networks were assessed using seed-based functional connectivity analysis and two-factor repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). We then computed the correlations between the functional connectivity changes and clinical rating scales. Finally, we examined whether the Euclidean distance between the clinically applied and personalized targets predicted the subsequent treatment response. RESULTS Compared with the sham group, the active rTMS group showed rTMS-induced deactivation of functional connectivity within the medial temporal lobe-AT network, with a negative correlation with episodic memory score changes. Moreover, the active rTMS lowers the interdependency of changes in the PM and AT networks. Finally, the Euclidean distance between the clinically applied and personalized target distances could predict subsequent network lever responses in the active rTMS group. CONCLUSIONS Neuro-navigated rTMS selectively modulates widespread functional connectivity abnormalities in the PM and AT hippocampal networks in aMCI patients, and the modulation of hippocampal-AT network connectivity can efficiently reverse memory deficits. The results also highlight the necessity of personalized targets for fMRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyu Lv
- Geriatric Medicine Center, Taikang Xianlin Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China; Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ya Chen
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinle Hou
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Ruomeng Qin
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zhiyuan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zheqi Hu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Feng Bai
- Geriatric Medicine Center, Taikang Xianlin Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China; Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
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Paul S, Biswas P. Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study of the Self-Assembly of Tau-Derived PHF6 and Its Inhibition by Oleuropein Aglycone from Extra Virgin Olive Oil. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:5630-5641. [PMID: 38814052 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c02393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other taupathies are neurodegenerative disorders associated with the amyloid deposition of the Tau protein in the brain. This amyloid formation may be inhibited by small molecules, which is recognized as one of the best therapeutic strategies to stop the progression of the disease. This work focuses on the small nucleating segment, hexapeptide-paired helical filament 6 (PHF6), responsible for Tau aggregation. Using computational modeling and classical molecular dynamics simulations, we show that PHF6 monomers collapse in water to form β-sheet rich structures, and the main olive oil polyphenol oleuropein aglycone (OleA) prevents peptide aggregation significantly. We gradually increase the ratio of the PHF6-OleA from 1:1 to 1:3 and find that for the 1:1 ratio, the peptide monomers are prone to form aggregated structures, while for the 1:2 ratio, the formation of the extended β-sheet structure is significantly less. For a 1:3 ratio of protein/OleA, the peptide residues are sufficiently crowded by OleA molecules through hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, and π-π stacking; hence, the peptide chains prefer to exist in a monomeric random coil conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijita Paul
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India
| | - Parbati Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India
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Anbaraki A, Dindar Z, Mousavi-Jarrahi Z, Ghasemi A, Moeini Z, Evini M, Saboury AA, Seyedarabi A. The novel anti-fibrillary effects of volatile compounds α-asarone and β-caryophyllene on tau protein: Towards promising therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 271:132401. [PMID: 38761902 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
The abnormal deposition of tau protein is one of the critical causes of tauopathies including Alzheimer's disease (AD). In recent years, there has been great interest in the use of essential oils and volatile compounds in aromatherapy for treating AD, since volatile compounds can directly reach the brain through intranasal administration. The volatile compounds α-asarone (ASA) and β-caryophyllene (BCP) have revealed various important neuroprotective properties, useful in treating AD. In this study, the volatile compounds ASA and BCP were assessed for their effectiveness in preventing tau fibrillation, disassembly of pre-formed tau fibrils, and disaggregation of tau aggregates. SDS-PAGE and AFM analyses revealed that ASA and BCP inhibited tau fibrillation/aggregation and decreased the mean size of tau oligomers. Tau samples treated with ASA and BCP, showed a reduction in ThT and ANS fluorescence intensities, and a decrease in the β-sheet content. Additionally, ASA and BCP disassembled the pre-formed tau fibrils to the granular and linear oligomeric intermediates. Treatment of neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells with tau samples treated with ASA and BCP, revealed protective effects as shown by reduced toxicity of the cells, due to the inhibition of tau fibrillation/aggregation. Overall, ASA and BCP appeared to be promising therapeutic candidates for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afrooz Anbaraki
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Dindar
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Atiyeh Ghasemi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Moeini
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Evini
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Saboury
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arefeh Seyedarabi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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Wojtas AM, Dammer EB, Guo Q, Ping L, Shantaraman A, Duong DM, Yin L, Fox EJ, Seifar F, Lee EB, Johnson ECB, Lah JJ, Levey AI, Levites Y, Rangaraju S, Golde TE, Seyfried NT. Proteomic changes in the human cerebrovasculature in Alzheimer's disease and related tauopathies linked to peripheral biomarkers in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. Alzheimers Dement 2024; 20:4043-4065. [PMID: 38713744 PMCID: PMC11180878 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cerebrovascular dysfunction is a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Nevertheless, detecting cerebrovascular changes within bulk tissues has limited our ability to characterize proteomic alterations from less abundant cell types. METHODS We conducted quantitative proteomics on bulk brain tissues and isolated cerebrovasculature from the same individuals, encompassing control (N = 28), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) (N = 18), and AD (N = 21) cases. RESULTS Protein co-expression network analysis identified unique cerebrovascular modules significantly correlated with amyloid plaques, cerebrovascular amyloid angiopathy (CAA), and/or tau pathology. The protein products within AD genetic risk loci were concentrated within cerebrovascular modules. The overlap between differentially abundant proteins in AD cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma with cerebrovascular network highlighted a significant increase of matrisome proteins, SMOC1 and SMOC2, in CSF, plasma, and brain. DISCUSSION These findings enhance our understanding of cerebrovascular deficits in AD, shedding light on potential biomarkers associated with CAA and vascular dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra M. Wojtas
- Department of BiochemistryEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Center for Neurodegenerative DiseaseEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Eric B. Dammer
- Department of BiochemistryEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Center for Neurodegenerative DiseaseEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Qi Guo
- Department of BiochemistryEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Center for Neurodegenerative DiseaseEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Lingyan Ping
- Department of BiochemistryEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Center for Neurodegenerative DiseaseEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Ananth Shantaraman
- Department of BiochemistryEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Center for Neurodegenerative DiseaseEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Duc M. Duong
- Department of BiochemistryEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Center for Neurodegenerative DiseaseEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Luming Yin
- Department of BiochemistryEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Center for Neurodegenerative DiseaseEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Edward J. Fox
- Department of BiochemistryEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Center for Neurodegenerative DiseaseEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Fatemeh Seifar
- Department of BiochemistryEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Center for Neurodegenerative DiseaseEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Edward B. Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Erik C. B. Johnson
- Center for Neurodegenerative DiseaseEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Department of NeurologyEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - James J. Lah
- Center for Neurodegenerative DiseaseEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Department of NeurologyEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Allan I. Levey
- Department of BiochemistryEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Center for Neurodegenerative DiseaseEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Department of NeurologyEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Yona Levites
- Center for Neurodegenerative DiseaseEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical BiologyEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Srikant Rangaraju
- Center for Neurodegenerative DiseaseEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Department of NeurologyEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Todd E. Golde
- Center for Neurodegenerative DiseaseEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Department of NeurologyEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical BiologyEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Nicholas T. Seyfried
- Department of BiochemistryEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Center for Neurodegenerative DiseaseEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Department of NeurologyEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
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8
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Nguyen DLB, Okolicsanyi RK, Haupt LM. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans: Mediators of cellular and molecular Alzheimer's disease pathogenic factors via tunnelling nanotubes? Mol Cell Neurosci 2024; 129:103936. [PMID: 38750678 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2024.103936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders impact around one billion individuals globally (15 % approx.), with significant implications for disability and mortality with their impact in Australia currently amounts to 6.8 million deaths annually. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are complex extracellular molecules implicated in promoting Tau fibril formation resulting in Tau tangles, a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). HSPG-Tau protein interactions contribute to various AD stages via aggregation, toxicity, and clearance, largely via interactions with the glypican 1 and syndecan 3 core proteins. The tunnelling nanotubes (TNTs) pathway is emerging as a facilitator of intercellular molecule transport, including Tau and Amyloid β proteins, across extensive distances. While current TNT-associated evidence primarily stems from cancer models, their role in Tau propagation and its effects on recipient cells remain unclear. This review explores the interplay of TNTs, HSPGs, and AD-related factors and proposes that HSPGs influence TNT formation in neurodegenerative conditions such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy L B Nguyen
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Group, Genomics Research Centre, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | - Rachel K Okolicsanyi
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Group, Genomics Research Centre, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia; ARC Training Centre for Cell and Tissue Engineering Technologies, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Australia
| | - Larisa M Haupt
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Group, Genomics Research Centre, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia; Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia; ARC Training Centre for Cell and Tissue Engineering Technologies, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Australia; Max Planck Queensland Centre for the Materials Sciences of Extracellular Matrices, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Australia.
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Lu L, Li J, Jiang X, Bai R. CXCR4/CXCL12 axis: "old" pathway as "novel" target for anti-inflammatory drug discovery. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:1189-1220. [PMID: 38178560 DOI: 10.1002/med.22011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Inflammation is the body's defense response to exogenous or endogenous stimuli, involving complex regulatory mechanisms. Discovering anti-inflammatory drugs with both effectiveness and long-term use safety is still the direction of researchers' efforts. The inflammatory pathway was initially identified to be involved in tumor metastasis and HIV infection. However, research in recent years has proved that the CXC chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4)/CXC motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) axis plays a critical role in the upstream of the inflammatory pathway due to its chemotaxis to inflammatory cells. Blocking the chemotaxis of inflammatory cells by CXCL12 at the inflammatory site may block and alleviate the inflammatory response. Therefore, developing CXCR4 antagonists has become a novel strategy for anti-inflammatory therapy. This review aimed to systematically summarize and analyze the mechanisms of action of the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis in more than 20 inflammatory diseases, highlighting its crucial role in inflammation. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory activities of CXCR4 antagonists were discussed. The findings might help generate new perspectives for developing anti-inflammatory drugs targeting the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuxin Lu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-tumor Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junjie Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-tumor Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoying Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-tumor Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Renren Bai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-tumor Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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10
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Masmudi‐Martín M, Navarro‐Lobato I, López‐Aranda MF, Quiros‐Ortega ME, Carretero‐Rey M, Garcia‐Garrido MF, López Téllez JF, Jiménez‐Recuerda I, Muñoz de Leon López CA, Khan ZU. Brain areas interconnected to ventral pathway circuits are independently able to induce enhancement in object recognition memory and cause reversal in object recognition memory deficit. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14727. [PMID: 38644593 PMCID: PMC11033489 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS Ventral pathway circuits are constituted by the interconnected brain areas that are distributed throughout the brain. These brain circuits are primarily involved in processing of object related information in brain. However, their role in object recognition memory (ORM) enhancement remains unknown. Here, we have studied on the implication of these circuits in ORM enhancement and in reversal of ORM deficit in aging. METHODS The brain areas interconnected to ventral pathway circuits in rat brain were activated by an expression of a protein called regulator of G-protein signaling 14 of 414 amino acids (RGS14414). RGS14414 is an ORM enhancer and therefore used here as a gain-in-function tool. ORM test and immunohistochemistry, lesions, neuronal arborization, and knockdown studies were performed to uncover the novel function of ventral pathway circuits. RESULTS An activation of each of the brain areas interconnected to ventral pathway circuits individually induced enhancement in ORM; however, same treatment in brain areas not interconnected to ventral pathway circuits produced no effect. Further study in perirhinal cortex (PRh), area V2 of visual cortex and frontal cortex (FrC), which are brain areas that have been shown to be involved in ORM and are interconnected to ventral pathway circuits, revealed that ORM enhancement seen after the activation of any one of the three brain areas was unaffected by the lesions in other two brain areas either individually in each area or even concurrently in both areas. This ORM enhancement in all three brain areas was associated to increase in structural plasticity of pyramidal neurons where more than 2-fold higher dendritic spines were observed. Additionally, we found that an activation of either PRh, area V2, or FrC not only was adequate but also was sufficient for the reversal of ORM deficit in aging rats, and the blockade of RGS14414 activity led to loss in increase in dendritic spine density and failure in reversal of ORM deficit. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that brain areas interconnected to ventral pathway circuits facilitate ORM enhancement by an increase in synaptic connectivity between the local brain area circuits and the passing by ventral pathway circuits and an upregulation in activity of ventral pathway circuits. In addition, the finding of the reversal of ORM deficit through activation of an interconnected brain area might serve as a platform for developing not only therapy against memory deficits but also strategies for other brain diseases in which neuronal circuits are compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Masmudi‐Martín
- Laboratory of NeurobiologyCIMESUniversity of MalagaMalagaSpain
- Department of MedicineFaculty of MedicineUniversity of MalagaMalagaSpain
- Present address:
Brain Metastasis GroupNational Cancer Research Centre (CNIO)MadridSpain
| | - Irene Navarro‐Lobato
- Laboratory of NeurobiologyCIMESUniversity of MalagaMalagaSpain
- Department of MedicineFaculty of MedicineUniversity of MalagaMalagaSpain
| | - Manuel F. López‐Aranda
- Laboratory of NeurobiologyCIMESUniversity of MalagaMalagaSpain
- Department of MedicineFaculty of MedicineUniversity of MalagaMalagaSpain
- Present address:
Departmento de Biología celular, Genética y FisiologíaUniversidad de MálagaMálagaMálagaSpain
| | - María E. Quiros‐Ortega
- Laboratory of NeurobiologyCIMESUniversity of MalagaMalagaSpain
- Department of MedicineFaculty of MedicineUniversity of MalagaMalagaSpain
| | - Marta Carretero‐Rey
- Laboratory of NeurobiologyCIMESUniversity of MalagaMalagaSpain
- Department of MedicineFaculty of MedicineUniversity of MalagaMalagaSpain
| | - María F. Garcia‐Garrido
- Laboratory of NeurobiologyCIMESUniversity of MalagaMalagaSpain
- Department of MedicineFaculty of MedicineUniversity of MalagaMalagaSpain
| | - Juan F. López Téllez
- Laboratory of NeurobiologyCIMESUniversity of MalagaMalagaSpain
- Department of MedicineFaculty of MedicineUniversity of MalagaMalagaSpain
| | - Inmaculada Jiménez‐Recuerda
- Laboratory of NeurobiologyCIMESUniversity of MalagaMalagaSpain
- Department of MedicineFaculty of MedicineUniversity of MalagaMalagaSpain
| | - Cristina A. Muñoz de Leon López
- Laboratory of NeurobiologyCIMESUniversity of MalagaMalagaSpain
- Department of MedicineFaculty of MedicineUniversity of MalagaMalagaSpain
| | - Zafar U. Khan
- Laboratory of NeurobiologyCIMESUniversity of MalagaMalagaSpain
- Department of MedicineFaculty of MedicineUniversity of MalagaMalagaSpain
- CIBERNEDInstitute of Health Carlos IIIMadridSpain
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11
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Su Q, Ren YH, Liu GW, Gao YP, Zhang JX, Zhang JN, Pei XX, Li T. Trichostatin A relieves anxiety-and depression-like symptoms in APP/PS1 mice. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1333235. [PMID: 38572429 PMCID: PMC10987769 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1333235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Cognitive deficits and behavioral disorders such as anxiety and depression are common manifestations of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our previous work demonstrated that Trichostatin A (TSA) could alleviate neuroinflammatory plaques and improve cognitive disorders. AD, anxiety, and depression are all associated with microglial inflammation. However, whether TSA could attenuate anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in APP/PS1 mice through anti-inflammatory signaling is still unclearly. Methods In the present study, all mice were subjected to the open field, elevated plus maze, and forced swim tests to assess anxiety- and depression-related behaviors after TSA administration. To understand the possible mechanisms underlying the behavioral effects observed, CST7 was measured in the hippocampus of mice and LPS-treated BV2 microglia. Results The results of this study indicated that TSA administration relieved the behaviors of depression and anxiety in APP/PS1 mice, and decreased CST7 levels in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice and LPS-induced BV2 cells. Conclusion Overall, these findings support the idea that TSA might be beneficial for reducing neurobehavioral disorders in AD and this could be due to suppression of CST7-related microglial inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Su
- Department of Laboratory Medicine of Fenyang College, Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, Shanxi, China
| | - Yu-Hua Ren
- Department of Laboratory Medicine of Fenyang College, Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, Shanxi, China
| | - Guo-Wei Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine of Fenyang College, Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, Shanxi, China
| | - Yan-Ping Gao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine of Fenyang College, Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, Shanxi, China
| | - Jiu-Xuan Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine of Fenyang College, Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, Shanxi, China
| | - Jin-Nan Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Cell Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xia-Xia Pei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine of Fenyang College, Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, Shanxi, China
| | - Tian Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Cell Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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12
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Verma H, Kaur S, Kaur S, Gangwar P, Dhiman M, Mantha AK. Role of Cytoskeletal Elements in Regulation of Synaptic Functions: Implications Toward Alzheimer's Disease and Phytochemicals-Based Interventions. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04053-3. [PMID: 38491338 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04053-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a multifactorial disease, is characterized by the accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques. AD is triggered via several factors like alteration in cytoskeletal proteins, a mutation in presenilin 1 (PSEN1), presenilin 2 (PSEN2), amyloid precursor protein (APP), and post-translational modifications (PTMs) in the cytoskeletal elements. Owing to the major structural and functional role of cytoskeletal elements, like the organization of axon initial segmentation, dendritic spines, synaptic regulation, and delivery of cargo at the synapse; modulation of these elements plays an important role in AD pathogenesis; like Tau is a microtubule-associated protein that stabilizes the microtubules, and it also causes inhibition of nucleo-cytoplasmic transportation by disrupting the integrity of nuclear pore complex. One of the major cytoskeletal elements, actin and its dynamics, regulate the dendritic spine structure and functions; impairments have been documented towards learning and memory defects. The second major constituent of these cytoskeletal elements, microtubules, are necessary for the delivery of the cargo, like ion channels and receptors at the synaptic membranes, whereas actin-binding protein, i.e., Cofilin's activation form rod-like structures, is involved in the formation of paired helical filaments (PHFs) observed in AD. Also, the glial cells rely on their cytoskeleton to maintain synaptic functionality. Thus, making cytoskeletal elements and their regulation in synaptic structure and function as an important aspect to be focused for better management and targeting AD pathology. This review advocates exploring phytochemicals and Ayurvedic plant extracts against AD by elucidating their neuroprotective mechanisms involving cytoskeletal modulation and enhancing synaptic plasticity. However, challenges include their limited bioavailability due to the poor solubility and the limited potential to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), emphasizing the need for targeted strategies to improve therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harkomal Verma
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Village Ghudda, VPO - Ghudda, Bathinda, 151 401, Punjab, India
| | - Sharanjot Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Village Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhchain Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Village Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Prabhakar Gangwar
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Village Ghudda, VPO - Ghudda, Bathinda, 151 401, Punjab, India
| | - Monisha Dhiman
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Village Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Anil Kumar Mantha
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Village Ghudda, VPO - Ghudda, Bathinda, 151 401, Punjab, India.
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13
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Silva-Reis SC, Costa VM, Correia da Silva D, Pereira DM, Correia XC, Costa-Almeida HF, García-Mera X, Rodríguez-Borges JE, Sampaio-Dias IE. Exploring structural determinants of neuroprotection bias on novel glypromate conjugates with bioactive amines. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 267:116174. [PMID: 38306884 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, afflict millions globally, posing a significant public health challenge. Despite extensive research, a critical hurdle in effectively treating neurodegenerative diseases is the lack of neuroprotective drugs that can halt or reverse the underlying disease processes. In this work, we took advantage of the neuroprotective properties of the neuropeptide glycyl-l-prolyl-l-glutamic acid (Glypromate) for the development of new peptidomimetics using l-pipecolic acid as a proline surrogate and exploring their chemical conjugation with relevant active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) via a peptide bond. Together with prolyl-based Glypromate conjugates, a total of 36 conjugates were toxicologically and biologically evaluated. In this series, the results obtained showed that a constrained ring (l-proline) at the central position of the peptide motif accounts for enhanced toxicological profiles and biological effects using undifferentiated and differentiated human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Additionally, it was shown that biased biological responses are API-dependent. Conjugation with (R)-1-aminoindane led to a 38-43% reduction of protein aggregation induced by Aβ25-35 (10 μM), denoting a 3.2-3.6-fold improvement in comparison with the parent neuropeptide, with no significative difference between functionalization at α and γ-carboxyl ends. On the other hand, the best-performing neuroprotective conjugate against the toxicity elicited by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA, 125 μM) was obtained by conjugation with memantine at the α-carboxyl end, resulting in a 2.3-fold improvement of the neuroprotection capacity in comparison with Glypromate neuropeptide. Altogether, the chemical strategy explored in this work shows that the neuroprotective capacity of Glypromate can be modified and fine-tuned, opening a new avenue for the development of biased neurotherapeutics for CNS-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara C Silva-Reis
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal; UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vera M Costa
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal; Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniela Correia da Silva
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - David M Pereira
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Xavier Cruz Correia
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo F Costa-Almeida
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Xerardo García-Mera
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José E Rodríguez-Borges
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ivo E Sampaio-Dias
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
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14
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Jain M, Sahoo A, Matysiak S. Modulation of Aβ 16-22 aggregation by glucose. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:5038-5044. [PMID: 38258497 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04494g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The self-assembly of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides into fibrillar structures in the brain is a signature of Alzheimer's disease. Recent studies have reported correlations between Alzheimer's disease and type-2 diabetes. Structurally, hyperglycemia induces covalent protein crosslinkings by advanced glycation end products (AGE), which can affect the stability of Aβ oligomers. In this work, we leverage physics-based coarse-grained molecular simulations to probe alternate thermodynamic pathways that affect peptide aggregation propensities at varying concentrations of glucose molecules. Similar to previous experimental reports, our simulations show a glucose concentration-dependent increase in Aβ aggregation rates, without changes in the overall secondary structure content. We discovered that glucose molecules prefer partitioning onto the aggregate-water interface at a specific orientation, resulting in a loss of molecular rotational entropy. This effectively hastens the aggregation rates, as peptide self-assembly can reduce the available surface area for peptide-glucose interactions. This work introduces a new thermodynamic-driven pathway, beyond chemical cross-linking, that can modulate Aβ aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenal Jain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Abhilash Sahoo
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Computational Mathematics, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Silvina Matysiak
- Biophysics Program, Institute of Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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15
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Park K, Kohl MM, Kwag J. Memory encoding and retrieval by retrosplenial parvalbumin interneurons are impaired in Alzheimer's disease model mice. Curr Biol 2024; 34:434-443.e4. [PMID: 38157861 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Memory deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD) show a strong link with GABAergic interneuron dysfunctions.1,2,3,4,5,6,7 The ensemble dynamics of GABAergic interneurons represent memory encoding and retrieval,8,9,10,11,12 but how GABAergic interneuron dysfunction affects inhibitory ensemble dynamics in AD is unknown. As the retrosplenial cortex (RSC) is critical for episodic memory13,14,15,16 and is affected by β-amyloid accumulation in early AD,17,18,19,20,21 we address this question by performing Ca2+ imaging in RSC parvalbumin (PV)-expressing interneurons during a contextual fear memory task in healthy control mice and the 5XFAD mouse model of AD. We found that populations of PV interneurons responsive to aversive electric foot shocks during contextual fear conditioning (shock-responsive) significantly decreased in the 5XFAD mice, indicating dysfunctions in the recruitment of memory-encoding PV interneurons. In the control mice, ensemble activities of shock-responsive PV interneurons were selectively upregulated during the freezing epoch of the contextual fear memory retrieval, manifested by synaptic potentiation of PV interneuron-mediated inhibition. However, such changes in ensemble dynamics during memory retrieval and synaptic plasticity were both absent in the 5XFAD mice. Optogenetic silencing of PV interneurons during contextual fear conditioning in the control mice mimicked the memory deficits in the 5XFAD mice, while optogenetic activation of PV interneurons in the 5XFAD mice restored memory retrieval. These results demonstrate the critical roles of contextual fear memory-encoding PV interneurons for memory retrieval. Furthermore, synaptic dysfunction of PV interneurons may disrupt the recruitment of PV interneurons and their ensemble dynamics underlying contextual fear memory retrieval, subsequently leading to memory deficits in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyerl Park
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea; Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Michael M Kohl
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Jeehyun Kwag
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea.
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16
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Dong S, Xia J, Wang F, Yang L, Xing S, Du J, Zhang T, Li Z. Discovery of novel deoxyvasicinone derivatives with benzenesulfonamide substituents as multifunctional agents against Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 264:116013. [PMID: 38052155 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.116013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
A series of deoxyvasicinone derivatives with benzenesulfonamide substituents were designed and synthesized to find a multifunctional anti-Alzheimer's disease (AD) drug. The results of the biological activity evaluation indicated that most compounds demonstrated selective inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Among them, g17 exhibited the most potent inhibitory effect on AChE (IC50 = 0.24 ± 0.04 μM). Additionally, g17 exhibited promising properties as a metal chelator and inhibitor of amyloid β peptides self-aggregation (68.34 % ± 1.16 %). Research on oxidative stress has shown that g17 displays neuroprotective effects and effectively suppresses the intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species. Besides, g17 demonstrated remarkable anti-neuroinflammatory effects by significantly reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as NO, IL-1β, and TNF-α) and inhibiting the expression of inflammatory mediators iNOS and COX-2. In vivo studies showed that g17 significantly improved AD model mice's cognitive and memory abilities. Histological examination of mouse hippocampal tissue sections using hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed that g17 effectively mitigates neuronal damage. Considering the multifunctional properties of g17, it is regarded as a promising lead compound for treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuanghong Dong
- The Key Laboratory for Joint Construction of Synthetic Bioprotein of Anhui Province, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jucheng Xia
- The Key Laboratory for Joint Construction of Synthetic Bioprotein of Anhui Province, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Fang Wang
- The Key Laboratory for Joint Construction of Synthetic Bioprotein of Anhui Province, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lili Yang
- The Key Laboratory for Joint Construction of Synthetic Bioprotein of Anhui Province, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Siqi Xing
- The Key Laboratory for Joint Construction of Synthetic Bioprotein of Anhui Province, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jiyu Du
- The Key Laboratory for Joint Construction of Synthetic Bioprotein of Anhui Province, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- The Key Laboratory for Joint Construction of Synthetic Bioprotein of Anhui Province, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zeng Li
- The Key Laboratory for Joint Construction of Synthetic Bioprotein of Anhui Province, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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17
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Wojtas AM, Dammer EB, Guo Q, Ping L, Shantaraman A, Duong DM, Yin L, Fox EJ, Seifar F, Lee EB, Johnson ECB, Lah JJ, Levey AI, Levites Y, Rangaraju S, Golde TE, Seyfried NT. Proteomic Changes in the Human Cerebrovasculature in Alzheimer's Disease and Related Tauopathies Linked to Peripheral Biomarkers in Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.01.10.24301099. [PMID: 38260316 PMCID: PMC10802758 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.10.24301099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Dysfunction of the neurovascular unit stands as a significant pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Nevertheless, detecting vascular changes in the brain within bulk tissues has proven challenging, limiting our ability to characterize proteomic alterations from less abundant cell types. To address this challenge, we conducted quantitative proteomic analyses on both bulk brain tissues and cerebrovascular-enriched fractions from the same individuals, encompassing cognitively unimpaired control, progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and AD cases. Protein co-expression network analysis identified modules unique to the cerebrovascular fractions, specifically enriched with pericytes, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells. Many of these modules also exhibited significant correlations with amyloid plaques, cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), and/or tau pathology in the brain. Notably, the protein products within AD genetic risk loci were found concentrated within modules unique to the vascular fractions, consistent with a role of cerebrovascular deficits in the etiology of AD. To prioritize peripheral AD biomarkers associated with vascular dysfunction, we assessed the overlap between differentially abundant proteins in AD cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma with a vascular-enriched network modules in the brain. This analysis highlighted matrisome proteins, SMOC1 and SMOC2, as being increased in CSF, plasma, and brain. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed SMOC1 deposition in both parenchymal plaques and CAA in the AD brain, whereas SMOC2 was predominantly localized to CAA. Collectively, these findings significantly enhance our understanding of the involvement of cerebrovascular abnormalities in AD, shedding light on potential biomarkers and molecular pathways associated with CAA and vascular dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra M. Wojtas
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eric B. Dammer
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Qi Guo
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lingyan Ping
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ananth Shantaraman
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Duc M. Duong
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Luming Yin
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Edward J. Fox
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Fatemeh Seifar
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Edward B. Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Erik C. B. Johnson
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - James J. Lah
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Allan I. Levey
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yona Levites
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Srikant Rangaraju
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Todd E. Golde
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nicholas T. Seyfried
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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18
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Tooyama I, Kato T, Taguchi H, Kageyama Y, Irie K, Hirahara Y, Yanagisawa D. Visualization of Amyloid Oligomers in the Brain of Patients with Alzheimer's Disease. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2023; 56:87-94. [PMID: 38318103 PMCID: PMC10838628 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.23-00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
In the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), highly neurotoxic amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers appear early, they are thus considered to be deeply involved in the onset of Alzheimer's disease. However, Aβ oligomer visualization is challenging in human tissues due to their multiple forms (e.g., low- and high-molecular-weight oligomers, including protofibrils) as well as their tendency to rapidly change forms and aggregate. In this review, we present two visualization approaches for Aβ oligomers in tissues: an immunohistochemical (using the monoclonal antibody TxCo1 against toxic Aβ oligomer conformers) and imaging mass spectrometry using the small chemical Shiga-Y51 that specifically binds Aβ oligomers. TxCo1 immunohistochemistry revealed Aβ oligomer distributions in postmortem human brains with AD. Using Shiga-Y51, imaging mass spectrometry revealed Aβ oligomer distributions in the brain of a transgenic mouse model for AD. These two methods would potentially contribute to elucidating the pathological mechanisms underlying AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Tooyama
- Medical Innovation Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kato
- Medical Innovation Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Taguchi
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kageyama
- Medical Innovation Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
- Education Center for Medicine and Nursing, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Irie
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yukie Hirahara
- Faculty of Nursing, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Daijiro Yanagisawa
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
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19
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Cui X, Zong S, Song W, Wang C, Liu Y, Zhang L, Xia P, Wang X, Zhao H, Wang L, Lu Z. Omaveloxolone ameliorates cognitive dysfunction in APP/PS1 mice by stabilizing the STAT3 pathway. Life Sci 2023; 335:122261. [PMID: 37951537 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the availability and the potential molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effect of omaveloxolone (RTA408) on Alzheimer's Disease (AD). MATERIALS AND METHODS This study employed network pharmacology to assess the feasibility of drug treatment of AD. To determine the cognitive status and emotional state of APPswe/PS1dE9 (APP/PS1) mice after the RTA408 treatment, three classical behavioral experiments (water maze, Y-maze, and open field test) were conducted. Immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical staining were utilized to evaluate hippocampal neuronal status and amyloid (Aβ) deposition in mice. RNA-seq and transcription factor prediction analyses were performed to explore the potential molecular mechanisms regulating the therapeutic effects of RTA408. Molecular docking was employed to predict the direct drug targets. To validate these molecular mechanisms, quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR), Western blotting, and immunofluorescence analyses were performed in two instrumental cell lines, i.e., mouse hippocampal neuronal cells (HT22) and microglia (BV2). RESULTS RTA408 was revealed with the capability to reduce Aβ plaque deposition and to restore damaged neurons in the hippocampal region of APP/PS1 mice, ultimately leading to an improvement in cognitive function. This beneficial effect was achieved by balancing the STAT3 pathway. Specifically, RTA408 facilitated the activations of both STAT3/OXR1 and NRF2/ARE axes, thereby enhancing the compromised resistance in neurons to oxidative stress. RTA408 inhibited the NFκB/IL6/STAT3 pathway, effectively countering the neuroinflammation triggered by microglial activation. CONCLUSION RTA408 is revealed with promising potential in the treatment of AD based on preclinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Cui
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Shuai Zong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Wenao Song
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Cuicui Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Yingchao Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Pengcheng Xia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Xueying Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Hao Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Le Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Zhiming Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China; Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China.
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20
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Levites Y, Dammer EB, Ran Y, Tsering W, Duong D, Abreha M, Gadhavi J, Lolo K, Trejo-Lopez J, Phillips JL, Iturbe A, Erqiuzi A, Moore BD, Ryu D, Natu A, Dillon KD, Torrellas J, Moran C, Ladd TB, Afroz KF, Islam T, Jagirdar J, Funk CC, Robinson M, Borchelt DR, Ertekin-Taner N, Kelly JW, Heppner FL, Johnson EC, McFarland K, Levey AL, Prokop S, Seyfried NT, Golde TE. Aβ Amyloid Scaffolds the Accumulation of Matrisome and Additional Proteins in Alzheimer's Disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.29.568318. [PMID: 38076912 PMCID: PMC10705437 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.29.568318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
We report a highly significant correlation in brain proteome changes between Alzheimers disease (AD) and CRND8 APP695NL/F transgenic mice. However, integrating protein changes observed in the CRND8 mice with co-expression networks derived from human AD, reveals both conserved and divergent module changes. For the most highly conserved module (M42, matrisome) we find many proteins accumulate in plaques, cerebrovascular amyloid (CAA), dystrophic processes, or a combination thereof. Overexpression of two M42 proteins, midkine (Mdk) and pleiotrophin (PTN), in CRND8 mice brains leads to increased accumulation of A β ; in plaques and in CAA; further, recombinant MDK and PTN enhance A β ; aggregation into amyloid. Multiple M42 proteins, annotated as heparan sulfate binding proteins, bind to fibrillar A β 42 and a non-human amyloid fibril in vitro. Supporting this binding data, MDK and PTN co-accumulate with transthyretin (TTR) amyloid in the heart and islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) amyloid in the pancreas. Our findings establish several critical insights. Proteomic changes in modules observed in human AD brains define an A β ; amyloid responsome that is well conserved from mouse model to human. Further, distinct amyloid structures may serve as scaffolds, facilitating the co-accumulation of proteins with signaling functions. We hypothesize that this co-accumulation may contribute to downstream pathological sequalae. Overall, this contextualized understanding of proteomic changes and their interplay with amyloid deposition provides valuable insights into the complexity of AD pathogenesis and potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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21
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Zhang T, Huang S, Lu Q, Song J, Teng J, Wang T, Shen Y. Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on episodic memory in patients with subjective cognitive decline: study protocol for a randomized clinical trial. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1298065. [PMID: 38022972 PMCID: PMC10646583 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1298065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Early decline of episodic memory is detectable in subjective cognitive decline (SCD). The left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is associated with encoding episodic memories. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a novel and viable tool to improve cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment, but the treatment effect in SCD has not been studied. We aim to investigate the efficacy of rTMS on episodic memory in individuals with SCD, and to explore the potential mechanisms of neural plasticity. Methods In our randomized, sham-controlled trial, patients (n = 60) with SCD will receive 20 sessions (5 consecutive days per week for 4 weeks) of real rTMS (n = 30) or sham rTMS (n = 30) over the left DLPFC. The primary outcome is the Auditory Verbal Learning Test-Huashan version (AVLT-H). Other neuropsychological examinations and the long-term potentiation (LTP)-like cortical plasticity evaluation serve as the secondary outcomes. These outcomes will be assessed before and at the end of the intervention. Discussion If the episodic memory of SCD improve after the intervention, the study will confirm that rTMS is a promising intervention for cognitive function improvement on the early stage of dementia. This study will also provide important clinical evidence for early intervention in AD and emphasizes the significance that impaired LTP-like cortical plasticity may be a potential biomarker of AD prognosis by demonstrating the predictive role of LTP on cognitive improvement in SCD. Ethics and dissemination The study was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the hospital (No. 2023-002-01). The results will be published in peer-review publications. Clinical trial registration https://www.chictr.org.cn/, identifier ChiCTR2300075517.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjiao Zhang
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sisi Huang
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Lu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jie Song
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Teng
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Shen
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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22
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Schwartzenburg JB, Cruise SC, Reed RE, Hutchinson CM, Mirzalieva OS, Edwards KN, Edwards S, Gilpin NW, Molina PE, Desai SD. Neuropathological Outcomes of Traumatic Brain Injury and Alcohol Use in Males and Females: Studies Using Pre-Clinical Rodent and Clinical Human Specimens. J Neurotrauma 2023; 40:2410-2426. [PMID: 37279290 PMCID: PMC10649185 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2023.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and alcohol misuse are inextricably linked and can increase the risk for development of neurodegenerative diseases, particularly in military veterans and contact sport athletes. Proteinopathy (defects in protein degradation) is considered an underlying factor in neurodegenerative diseases. Whether it contributes to TBI/alcohol-mediated neurodegeneration is unexplored, however. Our recent studies have identified ISGylation, a conjugated form of ISG15 (Interferon-Stimulated Gene 15) and inducer of proteinopathy, as a potential mechanistic link underlying TBI-mediated neurodegeneration and proteinopathy in veterans. In the current study, a rat model of combined TBI and alcohol use was utilized to investigate the same relationship. Here, we report sustained induction of Interferon β (IFNβ), changes in TAR DNA Binding 43 (TDP-43) ISGylation levels, TDP-43 proteinopathy (C-terminal fragmentation [CTF]), and neurodegeneration in the ventral horns of the lumbar spinal cords (LSCs) and/or motor cortices (MCs) of female rats post-TBI in a time-dependent manner. In males, these findings mostly remained non-significant, although moderate alcohol use appears to decrease neurodegeneration in males (but not females) post-TBI. We, however, do not claim that moderate alcohol consumption is beneficial for preventing TBI-mediated neurodegeneration. We have previously demonstrated that ISGylation is increased in the LSCs of veterans with TBI/ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis). Here, we show increased ISGylation of TDP-43 in the LSCs of TBI/ALS-afflicted female veterans compared with male veterans. Knowing that ISGylation induces proteinopathy, we suggest targeting ISGylation may prevent proteinopathy-mediated neurodegeneration post-TBI, particularly in women; however, causal studies are required to confirm this claim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B. Schwartzenburg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and LSUHSC-School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Shealan C. Cruise
- Department of Physiology, LSUHSC-School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Ryan E. Reed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and LSUHSC-School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Corrine M. Hutchinson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and LSUHSC-School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Oygul S. Mirzalieva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and LSUHSC-School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | | | - Scott Edwards
- Department of Physiology, LSUHSC-School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Nicholas W. Gilpin
- Department of Physiology, LSUHSC-School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Patricia E. Molina
- Department of Physiology, LSUHSC-School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Shyamal D. Desai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and LSUHSC-School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
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23
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Pradhan AK, Neumüller T, Klug C, Fuchs S, Schlegel M, Ballmann M, Tartler KJ, Pianos A, Garcia MS, Liere P, Schumacher M, Kreuzer M, Rupprecht R, Rammes G. Chronic administration of XBD173 ameliorates cognitive deficits and neuropathology via 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:332. [PMID: 37891168 PMCID: PMC10611770 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02630-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of β-amyloid peptide (Aβ). It affects cognition and leads to memory impairment. The mitochondrial translocator protein (TSPO) plays an essential role in maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis and has been implicated in several neuronal disorders or neuronal injuries. Ligands targeting the mitochondrial translocator protein (18 kDa), promote neurosteroidogenesis and may be neuroprotective. To study whether the TSPO ligand XBD173 may exert early neuroprotective effects in AD pathology we investigated the impact of XBD173 on amyloid toxicity and neuroplasticity in mouse models of AD. We show that XBD173 (emapunil), via neurosteroid-mediated signaling and delta subunit-containing GABAA receptors, prevents the neurotoxic effect of Aβ on long-term potentiation (CA1-LTP) in the hippocampus and prevents the loss of spines. Chronic but not acute administration of XBD173 ameliorates spatial learning deficits in transgenic AD mice with arctic mutation (ArcAβ). The heterozygous TSPO-knockout crossed with the transgenic arctic mutation model of AD mice (het TSPOKO X ArcAβ) treated with XBD173 does not show this improvement in spatial learning suggesting TSPO is needed for procognitive effects of XBD173. The neuroprotective profile of XBD173 in AD pathology is further supported by a reduction in plaques and soluble Aβ levels in the cortex, increased synthesis of neurosteroids, rescued spine density, reduction of complement protein C1q deposits, and reduced astrocytic phagocytosis of functional synapses both in the hippocampus and cortex. Our findings suggest that XBD173 may exert therapeutic effects via TSPO in a mouse model of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpit Kumar Pradhan
- Klinik für Anaesthesiologie und Intensivmedizin der Technischen Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany.
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Tatjana Neumüller
- Klinik für Anaesthesiologie und Intensivmedizin der Technischen Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia Klug
- Klinik für Anaesthesiologie und Intensivmedizin der Technischen Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Severin Fuchs
- Klinik für Anaesthesiologie und Intensivmedizin der Technischen Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Schlegel
- Klinik für Anaesthesiologie und Intensivmedizin der Technischen Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Ballmann
- Klinik für Anaesthesiologie und Intensivmedizin der Technischen Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Johanna Tartler
- Klinik für Anaesthesiologie und Intensivmedizin der Technischen Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Antoine Pianos
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Saclay, 80 rue du Général Leclerc, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94276, France
| | - Maria Sanchez Garcia
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Saclay, 80 rue du Général Leclerc, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94276, France
| | - Philippe Liere
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Saclay, 80 rue du Général Leclerc, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94276, France
| | - Michael Schumacher
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Saclay, 80 rue du Général Leclerc, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94276, France
| | - Matthias Kreuzer
- Klinik für Anaesthesiologie und Intensivmedizin der Technischen Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Rainer Rupprecht
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Rammes
- Klinik für Anaesthesiologie und Intensivmedizin der Technischen Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
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24
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Mohamed-Mohamed H, García-Morales V, Sánchez Lara EM, González-Acedo A, Pardo-Moreno T, Tovar-Gálvez MI, Melguizo-Rodríguez L, Ramos-Rodríguez JJ. Physiological Mechanisms Inherent to Diabetes Involved in the Development of Dementia: Alzheimer's Disease. Neurol Int 2023; 15:1253-1272. [PMID: 37873836 PMCID: PMC10594452 DOI: 10.3390/neurolint15040079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a metabolic disease reaching pandemic levels worldwide. In parallel, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) are the two leading causes of dementia in an increasingly long-living Western society. Numerous epidemiological studies support the role of T2D as a risk factor for the development of dementia. However, few basic science studies have focused on the possible mechanisms involved in this relationship. On the other hand, this review of the literature also aims to explore the relationship between T2D, AD and VaD. The data found show that there are several alterations in the central nervous system that may be promoting the development of T2D. In addition, there are some mechanisms by which T2D may contribute to the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as AD or VaD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himan Mohamed-Mohamed
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences of Ceuta, University of Granada, 51001 Ceuta, Spain
| | - Victoria García-Morales
- Physiology Area, Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cádiz, Pl. Falla, 9, 11003 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Encarnación María Sánchez Lara
- Department of Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamiento Psicológico, Faculty of Health Sciences (Ceuta), University of Granada, 51001 Ceuta, Spain;
| | - Anabel González-Acedo
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences of Ceuta, University of Granada, 51001 Ceuta, Spain
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Teresa Pardo-Moreno
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences of Ceuta, University of Granada, 51001 Ceuta, Spain
| | - María Isabel Tovar-Gálvez
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences of Ceuta, University of Granada, 51001 Ceuta, Spain
| | - Lucía Melguizo-Rodríguez
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences of Ceuta, University of Granada, 51001 Ceuta, Spain
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Juan José Ramos-Rodríguez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences of Ceuta, University of Granada, 51001 Ceuta, Spain
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25
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Kepp KP, Robakis NK, Høilund-Carlsen PF, Sensi SL, Vissel B. The amyloid cascade hypothesis: an updated critical review. Brain 2023; 146:3969-3990. [PMID: 37183523 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Results from recent clinical trials of antibodies that target amyloid-β (Aβ) for Alzheimer's disease have created excitement and have been heralded as corroboration of the amyloid cascade hypothesis. However, while Aβ may contribute to disease, genetic, clinical, imaging and biochemical data suggest a more complex aetiology. Here we review the history and weaknesses of the amyloid cascade hypothesis in view of the new evidence obtained from clinical trials of anti-amyloid antibodies. These trials indicate that the treatments have either no or uncertain clinical effect on cognition. Despite the importance of amyloid in the definition of Alzheimer's disease, we argue that the data point to Aβ playing a minor aetiological role. We also discuss data suggesting that the concerted activity of many pathogenic factors contribute to Alzheimer's disease and propose that evolving multi-factor disease models will better underpin the search for more effective strategies to treat the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper P Kepp
- Section of Biophysical and Biomedicinal chemistry, DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nikolaos K Robakis
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Poul F Høilund-Carlsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Stefano L Sensi
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology-CAST, and Institute for Advanced Biotechnology (ITAB), University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, 66013, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, 66013, Italy
| | - Bryce Vissel
- St Vincent's Hospital Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, 2010, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine and Health, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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26
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Verma M, Chopra M, Kumar H. Unraveling the Potential of EphA4: A Breakthrough Target and Beacon of Hope for Neurological Diseases. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:3375-3391. [PMID: 37477786 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01390-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular carcinoma A4 (EphA4) is a transmembrane receptor protein which is a part of the most prominent family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). It serves a crucial role in both physiological, biological, and functional states binding with their ligand like Ephrins. Its abundance in the majority of the body's systems has been reported. Moreover, it draws much attention in the CNS since it influences axonal and vascular guidance. Also, it has a widespread role at the pathological state of various CNS disorders. Reports suggest it obstructs axonal regeneration in various neurodegenerative diseases and neurological disorders. Although, neuro-regeneration is still an open challenge to the modern drug discovery community. Hence, in this review, we will provide information about the role of EphA4 in neurological diseases by which it may emerge as a therapeutic target for CNS disease. We will also provide a glance at numerous signaling pathways that activate or inhibit the EphA4-associated biological processes contributing to the course of neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, this work might serve as a basis for futuristic studies that are related to the target-based drug discovery in the field of neuro-regeneration. Pathological and physiological events associated with EphA4 and Ephrin upregulation and interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenal Verma
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, Opposite Air Force Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Manjeet Chopra
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, Opposite Air Force Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Hemant Kumar
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, Opposite Air Force Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India.
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27
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Remya C, Dileep KV, Variyar EJ, Omkumar RV, Sadasivan C. Lobeline: A multifunctional alkaloid modulates cholinergic and glutamatergic activities. IUBMB Life 2023; 75:844-855. [PMID: 37335270 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Developing drugs for Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an extremely challenging task due to its devastating pathology. Previous studies have indicated that natural compounds play a crucial role as lead molecules in the development of drugs. Even though, there are remarkable technological advancements in the isolation and synthesis of natural compounds, the targets for many of them are still unknown. In the present study, lobeline, a piperidine alkaloid has been identified as a cholinesterase inhibitor through chemical similarity assisted target fishing method. The structural similarities between lobeline and donepezil, a known acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor encouraged us to hypothesize that lobeline may also exhibit AChE inhibitory properties. It was further confirmed by in silico, in vitro and biophysical studies that lobeline could inhibit cholinesterase. The binding profiles indicated that lobeline has a higher affinity for AChE than BChE. Since excitotoxicity is one of the major pathological events associated with AD progression, we also investigated the neuroprotective potential of lobeline against glutamate mediated excitotoxicity in rat primary cortical neurons. The cell based NMDA receptor (NMDAR) assay with lobeline suggested that neuroprotective potential of lobeline is mediated through the blockade of NMDAR activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandran Remya
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Kannur University, Thalassery, Kerala, India
- Laboratory for Computational and Structural Biology, Jubilee Centre for Medical Research, Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - Kalarickal V Dileep
- Laboratory for Computational and Structural Biology, Jubilee Centre for Medical Research, Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - Elessery J Variyar
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Kannur University, Thalassery, Kerala, India
- Inter University Centre for Bioscience, Kannur University, Thalassery, Kerala, India
| | | | - Chittalakkottu Sadasivan
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Kannur University, Thalassery, Kerala, India
- Inter University Centre for Bioscience, Kannur University, Thalassery, Kerala, India
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Hesar Shourkabi M, Ghobeh M, Jafary H. Benzenesulfonamide as a novel, pharmaceutical small molecule inhibitor on Aβ gene expression and oxidative stress in Alzheimer's Wistar rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 674:154-161. [PMID: 37421923 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent acute neurodegenerative disease described by memory loss and other cognitive functions. Benzenesulfonamide, a novel, potent, and small organic molecule, was synthesized to investigate its effects on the levels of oxidative biomarkers (GPx, ROS, and MDA) and expression of beta-amyloid peptides (Aβ40 and Aβ42) in the pathology of AD. The results were compared with the rivastigmine drug. Applying benzenesulfonamide to Alzheimer's-induced Wistar rats showed a significant increase in the level of oxidative biomarkers (GPx, ROS, and MDA) in both the brain and blood serum as well as amyloid-β40 and 42 gene expressions. Therefore, benzenesulfonamide could be considered a novel therapeutic agent against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maryam Ghobeh
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hanieh Jafary
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Buccellato FR, D’Anca M, Tartaglia GM, Del Fabbro M, Scarpini E, Galimberti D. Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: Beyond Symptomatic Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13900. [PMID: 37762203 PMCID: PMC10531090 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In an ever-increasing aged world, Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents the first cause of dementia and one of the first chronic diseases in elderly people. With 55 million people affected, the WHO considers AD to be a disease with public priority. Unfortunately, there are no final cures for this pathology. Treatment strategies are aimed to mitigate symptoms, i.e., acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEI) and the N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist Memantine. At present, the best approaches for managing the disease seem to combine pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies to stimulate cognitive reserve. Over the last twenty years, a number of drugs have been discovered acting on the well-established biological hallmarks of AD, deposition of β-amyloid aggregates and accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau protein in cells. Although previous efforts disappointed expectations, a new era in treating AD has been working its way recently. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) gave conditional approval of the first disease-modifying therapy (DMT) for the treatment of AD, aducanumab, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) designed against Aβ plaques and oligomers in 2021, and in January 2023, the FDA granted accelerated approval for a second monoclonal antibody, Lecanemab. This review describes ongoing clinical trials with DMTs and non-pharmacological therapies. We will also present a future scenario based on new biomarkers that can detect AD in preclinical or prodromal stages, identify people at risk of developing AD, and allow an early and curative treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca R. Buccellato
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Marianna D’Anca
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca Martino Tartaglia
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Del Fabbro
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Elio Scarpini
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
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30
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Tian Y, Jing G, Zhang M. Insulin-degrading enzyme: Roles and pathways in ameliorating cognitive impairment associated with Alzheimer's disease and diabetes. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 90:101999. [PMID: 37414154 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of amyloid-β in the central nervous system is a common feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and diabetes-related cognitive impairment. Since the insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) can break down amyloid-β plaques, there is considerable interest in using this enzyme to treat both neurological disorders. In this review, we have summarized the pre-clinical and clinical research on the potential application of IDE for the improvement of cognitive impairment. Furthermore, we have presented an overview of the main pathways that can be targeted to mitigate the progression of AD and the cognitive impairment caused by diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Tian
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Guangchan Jing
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Mengren Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China.
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Briguglio S, Cambria C, Albizzati E, Marcello E, Provenzano G, Frasca A, Antonucci F. New Views of the DNA Repair Protein Ataxia-Telangiectasia Mutated in Central Neurons: Contribution in Synaptic Dysfunctions of Neurodevelopmental and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cells 2023; 12:2181. [PMID: 37681912 PMCID: PMC10486624 DOI: 10.3390/cells12172181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ataxia-Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) is a serine/threonine protein kinase principally known to orchestrate DNA repair processes upon DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Mutations in the Atm gene lead to Ataxia-Telangiectasia (AT), a recessive disorder characterized by ataxic movements consequent to cerebellar atrophy or dysfunction, along with immune alterations, genomic instability, and predisposition to cancer. AT patients show variable phenotypes ranging from neurologic abnormalities and cognitive impairments to more recently described neuropsychiatric features pointing to symptoms hardly ascribable to the canonical functions of ATM in DNA damage response (DDR). Indeed, evidence suggests that cognitive abilities rely on the proper functioning of DSB machinery and specific synaptic changes in central neurons of ATM-deficient mice unveiled unexpected roles of ATM at the synapse. Thus, in the present review, upon a brief recall of DNA damage responses, we focus our attention on the role of ATM in neuronal physiology and pathology and we discuss recent findings showing structural and functional changes in hippocampal and cortical synapses of AT mouse models. Collectively, a deeper knowledge of ATM-dependent mechanisms in neurons is necessary not only for a better comprehension of AT neurological phenotypes, but also for a higher understanding of the pathological mechanisms in neurodevelopmental and degenerative disorders involving ATM dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Briguglio
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), University of Milan, Via F.lli Cervi 93, 20129 Segrate (MI) and via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, MI, Italy; (S.B.); (C.C.); (A.F.)
| | - Clara Cambria
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), University of Milan, Via F.lli Cervi 93, 20129 Segrate (MI) and via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, MI, Italy; (S.B.); (C.C.); (A.F.)
| | - Elena Albizzati
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
| | - Elena Marcello
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Giuseppe Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, MI, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Provenzano
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology—CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38068 Trento, TN, Italy;
| | - Angelisa Frasca
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), University of Milan, Via F.lli Cervi 93, 20129 Segrate (MI) and via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, MI, Italy; (S.B.); (C.C.); (A.F.)
| | - Flavia Antonucci
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), University of Milan, Via F.lli Cervi 93, 20129 Segrate (MI) and via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, MI, Italy; (S.B.); (C.C.); (A.F.)
- Institute of Neuroscience, IN-CNR, Via Raoul Follereau 3, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, MB, Italy
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Naik S, Katariya R, Shelke S, Patravale V, Umekar M, Kotagale N, Taksande B. Nattokinase prevents β-amyloid peptide (Aβ 1-42) induced neuropsychiatric complications, neuroinflammation and BDNF signalling disruption in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 952:175821. [PMID: 37263404 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by abnormal accumulation of extracellular β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and neuronal damage. Although AD is typically considered a cognitive neurodegenerative disorder, almost all people diagnosed with AD develop neuropsychiatric complications at some stage in their life span. The present study investigated the effect of chronic Nattokinase (NK) administration on β-Amyloid peptide (Aβ1-42) induced neuropsychiatric conditions (depression-like behaviour, anxiety, and memory impairment) in mice. Aβ1-42 peptide injected mice demonstrated depression, anxiety, and impairment of cognitive abilities evaluated as increased immobility time in forced swim test (FST), decreased open arm time/entries in elevated plus maze (EPM) and reference and working memory error in radial arm maze (RAM) respectively with elevation in Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), reduction in Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) immunocontent within the hippocampus. Chronic administration of NK (50-100 mg/kg, i.p.) from day 8-27, prevented depression-like behaviour, anxiety, and memory impairment and normalized the neurochemical alteration within the hippocampus of mice injected with Aβ1-42 peptide. The effect of NK on psychiatric complications, learning, and memory was comparable to peripheral donepezil treatment. This study suggests that NK improves learning, memory impairment, and neuropsychiatric complications possibly through the downregulation of neuroinflammatory pathways and restoring BDNF signalling in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivraj Naik
- Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Raj Katariya
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, New Kamptee, Nagpur, MS, 441 002, India
| | - Shraddha Shelke
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, New Kamptee, Nagpur, MS, 441 002, India
| | - Vandana Patravale
- Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Milind Umekar
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, New Kamptee, Nagpur, MS, 441 002, India
| | - Nandkishor Kotagale
- Government College of Pharmacy, Kathora Naka, VMV Road, Amravati, MS, 444604, India
| | - Brijesh Taksande
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, New Kamptee, Nagpur, MS, 441 002, India.
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Lee D, Ryoo JE, Hong S, Kim HY, Kim Y. Carprofen alleviates Alzheimer-like phenotypes of 5XFAD transgenic mice by targeting the pathological hallmarks induced by amyloid-β aggregation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10889. [PMID: 37407605 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36167-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by misfolding, oligomerization, and accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides in the brain. Aβ monomers transform into Aβ oligomers, which are toxic species, inducing tau hyperphosphorylation and the downstream effects on microglia and astrocytes, triggering synaptic and cognitive dysfunctions. The oligomers then deposit into Aβ plaques, primarily composed of β-stranded fibrils, required for definitive AD diagnosis. As amyloid burden plays the pivotal role in AD pathogenesis, many efforts are devoted in preventing amyloidosis as a therapeutic approach to impede the disease progression. Here, we discovered carprofen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, accelerates Aβ aggregating into fibrils and increases Aβ plaques when intraperitoneally injected to 5XFAD transgenic mouse model. However, the drug seems to alleviate the key Alzheimer-like phenotypes induced by Aβ aggregation as we found attenuated neuroinflammation, improved post-synaptic density expression, associated with synaptic plasticity, and decreased phosphorylated tau levels. Carprofen also rescued impaired working memory as we discovered improved spontaneous alternation performance through Y-maze test assessed with Aβ(1-42)-infused mouse model. Collectively, while carprofen accelerates the conversion of Aβ monomers into fibrils in vitro, the drug ameliorates the major pathological hallmarks of AD in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghee Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea
- Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Ryoo
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea
- Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungpyo Hong
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea
- Yonsei Frontier Lab, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Center for NanoBioSystems, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Hye Yun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea
- Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - YoungSoo Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea.
- Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea.
- Yonsei Frontier Lab, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea.
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León R, Gutiérrez DA, Pinto C, Morales C, de la Fuente C, Riquelme C, Cortés BI, González-Martin A, Chamorro D, Espinosa N, Fuentealba P, Cancino GI, Zanlungo S, Dulcey AE, Marugan JJ, Álvarez Rojas A. c-Abl tyrosine kinase down-regulation as target for memory improvement in Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1180987. [PMID: 37358955 PMCID: PMC10289333 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1180987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Growing evidence suggests that the non-receptor tyrosine kinase, c-Abl, plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we analyzed the effect of c-Abl on the cognitive performance decline of APPSwe/PSEN1ΔE9 (APP/PS1) mouse model for AD. Methods We used the conditional genetic ablation of c-Abl in the brain (c-Abl-KO) and pharmacological treatment with neurotinib, a novel allosteric c-Abl inhibitor with high brain penetrance, imbued in rodent's chow. Results We found that APP/PS1/c-Abl-KO mice and APP/PS1 neurotinib-fed mice had improved performance in hippocampus-dependent tasks. In the object location and Barnes-maze tests, they recognized the displaced object and learned the location of the escape hole faster than APP/PS1 mice. Also, APP/PS1 neurotinib-fed mice required fewer trials to reach the learning criterion in the memory flexibility test. Accordingly, c-Abl absence and inhibition caused fewer amyloid plaques, reduced astrogliosis, and preserved neurons in the hippocampus. Discussion Our results further validate c-Abl as a target for AD, and the neurotinib, a novel c-Abl inhibitor, as a suitable preclinical candidate for AD therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rilda León
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Biological Sciences Faculty, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela A. Gutiérrez
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Biological Sciences Faculty, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Pinto
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Biological Sciences Faculty, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Morales
- Laboratory for Brain-Machine Interfaces and Neuromodulation, Facultad de Ingeniería, Instituto de Ingeniería Biológica y Médica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratory of Neural Circuits, Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Interdisciplinary Centre, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catalina de la Fuente
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Biological Sciences Faculty, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristóbal Riquelme
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Biological Sciences Faculty, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bastián I. Cortés
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Biological Sciences Faculty, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Adrián González-Martin
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Biological Sciences Faculty, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - David Chamorro
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Biological Sciences Faculty, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nelson Espinosa
- Laboratory of Neural Circuits, Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Interdisciplinary Centre, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Fuentealba
- Laboratory of Neural Circuits, Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Interdisciplinary Centre, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gonzalo I. Cancino
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Biological Sciences Faculty, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Silvana Zanlungo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés E. Dulcey
- Early Translation Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), NIH, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Juan J. Marugan
- Early Translation Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), NIH, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Alejandra Álvarez Rojas
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Biological Sciences Faculty, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Azmy EM, Nassar IF, Hagras M, Fawzy IM, Hegazy M, Mokhtar MM, Yehia AM, Ismail NS, Lashin WH. New indole derivatives as multitarget anti-Alzheimer's agents: synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular dynamics. Future Med Chem 2023; 15:473-495. [PMID: 37125532 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2022-0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Alzheimer's disease is a neurological disorder that causes brain cells to shrink and die. Aim: Thirteen novel 'oxathiolanyl', 'pyrazolyl' and 'pyrimidinyl' indole derivatives were designed and synthesized as anti-Alzheimer's disease treatment. Method: In vitro enzyme assay was performed against both AChE and BChE enzymes. In addition, antioxidant assay and cytotoxicity on a normal cell line were determined. Molecular docking and dynamic simulations were conducted to confirm the binding mode in both esterases' active sites. In silico absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity studies were also carried out. Results & conclusion: Compounds 5, 7 and 11 exhibited superior inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase, with IC50 values of 0.042 and 3.003 μM, 2.54 and 0.207 μM and 0.052 and 2.529 μM, respectively, compared with donepezil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman M Azmy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Women, Ain Shams University, Heliopolis, Cairo, 11457, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim F Nassar
- Faculty of Specific Education, Ain Shams University, 365 Ramsis Street, Abassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Hagras
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, College of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11884, Egypt
| | - Iten M Fawzy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, 11835, Egypt
| | - Maghawry Hegazy
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Mohamed Mokhtar
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amr Mohamed Yehia
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nasser Sm Ismail
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, 11835, Egypt
| | - Walaa H Lashin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Women, Ain Shams University, Heliopolis, Cairo, 11457, Egypt
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Chen WB, Wang YX, Wang HG, An D, Sun D, Li P, Zhang T, Lu WG, Liu YQ. Role of TPEN in Amyloid-β 25-35-Induced Neuronal Damage Correlating with Recovery of Intracellular Zn 2+ and Intracellular Ca 2+ Overloading. Mol Neurobiol 2023:10.1007/s12035-023-03322-x. [PMID: 37059931 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03322-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
The overproduction of neurotoxic amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides in the brain is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). To determine the role of intracellular zinc ion (iZn2+) dysregulation in mediating Aβ-related neurotoxicity, this study aimed to investigate whether N, N, N', N'‑tetrakis (2‑pyridylmethyl) ethylenediamine (TPEN), a Zn2+‑specific chelator, could attenuate Aβ25-35‑induced neurotoxicity and the underlying mechanism. We used the 3-(4, 5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay to measure the viability of primary hippocampal neurons. We also determined intracellular Zn2+ and Ca2+ concentrations, mitochondrial and lysosomal functions, and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) content in hippocampal neurons using live-cell confocal imaging. We detected L-type voltage-gated calcium channel currents (L-ICa) in hippocampal neurons using the whole‑cell patch‑clamp technique. Furthermore, we measured the mRNA expression levels of proteins related to the iZn2+ buffer system (ZnT-3, MT-3) and voltage-gated calcium channels (Cav1.2, Cav1.3) in hippocampal neurons using RT-PCR. The results showed that TPEN attenuated Aβ25-35‑induced neuronal death, relieved the Aβ25-35‑induced increase in intracellular Zn2+ and Ca2+ concentrations; reversed the Aβ25-35‑induced increase in ROS content, the Aβ25-35‑induced increase in the L-ICa peak amplitude at different membrane potentials, the Aβ25-35‑induced the dysfunction of the mitochondria and lysosomes, and the Aβ25-35‑induced decrease in ZnT-3 and MT-3 mRNA expressions; and increased the Cav1.2 mRNA expression in the hippocampal neurons. These results suggest that TPEN, the Zn2+-specific chelator, attenuated Aβ25-35‑induced neuronal damage, correlating with the recovery of intracellular Zn2+ and modulation of abnormal Ca2+-related signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bo Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- School of Basic Medical Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Yu-Xiang Wang
- Department of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050200, Hebei, China
| | - Hong-Gang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Di An
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Dan Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Pan Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin Neurosurgery Institute, Department of Neurology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital Affiliated to Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Wan-Ge Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yan-Qiang Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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Bagheri S, Rashno M, Salehi I, Karimi SA, Raoufi S, Komaki A. Geraniol improves passive avoidance memory and hippocampal synaptic plasticity deficits in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 951:175714. [PMID: 37054939 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most progressive and irreversible neurodegenerative disease that leads to synaptic loss and cognitive decline. The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of geraniol (GR), a valuable acyclic monoterpene alcohol, with protective and therapeutic effects, on passive avoidance memory, hippocampal synaptic plasticity, and amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques formation in an AD rat model induced by intracerebroventricular (ICV) microinjection of Aβ1-40. Seventy male Wistar rats were randomly into sham, control, control-GR (100 mg/kg; P.O. (orally), AD, GR-AD (100 mg/kg; P.O.; pretreatment), AD-GR (100 mg/kg; P.O.; treatment), and GR-AD-GR (100 mg/kg; P.O.; pretreatment & treatment). Administration of GR was continued for four consecutive weeks. Training for the passive avoidance test was carried out on the 36th day and a memory retention test was performed 24 h later. On day 38, hippocampal synaptic plasticity (long-term potentiation; LTP) was recorded in perforant path-dentate gyrus (PP-DG) synapses to assess field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) slope and population spike (PS) amplitude. Subsequently, Aβ plaques were identified in the hippocampus by Congo red staining. The results showed that Aβ microinjection increased passive avoidance memory impairment, suppressed of hippocampal LTP induction, and enhanced of Aβ plaque formation in the hippocampus. Interestingly, oral administration of GR improved passive avoidance memory deficit, ameliorated hippocampal LTP impairment, and reduced Aβ plaque accumulation in the Aβ-infused rats. The results suggest that GR mitigates Aβ-induced passive avoidance memory impairment, possibly through alleviation of hippocampal synaptic dysfunction and inhibition of Aβ plaque formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shokufeh Bagheri
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Masome Rashno
- Asadabad School of Medical Sciences, Asadabad, Iran; Student Research Committee, Asadabad School of Medical Sciences, Asadabad, Iran
| | - Iraj Salehi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Seyed Asaad Karimi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Safoura Raoufi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Alireza Komaki
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. http://umsha.ac.ir
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Hydroxychloroquine lowers Alzheimer's disease and related dementias risk and rescues molecular phenotypes related to Alzheimer's disease. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:1312-1326. [PMID: 36577843 PMCID: PMC10005941 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01912-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We recently nominated cytokine signaling through the Janus-kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway as a potential AD drug target. As hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has recently been shown to inactivate STAT3, we hypothesized that it may impact AD pathogenesis and risk. Among 109,124 rheumatoid arthritis patients from routine clinical care, HCQ initiation was associated with a lower risk of incident AD compared to methotrexate initiation across 4 alternative analyses schemes addressing specific types of biases including informative censoring, reverse causality, and outcome misclassification (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval] of 0.92 [0.83-1.00], 0.87 [0.81-0.93], 0.84 [0.76-0.93], and 0.87 [0.75-1.01]). We additionally show that HCQ exerts dose-dependent effects on late long-term potentiation (LTP) and rescues impaired hippocampal synaptic plasticity prior to significant accumulation of amyloid plaques and neurodegeneration in APP/PS1 mice. Additionally, HCQ treatment enhances microglial clearance of Aβ1-42, lowers neuroinflammation, and reduces tau phosphorylation in cell culture-based phenotypic assays. Finally, we show that HCQ inactivates STAT3 in microglia, neurons, and astrocytes suggesting a plausible mechanism associated with its observed effects on AD pathogenesis. HCQ, a relatively safe and inexpensive drug in current use may be a promising disease-modifying AD treatment. This hypothesis merits testing through adequately powered clinical trials in at-risk individuals during preclinical stages of disease progression.
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Phospholipase D1 Attenuation Therapeutics Promotes Resilience against Synaptotoxicity in 12-Month-Old 3xTg-AD Mouse Model of Progressive Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043372. [PMID: 36834781 PMCID: PMC9967100 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Abrogating synaptotoxicity in age-related neurodegenerative disorders is an extremely promising area of research with significant neurotherapeutic implications in tauopathies including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our studies using human clinical samples and mouse models demonstrated that aberrantly elevated phospholipase D1 (PLD1) is associated with amyloid beta (Aβ) and tau-driven synaptic dysfunction and underlying memory deficits. While knocking out the lipolytic PLD1 gene is not detrimental to survival across species, elevated expression is implicated in cancer, cardiovascular conditions and neuropathologies, leading to the successful development of well-tolerated mammalian PLD isoform-specific small molecule inhibitors. Here, we address the importance of PLD1 attenuation, achieved using repeated 1 mg/kg of VU0155069 (VU01) intraperitoneally every alternate day for a month in 3xTg-AD mice beginning only from ~11 months of age (with greater influence of tau-driven insults) compared to age-matched vehicle (0.9% saline)-injected siblings. A multimodal approach involving behavior, electrophysiology and biochemistry corroborate the impact of this pre-clinical therapeutic intervention. VU01 proved efficacious in preventing in later stage AD-like cognitive decline affecting perirhinal cortex-, hippocampal- and amygdala-dependent behaviors. Glutamate-dependent HFS-LTP and LFS-LTD improved. Dendritic spine morphology showed the preservation of mushroom and filamentous spine characteristics. Differential PLD1 immunofluorescence and co-localization with Aβ were noted.
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Impact of nanoparticles on amyloid β-induced Alzheimer's disease, tuberculosis, leprosy and cancer: a systematic review. Biosci Rep 2023; 43:232435. [PMID: 36630532 PMCID: PMC9905792 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20220324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology is an interdisciplinary domain of science, technology and engineering that deals with nano-sized materials/particles. Usually, the size of nanoparticles lies between 1 and 100 nm. Due to their small size and large surface area-to-volume ratio, nanoparticles exhibit high reactivity, greater stability and adsorption capacity. These important physicochemical properties attract scientific community to utilize them in biomedical field. Various types of nanoparticles (inorganic and organic) have broad applications in medical field ranging from imaging to gene therapy. These are also effective drug carriers. In recent times, nanoparticles are utilized to circumvent different treatment limitations. For example, the ability of nanoparticles to cross the blood-brain barrier and having a certain degree of specificity towards amyloid deposits makes themselves important candidates for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, nanotechnology has been used extensively to overcome several pertinent issues like drug-resistance phenomenon, side effects of conventional drugs and targeted drug delivery issue in leprosy, tuberculosis and cancer. Thus, in this review, the application of different nanoparticles for the treatment of these four important diseases (Alzheimer's disease, tuberculosis, leprosy and cancer) as well as for the effective delivery of drugs used in these diseases has been presented systematically. Although nanoformulations have many advantages over traditional therapeutics for treating these diseases, nanotoxicity is a major concern that has been discussed subsequently. Lastly, we have presented the promising future prospective of nanoparticles as alternative therapeutics. In that section, we have discussed about the futuristic approach(es) that could provide promising candidate(s) for the treatment of these four diseases.
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Ghatak S, Nakamura T, Lipton SA. Aberrant protein S-nitrosylation contributes to hyperexcitability-induced synaptic damage in Alzheimer's disease: Mechanistic insights and potential therapies. Front Neural Circuits 2023; 17:1099467. [PMID: 36817649 PMCID: PMC9932935 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2023.1099467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is arguably the most common cause of dementia in the elderly and is marked by progressive synaptic degeneration, which in turn leads to cognitive decline. Studies in patients and in various AD models have shown that one of the early signatures of AD is neuronal hyperactivity. This excessive electrical activity contributes to dysregulated neural network function and synaptic damage. Mechanistically, evidence suggests that hyperexcitability accelerates production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) that contribute to neural network impairment and synapse loss. This review focuses on the pathways and molecular changes that cause hyperexcitability and how RNS-dependent posttranslational modifications, represented predominantly by protein S-nitrosylation, mediate, at least in part, the deleterious effects of hyperexcitability on single neurons and the neural network, resulting in synaptic loss in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swagata Ghatak
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Tomohiro Nakamura
- Neurodegeneration New Medicines Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Tomohiro Nakamura,
| | - Stuart A. Lipton
- Neurodegeneration New Medicines Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States,Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States,Stuart A. Lipton,
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Kazmi I, Al-Abbasi FA, Afzal M, Shahid Nadeem M, Altayb HN. Sterubin protects against chemically-induced Alzheimer's disease by reducing biomarkers of inflammation- IL-6/ IL-β/ TNF-α and oxidative stress- SOD/MDA in rats. Saudi J Biol Sci 2023; 30:103560. [PMID: 36712184 PMCID: PMC9876951 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sterubin, a flavanone is an active chemical compound that possesses neuroprotective activity. The current investigation was intended to assess the sterubin effect in scopolamine-activated Alzheimer's disease. The rats were induced with scopolamine (1.5 mg/kg) followed by treatment with sterubin (10 mg/kg) for 14 days. Behavioural analysis was predictable by the Y-maze test and Morris water test. Biochemical variables like nitric oxide acetylcholinesterase, Choline acetyltransferase, antioxidant markers like superoxide dismutase, glutathione transferase, malondialdehyde, catalase, and myeloperoxidase activity, neuroinflammatory markers such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, nuclear factor kappa B, interferon-gamma, interleukin (IL-1β), and IL-6 were measured. The result stated that sterubin reversed the oxidative stress parameters, increased motor performance, and lowered the inflammatory markers in scopolamine-induced rats. The study demonstrated that sterubin possesses neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties which can be used as a beneficial medication in AD.
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Key Words
- Acetylcholinesterase, AChE
- Alzheimer’s disease
- Alzheimer’s disease, AD
- Catalase, CAT
- Choline acetyltransferase, ChAT
- Morris water maze, MWM
- Myeloperoxidase, MPO
- Neuroinflammatory markers
- Neuroprotective
- Oxidative stress
- Reduced glutathione, GSH
- Scopolamine
- Scopolamine, SCOP
- Sterubin
- acetylcholinesterase, ACh
- interferon, IFN
- interleukin, IL
- reactive oxygen species, ROS
- tumor necrosis factor, TNF
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Kazmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Corresponding author.
| | - Fahad A. Al-Abbasi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Afzal
- Department of Pharmacology, Himalayan Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Rajawala, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Muhammad Shahid Nadeem
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hisham N. Altayb
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Dickerson F, Dilmore AH, Godoy-Vitorino F, Nguyen TT, Paulus M, Pinto-Tomas AA, Moya-Roman C, Zuniga-Chaves I, Severance EG, Jeste DV. The Microbiome and Mental Health Across the Lifespan. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2023; 61:119-140. [PMID: 35947353 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The combined genetic material of the microorganisms in the human body, known as the microbiome, is being increasingly recognized as a major determinant of human health and disease. Although located predominantly on mucosal surfaces, these microorganisms have profound effects on brain functioning through the gut-brain axis. METHOD The content of the chapter is based on a study group session at the annual meeting of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology (ACNP). The objective was to discuss the emerging relationship between the human microbiome and mental health as relevant to ACNP's interests in developing and evaluating novel neuropsychiatric treatment strategies. The focus is on specific brain disorders, such as schizophrenia, substance use, and Alzheimer's disease, as well as on broader clinical issues such as suicidality, loneliness and wisdom in old age, and longevity. RESULTS Studies of schizophrenia indicate that the microbiome of individuals with this disorder differs from that of non-psychiatric comparison groups in terms of diversity and composition. Differences are also found in microbial metabolic pathways. An early study in substance use disorders found that individuals with this disorder have lower levels of beta diversity in their oral microbiome than a comparison group. This measure, along with others, was used to distinguish individuals with substance use disorders from controls. In terms of suicidality, there is preliminary evidence that persons who have made a suicide attempt differ from psychiatric and non-psychiatric comparison groups in measures of beta diversity. Exploratory studies in Alzheimer's disease indicate that gut microbes may contribute to disease pathogenesis by regulating innate immunity and neuroinflammation and thus influencing brain function. In another study looking at the microbiome in older adults, positive associations were found between wisdom and alpha diversity and negative associations with subjective loneliness. In other studies of older adults, here with a focus on longevity, individuals with healthy aging and unusually long lives had an abundance of specific microorganisms which distinguished them from other individuals. DISCUSSION Future studies would benefit from standardizing methods of sample collection, processing, and analysis. There is also a need for the standardized collection of relevant demographic and clinical data, including diet, medications, cigarette smoking, and other potentially confounding factors. While still in its infancy, research to date indicates a role for the microbiome in mental health disorders and conditions. Interventions are available which can modulate the microbiome and lead to clinical improvements. These include microbiome-altering medications as well as probiotic microorganisms capable of modulating the inflammation in the brain through the gut-brain axis. This research holds great promise in terms of developing new methods for the prevention and treatment of a range of human brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith Dickerson
- Sheppard Pratt, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Amanda Hazel Dilmore
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Filipa Godoy-Vitorino
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Tanya T Nguyen
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Martin Paulus
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | | | | | - Ibrahim Zuniga-Chaves
- Department of Bacteriology, Microbial Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Emily G Severance
- Stanley Neurovirology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dilip V Jeste
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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Li S, Huang Y, Yu L, Ji X, Wu J. Impact of the Cannabinoid System in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:715-726. [PMID: 35105293 PMCID: PMC10207907 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220201091006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids are compounds isolated from cannabis and are also widely present in both nervous and immune systems of animals. In recent years, with in-depth research on cannabinoids, their clinical medicinal value has been evaluated, and many exciting achievements have been continuously accumulating, especially in the field of neurodegenerative disease. Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of neurodegenerative disease that causes dementia and has become a global health problem that seriously impacts human health today. In this review, we discuss the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. How cannabinoids act on different endocannabinoid receptor subtypes to regulate Alzheimer's disease and the roles of the endocannabinoid system in Alzheimer's disease are outlined, and the underlying mechanisms are discussed. Finally, we summarize the most relevant opportunities of cannabinoid pharmacology related to Alzheimer's disease and discuss the potential usefulness of cannabinoids in the clinical treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangtao Li
- Shantou University Medical College, Brain Function and Disease Laboratory, Shantou, #22 Road Xinling, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Yuanbing Huang
- Department of Neurology, Yunfu People’s Hospital, Yunfu, Guangdong 527300, China
| | - Lijun Yu
- Shantou University Medical College, Brain Function and Disease Laboratory, Shantou, #22 Road Xinling, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ji
- Department of Neurology, Yunfu People’s Hospital, Yunfu, Guangdong 527300, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Shantou University Medical College, Brain Function and Disease Laboratory, Shantou, #22 Road Xinling, Guangdong 515041, China
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Liu J, Zhang C, Wang J, Huang Y, Shen D, Hu Y, Chu H, Yu X, Zhang L, Ma H. A Class I HDAC Inhibitor BG45 Alleviates Cognitive Impairment through the CaMKII/ITPKA/Ca 2+ Signaling Pathway. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15121481. [PMID: 36558932 PMCID: PMC9786203 DOI: 10.3390/ph15121481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) seriously endangers the health and life of elderly individuals worldwide. However, despite all scientific efforts, at the moment there are no effective clinical treatment options for AD. In this work, the effect of the class I histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACI) BG45 on synapse-related proteins was investigated in primary neurons from APP/PS1 transgenic mice. The results showed that BG45 can upregulate the expression of synaptotagmin-1 (SYT-1) and neurofilament light chain (NF-L) in primary neurons. In vivo, the APPswe/PS1dE9 (APP/PS1) transgenic mice were treated with BG45 (30 mg/kg) daily for 12 days. Behavioral testing of BG45-treated APP/PS1 mice showed improvements in learning and memory. BG45 can alleviate damage to the dendritic spine and reduce the deposition of Aβ. Similar to the in vitro results, synapse-related proteins in the prefrontal cortex were increased after BG45 treatment. Proteomic analysis results highlighted the differences in the biological processes of energy metabolism and calmodulin regulation in APP/PS1 mice with or without BG45 treatment. Further verification demonstrated that the effect of BG45 on synapses and learning and memory may involve the CaMKII/ITPKA/Ca2+ pathway. These results suggest that class I HDACI BG45 might be a promising drug for the early clinical treatment of AD.
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Koch G, Casula EP, Bonnì S, Borghi I, Assogna M, Minei M, Pellicciari MC, Motta C, D’Acunto A, Porrazzini F, Maiella M, Ferrari C, Caltagirone C, Santarnecchi E, Bozzali M, Martorana A. Precuneus magnetic stimulation for Alzheimer's disease: a randomized, sham-controlled trial. Brain 2022; 145:3776-3786. [PMID: 36281767 PMCID: PMC9679166 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is emerging as a non-invasive therapeutic strategy in the battle against Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's disease patients primarily show alterations of the default mode network for which the precuneus is a key node. Here, we hypothesized that targeting the precuneus with TMS represents a promising strategy to slow down cognitive and functional decline in Alzheimer's disease patients. We performed a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled, phase 2, 24-week trial to determine the safety and efficacy of precuneus stimulation in patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease. Fifty Alzheimer's disease patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to either receive precuneus or sham rTMS (mean age 73.7 years; 52% female). The trial included a 24-week treatment, with a 2-week intensive course in which rTMS (or sham) was applied daily five times per week, followed by a 22-week maintenance phase in which stimulation was applied once weekly. The Clinical Dementia Rating Scale-Sum of Boxes was selected as the primary outcome measure, in which post-treatment scores were compared to baseline. Secondary outcomes included score changes in the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale, Mini-Mental State Examination and Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study-Activities of Daily Living scale. Moreover, single-pulse TMS in combination with EEG was used to assess neurophysiological changes in precuneus cortical excitability and oscillatory activity. Our findings show that patients that received precuneus repetitive magnetic stimulation presented a stable performance of the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale-Sum of Boxes score, whereas patients treated with sham showed a worsening of their score. Compared with the sham stimulation, patients in the precuneus stimulation group also showed also significantly better performances for the secondary outcome measures, including the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale, Mini-Mental State Examination and Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study-Activities of Daily Living scale. Neurophysiological results showed that precuneus cortical excitability remained unchanged after 24 weeks in the precuneus stimulation group, whereas it was significantly reduced in the sham group. Finally, we found an enhancement of local gamma oscillations in the group treated with precuneus stimulation but not in patients treated with sham. We conclude that 24 weeks of precuneus rTMS may slow down cognitive and functional decline in Alzheimer's disease. Repetitive TMS targeting the default mode network could represent a novel therapeutic approach in Alzheimer's disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Koch
- Correspondence to: Prof. Giacomo Koch, MD, PhD Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179, Rome, Italy E-mail:
| | - Elias Paolo Casula
- Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | - Sonia Bonnì
- Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Borghi
- Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Assogna
- Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00179, Rome, Italy
- Memory Clinic, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Marilena Minei
- Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Caterina Motta
- Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia D’Acunto
- Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Porrazzini
- Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Maiella
- Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | - Clarissa Ferrari
- Unit of Statistics, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125, Brescia, Italy
| | - Carlo Caltagirone
- Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | - Emiliano Santarnecchi
- Precision Neuroscience and Neuromodulation program, Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachussets General Hospital; Harvard Medical School, 02114, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marco Bozzali
- Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, 10124, Turin, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, BN1 9PX, Brighton, UK
| | - Alessandro Martorana
- Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00179, Rome, Italy
- Memory Clinic, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
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Thomas AL, Lehn MA, Janssen EM, Hildeman DA, Chougnet CA. Naturally-aged microglia exhibit phagocytic dysfunction accompanied by gene expression changes reflective of underlying neurologic disease. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19471. [PMID: 36376530 PMCID: PMC9663419 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21920-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-associated microglial dysfunction contributes to the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques in Alzheimer's disease. Although several studies have shown age-related declines in the phagocytic capacity of myeloid cells, relatively few have examined phagocytosis of normally aged microglia. Furthermore, much of the existing data on aging microglial function have been generated in accelerated genetic models of Alzheimer's disease. Here we found that naturally aged microglia phagocytosed less Aβ over time. To gain a better understanding of such dysfunction, we assessed differences in gene expression between young and old microglia that either did or did not phagocytose Aβ. Young microglia had both phagocytic and neuronal maintenance signatures indicative of normal microglial responses, whereas, old microglia, regardless of phagocytic status, exhibit signs of broad dysfunction reflective of underlying neurologic disease states. We also found downregulation of many phagocytic receptors on old microglia, including TREM2, an Aβ phagocytic receptor. TREM2 protein expression was diminished in old microglia and loss of TREM2+ microglia was correlated with impaired Aβ uptake, suggesting a mechanism for phagocytic dysfunction in old microglia. Combined, our work reveals that normally aged microglia have broad changes in gene expression, including defects in Aβ phagocytosis that likely underlies the progression to neurologic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa L Thomas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Immunobiology of Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Maria A Lehn
- Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Edith M Janssen
- Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA, 19477, USA
| | - David A Hildeman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Division of Immunobiology of Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Claire A Chougnet
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Division of Immunobiology of Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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Alfaro-Ruiz R, Aguado C, Martín-Belmonte A, Moreno-Martínez AE, Merchán-Rubira J, Hernández F, Ávila J, Fukazawa Y, Luján R. Alteration in the Synaptic and Extrasynaptic Organization of AMPA Receptors in the Hippocampus of P301S Tau Transgenic Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13527. [PMID: 36362317 PMCID: PMC9656470 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Tau pathology is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other tauopathies, but how pathological tau accumulation alters the glutamate receptor dynamics driving synaptic dysfunction is unclear. Here, we determined the impact of tau pathology on AMPAR expression, density, and subcellular distribution in the hippocampus of P301S mice using immunoblot, histoblot, and quantitative SDS-digested freeze-fracture replica labeling (SDS-FRL). Histoblot and immunoblot showed differential regulation of GluA1 and GluA2 in the hippocampus of P301S mice. The GluA2 subunit was downregulated in the hippocampus at 3 months while both GluA1 and GluA2 subunits were downregulated at 10 months. However, the total amount of GluA1-4 was similar in P301S mice and in age-matched wild-type mice. Using quantitative SDS-FRL, we unraveled the molecular organization of GluA1-4 in various synaptic connections at a high spatial resolution on pyramidal cell spines and interneuron dendrites in the CA1 field of the hippocampus in 10-month-old P301S mice. The labeling density for GluA1-4 in the excitatory synapses established on spines was significantly reduced in P301S mice, compared to age-matched wild-type mice, in the strata radiatum and lacunosum-moleculare but unaltered in the stratum oriens. The density of synaptic GluA1-4 established on interneuron dendrites was significantly reduced in P301S mice in the three strata. The labeling density for GluA1-4 at extrasynaptic sites was significantly reduced in several postsynaptic compartments of CA1 pyramidal cells and interneurons in the three dendritic layers in P301S mice. Our data demonstrate that the progressive accumulation of phospho-tau is associated with alteration of AMPARs on the surface of different neuron types, including synaptic and extrasynaptic membranes, leading to a decline in the trafficking and synaptic transmission, thereby likely contributing to the pathological events taking place in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Alfaro-Ruiz
- Synaptic Structure Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas (IDINE), Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Biosanitario, C/Almansa 14, 02006 Albacete, Spain
| | - Carolina Aguado
- Synaptic Structure Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas (IDINE), Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Biosanitario, C/Almansa 14, 02006 Albacete, Spain
| | - Alejandro Martín-Belmonte
- Synaptic Structure Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas (IDINE), Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Biosanitario, C/Almansa 14, 02006 Albacete, Spain
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Neuropharmacology and Pain Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Ana Esther Moreno-Martínez
- Synaptic Structure Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas (IDINE), Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Biosanitario, C/Almansa 14, 02006 Albacete, Spain
| | | | - Félix Hernández
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, ISCIII, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Ávila
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, ISCIII, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Yugo Fukazawa
- Division of Brain Structure and Function, Faculty of Medical Science, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Rafael Luján
- Synaptic Structure Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas (IDINE), Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Biosanitario, C/Almansa 14, 02006 Albacete, Spain
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49
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de Oliveira FF, de Almeida SS, Chen ES, Smith MC, Bertolucci PHF. APOE ε4 Carrier Status as Mediator of Effects of Psychotropic Drugs on Clinical Changes in Patients With Alzheimer's Disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022; 34:351-360. [PMID: 35272493 DOI: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.21060160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neuropsychiatric syndromes have been associated with memory dysfunction and risk of and earlier onset of dementia, but how psychotropic drugs affect clinical changes in Alzheimer's disease is not entirely clear. This study aimed to assess the prospective effects of psychotropic drugs on cognitive and functional changes in Alzheimer's disease according to APOE ε4 carrier status. METHODS The study included consecutive outpatients with late-onset Alzheimer's disease (N=193) and examined score variations at 1 year on the following tests: Clinical Dementia Rating sum of boxes, Mini-Mental State Examination, Severe Mini-Mental State Examination (SMMSE), Brazilian version of the Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview, Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living, and Lawton's Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale. Analyses of score variations accounted for the use of psychotropic drugs or the number of different medications in use, as well as APOE ε4 carrier status, with significance at p<0.05. RESULTS For APOE ε4 noncarriers (N=90), cholinesterase inhibitors were beneficial regarding caregiver burden (p=0.030) and basic functionality (p=0.046), memantine was harmful regarding SMMSE score changes (p=0.032), second-generation antipsychotics had nonsignificant harmful effects on SMMSE score changes (p=0.070), and antiepileptic therapy (p=0.001) and the number of different medications in use (p=0.006) were harmful in terms of basic functionality. APOE ε4 carriers (N=103) did not experience any effects of isolated psychotropic drugs on clinical changes, including antidepressants. CONCLUSIONS Results support the harmful prospective effects of second-generation antipsychotics and antiepileptic drugs on cognitive and functional changes in Alzheimer's disease, particularly for APOE ε4 noncarriers, whereas antidepressants may be safer options for behavioral enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabricio Ferreira de Oliveira
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (de Oliveira, Bertolucci), Department of Biophysics (de Almeida), Department of Morphology and Genetics (Chen, Smith), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandro Soares de Almeida
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (de Oliveira, Bertolucci), Department of Biophysics (de Almeida), Department of Morphology and Genetics (Chen, Smith), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Suchi Chen
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (de Oliveira, Bertolucci), Department of Biophysics (de Almeida), Department of Morphology and Genetics (Chen, Smith), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marilia Cardoso Smith
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (de Oliveira, Bertolucci), Department of Biophysics (de Almeida), Department of Morphology and Genetics (Chen, Smith), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Henrique Ferreira Bertolucci
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (de Oliveira, Bertolucci), Department of Biophysics (de Almeida), Department of Morphology and Genetics (Chen, Smith), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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50
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Valada P, Alçada-Morais S, Cunha RA, Lopes JP. Thebromine Targets Adenosine Receptors to Control Hippocampal Neuronal Function and Damage. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810510. [PMID: 36142422 PMCID: PMC9502181 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Theobromine is a caffeine metabolite most abundant in dark chocolate, of which consumption is linked with a lower risk of cognitive decline. However, the mechanisms through which theobromine affects neuronal function remain ill-defined. Using electrophysiological recordings in mouse hippocampal synapses, we now characterized the impact of a realistic concentration of theobromine on synaptic transmission and plasticity. Theobromine (30 μM) facilitated synaptic transmission while decreasing the magnitude of long-term potentiation (LTP), with both effects being blunted by adenosine deaminase (2 U/mL). The pharmacological blockade of A1R with DPCPX (100 nM) eliminated the theobromine-dependent facilitation of synaptic transmission, whereas the A2AR antagonist SCH58261 (50 nM), as well as the genetic deletion of A2AR, abrogated the theobromine-induced impairment of LTP. Furthermore, theobromine prevented LTP deficits and neuronal loss, respectively, in mouse hippocampal slices and neuronal cultures exposed to Aβ1-42 peptides, considered a culprit of Alzheimer's disease. Overall, these results indicate that theobromine affects information flow via the antagonism of adenosine receptors, normalizing synaptic plasticity and affording neuroprotection in dementia-related conditions in a manner similar to caffeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Valada
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sofia Alçada-Morais
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo A. Cunha
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - João Pedro Lopes
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
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