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Saunders TS, Gadd DA, Spires‐Jones TL, King D, Ritchie C, Muniz‐Terrera G. Associations between cerebrospinal fluid markers and cognition in ageing and dementia: A systematic review. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:5650-5713. [PMID: 35338546 PMCID: PMC9790745 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A biomarker associated with cognition in neurodegenerative dementias would aid in the early detection of disease progression, complement clinical staging and act as a surrogate endpoint in clinical trials. The current systematic review evaluates the association between cerebrospinal fluid protein markers of synapse loss and neuronal injury and cognition. We performed a systematic search which revealed 67 studies reporting an association between cerebrospinal fluid markers of interest and neuropsychological performance. Despite the substantial heterogeneity between studies, we found some evidence for an association between neurofilament-light and worse cognition in Alzheimer's diseases, frontotemporal dementia and typical cognitive ageing. Moreover, there was an association between cerebrospinal fluid neurogranin and cognition in those with an Alzheimer's-like cerebrospinal fluid biomarker profile. Some evidence was found for cerebrospinal fluid neuronal pentraxin-2 as a correlate of cognition across dementia syndromes. Due to the substantial heterogeneity of the field, no firm conclusions can be drawn from this review. Future research should focus on improving standardization and reporting as well as establishing the importance of novel markers such as neuronal pentraxin-2 and whether such markers can predict longitudinal cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler S. Saunders
- UK Dementia Research InstituteThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK,Center for Discovery Brain SciencesThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK,Center for Clinical Brain SciencesThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK,Center for Dementia PreventionThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Danni A. Gadd
- Center for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular MedicineUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Tara L. Spires‐Jones
- UK Dementia Research InstituteThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK,Center for Discovery Brain SciencesThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Declan King
- UK Dementia Research InstituteThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK,Center for Discovery Brain SciencesThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Craig Ritchie
- Center for Clinical Brain SciencesThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK,Center for Dementia PreventionThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Graciela Muniz‐Terrera
- Center for Clinical Brain SciencesThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK,Center for Dementia PreventionThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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Yang X, Xu X, Cai X, He J, Lu P, Guo Q, Wang G, Zhu H, Wang H, Xue C. Gene set enrichment analysis and protein-protein interaction network analysis after sciatic nerve injury. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:988. [PMID: 32953788 PMCID: PMC7475449 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-4958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Peripheral nerves are able to regenerate spontaneously after injury. An increasing number of studies have investigated the mechanism of peripheral nerve regeneration and attempted to find potential therapeutic targets. The various bioinformatics analysis tools available, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks can effectively screen the crucial targets of neuroregeneration. Methods GSEA and PPI networks were constructed through ingenuity pathway analysis and sequential gene expression validation ex vitro to investigate the molecular processes at 1, 4, 7, and 14 days following sciatic nerve transection in rats. Results Immune response and the activation of related canonical pathways were classified as crucial biological events. Additionally, neural precursor cell expressed developmentally downregulated 4-like (NEDD4L), neuregulin 1 (NRG1), nuclear factor of activated T cells 2 (NFATC2), midline 1 (MID1), GLI family zinc finger 2 (GLI2), and ventral anterior homeobox 1 (VAX1), which were jointly involved in both immune response and axonal regeneration, were screened and their mRNA and protein expressions following nerve injury were validated. Among them, the expression of VAX1 continuously increased following nerve injury, and it was considered to be a potential therapeutic target. Conclusions The combined use of GSEA and PPI networks serves as a valuable way to identify potential therapeutic targets for neuroregeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Yang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xi Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaodong Cai
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jin He
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Panjian Lu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qi Guo
- Department of Hand Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Hongkui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Chengbin Xue
- Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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Grieco SF, Holmes TC, Xu X. Neuregulin directed molecular mechanisms of visual cortical plasticity. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:668-678. [PMID: 29464684 PMCID: PMC6103898 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Experience-dependent critical period (CP) plasticity has been extensively studied in the visual cortex. Monocular deprivation during the CP affects ocular dominance, limits visual performance, and contributes to the pathological etiology of amblyopia. Neuregulin-1 (NRG1) signaling through its tyrosine kinase receptor ErbB4 is essential for the normal development of the nervous system and has been linked to neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. We discovered recently that NRG1/ErbB4 signaling in PV neurons is critical for the initiation of CP visual cortical plasticity by controlling excitatory synaptic inputs onto PV neurons and thus PV-cell mediated cortical inhibition that occurs following visual deprivation. Building on this discovery, we review the existing literature of neuregulin signaling in developing and adult cortex and address the implication of NRG/ErbB4 signaling in visual cortical plasticity at the cellular and circuit levels. NRG-directed research may lead to therapeutic approaches to reactivate plasticity in the adult cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven F Grieco
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Todd C Holmes
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Xiangmin Xu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, California
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Abstract
Inhibition of β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is being pursued as a therapeutic target for treating patients with Alzheimer's disease because BACE1 is the sole β-secretase for generating β-amyloid peptide. Knowledge regarding the other cellular functions of BACE1 is therefore critical for the safe use of BACE1 inhibitors in human patients. BACE1 deficiency in mice causes hypomyelination during development and impairs remyelination in injured sciatic nerves. Since BACE1 is expected to be ubiquitously expressed, we asked whether axonal or Schwann cell BACE1 is required for optimal remyelination. By swapping sciatic nerve segments from BACE1-null mice with the corresponding wild-type nerve segments or vice versa, we tested how a deficiency of BACE1 in Schwann cells or axons affects remyelination. Our results show that BACE1 in axons and Schwann cells is similarly important for remyelination of regenerated axons. Nerve injury induces BACE1 transcription and protein levels are elevated in Schwann cells. Expression of type I neuregulin 1 (Nrg1), rather than type III Nrg1, was induced by Schwann cells, and the abolished Nrg1 cleavage in BACE1-null Schwann cells contributed to decreased remyelination of regenerated axons. Hence, this study is the first to demonstrate the equal importance of axonal and Schwann cell BACE1 for remyelination of injured nerves.
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Xing J, Wang C, Kimura H, Takasaki Y, Kunimoto S, Yoshimi A, Nakamura Y, Koide T, Banno M, Kushima I, Uno Y, Okada T, Aleksic B, Ikeda M, Iwata N, Ozaki N. Resequencing and association analysis of PTPRA, a possible susceptibility gene for schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112531. [PMID: 25393624 PMCID: PMC4231042 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The PTPRA gene, which encodes the protein RPTP-α, is critical to neurodevelopment. Previous linkage studies, genome-wide association studies, controlled expression analyses and animal models support an association with both schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders, both of which share a substantial portion of genetic risks. Methods We sequenced the protein-encoding areas of the PTPRA gene for single nucleotide polymorphisms or small insertions/deletions (InDel) in 382 schizophrenia patients. To validate their association with the disorders, rare (minor allele frequency <1%), missense mutations as well as one InDel in the 3′UTR region were then genotyped in another independent sample set comprising 944 schizophrenia patients, 336 autism spectrum disorders patients, and 912 healthy controls. Results Eight rare mutations, including 3 novel variants, were identified during the mutation-screening phase. In the following association analysis, L59P, one of the two missense mutations, was only observed among patients of schizophrenia. Additionally, a novel duplication in the 3′UTR region, 174620_174623dupTGAT, was predicted to be located within a Musashi Binding Element. Major Conclusions No evidence was seen for the association of rare, missense mutations in the PTPRA gene with schizophrenia or autism spectrum disorders; however, we did find some rare variants with possibly damaging effects that may increase the susceptibility of carriers to the disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingrui Xing
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chenyao Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kimura
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuto Takasaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shohko Kunimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akira Yoshimi
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yukako Nakamura
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Koide
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahiro Banno
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Itaru Kushima
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yota Uno
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Okada
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Branko Aleksic
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Masashi Ikeda
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Nakao Iwata
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Norio Ozaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Gestational Hypoxia Induces Sex-Differential Methylation of Crhr1 Linked to Anxiety-like Behavior. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 48:544-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8444-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Choi J, Callaway EM. Monosynaptic inputs to ErbB4-expressing inhibitory neurons in mouse primary somatosensory cortex. J Comp Neurol 2012; 519:3402-14. [PMID: 21618237 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Previous reports have described inputs to the somatosensory cortex (S1) in mouse or rat using retrograde or anterograde tracers. Such studies do not, however, reveal which particular cell types within the S1 cortex receive direct monosynaptic connections from these input sources. Here we describe the monosynaptic inputs to a subpopulation of mouse S1 inhibitory neurons that express ErbB4. We used a previously described "bridge protein," composed of the ErbB4 ligand, neuregulin (NRG1), fused to the avian viral receptor TVB (TVB-NRG1), along with EnvB pseudotyped lentivirus (LV) and rabies virus (RV), to selectively coinfect ErbB4-expressing neurons (Choi et al. [2010] Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107:16703-16708). The RV had its glycoprotein gene deleted and replaced with mCherry, so that infected cells express mCherry and the virus cannot spread without provision of rabies glycoprotein (RG) by transcomplementation. The LV encoded and expressed RG to allow transcomplementation in coinfected neurons, so that the RV could spread transsynaptically and label their direct monosynaptic inputs. The RV could not spread beyond the direct inputs, due to the lack of RG in presynaptic cells. This method revealed long-range connections from thalamus, nucleus basalis, raphe, and distant cortical areas, including ipsilateral motor, secondary somatosensory, retrosplenial, and perirhinal cortex and contralateral S1. In addition, local connections from ipsilateral pyramidal neurons within S1 were labeled. These input sources account for all of the known inputs to S1 described with standard tracers, suggesting that the subpopulation of ErbB4-positive inhibitory neurons infected using the TVB-NRG1 bridge protein receives inputs indiscriminately from S1 input sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Choi
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratories, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Edrey YH, Casper D, Huchon D, Mele J, Gelfond JA, Kristan DM, Nevo E, Buffenstein R. Sustained high levels of neuregulin-1 in the longest-lived rodents; a key determinant of rodent longevity. Aging Cell 2012; 11:213-22. [PMID: 22103690 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2011.00772.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Naked mole-rats (Heterocephalus glaber), the longest-lived rodents, live 7-10 times longer than similarly sized mice and exhibit normal activities for approximately 75% of their lives. Little is known about the mechanisms that allow them to delay the aging process and live so long. Neuregulin-1 (NRG-1) signaling is critical for normal brain function during both development and adulthood. We hypothesized that long-lived species will maintain higher levels of NRG-1 and that this contributes to their sustained brain function and concomitant maintenance of normal activity. We monitored the levels of NRG-1 and its receptor ErbB4 in H. glaber at different ages ranging from 1 day to 26 years and found that levels of NRG-1 and ErbB4 were sustained throughout development and adulthood. In addition, we compared seven rodent species with widely divergent (4-32 year) maximum lifespan potential (MLSP) and found that at a physiologically equivalent age, the longer-lived rodents had higher levels of NRG-1 and ErbB4. Moreover, phylogenetic independent contrast analyses revealed that this significant strong correlation between MLSP and NRG-1 levels was independent of phylogeny. These results suggest that NRG-1 is an important factor contributing to divergent species MLSP through its role in maintaining neuronal integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael H Edrey
- Department of Biology, The City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
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Neuregulin-1/ErbB signaling in rostral ventrolateral medulla is involved in blood pressure regulation as an antihypertensive system. J Hypertens 2011; 29:1735-42. [PMID: 21738056 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e32834937d6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Neuregulin-1 (NRG-1), located in the central nervous system (CNS), plays an important role in synaptic function, neurite outgrowth, and survival of neurons and glia acting on the ErbB receptor family. However, the functional role of NRG-1/ErbB signaling in the CNS and blood pressure regulation is unknown, particularly in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), a major vasomotor center. Thus, we investigated whether NRG-1/ErbB signaling in the RVLM is involved in blood pressure regulation. METHODS AND RESULTS Microinjection of NRG-1 into the RVLM decreased arterial blood pressure, heart rate (HR), and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) in Wistar rats. In contrast, microinjection of an ErbB2 or ErbB4 inhibitor into the RVLM increased arterial pressure, HR, and RSNA. ErbB2 expression levels in the brainstem were significantly lower in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) than in Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. Depressor responses to NRG-1 and pressor responses to the ErbB2 inhibitor were significantly smaller in SHRs than in WKY rats (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the inhibition of ErbB2 expression in the RVLM by RNA interference significantly increased arterial pressure, HR, and urinary norepinephrine excretion in conscious WKY rats (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that the NRG-1/ErbB signaling in the RVLM has depressor and sympathoinhibitory effects. Reduced NRG/ErbB2 signaling in the RVLM may contribute to the neural mechanisms of hypertension.
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Loss of function studies in mice and genetic association link receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase α to schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 70:626-35. [PMID: 21831360 PMCID: PMC3176920 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Solid evidence links schizophrenia (SZ) susceptibility to neurodevelopmental processes involving tyrosine phosphorylation-mediated signaling. Mouse studies implicate the Ptpra gene, encoding protein tyrosine phosphatase RPTPα, in the control of radial neuronal migration, cortical cytoarchitecture, and oligodendrocyte differentiation. The human gene encoding RPTPα, PTPRA, maps to a chromosomal region (20p13) associated with susceptibility to psychotic illness. METHODS We characterized neurobehavioral parameters, as well as gene expression in the central nervous system, of mice with a null mutation in the Ptpra gene. We searched for genetic association between polymorphisms in PTPRA and schizophrenia risk (two independent cohorts, 1420 cases and 1377 controls), and we monitored PTPRA expression in prefrontal dorsolateral cortex of SZ patients (35 cases, 2 control groups of 35 cases). RESULTS We found that Ptpra⁻/⁻ mice reproduce neurobehavioral endophenotypes of human SZ: sensitization to methamphetamine-induced hyperactivity, defective sensorimotor gating, and defective habituation to a startle response. Ptpra loss of function also leads to reduced expression of multiple myelination genes, mimicking the hypomyelination-associated changes in gene expression observed in postmortem patient brains. We further report that a polymorphism at the PTPRA locus is genetically associated with SZ, and that PTPRA mRNA levels are reduced in postmortem dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of subjects with SZ. CONCLUSIONS The implication of this well-studied signaling protein in SZ risk and endophenotype manifestation provides novel entry points into the etiopathology of this disease.
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Iaci JF, Ganguly A, Finklestein SP, Parry TJ, Ren J, Saha S, Sietsma DK, Srinivas M, Vecchione AM, Caggiano AO. Glial growth factor 2 promotes functional recovery with treatment initiated up to 7 days after permanent focal ischemic stroke. Neuropharmacology 2010; 59:640-9. [PMID: 20691195 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Revised: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neuregulins are a family of growth factors essential for normal cardiac and nervous system development. The EGF-like domain of neuregulins contains the active site which binds and activates signaling cascades through ErbB receptors. A neuregulin-1 gene EGF-like fragment demonstrated neuroprotection in the transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) stroke model and drastically reduced infarct volume (Xu et al., 2004). Here we use a permanent MCAO rat model to initially compare two products of the neuregulin-1 gene and also assess levels of recovery with acute versus delayed time to treatment. In the initial study full-length glial growth factor 2 (GGF2) and an EGF-like domain fragment were compared with acute intravenous delivery. In a second study GGF2 only was delivered starting at 24h, 3 days or 7 days after permanent ischemia was induced. In both studies daily intravenous administration continued for 10 days. Recovery of neurological function was assessed using limb placing and body swing tests. GGF2 had similar functional improvements compared to the EGF-like domain fragment at equimolar doses, and a higher dose of GGF2 demonstrated more robust functional improvements compared to a lower dose. GGF2 improved sensorimotor recovery with all treatment paradigms, even enhancing recovery of function with a delay of 7 days to treatment. Histological assessments did not show any associated reduction in infarct volume at either 48 h or 21 days post-ischemic event. Neurorestorative effects of this kind are of great potential clinical importance, given the difficulty of delivering neuroprotective therapies within a short time after an ischemic event in human patients. If confirmed by additional work including additional data on mechanism(s) of improved outcome with verification in other stroke models, one can make a compelling case to bring GGF2 to clinical trials as a neurorestorative approach to improving outcome following stroke injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer F Iaci
- Acorda Therapeutics Inc., 15 Skyline Drive, Hawthorne, NY 10532, USA.
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Neuregulin 1-erbB4 pathway in schizophrenia: From genes to an interactome. Brain Res Bull 2010; 83:132-9. [PMID: 20433909 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2010.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Revised: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently identified candidate susceptibility genes for schizophrenia are likely to play, important roles in the pathophysiology of the illness. It is also clear, however, that the etiologic, contribution of these genes is not only via their own functions but also through interactions with other, genes and environmental factors. Genetic, transgenic and postmortem brain studies support a, potential role for NRG1-erbB4 signaling in schizophrenia. Embedded in the results of these studies, however, are clues to the notion that NRG1-erbB4 signaling does not act alone but in conjunction with, other pathways. This article aims to re-evaluate the evidence for the role of neuregulin 1 (NRG1)-erbB4 signaling in schizophrenia by focusing on its interactions with other candidate susceptibility, pathways. In addition, we consider molecular substrates upon which the NRG1-erbB4 and other, candidate pathways converge contributing to susceptibility for the illness (schizophrenia interactome). Glutamatergic signaling can be an interesting candidate for schizophrenia interactome. Schizophrenia is associated with NMDA receptor hypofunction and moreover, several susceptibility genes for, schizophrenia converge on NMDA receptor signaling. These candidate genes influence NMDA receptor, signaling via diverse mechanisms, yet all eventually impact on protein composition of NMDA receptor, complexes. Likewise, the protein associations in the receptor complexes can themselves modulate, signaling molecules of candidate genes and their pathways. Therefore, protein-protein interactions in the NMDA receptor complexes can mediate reciprocal interactions between NMDA receptor function, and susceptibility candidate pathways including NRG1-erbB4 signaling and thus can be a, schizophrenia interactome.
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Willem M, Lammich S, Haass C. Function, regulation and therapeutic properties of beta-secretase (BACE1). Semin Cell Dev Biol 2009; 20:175-82. [PMID: 19429494 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Revised: 01/10/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
beta-Secretase (beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1; BACE1) has been identified as the rate limiting enzyme for amyloid-beta-peptide (Abeta) production. Abeta is the major component of amyloid plaques and vascular deposits in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains and believed to initiate the deadly amyloid cascade. BACE1 is the principle beta-secretase, since its knock-out completely prevents Abeta generation. BACE1 is likely to process a number of different substrates and consequently several independent physiological functions may be exerted by BACE1. Currently the function of BACE1 in myelination is best understood. BACE1 cleaves and activates Neuregulin-1 and is thus directly involved in myelination of the peripheral nervous system during early postnatal development. However, additional physiological functions specifically within the central nervous system are so far less understood. BACE1 is upregulated in at least some AD brains. Multiple cellular mechanisms for BACE1 regulation are known including post-transcriptional regulation via its 5'-untranslated region, microRNA and non-coding anti-sense RNA. BACE1 is a primary target for Abeta lowering therapies, however the development of high affinity bio-available inhibitors has been a major challenge so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Willem
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Adolf-Butenandt-Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany.
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Wood JD, Bonath F, Kumar S, Ross CA, Cunliffe VT. Disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 and neuregulin 1 are required for the specification of oligodendrocytes and neurones in the zebrafish brain. Hum Mol Genet 2008; 18:391-404. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddn361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Constraint-induced movement therapy in the adult rat after unilateral corticospinal tract injury. J Neurosci 2008; 28:9386-403. [PMID: 18799672 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1697-08.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Smaller spinal cord injuries often allow some degree of spontaneous behavioral improvements because of structural rearrangements within different descending fiber tracts or intraspinal circuits. In this study, we investigate whether rehabilitative training of the forelimb (forced limb use) influences behavioral recovery and plastic events after injury to a defined spinal tract, the corticospinal tract (CST). Female adult Lewis rats received a unilateral CST injury at the brainstem level. Use of the contralateral impaired forelimb was either restricted, by a cast, or forced, by casting the unimpaired forelimb immediately after injury for either 1 or 3 weeks. Forced use of the impaired forelimb was followed by full behavioral recovery on the irregular horizontal ladder, whereas animals that could not use their affected side remained impaired. BDA (biotinylated dextran amine) labeling of the intact CST showed lesion-induced growth across the midline where CST collaterals increased their innervation density and extended fibers toward the ventral and the dorsal horn in response to forced limb use. Gene chip analysis of the denervated ventral horn revealed changes in particular for growth factors, adhesion and guidance molecules, as well as components of synapse formation suggesting an important role for these factors in activity-dependent intraspinal reorganization after unilateral CST injury.
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Neuregulin 1 in neural development, synaptic plasticity and schizophrenia. Nat Rev Neurosci 2008; 9:437-52. [PMID: 18478032 DOI: 10.1038/nrn2392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 772] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a highly debilitating mental disorder that affects approximately 1% of the general population, yet it continues to be poorly understood. Recent studies have identified variations in several genes that are associated with this disorder in diverse populations, including those that encode neuregulin 1 (NRG1) and its receptor ErbB4. The past few years have witnessed exciting progress in our knowledge of NRG1 and ErbB4 functions and the biological basis of the increased risk for schizophrenia that is potentially conferred by polymorphisms in the two genes. An improved understanding of the mechanisms by which altered function of NRG1 and ErbB4 contributes to schizophrenia might eventually lead to the development of more effective therapeutics.
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Gallagher JP, Orozco-Cabal LF, Liu J, Shinnick-Gallagher P. Synaptic physiology of central CRH system. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 583:215-25. [PMID: 18342852 PMCID: PMC2424315 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.11.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Revised: 09/27/2007] [Accepted: 11/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH) or Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (CRF) and its family of related naturally occurring endogenous peptides and receptors are becoming recognized for their actions within central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS) nervous systems. It should be recognized that the term 'CRH' has been displaced by 'CRF' [Guillemin, R., 2005. Hypothalamic hormones a.k.a. hypothalamic releasing factors. J. Endocrinol. 184, 11-28]. However, to maintain uniformity among contributions to this special issue we have used the original term, CRH. The term 'CRF' has been associated recently with CRH receptors and designated with subscripts by the IUPHAR nomenclature committee [Hauger, R.L., Grigoriadis, D.E., Dallman, M.F., Plotsky, P.M., Vale, W.W., Dautzenberg, F.M., 2003. International Union of Pharmacology. XXXVI. Corticotrophin-releasing factor and their ligands. Pharmacol. Rev. 55, 21-26] to denote the type and subtype of receptors activated or antagonized by CRH ligands. CRH, as a hormone, has long been identified as the regulator of basal and stress-induced ACTH release within the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis). But the concept, that CRH and its related endogenous peptides and receptor ligands have non-HPA axis actions to regulate CNS synaptic transmission outside the HPA axis, is just beginning to be recognized and identified [Orozco-Cabal, L., Pollandt, S., Liu, J., Shinnick-Gallagher, P., Gallagher, J.P., 2006a. Regulation of Synaptic Transmission by CRF Receptors. Rev. Neurosci. 17, 279-307; Orozco-Cabal, L., Pollandt, S., Liu, J., Vergara, L., Shinnick-Gallagher, P., Gallagher, J.P., 2006b. A novel rat medial prefrontal cortical slice preparation to investigate synaptic transmission from amygdala to layer V prelimbic pyramidal neurons. J. Neurosci. Methods 151, 148-158] is especially noteworthy since this synapse has become a prime focus for a variety of mental diseases, e.g. schizophrenia [Fischbach, G.D., 2007. NRG1 and synaptic function in the CNS. Neuron 54, 497-497], and neurological disorders, e.g., Alzheimer's disease [Bell, K.F., Cuello, C.A., 2006. Altered synaptic function in Alzheimer's disease. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 545, 11-21]. We suggest that "The Stressed Synapse" has been overlooked [c.f., Kim, J.J., Diamond, D.M. 2002. The stressed hippocampus, synaptic plasticity and lost memories. Nat. Rev., Neurosci. 3, 453-462; Radley, J.J., Morrison, J.H., 2005. Repeated stress and structural plasticity in the brain. Ageing Res. Rev. 4, 271-287] as a major contributor to many CNS disorders. We present data demonstrating CRH neuroregulatory and neuromodulatory actions at three limbic synapses, the basolateral amygdala to central amygdala synapse; the basolateral amygdala to medial prefrontal cortex synapse, and the lateral septum mediolateral nucleus synapse. A novel stress circuit is presented involving these three synapses. We suggest that CRH ligands and their receptors are significant etiological factors that need to be considered in the pharmacotherapy of mental diseases associated with CNS synaptic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel P Gallagher
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology Galveston, TX 77555-1031 USA.
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Alteration of BACE1-dependent NRG1/ErbB4 signaling and schizophrenia-like phenotypes in BACE1-null mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:5585-90. [PMID: 18385378 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0710373105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
beta-Site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is required for the penultimate cleavage of the amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP) leading to the generation of amyloid-beta peptides that is central to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. In addition to its role in endoproteolysis of APP, BACE1 participates in the proteolytic processing of neuregulin 1 (NRG1) and influences the myelination of central and peripheral axons. Although NRG1 has been genetically linked to schizophrenia and NRG1(+/-) mice exhibit a number of schizophrenia-like behavioral traits, it is not known whether altered BACE1-dependent NRG1 signaling can cause similar behavioral abnormalities. To test this hypothesis, we analyze the behaviors considered to be rodent analogs of clinical features of schizophrenia in BACE1(-/-) mice with impaired processing of NRG1. We demonstrate that BACE1(-/-) mice exhibit deficits in prepulse inhibition, novelty-induced hyperactivity, hypersensitivity to a glutamatergic psychostimulant (MK-801), cognitive impairments, and deficits in social recognition. Importantly, some of these manifestations were responsive to treatment with clozapine, an atypical antipsychotic drug. Moreover, although the total amount of ErbB4, a receptor for NRG1 was not changed, binding of ErbB4 with postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) was significantly reduced in the brains of BACE1(-/-) mice. Consistent with the role of ErbB4 in spine morphology and synaptic function, BACE1(-/-) mice displayed reduced spine density in hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Collectively, our findings suggest that alterations in BACE1-dependent NRG1/ErbB4 signaling may participate in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and related psychiatric disorders.
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