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Jingxuan L, Litian M, Yanyang T, Jianfang F. Knockdown of CLC-3 may improve cognitive impairment caused by diabetic encephalopathy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2022; 190:109970. [PMID: 35792204 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2022.109970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic encephalopathy(DE) is a neurological complication of diabetes, and its pathogenesis is unclear. Current studies indicate that insulin receptors and downstream signaling pathways play a key role in the occurrence and development of DE. Additionally, CLC-3, a member of the CLC family of anion channels and transporters, is closely related to the secretion and processing of insulin. Here, we investigated the changes and putative roles of CLC-3 in diabetic encephalopathy. RESULTS To this aim, we combined lentivirus and adeno-associated virus gene transfer to change the expression level of CLC-3 in the HT-22 hippocampal cell line and hippocampal CA1. We studied the role of CLC-3 in DE through the Morris water maze test.CLC-3 expression increased significantly in HT-22 cells cultured with high glucose and STZ-induced DE model hippocampus. Moreover, Insulin receptor(IR) and downstream PI3K/AKT/GSK3β signaling pathways were also dysfunctional. After knocking down CLC-3, impaired cell proliferation, apoptosis, IR and the downstream PI3K/AKT/GSK3β signaling pathways were significantly improved. However, when CLC-3 was overexpressed, the neurotoxicity induced by high glucose was further aggravated. Rescue experiments found that through the use of inhibitors such as GSK3β, the PI3K/AKT/GSK3β signaling pathways pathway changes with the use of inhibition, and the expression of related downstream signaling molecules such as Tau and p-Tau also changes accordingly. Using adeno-associated virus gene transfer to knock down CLC-3 in the hippocampal CA1 of the DE model, the IR caused by DE and the dysfunction of the downstream PI3K/AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway were significantly improved. In addition, the impaired spatial recognition of DE was partially restored. CONCLUSION Our study proposes that CLC-3, as a key molecule, may regulate insulin receptor signaling and downstream PI3K/AKT/GSK3β signaling pathways and affect the pathogenesis of diabetic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Jingxuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Xijing Hospital, The Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Ma Litian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tangdu Hospital, The Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Tu Yanyang
- The Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Fu Jianfang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xijing Hospital, The Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
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2
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Abstract
Chloride channel 3 (ClC-3), a Cl-/H+ antiporter, has been well established as a member of volume-regulated chloride channels (VRCCs). ClC-3 may be a crucial mediator for activating inflammation-associated signaling pathways by regulating protein phosphorylation. A growing number of studies have indicated that ClC-3 overexpression plays a crucial role in mediating increased plasma low-density lipoprotein levels, vascular endothelium dysfunction, pro-inflammatory activation of macrophages, hyper-proliferation and hyper-migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), as well as oxidative stress and foam cell formation, which are the main factors responsible for atherosclerotic plaque formation in the arterial wall. In the present review, we summarize the molecular structures and classical functions of ClC-3. We further discuss its emerging role in the atherosclerotic process. In conclusion, we explore the potential role of ClC-3 as a therapeutic target for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dun Niu
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, 34706University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Lanfang Li
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, 34706University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Zhizhong Xie
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, 34706University of South China, Hengyang, China
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3
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Difference of pain vulnerability in adult and juvenile rodents: the role of SIRT1-mediated ClC-3 trafficking in sensory neurons. Pain 2021; 162:1882-1896. [PMID: 33433144 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Adults are more likely to suffer from chronic pain than minors, and its underlying mechanism remains unclear. SIRT1 an important age-related protein with function of lifespan extension; whether SIRT1 plays a role in the different pain vulnerability of adult and juvenile remains unclear. Here, we found that the expression level of SIRT1 in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) was related to the pain vulnerability. After nerve injury, the expression of SIRT1 in DRG was decreased in adult rodents whereas increased in juvenile rodents. Differential manipulation of SIRT1 abolished the different pain vulnerability between adult and juvenile rodents. Furthermore, SIRT1 interacted with ClC-3 channel and mediated ClC-3 membrane trafficking and Cl- current in DRG neurons. Differential manipulation of ClC-3 also abolished the difference in pain vulnerability between adult and juvenile rodents. The different anti-inflammatory ability determined the different change trends of SIRT1 and ClC-3 trafficking contributed to the different pain vulnerability in adult and juvenile rodents. In addition, the serum SIRT1 level was negatively correlated with the pain score in patients with chronic pain. These findings revealed the mechanism of the difference in pain vulnerability between adult and juvenile rodents and provided evidence for age-specific treatment of chronic pain.
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4
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Li K, Liu YY, Lv XF, Lin ZM, Zhang TT, Zhang FR, Guo JW, Hong Y, Liu X, Lin XC, Zhou JG, Wu QQ, Liang SJ, Shang JY. Reduced intracellular chloride concentration impairs angiogenesis by inhibiting oxidative stress-mediated VEGFR2 activation. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:560-572. [PMID: 32694758 PMCID: PMC8115249 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0458-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloride (Cl-) homeostasis is of great significance in cardiovascular system. Serum Cl- level is inversely associated with the mortality of patients with heart failure. Considering the importance of angiogenesis in the progress of heart failure, this study aims to investigate whether and how reduced intracellular Cl- concentration ([Cl-]i) affects angiogenesis. Human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with normal Cl- medium or low Cl- medium. We showed that reduction of [Cl-]i (from 33.2 to 16.18 mM) inhibited HUVEC proliferation, migration, cytoskeleton reorganization, tube formation, and subsequently suppressed angiogenesis under basal condition, and VEGF stimulation or hypoxia treatment. Moreover, VEGF-induced NADPH-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and VEGFR2 axis activation were markedly attenuated in low Cl- medium. We revealed that lowering [Cl-]i inhibited the expression of the membrane-bound catalytic subunits of NADPH, i.e., p22phox and Nox2, and blunted the translocation of cytosolic regulatory subunits p47phox and p67phox, thereby restricting NADPH oxidase complex formation and activation. Furthermore, reduced [Cl-]i enhanced ROS-associated protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) activity and increased the interaction of VEGFR2 and PTP1B. Pharmacological inhibition of PTP1B reversed the effect of lowering [Cl-]i on VEGFR2 phosphorylation and angiogenesis. In mouse hind limb ischemia model, blockade of Cl- efflux using Cl- channel inhibitors DIDS or DCPIB (10 mg/kg, i.m., every other day for 2 weeks) significantly enhanced blood flow recovery and new capillaries formation. In conclusion, decrease of [Cl-]i suppresses angiogenesis via inhibiting oxidase stress-mediated VEGFR2 signaling activation by preventing NADPH oxidase complex formation and promoting VEGFR2/PTP1B association, suggesting that modulation of [Cl-]i may be a novel therapeutic avenue for the treatment of angiogenic dysfunction-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ying-Ying Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Lv
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhuo-Miao Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ting-Ting Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Fei-Ran Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jia-Wei Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yu Hong
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xiu Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xiao-Chun Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jia-Guo Zhou
- Program of Kidney and Cardiovascular Disease, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Qian-Qian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research of National Health Commission, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair Research, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Si-Jia Liang
- Program of Kidney and Cardiovascular Disease, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China.
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Jin-Yan Shang
- Program of Kidney and Cardiovascular Disease, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China.
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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LRRC8A-dependent volume-regulated anion channels contribute to ischemia-induced brain injury and glutamatergic input to hippocampal neurons. Exp Neurol 2020; 332:113391. [PMID: 32598930 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Volume-regulated anion channels (VRACs) are critically involved in regulating cell volume, and leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 8A (LRRC8A, SWELL1) is an obligatory subunit of VRACs. Cell swelling occurs early after brain ischemia, but it is unclear whether neuronal LRRC8a contributes to ischemia-induced glutamate release and brain injury. We found that Lrrc8a conditional knockout (Lrrc8a-cKO) mice produced by crossing NestinCre+/- with Lrrc8aflox+/+ mice died 7-8 weeks of age, indicating an essential role of neuronal LRRC8A for survival. Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) caused an early increase in LRRC8A protein levels in the hippocampus in wild-type (WT) mice. Whole-cell patch-clamp recording in brain slices revealed that oxygen-glucose deprivation significantly increased the amplitude of VRAC currents in hippocampal CA1 neurons in WT but not in Lrrc8a-cKO mice. Hypotonicity increased the frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) in hippocampal CA1 neurons in WT mice, and this was abolished by DCPIB, a VRAC blocker. But in Lrrc8a-cKO mice, hypotonic solution had no effect on the frequency of sEPSCs in these neurons. Furthermore, the brain infarct volume and neurological severity score induced by MCAO were significantly lower in Lrrc8a-cKO mice than in WT mice. In addition, MCAO-induced increases in cleaved caspase-3 and calpain activity, two biochemical markers of neuronal apoptosis and death, in brain tissues were significantly attenuated in Lrrc8a-cKO mice compared with WT mice. These new findings indicate that cerebral ischemia increases neuronal LRRC8A-dependent VRAC activity and that VRACs contribute to increased glutamatergic input to hippocampal neurons and brain injury caused by ischemic stroke.
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6
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Weinert S, Gimber N, Deuschel D, Stuhlmann T, Puchkov D, Farsi Z, Ludwig CF, Novarino G, López-Cayuqueo KI, Planells-Cases R, Jentsch TJ. Uncoupling endosomal CLC chloride/proton exchange causes severe neurodegeneration. EMBO J 2020; 39:e103358. [PMID: 32118314 PMCID: PMC7196918 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019103358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
CLC chloride/proton exchangers may support acidification of endolysosomes and raise their luminal Cl− concentration. Disruption of endosomal ClC‐3 causes severe neurodegeneration. To assess the importance of ClC‐3 Cl−/H+ exchange, we now generate Clcn3unc/unc mice in which ClC‐3 is converted into a Cl− channel. Unlike Clcn3−/− mice, Clcn3unc/unc mice appear normal owing to compensation by ClC‐4 with which ClC‐3 forms heteromers. ClC‐4 protein levels are strongly reduced in Clcn3−/−, but not in Clcn3unc/unc mice because ClC‐3unc binds and stabilizes ClC‐4 like wild‐type ClC‐3. Although mice lacking ClC‐4 appear healthy, its absence in Clcn3unc/unc/Clcn4−/− mice entails even stronger neurodegeneration than observed in Clcn3−/− mice. A fraction of ClC‐3 is found on synaptic vesicles, but miniature postsynaptic currents and synaptic vesicle acidification are not affected in Clcn3unc/unc or Clcn3−/− mice before neurodegeneration sets in. Both, Cl−/H+‐exchange activity and the stabilizing effect on ClC‐4, are central to the biological function of ClC‐3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Weinert
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany.,Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Niclas Gimber
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany.,Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Dorothea Deuschel
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany.,Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Till Stuhlmann
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany.,Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Dmytro Puchkov
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | - Zohreh Farsi
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Carmen F Ludwig
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany.,Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Gaia Novarino
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany.,Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Karen I López-Cayuqueo
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany.,Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Rosa Planells-Cases
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany.,Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas J Jentsch
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany.,Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany.,NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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7
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Leblanc N. Role of the CLC-3 Channel Transporter in Angiogenesis by Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Ischemia-Induced Vascular Injury: A Key Passenger or a Driver? Can J Cardiol 2020; 36:154-156. [PMID: 31899019 PMCID: PMC7737665 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2019.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Normand Leblanc
- University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA.
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8
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Wu Z, Huo Q, Ren L, Dong F, Feng M, Wang Y, Bai Y, Lüscher B, Li ST, Wang GL, Long C, Wang Y, Wu G, Chen G. Gluconate suppresses seizure activity in developing brains by inhibiting CLC-3 chloride channels. Mol Brain 2019; 12:50. [PMID: 31088565 PMCID: PMC6518791 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-019-0465-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal seizures are different from adult seizures, and many antiepileptic drugs that are effective in adults often fail to treat neonates. Here, we report that gluconate inhibits neonatal seizure by inhibiting CLC-3 chloride channels. We detect a voltage-dependent outward rectifying Cl− current mediated by CLC-3 Cl− channels in early developing brains but not adult mouse brains. Blocking CLC-3 Cl− channels by gluconate inhibits seizure activity both in neonatal brain slices and in neonatal animals with in vivo EEG recordings. Consistently, neonatal neurons of CLC-3 knockout mice lack the outward rectifying Cl− current and show reduced epileptiform activity upon stimulation. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that activation of CLC-3 Cl− channels alters intracellular Cl− homeostasis and enhances GABA excitatory activity. Our studies suggest that gluconate can suppress neonatal seizure activities through inhibiting CLC-3 Cl− channels in developing brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wu
- Department of Biology, Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Qingwei Huo
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.,South China Research Center for Acupuncture-Moxibustion, Medical College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou Univ Chinese Med, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Liang Ren
- Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Fengping Dong
- Department of Biology, Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Mengyang Feng
- Department of Biology, Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Biology, Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Yuting Bai
- Department of Biology, Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Bernhard Lüscher
- Department of Biology, Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Sheng-Tian Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Guan-Lei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Cheng Long
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Gangyi Wu
- Department of Biology, Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Gong Chen
- Department of Biology, Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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9
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Chen YF, Chen ZX, Wang RH, Shi YW, Xue L, Wang XG, Zhao H. Knockdown of CLC-3 in the hippocampal CA1 impairs contextual fear memory. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 89:132-145. [PMID: 30025794 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies support a critical role of hippocampus in contextual fear memory. Structural and functional alterations of hippocampus occur frequently in posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD). Recent reports reveal that knockout of CLC-3, a member of the CLC family of anion channels and transporters, leads to neuronal degeneration and loss of hippocampus. However, the role of CLC-3 in contextual fear memory remains unknown. Using adenovirus and adeno-associated virus gene transfer to knockdown CLC-3 in hippocampal CA1, we investigate the role of CLC-3 in contextual fear memory. CLC-3 expression is increased in hippocampal CA1 after formation of long-term contextual fear memory. Knockdown of CLC-3 by adenovirus infusion in hippocampal CA1 significantly attenuates the contextual fear memory, reduces spine density, induces defects of excitatory synaptic ultrastructure showed by the decreased PSD length, PSD thickness and active zone length, and impairs L-LTP induction and maintenance. Knockdown of CLC-3 also induces the synaptic NMDAR subunit composition to an increased GluN2A/GluN2B ratio pattern and reduces the activity of CaMKII-α. Furthermore, selectively knockdown of CLC-3 in excitatory neurons by adeno-associated virus driven from CaMKII-α promoter is sufficient to impair long-term contextual fear memory. These findings highlight that CLC-3 in hippocampal CA1 is necessary for contextual fear memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Fei Chen
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, China; Guangdong Province Translational Forensic Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, China
| | - Zi-Xiang Chen
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, China
| | - Run-Hua Wang
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, China
| | - Yan-Wei Shi
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, China; Guangdong Province Translational Forensic Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, China
| | - Li Xue
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, China; Guangdong Province Translational Forensic Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, China
| | - Xiao-Guang Wang
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, China; Guangdong Province Translational Forensic Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, China.
| | - Hu Zhao
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, China; Guangdong Province Translational Forensic Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, China.
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10
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Royero P, García L, Rosales A, D'Suze G, Sevcik C, Castillo C. Bactridine 2 effect in DRG neurons. Identification of NHE as a second target. Toxicon 2018; 151:37-46. [PMID: 29959967 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.06.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bactridine 2 (Bact-2) is an antibacterial toxin from Tityus discrepans venom which modifies isoforms 1.2, 1.4 and 1.6 voltage-dependent sodium (Nav) channels. Bactridine-induced Na+ outflow in Yersinia enterocolitica was blocked by amiloride, suggesting that Bact-2 effect was mediated by an amiloride sensitive sodium channel. In this study we show that Bact-2 increases also an outward rectifying current in rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG) sensory neurons; therefore, the nature of the outward rectifying currents was characterized and then the effect of Bact-2 on these currents was studied. These currents are enhanced by amiloride, are decreased by Na+ when an outward pH gradient is present and its reversal potential coincides with that of a Cl-/H+ exchanger, suggesting that rectifying currents are produced by the electrogenic Cl-/H+ exchanger modulated by the Na+/H+ antiporter. Bact-2 also leads to an increase of the outward currents in a similar way to the produced by the inhibition of the Na+/H+ exchanger. Additionally, the subsequent application of Bact-2 after blocking the Na+/H+ exchanger does not produce any further effect, suggesting that Bact-2 modifies the outward current by modulating the activity of the Na+/H+ exchanger. The effect of Bact-2 on pHi regulation was determined using the pH indicator BCECF. The results show that the Na+/H+ exchanger is blocked by amiloride and Na+ free solutions and is modulated by Bact-2 in a similar way as cariporide. This study validates that besides Nav channels, Bact-2 modulates the activity of the Na+/H+ exchanger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Royero
- Unidad de Neurociencias, Instituto de Estudios Avanzados IDEA, Caracas, 1080, Venezuela; Depto. de Biología Celular, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Caracas, 1080, Venezuela
| | - Lisbeth García
- Unidad de Neurociencias, Instituto de Estudios Avanzados IDEA, Caracas, 1080, Venezuela
| | - Arnaldo Rosales
- Laboratory of Cellular Neuropharmacology, Biophysics and Biochemistry Center, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Apartado, 20632, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela
| | - Gina D'Suze
- Laboratory of Cellular Neuropharmacology, Biophysics and Biochemistry Center, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Apartado, 20632, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela.
| | - Carlos Sevcik
- Laboratory of Cellular Neuropharmacology, Biophysics and Biochemistry Center, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Apartado, 20632, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela
| | - Cecilia Castillo
- Unidad de Neurociencias, Instituto de Estudios Avanzados IDEA, Caracas, 1080, Venezuela.
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Huang LY, Li PP, Li YJ, Zhao WQ, Shang WK, Wang YL, Gao DS, Li HC, Ma P. Decreased intracellular chloride promotes ADP induced platelet activation through inhibition of cAMP/PKA instead of activation of Lyn/PI3K/Akt pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:1740-1746. [PMID: 30122318 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.07.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Decrease of chloride concentration contributes to cardiovascular diseases, however, whether decrease of chloride concentration is involved in platelet activation remains elusive. In the present study, we found that ACI patients had lower serum chloride which would be rescued after Aspirin administration. ADP induced chloride concentration reduction in platelets. Blockade of chloride channel prevented ADP-induced platelet adhesion, activation and aggregation, however, decreasing the extracellular chloride concentration promoted ADP-induced platelet adhesion and activation. Decrease of the extracellular chloride concentration facilitated the inactivation of Src family kinase Lyn, which was not involved in PI3K/Akt phosphorylation. Nevertheless, low chloride concentration promoted the production of platelet cytosol Gαi2 subunit. This subunit prevents AC from converting ATP into cAMP, which therefore, inhibited the phosphorylation of PKA to promote platelet activation. In conclusion, decreased intracellular chloride promotes ADP induced platelet activation through the Gαi2/cAMP/PKA pathway instead of the Lyn/PI3K/Akt signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Yan Huang
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Peng-Peng Li
- Department of Medical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No.99 Huaihai West Road, 221000, PR China
| | - Yu-Jie Li
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Wen-Qian Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, PR China
| | - Wen-Kang Shang
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, PR China
| | - Yan-Ling Wang
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Dian-Shuai Gao
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, PR China
| | - Hong-Chun Li
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
| | - Ping Ma
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu Province, PR China; Department of Medical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No.99 Huaihai West Road, 221000, PR China.
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12
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Jentsch TJ, Pusch M. CLC Chloride Channels and Transporters: Structure, Function, Physiology, and Disease. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1493-1590. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00047.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CLC anion transporters are found in all phyla and form a gene family of eight members in mammals. Two CLC proteins, each of which completely contains an ion translocation parthway, assemble to homo- or heteromeric dimers that sometimes require accessory β-subunits for function. CLC proteins come in two flavors: anion channels and anion/proton exchangers. Structures of these two CLC protein classes are surprisingly similar. Extensive structure-function analysis identified residues involved in ion permeation, anion-proton coupling and gating and led to attractive biophysical models. In mammals, ClC-1, -2, -Ka/-Kb are plasma membrane Cl−channels, whereas ClC-3 through ClC-7 are 2Cl−/H+-exchangers in endolysosomal membranes. Biological roles of CLCs were mostly studied in mammals, but also in plants and model organisms like yeast and Caenorhabditis elegans. CLC Cl−channels have roles in the control of electrical excitability, extra- and intracellular ion homeostasis, and transepithelial transport, whereas anion/proton exchangers influence vesicular ion composition and impinge on endocytosis and lysosomal function. The surprisingly diverse roles of CLCs are highlighted by human and mouse disorders elicited by mutations in their genes. These pathologies include neurodegeneration, leukodystrophy, mental retardation, deafness, blindness, myotonia, hyperaldosteronism, renal salt loss, proteinuria, kidney stones, male infertility, and osteopetrosis. In this review, emphasis is laid on biophysical structure-function analysis and on the cell biological and organismal roles of mammalian CLCs and their role in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Jentsch
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany; and Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Genova, Italy
| | - Michael Pusch
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany; and Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Genova, Italy
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13
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Rahmati N, Hoebeek FE, Peter S, De Zeeuw CI. Chloride Homeostasis in Neurons With Special Emphasis on the Olivocerebellar System: Differential Roles for Transporters and Channels. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:101. [PMID: 29765304 PMCID: PMC5938380 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The intraneuronal ionic composition is an important determinant of brain functioning. There is growing evidence that aberrant homeostasis of the intracellular concentration of Cl- ([Cl-]i) evokes, in addition to that of Na+ and Ca2+, robust impairments of neuronal excitability and neurotransmission and thereby neurological conditions. More specifically, understanding the mechanisms underlying regulation of [Cl-]i is crucial for deciphering the variability in GABAergic and glycinergic signaling of neurons, in both health and disease. The homeostatic level of [Cl-]i is determined by various regulatory mechanisms, including those mediated by plasma membrane Cl- channels and transporters. This review focuses on the latest advances in identification, regulation and characterization of Cl- channels and transporters that modulate neuronal excitability and cell volume. By putting special emphasis on neurons of the olivocerebellar system, we establish that Cl- channels and transporters play an indispensable role in determining their [Cl-]i and thereby their function in sensorimotor coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negah Rahmati
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Freek E. Hoebeek
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- NIDOD Institute, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht and Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Saša Peter
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Chris I. De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Dutch Academy for Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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14
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Qi Y, Mair N, Kummer KK, Leitner MG, Camprubí-Robles M, Langeslag M, Kress M. Identification of Chloride Channels CLCN3 and CLCN5 Mediating the Excitatory Cl - Currents Activated by Sphingosine-1-Phosphate in Sensory Neurons. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:33. [PMID: 29479306 PMCID: PMC5811518 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingolipid involved in numerous physiological and pathophysiological processes. We have previously reported a S1P-induced nocifensive response in mice by excitation of sensory neurons via activation of an excitatory chloride current. The underlying molecular mechanism for the S1P-induced chloride conductance remains elusive. In the present study, we identified two CLCN voltage-gated chloride channels, CLCN3 and CLCN5, which mediated a S1P-induced excitatory Cl- current in sensory neurons by combining RNA-seq, adenovirus-based gene silencing and whole-cell electrophysiological voltage-clamp recordings. Downregulation of CLCN3 and CLCN5 channels by adenovirus-mediated delivery of shRNA dramatically reduced S1P-induced Cl- current and membrane depolarization in sensory neurons. The mechanism of S1P-induced activation of the chloride current involved Rho GTPase but not Rho-associated protein kinase. Although S1P-induced potentiation of TRPV1-mediated ionic currents also involved Rho-dependent process, the lack of correlation of the S1P-activated Cl- current and the potentiation of TRPV1 by S1P suggests that CLCN3 and CLCN5 are necessary components for S1P-induced excitatory Cl- currents but not for the amplification of TRPV1-mediated currents in sensory neurons. This study provides a novel mechanistic insight into the importance of bioactive sphingolipids in nociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Qi
- Division of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Norbert Mair
- Division of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kai K Kummer
- Division of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael G Leitner
- Department of Neurophysiology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - María Camprubí-Robles
- Division of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michiel Langeslag
- Division of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michaela Kress
- Division of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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15
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Pfisterer U, Khodosevich K. Neuronal survival in the brain: neuron type-specific mechanisms. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2643. [PMID: 28252642 PMCID: PMC5386560 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenic regions of mammalian brain produce many more neurons that will eventually survive and reach a mature stage. Developmental cell death affects both embryonically produced immature neurons and those immature neurons that are generated in regions of adult neurogenesis. Removal of substantial numbers of neurons that are not yet completely integrated into the local circuits helps to ensure that maturation and homeostatic function of neuronal networks in the brain proceed correctly. External signals from brain microenvironment together with intrinsic signaling pathways determine whether a particular neuron will die. To accommodate this signaling, immature neurons in the brain express a number of transmembrane factors as well as intracellular signaling molecules that will regulate the cell survival/death decision, and many of these factors cease being expressed upon neuronal maturation. Furthermore, pro-survival factors and intracellular responses depend on the type of neuron and region of the brain. Thus, in addition to some common neuronal pro-survival signaling, different types of neurons possess a variety of 'neuron type-specific' pro-survival constituents that might help them to adapt for survival in a certain brain region. This review focuses on how immature neurons survive during normal and impaired brain development, both in the embryonic/neonatal brain and in brain regions associated with adult neurogenesis, and emphasizes neuron type-specific mechanisms that help to survive for various types of immature neurons. Importantly, we mainly focus on in vivo data to describe neuronal survival specifically in the brain, without extrapolating data obtained in the PNS or spinal cord, and thus emphasize the influence of the complex brain environment on neuronal survival during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Pfisterer
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Konstantin Khodosevich
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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16
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Tavalin SJ, Colbran RJ. CaMKII-mediated phosphorylation of GluN2B regulates recombinant NMDA receptor currents in a chloride-dependent manner. Mol Cell Neurosci 2016; 79:45-52. [PMID: 27998718 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Some forms of long-term synaptic plasticity require docking of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II α (CaMKIIα) to residues 1290-1309 within the intracellular C-terminal tail of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor GluN2B subunit. The phosphorylation of Ser1303 within this region destabilizes CaMKII binding. Interestingly, Ser1303 is a substrate for CaMKII itself, as well as PKC and DAPK1, but these kinases have been reported to have contradictory effects on the activity of GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors. Here, we re-assessed the effect of CaMKII on NMDA receptor desensitization in heterologous cells, as measured by the ratio of steady-state to peak currents induced during 3s agonist applications. CaMKIIα co-expression or infusion of constitutively active CaMKII limits the extent of desensitization and preserves current amplitude with repeated stimulation of recombinant GluN1A/GluN2B when examined using low intracellular chloride (Cl-) levels, characteristic of neurons beyond the first postnatal week. In contrast, CaMKIIα enhances the acute rate and extent of desensitization when intracellular Cl- concentrations are high. The apparent dependence of CaMKIIα effects on NMDA receptor desensitization on Cl- concentrations is consistent with the presence of a Ca2+-activated Cl- conductance endogenous to HEK 293 cells, which was confirmed by photolysis of caged-Ca2+. However, Ca2+-activated Cl- conductances are unaffected by CaMKIIα expression, indicating that CaMKII affects agonist-induced whole cell currents via modulation of the NMDA receptor. In support of this idea, CaMKIIα modulation of GluN2B-NMDA receptors is abrogated by the phospho-null mutation of Ser1303 in GluN2B to alanine and occluded by phospho-mimetic mutation of Ser1303 to aspartate regardless of intracellular Cl- concentration. Thus, CaMKII-mediated phosphorylation of GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors reduces desensitization at physiological (low) intracellular Cl-, perhaps serving as a feed-forward mechanism to sustain NMDA-mediated Ca2+ entry and continued CaMKII activation during learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Tavalin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, United States.
| | - Roger J Colbran
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Brain Institute, and Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-0615, United States
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17
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Pang RP, Xie MX, Yang J, Shen KF, Chen X, Su YX, Yang C, Tao J, Liang SJ, Zhou JG, Zhu HQ, Wei XH, Li YY, Qin ZH, Liu XG. Downregulation of ClC-3 in dorsal root ganglia neurons contributes to mechanical hypersensitivity following peripheral nerve injury. Neuropharmacology 2016; 110:181-189. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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18
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Wu QQ, Liu XY, Xiong LX, Shang JY, Mai XY, Pang RP, Su YX, Yu BX, Yuan JN, Yang C, Wang YL, Zhou P, Lv XF, Liu J, Zhou JG, Liang SJ. Reduction of Intracellular Chloride Concentration Promotes Foam Cell Formation. Circ J 2016; 80:1024-33. [PMID: 26911455 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-15-1209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous work has demonstrated that the volume-regulated chloride channel is activated during foam cell formation, and inhibition of chloride movement prevents intracellular lipid accumulation. However, the mechanism explaining how chloride movement promotes foam cell formation is not clear. METHODS AND RESULTS Foam cell formation was determined by Oil Red O staining. Western blotting and co-immunoprecipitation were used to examine protein expression and protein-protein interaction. [Cl(-)]iwas measured using 6-methoxy-N-ethylquinolinium iodide dye. The results showed that [Cl(-)]iwas decreased in monocytes/macrophages from patients with hypercholesterolemia and from apoE(-/-)mice fed with a high-fat diet. Lowering [Cl(-)]iupregulated scavenger receptor A (SR-A) expression, increased the binding and uptake of oxLDL, enhanced pro-inflammatory cytokine production and subsequently accelerated foam cell formation in macrophages from humans and mice. In addition, low Cl(-)solution stimulated the activation of JNK and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases. Inhibition of JNK and p38 blocked Cl(-)reduced medium-induced SR-A expression and lipid accumulation. In contrast, reduction of [Cl(-)]ipromoted the interaction of SR-A with caveolin-1, thus facilitating caveolin-1-dependent SR-A endocytosis. Moreover, disruption of caveolae attenuated SR-A internalization, JNK and p38 activation, and ultimately prevented SR-A expression and foam cell formation stimulated by low Cl(-)medium. CONCLUSIONS This data provide strong evidence that reduction of [Cl(-)]iis a critical contributor to intracellular lipid accumulation, suggesting that modulation of [Cl(-)]iis a novel avenue to prevent foam cell formation and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine
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19
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Fan F, Liu T, Wang X, Ren D, Liu H, Zhang P, Wang Z, Liu N, Li Q, Tu Y, Fu J. ClC-3 Expression and Its Association with Hyperglycemia Induced HT22 Hippocampal Neuronal Cell Apoptosis. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:2984380. [PMID: 26925421 PMCID: PMC4746354 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2984380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although apoptosis plays an important role in the development of Diabetic Encephalopathy (DE), the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. With respect to this, the present work aims to study the variation in chloride/proton exchanger ClC-3 expression and its association with HT22 hippocampal neuronal apoptosis under hyperglycemic condition in vitro. The cells were stimulated with added 0, 5, or 25 mM glucose or mannitol for up to 72 hours before assessing the rate of ClC-3 expression, cell viability, and apoptosis. In a consecutive experiment, cells received chloride channel blocker in addition to glucose. The rate of cellular death/apoptosis and viability was measured using Flow Cytometry and MTT assay, respectively. Changes in ClC-3 expression were assessed using immunofluorescence staining and western blot analysis. The results revealed a significant increase in cellular apoptosis and reduction in viability, associated with increased ClC-3 expression in high glucose group. Osmolarity had no role to play. Addition of chloride channel blocker completely abolished this effect. Thus we conclude that, with its increased expression, ClC-3 plays a major role in hyperglycemia induced hippocampal neuronal apoptosis. To strengthen our understanding of this aforesaid association, we conducted an extensive literature search which is presented in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyan Fan
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dongni Ren
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Pengxing Zhang
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Nan Liu
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Yanyang Tu
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- *Yanyang Tu: and
| | - Jianfang Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
- *Jianfang Fu:
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20
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Guzman RE, Miranda-Laferte E, Franzen A, Fahlke C. Neuronal ClC-3 Splice Variants Differ in Subcellular Localizations, but Mediate Identical Transport Functions. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:25851-62. [PMID: 26342074 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.668186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
ClC-3 is a member of the CLC family of anion channels and transporters, for which multiple functional properties and subcellular localizations have been reported. Since alternative splicing often results in proteins with diverse properties, we investigated to what extent alternative splicing might influence subcellular targeting and function of ClC-3. We identified three alternatively spliced ClC-3 isoforms, ClC-3a, ClC-3b, and ClC-3c, in mouse brain, with ClC-3c being the predominant splice variant. Whereas ClC-3a and ClC-3b are present in late endosomes/lysosomes, ClC-3c is targeted to recycling endosomes via a novel N-terminal isoleucine-proline (IP) motif. Surface membrane insertion of a fraction of ClC-3c transporters permitted electrophysiological characterization of this splice variant through whole-cell patch clamping on transfected mammalian cells. In contrast, neutralization of the N-terminal dileucine-like motifs was required for functional analysis of ClC-3a and ClC-3b. Heterologous expression of ClC-3a or ClC-3b carrying mutations in N-terminal dileucine motifs as well as WTClC-3c in HEK293T cells resulted in outwardly rectifying Cl(-) currents with significant capacitive current components. We conclude that alternative splicing of Clcn3 results in proteins with different subcellular localizations, but leaves the transport function of the proteins unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul E Guzman
- From the Institute of Complex Systems, Zelluläre Biophysik (ICS-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Erick Miranda-Laferte
- From the Institute of Complex Systems, Zelluläre Biophysik (ICS-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Arne Franzen
- From the Institute of Complex Systems, Zelluläre Biophysik (ICS-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Christoph Fahlke
- From the Institute of Complex Systems, Zelluläre Biophysik (ICS-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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Autocrine boost of NMDAR current in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons by a PMCA-dependent, perisynaptic, extracellular pH shift. J Neurosci 2015; 35:873-7. [PMID: 25609607 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2293-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase (PMCA) is found near postsynaptic NMDARs. This transporter is a Ca(2+)-H(+) exchanger that raises cell surface pH. We tested whether the PMCA acts in an autocrine fashion to boost pH-sensitive, postsynaptic NMDAR currents. In mouse hippocampal slices, NMDAR EPSCs in a singly activated CA1 pyramidal neuron were reduced when buffering was augmented by exogenous carbonic anhydrase (XCAR). This effect was blocked by the enzyme inhibitor benzolamide and mimicked by the addition of HEPES buffer. Similar EPSC reduction occurred when PMCA activation was prevented by dialysis of BAPTA or the PMCA inhibitor carboxyeosin. Using HEPES, BAPTA, or carboxyeosin, the effect of XCAR was completely occluded. XCAR similarly curtailed NMDAR EPSCs of minimal amplitude, but had no effect on small AMPAR responses. These results indicate that a significant fraction of the postsynaptic NMDAR current is reliant on a perisynaptic extracellular alkaline shift generated by the PMCA.
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22
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Cao K, Chen M, Jie X, Wang Y, Li Q, Xu J. H5N1 Virus Hemagglutinin Inhibition of cAMP-Dependent CFTR via TLR4-Mediated Janus Tyrosine Kinase 3 Activation Exacerbates Lung Inflammation. Mol Med 2015; 21:134-42. [PMID: 25587856 PMCID: PMC4461576 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2014.00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The host tolerance mechanisms to avian influenza virus (H5N1) infection that limit tissue injury remain unknown. Emerging evidence indicates that cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), a cAMP-dependent Cl− channel, modulates airway inflammation. Janus tyrosine kinase (JAK) 3, a JAK family member that plays a central role in inflammatory responses, prominently contributes to the dysregulated innate immune response upon H5N1 attachment; therefore, this study aims to elucidate whether JAK3 activation induced by H5N1 hemagglutinin (HA) inhibits cAMP-dependent CFTR channels. We performed short-circuit current, immunohistochemistry and molecular analyses of the airway epithelium in Jak3+/+ and Jak3+/− mice. We demonstrate that H5N1 HA attachment inhibits cAMP-dependent CFTR Cl− channels via JAK3-mediated adenylyl cyclase (AC) suppression, which reduces cAMP production. This inhibition leads to increased nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling and inflammatory responses. H5N1 HA is detected by TLR4 expressed on respiratory epithelial cells, facilitating JAK3 activation. This activation induces the interaction between TLR4 and Gαi protein, which blocks ACs. Our findings provide novel insight into the pathogenesis of acute lung injury via the inhibition of cAMP-dependent CFTR channels, indicating that the administration of cAMP-elevating agents and targeting JAK3 may activate host tolerance to infection for the management of influenza virus–induced fatal pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Minhui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Jie
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yansheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiasheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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23
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Balu DT, Coyle JT. The NMDA receptor 'glycine modulatory site' in schizophrenia: D-serine, glycine, and beyond. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2014; 20:109-15. [PMID: 25540902 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric illness that is characterized by reduced cortical connectivity, for which the underlying biological and genetic causes are not well understood. Although the currently approved antipsychotic drug treatments, which primarily modulate dopaminergic function, are effective at reducing positive symptoms (i.e. delusions and hallucinations), they do little to improve the disabling cognitive and negative (i.e. anhedonia) symptoms of patients with schizophrenia. This review details the recent genetic and neurobiological findings that link N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction to the etiology of schizophrenia. It also highlights potential treatment strategies that augment NMDA receptor function to treat the synaptic deficits and cognitive impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrick T Balu
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Laboratory for Psychiatric and Molecular Neuroscience, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Joseph T Coyle
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Laboratory for Psychiatric and Molecular Neuroscience, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
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Guzman RE, Alekov AK, Filippov M, Hegermann J, Fahlke C. Involvement of ClC-3 chloride/proton exchangers in controlling glutamatergic synaptic strength in cultured hippocampal neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:143. [PMID: 24904288 PMCID: PMC4033211 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
ClC-3 is a member of the CLC family of anion channels and transporters that localizes to early and late endosomes as well as to synaptic vesicles (SV). Its genetic disruption in mouse models results in pronounced hippocampal and retinal neurodegeneration, suggesting that ClC-3 might be important for normal excitatory and/or inhibitory neurotransmission in central neurons. To characterize the role of ClC-3 in glutamate accumulation in SV we compared glutamatergic synaptic transmission in cultured hippocampal neurons from WT and Clcn3-/- mice. In Clcn3-/- neurons the amplitude and frequency of miniature as well as the amplitudes of action-potential evoked EPSCs were significantly increased as compared to WT neurons. The low-affinity competitive AMPA receptor antagonist γ-DGG reduced the quantal size of synaptic events more effectively in WT than in Clcn3-/- neurons, whereas no difference was observed for the high-affinity competitive non-NMDA antagonist NBQX. Paired pulse ratios of evoked EPSCs were significantly reduced, whereas the size of the readily releasable pool was not affected by the genetic ablation of ClC-3. Electron microscopy revealed increased volumes of SV in hippocampi of Clcn3-/- mice. Our findings demonstrate that ClC-3 controls fast excitatory synaptic transmission by regulating the amount of neurotransmitter as well as the release probability of SV. These results provide novel insights into the role of ClC-3 in synaptic transmission and identify excessive glutamate release as a likely basis of neurodegeneration in Clcn3-/-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul E Guzman
- Institute of Complex Systems, Zelluläre Biophysik (Institute of Complex Systems-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich Jülich, Germany
| | - Alexi K Alekov
- Institut für Neurophysiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover Hannover, Germany
| | - Mikhail Filippov
- Institut für Neurophysiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover Hannover, Germany ; Laboratory for Brain Extracellular Matrix Research, University of Nizhny Novgorod Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Jan Hegermann
- Institut für Funktionelle und Angewandte Anatomie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover Hannover, Germany
| | - Christoph Fahlke
- Institute of Complex Systems, Zelluläre Biophysik (Institute of Complex Systems-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich Jülich, Germany
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Stauber T, Weinert S, Jentsch TJ. Cell biology and physiology of CLC chloride channels and transporters. Compr Physiol 2013; 2:1701-44. [PMID: 23723021 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c110038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Proteins of the CLC gene family assemble to homo- or sometimes heterodimers and either function as Cl(-) channels or as Cl(-)/H(+)-exchangers. CLC proteins are present in all phyla. Detailed structural information is available from crystal structures of bacterial and algal CLCs. Mammals express nine CLC genes, four of which encode Cl(-) channels and five 2Cl(-)/H(+)-exchangers. Two accessory β-subunits are known: (1) barttin and (2) Ostm1. ClC-Ka and ClC-Kb Cl(-) channels need barttin, whereas Ostm1 is required for the function of the lysosomal ClC-7 2Cl(-)/H(+)-exchanger. ClC-1, -2, -Ka and -Kb Cl(-) channels reside in the plasma membrane and function in the control of electrical excitability of muscles or neurons, in extra- and intracellular ion homeostasis, and in transepithelial transport. The mainly endosomal/lysosomal Cl(-)/H(+)-exchangers ClC-3 to ClC-7 may facilitate vesicular acidification by shunting currents of proton pumps and increase vesicular Cl(-) concentration. ClC-3 is also present on synaptic vesicles, whereas ClC-4 and -5 can reach the plasma membrane to some extent. ClC-7/Ostm1 is coinserted with the vesicular H(+)-ATPase into the acid-secreting ruffled border membrane of osteoclasts. Mice or humans lacking ClC-7 or Ostm1 display osteopetrosis and lysosomal storage disease. Disruption of the endosomal ClC-5 Cl(-)/H(+)-exchanger leads to proteinuria and Dent's disease. Mouse models in which ClC-5 or ClC-7 is converted to uncoupled Cl(-) conductors suggest an important role of vesicular Cl(-) accumulation in these pathologies. The important functions of CLC Cl(-) channels were also revealed by human diseases and mouse models, with phenotypes including myotonia, renal loss of salt and water, deafness, blindness, leukodystrophy, and male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Stauber
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie FMP and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin MDC, Berlin, Germany
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Hur J, Jeong H, Park J, Jeon S. Chloride channel 4 is required for nerve growth factor-induced TrkA signaling and neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells and cortical neurons. Neuroscience 2013; 253:389-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Alexander SPH, Benson HE, Faccenda E, Pawson AJ, Sharman JL, Catterall WA, Spedding M, Peters JA, Harmar AJ. The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14: ion channels. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 170:1607-51. [PMID: 24528239 PMCID: PMC3892289 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14 provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 2000 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. The full contents can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.12444/full. Ion channels are one of the seven major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being G protein-coupled receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, catalytic receptors, nuclear hormone receptors, transporters and enzymes. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. A new landscape format has easy to use tables comparing related targets. It is a condensed version of material contemporary to late 2013, which is presented in greater detail and constantly updated on the website www.guidetopharmacology.org, superseding data presented in previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in conjunction with NC-IUPHAR and provides the official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate. It consolidates information previously curated and displayed separately in IUPHAR-DB and the Guide to Receptors and Channels, providing a permanent, citable, point-in-time record that will survive database updates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen PH Alexander
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical SchoolNottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
- *
Author for correspondence;
| | - Helen E Benson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Elena Faccenda
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Adam J Pawson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Joanna L Sharman
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - William A Catterall
- University of Washington, School of Medicine, Department of PharmacologyBox 357280, Seattle, WA 98195-7280, USA
| | | | - John A Peters
- Neuroscience Division, Medical Education Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of DundeeDundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Anthony J Harmar
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
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Guzman RE, Grieschat M, Fahlke C, Alekov AK. ClC-3 is an intracellular chloride/proton exchanger with large voltage-dependent nonlinear capacitance. ACS Chem Neurosci 2013; 4:994-1003. [PMID: 23509947 DOI: 10.1021/cn400032z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The chloride/proton exchangers ClC-3, ClC-4 and ClC-5 are localized in distinct intracellular compartments and regulate their luminal acidity. We used electrophysiology combined with fluorescence pH measurements to compare the functions of these three transporters. Since the expression of WT ClC-3 in the surface membrane was negligible, we removed an N-terminal retention signal for standard electrophysiological characterization of this isoform. This construct (ClC-313-19A) mediated outwardly rectifying coupled Cl(-)/H(+) antiport resembling the properties of ClC-4 and ClC-5. In addition, ClC-3 exhibited large electric capacitance, exceeding the nonlinear capacitances of ClC-4 and ClC-5. Mutations of the proton glutamate, a conserved residue at the internal side of the protein, decreased ion transport but increased nonlinear capacitances in all three isoforms. This suggests that nonlinear capacitances in mammalian ClC transporters are regulated in a similar manner. However, the voltage dependence and the amplitudes of these capacitances differed strongly between the investigated isoforms. Our results indicate that ClC-3 is specialized in mainly performing incomplete capacitive nontransporting cycles, that ClC-4 is an effective coupled transporter, and that ClC-5 displays an intermediate phenotype. Mathematical modeling showed that such functional differences would allow differential regulation of luminal acidification and chloride concentration in intracellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul E. Guzman
- Institut für Neurophysiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Complex Systems, Zelluläre Biophysik, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Matthias Grieschat
- Institut für Neurophysiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christoph Fahlke
- Institut für Neurophysiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Complex Systems, Zelluläre Biophysik, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Alexi K. Alekov
- Institut für Neurophysiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
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Neuroprotective effects of volume-regulated anion channel blocker DCPIB on neonatal hypoxic-ischemic injury. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2013. [PMID: 23202801 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2012.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the role of swelling-induced activation of volume-regulated anion channels (VRACs) in a neonatal hypoxic-ischemic injury model using the selective VRAC blocker 4-(2-butyl-6,7-dichloro-2-cyclopentyl-indan-1-on5-yl) oxobutyric acid (DCPIB). METHODS Cerebral hypoxic-ischemic injury was induced in 7-day-old mouse pups with Rice-Vannucci method. Prior to the onset of ischemia, the animals were ip administered DCPIB (10 mg/kg). The animals were sacrificed 24 h afterwards, coronal sections of the brains were cut and the areas of infarct were examined using TTC staining and an image-analysis system. Cultured PC12 cells were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) for 4 h. The cellular viability was assessed using Cell Counting Kit 8. Intracellular chloride concentration [Cl(-)](i) was measured using 6-methoxy-N-ethylquinolinium iodide. RESULTS DCPIB-treated mice showed a significant reduction in hemispheric corrected infarct volume (26.65%±2.23%) compared to that in vehicle-treated mice (45.52%±1.45%, P<0.001). DCPIB-treated mice also showed better functional recovery as they were more active than vehicle-treated mice at 4 and 24 h post injury. In cultured PC12 cells, DCPIB (10 μmol/L) significantly reduced OGD-induced cell death. Moreover, DCPIB (20 μmol/L) blocked hypotonic-induced decrease in [Cl(-)](i) in PC12 cells of both control and OGD groups. CONCLUSION The results further support the pathophysiological role of VRACs in ischemic brain injury, and suggest DCPIB as a potential, easily administrable agent targeting VRACs in the context of perinatal and neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury.
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Matchkov VV, Secher Dam V, Bødtkjer DMB, Aalkjær C. Transport and Function of Chloride in Vascular Smooth Muscles. J Vasc Res 2013; 50:69-87. [DOI: 10.1159/000345242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Ganapathi SB, Wei SG, Zaremba A, Lamb FS, Shears SB. Functional regulation of ClC-3 in the migration of vascular smooth muscle cells. Hypertension 2013; 61:174-9. [PMID: 23150504 PMCID: PMC3521842 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.112.194209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) into neointima contributes to atherosclerosis and restenosis. This migration requires coordinated plasmalemmal fluxes of water and ions. Here, we show that aortic VSMC migration depends on the regulation of transmembrane Cl(-) flux by ClC-3, a Cl(-) channel/transporter. The contribution of ClC-3 to plasmalemmal Cl(-) current was studied in VSMCs by electrophysiological recordings. Cl(-) current was negligible in cells perfused with 0 [Ca(2+)]. Raising intracellular [Ca(2+)] to 0.5 μM activated a Cl(-) current (I(Cl.Ca)), approximately half of which was eliminated on inhibition by KN-93 of calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. I(Cl.Ca) was also halved by inositol-3,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate, a cellular signal with the biological function of specifically preventing calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II from activating I(Cl.Ca). Gene disruption of ClC-3 reduced I(Cl.Ca) by 50%. Moreover, I(Cl.Ca) in the ClC-3 null VSMCs was not affected by either KN-93 or inositol-3,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate. We conclude that I(Cl.Ca) is composed of 2 components, one is ClC-3 independent whereas the other is ClC-3 dependent, activated by calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and inhibited by inositol-3,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate. We also assayed VSMC migration in transwell assays. Migration was halved in ClC-3 null cells versus wild-type cells. In addition, inhibition of ClC-3 by niflumic acid, KN-93, or inositol-3,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate each reduced cell migration in wild-type cells but not in ClC-3 null cells. These cell-signaling roles of ClC-3 in VSMC migration suggest new therapeutic approaches to vascular remodeling diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta/cytology
- Aorta/drug effects
- Aorta/metabolism
- Benzylamines/pharmacology
- Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Movement/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chloride Channels/genetics
- Chloride Channels/metabolism
- Inositol Phosphates/pharmacology
- Mice
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Niflumic Acid/pharmacology
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Sulfonamides/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindura B. Ganapathi
- Inositol Signaling Group, Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, PO Box 12233, NC 27709, USA
| | - Shun-Guang Wei
- Inositol Signaling Group, Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, PO Box 12233, NC 27709, USA
| | - Angelika Zaremba
- Inositol Signaling Group, Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, PO Box 12233, NC 27709, USA
| | - Fred S. Lamb
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Children’s Hospital, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Stephen B. Shears
- Inositol Signaling Group, Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, PO Box 12233, NC 27709, USA
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Farmer LM, Le BN, Nelson DJ. CLC-3 chloride channels moderate long-term potentiation at Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses. J Physiol 2012; 591:1001-15. [PMID: 23165767 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2012.243485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The chloride channel CLC-3 is expressed in the brain on synaptic vesicles and postsynaptic membranes. Although CLC-3 is broadly expressed throughout the brain, the CLC-3 knockout mouse shows complete, selective postnatal neurodegeneration of the hippocampus, suggesting a crucial role for the channel in maintaining normal brain function. CLC-3 channels are functionally linked to NMDA receptors in the hippocampus; NMDA receptor-dependent Ca(2+) entry, activation of Ca(2+)/calmodulin kinase II and subsequent gating of CLC-3 link the channels via a Ca(2+)-mediated feedback loop. We demonstrate that loss of CLC-3 at mature synapses increases long-term potentiation from 135 ± 4% in the wild-type slice preparation to 154 ± 7% above baseline (P < 0.001) in the knockout; therefore, the contribution of CLC-3 is to reduce synaptic potentiation by ∼40%. Using a decoy peptide representing the Ca(2+)/calmodulin kinase II phosphorylation site on CLC-3, we show that phosphorylation of CLC-3 is required for its regulatory function in long-term potentiation. CLC-3 is also expressed on synaptic vesicles; however, our data suggest functionally separable pre- and postsynaptic roles. Thus, CLC-3 confers Cl(-) sensitivity to excitatory synapses, controls the magnitude of long-term potentiation and may provide a protective limit on Ca(2+) influx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel M Farmer
- Department of Neurobiology, Pharmacology and Physiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Yang H, Huang LY, Zeng DY, Huang EW, Liang SJ, Tang YB, Su YX, Tao J, Shang F, Wu QQ, Xiong LX, Lv XF, Liu J, Guan YY, Zhou JG. Decrease of Intracellular Chloride Concentration Promotes Endothelial Cell Inflammation by Activating Nuclear Factor-κB Pathway. Hypertension 2012; 60:1287-93. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.112.198648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center (H.Y., L.-Y.H., D.-Y.Z., E-W.H., S.-J.L., Y.-B.T., Y.-X.S., J.T., F.S., Q.-Q.W., L.-X.X., X.-F.L., J.L., Y.-Y.G., J.-G.Z.), and Department of Forensic Pathology (E.-W.H.), Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Cardiovascular Institute of Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Medical Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, China (H.Y.); Guangzhou Forensic Science
| | - Lin-Yan Huang
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center (H.Y., L.-Y.H., D.-Y.Z., E-W.H., S.-J.L., Y.-B.T., Y.-X.S., J.T., F.S., Q.-Q.W., L.-X.X., X.-F.L., J.L., Y.-Y.G., J.-G.Z.), and Department of Forensic Pathology (E.-W.H.), Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Cardiovascular Institute of Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Medical Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, China (H.Y.); Guangzhou Forensic Science
| | - De-Yi Zeng
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center (H.Y., L.-Y.H., D.-Y.Z., E-W.H., S.-J.L., Y.-B.T., Y.-X.S., J.T., F.S., Q.-Q.W., L.-X.X., X.-F.L., J.L., Y.-Y.G., J.-G.Z.), and Department of Forensic Pathology (E.-W.H.), Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Cardiovascular Institute of Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Medical Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, China (H.Y.); Guangzhou Forensic Science
| | - Er-Wen Huang
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center (H.Y., L.-Y.H., D.-Y.Z., E-W.H., S.-J.L., Y.-B.T., Y.-X.S., J.T., F.S., Q.-Q.W., L.-X.X., X.-F.L., J.L., Y.-Y.G., J.-G.Z.), and Department of Forensic Pathology (E.-W.H.), Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Cardiovascular Institute of Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Medical Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, China (H.Y.); Guangzhou Forensic Science
| | - Si-Jia Liang
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center (H.Y., L.-Y.H., D.-Y.Z., E-W.H., S.-J.L., Y.-B.T., Y.-X.S., J.T., F.S., Q.-Q.W., L.-X.X., X.-F.L., J.L., Y.-Y.G., J.-G.Z.), and Department of Forensic Pathology (E.-W.H.), Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Cardiovascular Institute of Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Medical Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, China (H.Y.); Guangzhou Forensic Science
| | - Yong-Bo Tang
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center (H.Y., L.-Y.H., D.-Y.Z., E-W.H., S.-J.L., Y.-B.T., Y.-X.S., J.T., F.S., Q.-Q.W., L.-X.X., X.-F.L., J.L., Y.-Y.G., J.-G.Z.), and Department of Forensic Pathology (E.-W.H.), Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Cardiovascular Institute of Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Medical Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, China (H.Y.); Guangzhou Forensic Science
| | - Ying-Xue Su
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center (H.Y., L.-Y.H., D.-Y.Z., E-W.H., S.-J.L., Y.-B.T., Y.-X.S., J.T., F.S., Q.-Q.W., L.-X.X., X.-F.L., J.L., Y.-Y.G., J.-G.Z.), and Department of Forensic Pathology (E.-W.H.), Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Cardiovascular Institute of Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Medical Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, China (H.Y.); Guangzhou Forensic Science
| | - Jing Tao
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center (H.Y., L.-Y.H., D.-Y.Z., E-W.H., S.-J.L., Y.-B.T., Y.-X.S., J.T., F.S., Q.-Q.W., L.-X.X., X.-F.L., J.L., Y.-Y.G., J.-G.Z.), and Department of Forensic Pathology (E.-W.H.), Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Cardiovascular Institute of Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Medical Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, China (H.Y.); Guangzhou Forensic Science
| | - Fei Shang
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center (H.Y., L.-Y.H., D.-Y.Z., E-W.H., S.-J.L., Y.-B.T., Y.-X.S., J.T., F.S., Q.-Q.W., L.-X.X., X.-F.L., J.L., Y.-Y.G., J.-G.Z.), and Department of Forensic Pathology (E.-W.H.), Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Cardiovascular Institute of Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Medical Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, China (H.Y.); Guangzhou Forensic Science
| | - Qian-Qian Wu
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center (H.Y., L.-Y.H., D.-Y.Z., E-W.H., S.-J.L., Y.-B.T., Y.-X.S., J.T., F.S., Q.-Q.W., L.-X.X., X.-F.L., J.L., Y.-Y.G., J.-G.Z.), and Department of Forensic Pathology (E.-W.H.), Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Cardiovascular Institute of Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Medical Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, China (H.Y.); Guangzhou Forensic Science
| | - Li-Xiong Xiong
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center (H.Y., L.-Y.H., D.-Y.Z., E-W.H., S.-J.L., Y.-B.T., Y.-X.S., J.T., F.S., Q.-Q.W., L.-X.X., X.-F.L., J.L., Y.-Y.G., J.-G.Z.), and Department of Forensic Pathology (E.-W.H.), Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Cardiovascular Institute of Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Medical Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, China (H.Y.); Guangzhou Forensic Science
| | - Xiao-Fei Lv
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center (H.Y., L.-Y.H., D.-Y.Z., E-W.H., S.-J.L., Y.-B.T., Y.-X.S., J.T., F.S., Q.-Q.W., L.-X.X., X.-F.L., J.L., Y.-Y.G., J.-G.Z.), and Department of Forensic Pathology (E.-W.H.), Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Cardiovascular Institute of Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Medical Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, China (H.Y.); Guangzhou Forensic Science
| | - Jie Liu
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center (H.Y., L.-Y.H., D.-Y.Z., E-W.H., S.-J.L., Y.-B.T., Y.-X.S., J.T., F.S., Q.-Q.W., L.-X.X., X.-F.L., J.L., Y.-Y.G., J.-G.Z.), and Department of Forensic Pathology (E.-W.H.), Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Cardiovascular Institute of Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Medical Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, China (H.Y.); Guangzhou Forensic Science
| | - Yong-Yuan Guan
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center (H.Y., L.-Y.H., D.-Y.Z., E-W.H., S.-J.L., Y.-B.T., Y.-X.S., J.T., F.S., Q.-Q.W., L.-X.X., X.-F.L., J.L., Y.-Y.G., J.-G.Z.), and Department of Forensic Pathology (E.-W.H.), Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Cardiovascular Institute of Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Medical Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, China (H.Y.); Guangzhou Forensic Science
| | - Jia-Guo Zhou
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center (H.Y., L.-Y.H., D.-Y.Z., E-W.H., S.-J.L., Y.-B.T., Y.-X.S., J.T., F.S., Q.-Q.W., L.-X.X., X.-F.L., J.L., Y.-Y.G., J.-G.Z.), and Department of Forensic Pathology (E.-W.H.), Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Cardiovascular Institute of Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Medical Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, China (H.Y.); Guangzhou Forensic Science
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Burette AC, Weinberg RJ, Sassani P, Abuladze N, Kao L, Kurtz I. The sodium-driven chloride/bicarbonate exchanger in presynaptic terminals. J Comp Neurol 2012; 520:1481-92. [PMID: 22102085 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The sodium-driven chloride/bicarbonate exchanger (NDCBE), a member of the SLC4 family of bicarbonate transporters, was recently found to modulate excitatory neurotransmission in hippocampus. By using light and electron microscopic immunohistochemistry, we demonstrate here that NDCBE is expressed throughout the adult rat brain, and selectively concentrates in presynaptic terminals, where it is closely associated with synaptic vesicles. NDCBE is in most glutamatergic axon terminals, and is also present in the terminals of parvalbumin-positive γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic cells. These findings suggest that NDCBE can regulate glutamatergic transmission throughout the brain, and point to a role for NDCBE as a possible regulator of GABAergic neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain C Burette
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.
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Huang WC, Xiao S, Huang F, Harfe BD, Jan YN, Jan LY. Calcium-activated chloride channels (CaCCs) regulate action potential and synaptic response in hippocampal neurons. Neuron 2012; 74:179-92. [PMID: 22500639 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Central neurons respond to synaptic inputs from other neurons by generating synaptic potentials. Once the summated synaptic potentials reach threshold for action potential firing, the signal propagates leading to transmitter release at the synapse. The calcium influx accompanying such signaling opens calcium-activated ion channels for feedback regulation. Here, we report a mechanism for modulating hippocampal neuronal signaling that involves calcium-activated chloride channels (CaCCs). We present evidence that CaCCs reside in hippocampal neurons and are in close proximity of calcium channels and NMDA receptors to shorten action potential duration, dampen excitatory synaptic potentials, impede temporal summation, and raise the threshold for action potential generation by synaptic potential. Having recently identified TMEM16A and TMEM16B as CaCCs, we further show that TMEM16B but not TMEM16A is important for hippocampal CaCC, laying the groundwork for deciphering the dynamic CaCC modulation of neuronal signaling in neurons important for learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy C Huang
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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36
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Maduke MC, Reimer RJ. Biochemistry to the rescue: a ClC-2 auxiliary subunit provides a tangible link to leukodystrophy. Neuron 2012; 73:855-7. [PMID: 22405196 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ClC-2 is a broadly distributed chloride channel with an enigmatic neurophysiological function. In this issue of Neuron, Jeworutzki et al. (2012) use a biochemical approach to identify GlialCAM, a protein with a defined link to leukodystrophy, as a ClC-2 auxiliary subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merritt C Maduke
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, 279 Campus Drive West, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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37
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Shears SB, Ganapathi SB, Gokhale NA, Schenk TMH, Wang H, Weaver JD, Zaremba A, Zhou Y. Defining signal transduction by inositol phosphates. Subcell Biochem 2012; 59:389-412. [PMID: 22374098 PMCID: PMC3925325 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-3015-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ins(1,4,5)P(3) is a classical intracellular messenger: stimulus-dependent changes in its levels elicits biological effects through its release of intracellular Ca(2+) stores. The Ins(1,4,5)P(3) response is "switched off" by its metabolism to a range of additional inositol phosphates. These metabolites have themselves come to be collectively described as a signaling "family". The validity of that latter definition is critically examined in this review. That is, we assess the strength of the hypothesis that Ins(1,4,5)P(3) metabolites are themselves "classical" signals. Put another way, what is the evidence that the biological function of a particular inositol phosphate depends upon stimulus dependent changes in its levels? In this assessment, examples of an inositol phosphate acting as a cofactor (i.e. its function is not stimulus-dependent) do not satisfy our signaling criteria. We conclude that Ins(3,4,5,6)P(4) is, to date, the only Ins(1,4,5)P(3) metabolite that has been validated to act as a second messenger.
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Key Words
- adenosine deaminase
- akt
- β-cells
- calcium
- camp
- camkii
- chloride channel
- clc3
- compartmentalization
- dna repair
- endosomes
- erk
- frizzled receptor
- gap1ip4bp
- mrna export
- ins(1,4,5)p3
- ins(1,4,5)p4 receptor
- ins(1,3,4)p3
- ins(1,3,4,5)p4
- ins(1,3,4,5)p4 receptor
- ins(1,4,5,6)p4
- ins(3,4,5,6)p4
- ins(1,3,4,5,6)p5
- insp6
- insulin
- ipmk
- ipk2
- ip5k
- itp
- itpk1
- itpkb
- lymphocytes
- ku
- neutrophils
- protein phosphatase
- ptdins(4,5)p2
- ptdins(3,4,5)p3
- ph domain
- pten
- rasa3
- transcription
- wnt ligand
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Shears
- Inositol Signaling Section, Laboratory of Signal Transduction, NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, 27709, NC, USA, USA,
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38
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Presynaptic CLC-3 determines quantal size of inhibitory transmission in the hippocampus. Nat Neurosci 2011; 14:487-94. [PMID: 21378974 PMCID: PMC3072292 DOI: 10.1038/nn.2775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The absence of the chloride channel CLC-3 in Clcn3−/− mice results in hippocampal degeneration with a distinct temporal-spatial sequence reminiscent of neuronal loss in temporal lobe epilepsy. We examined how the loss of CLC-3 might impact GABAergic synaptic transmission in the hippocampus. An electrophysiological study of synaptic function in Clcn3+/+ and Clcn3-−/− mice in hippocampal slices before the onset of neurodegeneration, revealed a significant decrease in the amplitude and frequency of mIPSCs. We found that CLC-3 colocalizes with the vesicular GABA transporter VGAT in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Cl−-induced acidification of inhibitory synaptic vesicles showed a significant dependence on CLC-3 expression. The decrement in inhibitory transmission in the Clcn3−/− animals suggests a decrease in neurotransmitter loading of synaptic vesicles which we attributed to defective vesicular acidification. Our observations extend the role of Cl− in inhibitory transmission from that of a postsynaptic permeant species to a presynaptic regulatory element.
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Herring BE, McMillan K, Pike CM, Marks J, Fox AP, Xie Z. Etomidate and propofol inhibit the neurotransmitter release machinery at different sites. J Physiol 2011; 589:1103-15. [PMID: 21173083 PMCID: PMC3060590 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2010.200964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of general anaesthetic action is only partially understood. Facilitation of inhibitory GABAA receptors plays an important role in the action of most anaesthetics, but is thought to be especially relevant in the case of intravenous anaesthetics, like etomidate and propofol. Recent evidence suggests that anaesthetics also inhibit excitatory synaptic transmission via a presynaptic mechanism(s), but it has been difficult to determine whether these agents act on the neurotransmitter release machinery itself. In the present study we sought to determine whether the intravenous anaesthetics propofol and etomidate inhibit the release machinery. For these studies we used an experimental approach that directly regulated [Ca2+]i at neurotransmitter release sites, thereby bypassing anaesthetic effects on channels and receptors in order to allow anaesthetic effects on the neurotransmitter release machinery to be examined in isolation. The data show that clinically relevant concentrations of propofol and etomidate inhibited the neurotransmitter release machinery in neurosecretory cells and in cultured hippocampal neurons. md130A is a mutant form of syntaxin with a truncated C-terminus. Overexpressing md130A in PC12 cells completely eliminated the reduction in neurotransmitter release produced by propofol, without affecting release itself. In contrast, overexpressing md130A in PC12 cells had little or no effect on the response to etomidate. These results suggest that both propofol and etomidate inhibit neurotransmitter release by a direct interaction with SNAREs and/or SNARE-associated proteins but they do so at different sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce E Herring
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, 5835 S. Cottage Grove Ave, Abbott Hall, Ab131, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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40
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Fahlke C, Fischer M. Physiology and pathophysiology of ClC-K/barttin channels. Front Physiol 2010; 1:155. [PMID: 21423394 PMCID: PMC3059957 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2010.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
ClC-K channels form a subgroup of anion channels within the ClC family of anion transport proteins. They are expressed predominantly in the kidney and in the inner ear, and are necessary for NaCl resorption in the loop of Henle and for K+ secretion by the stria vascularis. Subcellular distribution as well as the function of these channels are tightly regulated by an accessory subunit, barttin. Barttin improves the stability of ClC-K channel protein, stimulates the exit from the endoplasmic reticulum and insertion into the plasma membrane and changes its function by modifying voltage-dependent gating processes. The importance of ClC-K/barttin channels is highlighted by several genetic diseases. Dysfunctions of ClC-K channels result in Bartter syndrome, an inherited human condition characterized by impaired urinary concentration. Mutations in the gene encoding barttin, BSND, affect the urinary concentration as well as the sensory function of the inner ear. Surprisingly, there is one BSND mutation that causes deafness without affecting renal function, indicating that kidney function tolerates a reduction of anion channel activity that is not sufficient to support normal signal transduction in inner hair cells. This review summarizes recent work on molecular mechanisms, physiology, and pathophysiology of ClC-K/barttin channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Fahlke
- Institut für Neurophysiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover Hannover, Germany.
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41
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Matsuda JJ, Filali MS, Moreland JG, Miller FJ, Lamb FS. Activation of swelling-activated chloride current by tumor necrosis factor-alpha requires ClC-3-dependent endosomal reactive oxygen production. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:22864-73. [PMID: 20479003 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.099838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
ClC-3 is a Cl(-)/H(+) antiporter required for cytokine-induced intraendosomal reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by Nox1. ClC-3 current is distinct from the swelling-activated chloride current (ICl(swell)), but overexpression of ClC-3 can activate currents that resemble ICl(swell). Because H(2)O(2) activates ICl(swell) directly, we hypothesized that ClC-3-dependent, endosomal ROS production activates ICl(swell). Whole-cell perforated patch clamp methods were used to record Cl(-) currents in cultured aortic vascular smooth muscle cells from wild type (WT) and ClC-3 null mice. Under isotonic conditions, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) (10 ng/ml) activated outwardly rectifying Cl(-) currents with time-dependent inactivation in WT but not ClC-3 null cells. Inhibition by tamoxifen (10 microm) and by hypertonicity (340 mosm) identified them as ICl(swell). ICl(swell) was also activated by H(2)O(2) (500 microm), and the effect of TNF-alpha was completely inhibited by polyethylene glycol-catalase. ClC-3 expression induced ICl(swell) in ClC-3 null cells in the absence of swelling or TNF-alpha, and this effect was also blocked by catalase. ICl(swell) activation by hypotonicity (240 mosm) was only partially inhibited by catalase, and the size of these currents did not differ between WT and ClC-3 null cells. Disruption of endosome trafficking with either mutant Rab5 (S34N) or Rab11 (S25N) inhibited TNF-alpha-mediated activation of ICl(swell). Thrombin also activates ROS production by Nox1 but not in endosomes. Thrombin caused H(2)O(2)-dependent activation of ICl(swell), but this effect was not ClC-3- or Rab5-dependent. Thus, activation of ICl(swell) by TNF-alpha requires ClC-3-dependent endosomal H(2)O(2) production. This demonstrates a functional link between two distinct anion currents, ClC-3 and ICl(swell).
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Matsuda
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Children's Hospital and the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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42
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Olfactory discrimination training up-regulates and reorganizes expression of microRNAs in adult mouse hippocampus. ASN Neuro 2010; 2:e00028. [PMID: 20309390 PMCID: PMC2832745 DOI: 10.1042/an20090055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2009] [Revised: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult male mice (strain C57Bl/6J) were trained to execute nose-poke responses for water reinforcement; then they were randomly assigned to either of two groups: olfactory discrimination training (exposed to two odours with reward contingent upon correctly responding to one odour) or pseudo-training (exposed to two odours with reward not contingent upon response). These were run in yoked fashion and killed when the discrimination-trained mouse reached a learning criterion of 70% correct responses in 20 trials, occurring after three sessions (a total of ∼40 min of training). The hippocampus was dissected bilaterally from each mouse (N = 7 in each group) and profiling of 585 miRNAs (microRNAs) was carried out using multiplex RT–PCR (reverse transcription–PCR) plates. A significant global up-regulation of miRNA expression was observed in the discrimination training versus pseudo-training comparison; when tested individually, 29 miRNAs achieved significance at P = 0.05. miR-10a showed a 2.7-fold increase with training, and is predicted to target several learning-related mRNAs including BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor), CAMK2b (calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIβ), CREB1 (cAMP-response-element-binding protein 1) and ELAVL2 [ELAV (embryonic lethal, abnormal vision, Drosophila)-like; Hu B]. Analysis of miRNA pairwise correlations revealed the existence of several miRNA co-expression modules that were specific to the training group. These in vivo results indicate that significant, dynamic and co-ordinated changes in miRNA expression accompany early stages of learning.
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Key Words
- BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- Ct, threshold cycle value
- DHPG, (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine
- LTP, long-term potentiation
- MEF2, myocyte enhancer factor-2
- NMDA, N-methyl-d-aspartate
- RISC, RNA-induced silencing complex
- RT-PCR, reverse transcription-PCR
- TLDA, TaqMan® Low Density Arrays
- TOP, terminal oligopyrimidine
- dicer
- learning
- miRNA, microRNA
- microRNA
- olfactory discrimination
- pre-miR, miRNA small hairpin precursor
- pri-miR, primary miRNA gene transcript
- snoRNA, small nucleolar RNA
- synaptic plasticity
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Cuddapah VA, Sontheimer H. Molecular interaction and functional regulation of ClC-3 by Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) in human malignant glioma. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:11188-96. [PMID: 20139089 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.097675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme is the most common and lethal primary brain cancer in adults. Tumor cells diffusely infiltrate the brain making focal surgical and radiation treatment challenging. The invasion of glioma cells into normal brain is facilitated by the activity of ion channels aiding dynamic regulation of cell volume. Recent studies have specifically implicated ClC-3, a voltage-gated chloride channel, in this process. However, the interaction between ClC-3 activity and cell movement is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that ClC-3 is highly expressed on the plasma membrane of human glioma cells where its activity is regulated through phosphorylation via Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII). Intracellular infusion of autoactivated CaMKII via patch pipette enhanced chloride currents 3-fold, and this regulation was inhibited by autocamtide-2 related inhibitory peptide, a CaMKII-specific inhibitor. CaMKII modulation of chloride currents was also lost upon stable small hairpin RNA knockdown of ClC-3 channels indicating a specific interaction of ClC-3 and CaMKII. In ClC-3-expressing cells, inhibition of CaMKII reduced glioma invasion to the same extent as direct inhibition of ClC-3. The importance of the molecular interaction of ClC-3 and CaMKII is further supported by our finding that CaMKII co-localizes and co-immunoprecipitates with ClC-3. ClC-3 and CaMKII also co-immunoprecipitate in tissue biopsies from patients diagnosed with grade IV glioblastoma. These tumor samples show 10-fold higher ClC-3 protein expression than nonmalignant brain. These data suggest that CaMKII is a molecular link translating intracellular calcium changes, which are intrinsically associated with glioma migration, to changes in ClC-3 conductance required for cell movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Anand Cuddapah
- Department of Neurobiology and Center for Glial Biology in Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
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45
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46
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Deriy LV, Gomez EA, Jacobson DA, Wang X, Hopson JA, Liu XY, Zhang G, Bindokas VP, Philipson LH, Nelson DJ. The granular chloride channel ClC-3 is permissive for insulin secretion. Cell Metab 2009; 10:316-23. [PMID: 19808024 PMCID: PMC2778193 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2009.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Revised: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells is dependent on maturation and acidification of the secretory granule, processes necessary for prohormone convertase cleavage of proinsulin. Previous studies in isolated beta cells revealed that acidification may be dependent on the granule membrane chloride channel ClC-3, in a step permissive for a regulated secretory response. In this study, immuno-EM of beta cells revealed colocalization of ClC-3 and insulin on secretory granules. Clcn3(-/-) mice as well as isolated islets demonstrate impaired insulin secretion; Clcn3(-/-) beta cells are defective in regulated insulin exocytosis and granular acidification. Increased amounts of proinsulin were found in the majority of secretory granules in the Clcn3(-/-) mice, while in Clcn3(+/+) cells, proinsulin was confined to the immature secretory granules. These results demonstrate that in pancreatic beta cells, chloride channels, specifically ClC-3, are localized on insulin granules and play a role in insulin processing as well as insulin secretion through regulation of granular acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila V Deriy
- Department of Neurobiology, Pharmacology, and Physiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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47
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Herring BE, Xie Z, Marks J, Fox AP. Isoflurane inhibits the neurotransmitter release machinery. J Neurophysiol 2009; 102:1265-73. [PMID: 19515956 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00252.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their importance, the mechanism of action of general anesthetics is still poorly understood. Facilitation of inhibitory GABA(A) receptors plays an important role in anesthesia, but other targets have also been linked to anesthetic actions. Anesthetics are known to suppress excitatory synaptic transmission, but it has been difficult to determine whether they act on the neurotransmitter release machinery itself. By directly elevating [Ca(2+)](i) at neurotransmitter release sites without altering plasma membrane channels or receptors, we show that the commonly used inhalational general anesthetic, isoflurane, inhibits neurotransmitter release at clinically relevant concentrations, in a dose-dependent fashion in PC12 cells and hippocampal neurons. We hypothesized that a SNARE and/or SNARE-associated protein represents an important target(s) for isoflurane. Overexpression of a syntaxin 1A mutant, previously shown in Caenorhabditis elegans to block the behavioral effects of isoflurane, completely eliminated the reduction in neurotransmitter release produced by isoflurane, without affecting release itself, thereby establishing the possibility that syntaxin 1A is an intermediary in isoflurane's ability to inhibit neurotransmitter release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce E Herring
- Department of Neurobiology, Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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48
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Xiong D, Wang GX, Burkin DJ, Yamboliev IA, Singer CA, Rawat S, Scowen P, Evans R, Ye L, Hatton WJ, Tian H, Keller PS, McCloskey DT, Duan D, Hume JR. CARDIAC-SPECIFIC OVEREXPRESSION OF THE HUMAN SHORT CLC-3 CHLORIDE CHANNEL ISOFORM IN MICE. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2009; 36:386-93. [PMID: 18986326 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2008.05069.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
1. ClC-3 has been proposed as a molecular candidate responsible for volume-sensitive outwardly rectifying anion channels (VSOAC) in cardiac and smooth muscle cells. To further test this hypothesis, we produced a novel line of transgenic mice with cardiac-specific overexpression of the human short ClC-3 isoform (hsClC-3). 2. Northern and western blot analyses demonstrated that mRNA and protein levels of the short isoform (sClC-3) in the heart were significantly increased in hsClC-3-overexpressing (OE) mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Heart weight : bodyweight ratios for OE mice were significantly smaller compared with age-matched WT mice. 3. Electrocardiogram recordings indicated no difference at rest, whereas echocardiographic recordings revealed consistent reductions in left ventricular diastolic diameter, left ventricular posterior wall thickness at end of diastole and interventricular septum thickness in diastole in OE mice. 4. The VSOAC current densities in atrial cardiomyocytes were significantly increased by ClC-3 overexpression compared with WT cells. No differences in VSOAC current properties in OE and WT atrial myocytes were observed in terms of outward rectification, anion permeability (I(-) > Cl(-) > Asp(-)) and inhibition by 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulphonic acid and glibenclamide. The VSOAC in atrial myocytes from both groups were totally abolished by phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate (a protein kinase C activator) and by intracellular dialysis of an N-terminal anti-ClC-3 antibody. 5. Cardiac cell volume measurements revealed a significant acceleration of the rate of regulatory volume decrease (RVD) in OE myocytes compared with WT. 6. In conclusion, enhanced VSOAC currents and acceleration of the time-course of RVD in atrial myocytes of OE mice is strong evidence supporting an essential role of sClC-3 in native VSOAC function in mouse atrial myocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dazhi Xiong
- Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
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Abstract
ClC-3 is a ubiquitously expressed chloride channel isoform whose biological function has been a matter of debate for many years. A recent study reporting its regulation by Ins(3,4,5,6)P(4) assigns novel transport functions and cellular roles to ClC-3 and identifies a regulatory pathway that affects epithelial transport and endosomal pH regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexi K Alekov
- Institut für Neurophysiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Germany
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50
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Shears SB. Molecular basis for the integration of inositol phosphate signaling pathways via human ITPK1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 49:87-96. [PMID: 19200440 DOI: 10.1016/j.advenzreg.2008.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Shears
- Inositol Signaling Section, Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, DHSS, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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