1
|
Suzuki R, Woo JZ, Thumberger T, Hofmann G, Wittbrodt J, Tavhelidse-Suck T. Characterizing medaka visual features using a high-throughput optomotor response assay. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302092. [PMID: 38941325 PMCID: PMC11213317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) is a powerful model to study genetics underlying the developmental and functional traits of the vertebrate visual system. We established a simple and high-throughput optomotor response (OMR) assay utilizing medaka larvae to study visual functions including visual acuity and contrast sensitivity. Our assay presents multiple adjustable stripes in motion to individual fish in a linear arena. For that the OMR assay employs a tablet display and the Fish Stripes software to adjust speed, width, color, and contrast of the stripes. Our results demonstrated that optomotor responses were robustly induced by black and white stripes presented from below in the linear-pool-arena. We detected robust strain specific differences in the OMR when comparing long established medaka inbred strains. We observed an interesting training effect upon the initial exposure of larvae to thick stripes, which allowed them to better respond to narrower stripes. The OMR setup and protocol presented here provide an efficient tool for quantitative phenotype mapping, addressing visual acuity, trainability of cortical neurons, color sensitivity, locomotor response, retinal regeneration and others. Our open-source setup presented here provides a crucial prerequisite for ultimately addressing the genetic basis of those processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Risa Suzuki
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Biosciences International Graduate School (HBIGS), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jia Zheng Woo
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Thumberger
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gero Hofmann
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joachim Wittbrodt
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang B, Zhang R, Zhao J, Yang J, Xu S. The mechanism of human color vision and potential implanted devices for artificial color vision. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1408087. [PMID: 38962178 PMCID: PMC11221215 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1408087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Vision plays a major role in perceiving external stimuli and information in our daily lives. The neural mechanism of color vision is complicated, involving the co-ordinated functions of a variety of cells, such as retinal cells and lateral geniculate nucleus cells, as well as multiple levels of the visual cortex. In this work, we reviewed the history of experimental and theoretical studies on this issue, from the fundamental functions of the individual cells of the visual system to the coding in the transmission of neural signals and sophisticated brain processes at different levels. We discuss various hypotheses, models, and theories related to the color vision mechanism and present some suggestions for developing novel implanted devices that may help restore color vision in visually impaired people or introduce artificial color vision to those who need it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingao Zhang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Institute of Physical Electronics, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Institute of Physical Electronics, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjin Zhao
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Institute of Physical Electronics, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiarui Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shengyong Xu
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Institute of Physical Electronics, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang Z, Wan T, Ma S, Chai Y. Multidimensional vision sensors for information processing. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024:10.1038/s41565-024-01665-7. [PMID: 38877323 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-024-01665-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
The visual scene in the physical world integrates multidimensional information (spatial, temporal, polarization, spectrum and so on) and typically shows unstructured characteristics. Conventional image sensors cannot process this multidimensional vision data, creating a need for vision sensors that can efficiently extract features from substantial multidimensional vision data. Vision sensors are able to transform the unstructured visual scene into featured information without relying on sophisticated algorithms and complex hardware. The response characteristics of sensors can be abstracted into operators with specific functionalities, allowing for the efficient processing of perceptual information. In this Review, we delve into the hardware implementation of multidimensional vision sensors, exploring their working mechanisms and design principles. We exemplify multidimensional vision sensors built on emerging devices and silicon-based system integration. We further provide benchmarking metrics for multidimensional vision sensors and conclude with the principle of device-system co-design and co-optimization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqing Wang
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Joint Research Centre of Microelectronics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tianqing Wan
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Joint Research Centre of Microelectronics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sijie Ma
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Joint Research Centre of Microelectronics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yang Chai
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
- Joint Research Centre of Microelectronics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Qiao M. Deciphering the genetic code of neuronal type connectivity through bilinear modeling. eLife 2024; 12:RP91532. [PMID: 38857169 PMCID: PMC11164534 DOI: 10.7554/elife.91532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding how different neuronal types connect and communicate is critical to interpreting brain function and behavior. However, it has remained a formidable challenge to decipher the genetic underpinnings that dictate the specific connections formed between neuronal types. To address this, we propose a novel bilinear modeling approach that leverages the architecture similar to that of recommendation systems. Our model transforms the gene expressions of presynaptic and postsynaptic neuronal types, obtained from single-cell transcriptomics, into a covariance matrix. The objective is to construct this covariance matrix that closely mirrors a connectivity matrix, derived from connectomic data, reflecting the known anatomical connections between these neuronal types. When tested on a dataset of Caenorhabditis elegans, our model achieved a performance comparable to, if slightly better than, the previously proposed spatial connectome model (SCM) in reconstructing electrical synaptic connectivity based on gene expressions. Through a comparative analysis, our model not only captured all genetic interactions identified by the SCM but also inferred additional ones. Applied to a mouse retinal neuronal dataset, the bilinear model successfully recapitulated recognized connectivity motifs between bipolar cells and retinal ganglion cells, and provided interpretable insights into genetic interactions shaping the connectivity. Specifically, it identified unique genetic signatures associated with different connectivity motifs, including genes important to cell-cell adhesion and synapse formation, highlighting their role in orchestrating specific synaptic connections between these neurons. Our work establishes an innovative computational strategy for decoding the genetic programming of neuronal type connectivity. It not only sets a new benchmark for single-cell transcriptomic analysis of synaptic connections but also paves the way for mechanistic studies of neural circuit assembly and genetic manipulation of circuit wiring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mu Qiao
- LinkedInMountain ViewUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Baden T. The vertebrate retina: a window into the evolution of computation in the brain. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2024; 57:None. [PMID: 38899158 PMCID: PMC11183302 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2024.101391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Animal brains are probably the most complex computational machines on our planet, and like everything in biology, they are the product of evolution. Advances in developmental and palaeobiology have been expanding our general understanding of how nervous systems can change at a molecular and structural level. However, how these changes translate into altered function - that is, into 'computation' - remains comparatively sparsely explored. What, concretely, does it mean for neuronal computation when neurons change their morphology and connectivity, when new neurons appear or old ones disappear, or when transmitter systems are slowly modified over many generations? And how does evolution use these many possible knobs and dials to constantly tune computation to give rise to the amazing diversity in animal behaviours we see today? Addressing these major gaps of understanding benefits from choosing a suitable model system. Here, I present the vertebrate retina as one perhaps unusually promising candidate. The retina is ancient and displays highly conserved core organisational principles across the entire vertebrate lineage, alongside a myriad of adjustments across extant species that were shaped by the history of their visual ecology. Moreover, the computational logic of the retina is readily interrogated experimentally, and our existing understanding of retinal circuits in a handful of species can serve as an anchor when exploring the visual circuit adaptations across the entire vertebrate tree of life, from fish deep in the aphotic zone of the oceans to eagles soaring high up in the sky.
Collapse
|
6
|
Lee D, Kim J, Baccus SA. Classification and analysis of retinal interneurons by computational structure under natural scenes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.18.585364. [PMID: 38562848 PMCID: PMC10983884 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.18.585364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Inhibitory neurons are diverse across the brain, but for the visual system we lack the ability to functionally classify these neurons under complex natural stimuli. Here we take the approach of classifying retinal amacrine cell responses to natural scenes using optical recording and an interpretable neural network model. We fit mouse amacrine cell responses to a two-layer convolutional neural network model of a class shown previously to accurately capture salamander ganglion cell responses to natural scenes. Using an approach from interpretable machine learning, we determined for each stimulus the model interneurons that generated each amacrine response, analogous to the set of bipolar cells that target the amacrine population. From this analysis we clustered amacrine cells not by their natural scene responses, but by the model presynaptic neurons that constructed those responses, conservatively finding approximately seven groups by this approach. By analyzing the set of model presynaptic input neurons for each amacrine cluster, we find that distributed rather than dedicated inputs generate natural scene responses for different amacrine cell types. Additional analyses revealed distinct transient and sustained modes exhibited by the network during the response to simple flashes. These results give insight into the computational structure of how the diverse amacrine cell population responds to natural scenes, and generate multiple quantitative hypotheses for how synaptic inputs generate those responses.
Collapse
|
7
|
Kartsaki E, Hilgen G, Sernagor E, Cessac B. How Does the Inner Retinal Network Shape the Ganglion Cells Receptive Field? A Computational Study. Neural Comput 2024; 36:1041-1083. [PMID: 38669693 DOI: 10.1162/neco_a_01663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
We consider a model of basic inner retinal connectivity where bipolar and amacrine cells interconnect and both cell types project onto ganglion cells, modulating their response output to the brain visual areas. We derive an analytical formula for the spatiotemporal response of retinal ganglion cells to stimuli, taking into account the effects of amacrine cells inhibition. This analysis reveals two important functional parameters of the network: (1) the intensity of the interactions between bipolar and amacrine cells and (2) the characteristic timescale of these responses. Both parameters have a profound combined impact on the spatiotemporal features of retinal ganglion cells' responses to light. The validity of the model is confirmed by faithfully reproducing pharmacogenetic experimental results obtained by stimulating excitatory DREADDs (Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs) expressed on ganglion cells and amacrine cells' subclasses, thereby modifying the inner retinal network activity to visual stimuli in a complex, entangled manner. Our mathematical model allows us to explore and decipher these complex effects in a manner that would not be feasible experimentally and provides novel insights in retinal dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia Kartsaki
- Université Côte d'Azur, Inria, Biovision Team and Neuromod Institute, Sophia Antipolis, France
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K.
| | - Gerrit Hilgen
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
- Health and Life Sciences, Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K.
| | - Evelyne Sernagor
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K.
| | - Bruno Cessac
- Université Côte d'Azur, Inria, Biovision Team and Neuromod Institute, Sophia Antipolis, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Godat T, Kohout K, Parkins K, Yang Q, McGregor JE, Merigan WH, Williams DR, Patterson SS. Cone-Opponent Ganglion Cells in the Primate Fovea Tuned to Noncardinal Color Directions. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1738232024. [PMID: 38548340 PMCID: PMC11063829 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1738-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
A long-standing question in vision science is how the three cone photoreceptor types-long (L), medium (M), and short (S) wavelength sensitive-combine to generate our perception of color. Hue perception can be described along two opponent axes: red-green and blue-yellow. Psychophysical measurements of color appearance indicate that the cone inputs to the red-green and blue-yellow opponent axes are M vs. L + S and L vs. M + S, respectively. However, the "cardinal directions of color space" revealed by psychophysical measurements of color detection thresholds following adaptation are L vs. M and S vs. L + M. These cardinal directions match the most common cone-opponent retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the primate retina. Accordingly, the cone opponency necessary for color appearance is thought to be established in the cortex. While neurons with the appropriate M vs. L + S and L vs. M + S opponency have been reported in the retina and lateral geniculate nucleus, their existence continues to be debated. Resolving this long-standing debate is necessary because a complete account of the cone opponency in the retinal output is critical for understanding how downstream neural circuits process color. Here, we performed adaptive optics calcium imaging to noninvasively measure foveal RGC light responses in the living Macaca fascicularis eye. We confirm the presence of L vs. M + S and M vs. L + S neurons with noncardinal cone opponency and demonstrate that cone-opponent signals in the retinal output are more diverse than classically thought.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Godat
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14607
- Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14611
| | - Kendall Kohout
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14607
| | - Keith Parkins
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14607
| | - Qiang Yang
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14607
| | - Juliette E McGregor
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14607
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - William H Merigan
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14607
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - David R Williams
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14607
- Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14611
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Sara S Patterson
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14607
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pang MM, Chen F, Xie M, Druckmann S, Clandinin TR, Yang HH. A recurrent neural circuit in Drosophila deblurs visual inputs. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.19.590352. [PMID: 38712245 PMCID: PMC11071408 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.19.590352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
A critical goal of vision is to detect changes in light intensity, even when these changes are blurred by the spatial resolution of the eye and the motion of the animal. Here we describe a recurrent neural circuit in Drosophila that compensates for blur and thereby selectively enhances the perceived contrast of moving edges. Using in vivo , two-photon voltage imaging, we measured the temporal response properties of L1 and L2, two cell types that receive direct synaptic input from photoreceptors. These neurons have biphasic responses to brief flashes of light, a hallmark of cells that encode changes in stimulus intensity. However, the second phase was often much larger than the first, creating an unusual temporal filter. Genetic dissection revealed that recurrent neural circuitry strongly shapes the second phase of the response, informing the structure of a dynamical model. By applying this model to moving natural images, we demonstrate that rather than veridically representing stimulus changes, this temporal processing strategy systematically enhances them, amplifying and sharpening responses. Comparing the measured responses of L2 to model predictions across both artificial and natural stimuli revealed that L2 tunes its properties as the model predicts in order to deblur images. Since this strategy is tunable to behavioral context, generalizable to any time-varying sensory input, and implementable with a common circuit motif, we propose that it could be broadly used to selectively enhance sharp and salient changes.
Collapse
|
10
|
Chen Q, Ingram NT, Baudin J, Angueyra JM, Sinha R, Rieke F. Predictably manipulating photoreceptor light responses to reveal their role in downstream visual responses. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.10.20.563304. [PMID: 37961603 PMCID: PMC10634684 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.20.563304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Computation in neural circuits relies on judicious use of nonlinear circuit components. In many cases, multiple nonlinear components work collectively to control circuit outputs. Separating the contributions of these different components is difficult, and this hampers our understanding of the mechanistic basis of many important computations. Here, we introduce a tool that permits the design of light stimuli that predictably alter rod and cone phototransduction currents - including stimuli that compensate for nonlinear properties such as light adaptation. This tool, based on well-established models for the rod and cone phototransduction cascade, permits the separation of nonlinearities in phototransduction from those in downstream circuits. This will allow, for example, direct tests of how adaptation in rod and cone phototransduction affects downstream visual signals and perception.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Chen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Norianne T. Ingram
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Jacob Baudin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | | | | | - Fred Rieke
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang T, Guo X, Wang P, Fan X, Wang Z, Tong Y, Wang D, Tong L, Li L. High performance artificial visual perception and recognition with a plasmon-enhanced 2D material neural network. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2471. [PMID: 38503787 PMCID: PMC10951348 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46867-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of neuromorphic visual systems has recently gained momentum due to their potential in areas such as autonomous vehicles and robotics. However, current machine visual systems based on silicon technology usually contain photosensor arrays, format conversion, memory and processing modules. As a result, the redundant data shuttling between each unit, resulting in large latency and high-power consumption, seriously limits the performance of neuromorphic vision chips. Here, we demonstrate an artificial neural network (ANN) architecture based on an integrated 2D MoS2/Ag nanograting phototransistor array, which can simultaneously sense, pre-process and recognize optical images without latency. The pre-processing function of the device under photoelectric synergy ensures considerable improvement of efficiency and accuracy of subsequent image recognition. The comprehensive performance of the proof-of-concept device demonstrates great potential for machine vision applications in terms of large dynamic range (180 dB), high speed (500 ns) and low energy consumption per spike (2.4 × 10-17 J).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Intelligent Optics and Photonics Research Center, Jiaxing Institute Zhejiang University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Pan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Intelligent Optics and Photonics Research Center, Jiaxing Institute Zhejiang University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Xinyi Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Zichen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yan Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Decheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Limin Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Intelligent Optics and Photonics Research Center, Jiaxing Institute Zhejiang University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Linjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
- Intelligent Optics and Photonics Research Center, Jiaxing Institute Zhejiang University, Jiaxing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Duong NT, Shi Y, Li S, Chien YC, Xiang H, Zheng H, Li P, Li L, Wu Y, Ang KW. Coupled Ferroelectric-Photonic Memory in a Retinomorphic Hardware for In-Sensor Computing. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2303447. [PMID: 38234245 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The development of all-in-one devices for artificial visual systems offers an attractive solution in terms of energy efficiency and real-time processing speed. In recent years, the proliferation of smart sensors in the growth of Internet-of-Things (IoT) has led to the increasing importance of in-sensor computing technology, which places computational power at the edge of the data-flow architecture. In this study, a prototype visual sensor inspired by the human retina is proposed, which integrates ferroelectricity and photosensitivity in two-dimensional (2D) α-In2Se3 material. This device mimics the functions of photoreceptors and amacrine cells in the retina, performing optical reception and memory computation functions through the use of electrical switching polarization in the channel. The gate-tunable linearity of excitatory and inhibitory functions in photon-induced short-term plasticity enables to encode and classify 12 000 images in the Mixed National Institute of Standards and Technology (MNIST) dataset with remarkable accuracy, achieving ≈94%. Additionally, in-sensor convolution image processing through a network of phototransistors, with five convolutional kernels electrically pre-programmed into the transistors is demonstrated. The convoluted photocurrent matrices undergo straightforward arithmetic calculations to produce edge and feature-enhanced scenarios. The findings demonstrate the potential of ferroelectric α-In2Se3 for highly compact and efficient retinomorphic hardware implementation, regardless of ambipolar transport in the channel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Thanh Duong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Yufei Shi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Sifan Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Yu-Chieh Chien
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Heng Xiang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Haofei Zheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Peiyang Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Lingqi Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Yangwu Wu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Kah-Wee Ang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Fu J, Nie C, Sun F, Li G, Shi H, Wei X. Bionic visual-audio photodetectors with in-sensor perception and preprocessing. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk8199. [PMID: 38363832 PMCID: PMC10871537 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk8199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Serving as the "eyes" and "ears" of the Internet of Things, optical and acoustic sensors are the fundamental components in hardware systems. Nowadays, mainstream hardware systems, often comprising numerous discrete sensors, conversion modules, and processing units, tend to result in complex architectures that are less efficient compared to human sensory pathways. Here, a visual-audio photodetector inspired by the human perception system is proposed to enable all-in-one visual and acoustic signal detection with computing capability. This device not only captures light but also optically records sound waves, thus achieving "watching" and "listening" within a single unit. The gate-tunable positive, negative, and zero photoresponses lead to highly programmable responsivities. This programmability enables the execution of diverse functions, including visual feature extraction, object classification, and sound wave manipulation. These results showcase the potential of expanding perception approaches in neuromorphic devices, opening up new possibilities to craft intelligent and compact hardware systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jintao Fu
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Changbin Nie
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Feiying Sun
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Genglin Li
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haofei Shi
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Xingzhan Wei
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Leng K, Guo Z, Chen J, Fu Y, Ma R, Yu X, Wang L, Wang Q. PbS/CsPbBr 3 Heterojunction for Broadband Neuromorphic Vision Sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:7470-7479. [PMID: 38299515 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c17935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Neuromorphic light sensors with analogue-domain image processing capability hold promise for overcoming the energy efficiency limitations and latency of von Neumann architecture-based vision chips. Recently, metal halide perovskites, with strong light-matter interaction, long carrier diffusion length, and exceptional photoelectric conversion efficiencies, exhibit reconfigurable photoresponsivity due to their intrinsic ion migration effect, which is expected to advance the development of visual sensors. However, suffering from a large bandgap, it is challenging to achieve highly tunable responsivity simultaneously with a wide-spectrum response in perovskites, which will significantly enhance the image recognition accuracy through the machine learning algorithm. Herein, we demonstrate a broadband neuromorphic visual sensor from visible (Vis) to near-infrared (NIR) by coupling all-inorganic metal halide perovskites (CsPbBr3) with narrow-bandgap lead sulfide (PbS). The PbS/CsPbBr3 heterostructure is composed of high-quality single crystals of PbS and CsPbBr3. Interestingly, the ion migration of CsPbBr3 with the implementation of an electric field induces the energy band dynamic bending at the interface of the PbS/CsPbBr3 heterojunction, leading to reversible, multilevel, and linearly tunable photoresponsivity. Furthermore, the reconfigurable and broadband photoresponse in the PbS/CsPbBr3 heterojunction allows convolutional neuronal network processing for pattern recognition and edge enhancements from the Vis to the NIR waveband, suggesting the great potential of the PbS/CsPbBr3 heterostructure in artificial intelligent vision sensing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kangmin Leng
- Department of Physics, School of Physics and Materials Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Zhiqiang Guo
- Department of Physics, School of Physics and Materials Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Junming Chen
- Department of Physics, School of Physics and Materials Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Yao Fu
- Department of Materials, School of Physics and Materials Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Ruihua Ma
- Department of Physics, School of Physics and Materials Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Xuechao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Physics, School of Physics and Materials Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Qisheng Wang
- Department of Physics, School of Physics and Materials Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lu C, Meng J, Song J, Wang T, Zhu H, Sun QQ, Zhang DW, Chen L. Self-Rectifying All-Optical Modulated Optoelectronic Multistates Memristor Crossbar Array for Neuromorphic Computing. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:1667-1672. [PMID: 38241735 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Researching optoelectronic memristors capable of integrating sensory and processing functions is essential for advancing the development of efficient neuromorphic vision. Here, we experimentally demonstrated an all-optical controlled and self-rectifying optoelectronic memristor (OEM) crossbar array with the function of multilevel storage under light stimuli. The NiO/TiO2 device exhibits an ultrahigh (>104) rectifying ratio (RR) thus overcoming the presence of sneak current. The reversible conductance modulation without electric signal involvement provides a novel way to realize ultrafast information processing. The proposed OEM array realized synaptic functions observed in the human brain, including long-term potentiation (LTP), long-term depression (LTD), paired-pulse facilitation (PPF), the transition from short-term memory (STM) to long-term memory (LTM), and learning experience behaviors successfully. The authors present a novel OEM crossbar that possesses complete light-modulation capabilities, potentially advancing the future development of efficient neuromorphic vision.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Lu
- School of Microelectronics, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
- Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jialin Meng
- School of Microelectronics, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
- Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jieru Song
- School of Microelectronics, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
- Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Tianyu Wang
- School of Microelectronics, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
- Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hao Zhu
- School of Microelectronics, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
- Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qing-Qing Sun
- School of Microelectronics, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
- Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - David Wei Zhang
- School of Microelectronics, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
- Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lin Chen
- School of Microelectronics, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
- Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Shanghai 201203, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Neitz J, Neitz M. Clarification on the understanding of contrast theory in relation to the article "ON and OFF receptive field processing in the presence of optical scattering": comment. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:789-792. [PMID: 38404354 PMCID: PMC10890850 DOI: 10.1364/boe.504315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
We are writing to address errors of misrepresentation in the article "ON and OFF receptive field processing in the presence of optical scattering" [Biomed. Opt. Express14, 2618 (2023)10.1364/BOE.489117]. In their investigation of predictions of "contrast theory" to explain the efficacy of diffusion optics technology (DOT), a myopia control lens design [Br. J. Ophthalmol.107, 1709 (2023)10.1136/bjo-2021-321005], Breher et al. incorrectly indicated that our contrast theory proposed that the association between cone opsin gene splicing defects and myopia was due to differential involvement in ON- and OFF-visual pathways. In addition, the Authors write that we have "hypothesized enhanced ON contrast sensitivity in myopes," but we predict the opposite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jay Neitz
- University of Washington, Department of Ophthalmology, 750 Republican St., Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Maureen Neitz
- University of Washington, Department of Ophthalmology, 750 Republican St., Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chang L, Ran Y, Yang M, Auferkorte O, Butz E, Hüser L, Haverkamp S, Euler T, Schubert T. Spike desensitisation as a mechanism for high-contrast selectivity in retinal ganglion cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 17:1337768. [PMID: 38269116 PMCID: PMC10806099 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1337768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In the vertebrate retina, several dozens of parallel channels relay information about the visual world to the brain. These channels are represented by the different types of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), whose responses are rendered selective for distinct sets of visual features by various mechanisms. These mechanisms can be roughly grouped into synaptic interactions and cell-intrinsic mechanisms, with the latter including dendritic morphology as well as ion channel complement and distribution. Here, we investigate how strongly ion channel complement can shape RGC output by comparing two mouse RGC types, the well-described ON alpha cell and a little-studied ON cell that is EGFP-labelled in the Igfbp5 mouse line and displays an unusual selectivity for stimuli with high contrast. Using patch-clamp recordings and computational modelling, we show that a higher activation threshold and a pronounced slow inactivation of the voltage-gated Na+ channels contribute to the distinct contrast tuning and transient responses in ON Igfbp5 RGCs, respectively. In contrast, such a mechanism could not be observed in ON alpha cells. This study provides an example for the powerful role that the last stage of retinal processing can play in shaping RGC responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Le Chang
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (CIN), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanli Ran
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (CIN), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Mingpo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Elisabeth Butz
- Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Laura Hüser
- Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Silke Haverkamp
- Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Computational Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behavior – Caesar, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Euler
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (CIN), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Timm Schubert
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (CIN), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Najjar RP, Prayag AS, Gronfier C. Melatonin suppression by light involves different retinal photoreceptors in young and older adults. J Pineal Res 2024; 76:e12930. [PMID: 38241677 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Age-related sleep and circadian rhythm disturbances may be due to altered nonvisual photoreception. Here, we investigated the temporal dynamics of light-induced melatonin suppression in young and older individuals. In a within-subject design study, young and older participants were exposed for 60 min (0030-0130 at night) to nine narrow-band lights (range: 420-620 nm). Plasma melatonin suppression was calculated at 15, 30, 45, and 60 min time intervals. Individual spectral sensitivity of melatonin suppression and photoreceptor contribution were predicted for each interval and age group. In young participants, melanopsin solely drove melatonin suppression at all time intervals, with a peak sensitivity at 485.3 nm established only after 15 min of light exposure. Conversely, in older participants, spectral light-driven melatonin suppression was best explained by a more complex model combining melanopsin, S-cone, and M-cone functions, with a stable peak (~500 nm) at 30, 45, and 60 min of light exposure. Aging is associated with a distinct photoreceptor contribution to melatonin suppression by light. While in young adults melanopsin-only photoreception is a reliable predictor of melatonin suppression, in older individuals this process is jointly driven by melanopsin, S-cone, and M-cone functions. These findings offer new prospects for customizing light therapy for older individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raymond P Najjar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Visual Neurosciences Group, ASPIRE Research Program, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Visual Sciences and Ophthalmology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Center for Innovation & Precision Eye Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Abhishek S Prayag
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Waking Team, Inserm UMRS 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Claude Gronfier
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Waking Team, Inserm UMRS 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Patterson SS, Girresch RJ, Mazzaferri MA, Bordt AS, Piñon-Teal WL, Jesse BD, Perera DCW, Schlepphorst MA, Kuchenbecker JA, Chuang AZ, Neitz J, Marshak DW, Ogilvie JM. Synaptic Origins of the Complex Receptive Field Structure in Primate Smooth Monostratified Retinal Ganglion Cells. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0280-23.2023. [PMID: 38290840 PMCID: PMC11078106 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0280-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Considerable progress has been made in studying the receptive fields of the most common primate retinal ganglion cell (RGC) types, such as parasol RGCs. Much less is known about the rarer primate RGC types and the circuitry that gives rise to noncanonical receptive field structures. The goal of this study was to analyze synaptic inputs to smooth monostratified RGCs to determine the origins of their complex spatial receptive fields, which contain isolated regions of high sensitivity called "hotspots." Interestingly, smooth monostratified RGCs co-stratify with the well-studied parasol RGCs and are thus constrained to receiving input from bipolar and amacrine cells with processes sharing the same layer, raising the question of how their functional differences originate. Through 3D reconstructions of circuitry and synapses onto ON smooth monostratified and ON parasol RGCs from central macaque retina, we identified four distinct sampling strategies employed by smooth and parasol RGCs to extract diverse response properties from co-stratifying bipolar and amacrine cells. The two RGC types differed in the proportion of amacrine cell input, relative contributions of co-stratifying bipolar cell types, amount of synaptic input per bipolar cell, and spatial distribution of bipolar cell synapses. Our results indicate that the smooth RGC's complex receptive field structure arises through spatial asymmetries in excitatory bipolar cell input which formed several discrete clusters comparable with physiologically measured hotspots. Taken together, our results demonstrate how the striking differences between ON parasol and ON smooth monostratified RGCs arise from distinct strategies for sampling a common set of synaptic inputs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara S Patterson
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NewYork 14617
| | - Rebecca J Girresch
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri 63103
| | - Marcus A Mazzaferri
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98104
| | - Andrea S Bordt
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98104
- Departments of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Wendy L Piñon-Teal
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri 63103
| | - Brett D Jesse
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri 63103
| | | | | | - James A Kuchenbecker
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98104
| | - Alice Z Chuang
- Departments of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Jay Neitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98104
| | - David W Marshak
- Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Nath A, Grimes WN, Diamond JS. Layers of inhibitory networks shape receptive field properties of AII amacrine cells. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113390. [PMID: 37930888 PMCID: PMC10769003 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the retina, rod and cone pathways mediate visual signals over a billion-fold range in luminance. AII ("A-two") amacrine cells (ACs) receive signals from both pathways via different bipolar cells, enabling AIIs to operate at night and during the day. Previous work has examined luminance-dependent changes in AII gap junction connectivity, but less is known about how surrounding circuitry shapes AII receptive fields across light levels. Here, we report that moderate contrast stimuli elicit surround inhibition in AIIs under all but the dimmest visual conditions, due to actions of horizontal cells and at least two ACs that inhibit presynaptic bipolar cells. Under photopic (daylight) conditions, surround inhibition transforms AII response kinetics, which are inherited by downstream ganglion cells. Ablating neuronal nitric oxide synthase type-1 (nNOS-1) ACs removes AII surround inhibition under mesopic (dusk/dawn), but not photopic, conditions. Our findings demonstrate how multiple layers of neural circuitry interact to encode signals across a wide physiological range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amurta Nath
- Synaptic Physiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - William N Grimes
- Synaptic Physiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Diamond
- Synaptic Physiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Boissonnet T, Tripodi M, Asari H. Awake responses suggest inefficient dense coding in the mouse retina. eLife 2023; 12:e78005. [PMID: 37922200 PMCID: PMC10624425 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The structure and function of the vertebrate retina have been extensively studied across species with an isolated, ex vivo preparation. Retinal function in vivo, however, remains elusive, especially in awake animals. Here, we performed single-unit extracellular recordings in the optic tract of head-fixed mice to compare the output of awake, anesthetized, and ex vivo retinas. While the visual response properties were overall similar across conditions, we found that awake retinal output had in general (1) faster kinetics with less variability in the response latencies; (2) a larger dynamic range; and (3) higher firing activity, by ~20 Hz on average, for both baseline and visually evoked responses. Our modeling analyses further showed that such awake response patterns convey comparable total information but less efficiently, and allow for a linear population decoder to perform significantly better than the anesthetized or ex vivo responses. These results highlight distinct retinal behavior in awake states, in particular suggesting that the retina employs dense coding in vivo, rather than sparse efficient coding as has been often assumed from ex vivo studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Boissonnet
- Epigenetics and Neurobiology Unit, EMBL Rome, European Molecular Biology LaboratoryMonterotondoItaly
- Collaboration for joint PhD degree between EMBL and Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des NeurosciencesLa TroncheFrance
| | - Matteo Tripodi
- Epigenetics and Neurobiology Unit, EMBL Rome, European Molecular Biology LaboratoryMonterotondoItaly
| | - Hiroki Asari
- Epigenetics and Neurobiology Unit, EMBL Rome, European Molecular Biology LaboratoryMonterotondoItaly
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Li T, Miao J, Fu X, Song B, Cai B, Ge X, Zhou X, Zhou P, Wang X, Jariwala D, Hu W. Reconfigurable, non-volatile neuromorphic photovoltaics. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 18:1303-1310. [PMID: 37474683 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01446-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The neural network image sensor-which mimics neurobiological functions of the human retina-has recently been demonstrated to simultaneously sense and process optical images. However, highly tunable responsivity concurrent with non-volatile storage of image data in the neural network would allow a transformative leap in compactness and function of these artificial neural networks. Here, we demonstrate a reconfigurable and non-volatile neuromorphic device based on two-dimensional semiconducting metal sulfides that is concurrently a photovoltaic detector. The device is based on a metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) two-terminal structure with pulse-tunable sulfur vacancies at the M-S junctions. By modulating sulfur vacancy concentrations, the polarities of short-circuit photocurrent can be changed with multiple stable magnitudes. The bias-induced motion of sulfur vacancies leads to highly reconfigurable responsivities by dynamically modulating the Schottky barriers. A convolutional neuromorphic network is finally designed for image processing and object detection using the same device. The results demonstrated that neuromorphic photodetectors can be the key components of visual perception hardware.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tangxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinshui Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Song
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Bin Cai
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Xun Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinran Wang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Deep Jariwala
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Weida Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Matsumoto A, Yonehara K. Emerging computational motifs: Lessons from the retina. Neurosci Res 2023; 196:11-22. [PMID: 37352934 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
The retinal neuronal circuit is the first stage of visual processing in the central nervous system. The efforts of scientists over the last few decades indicate that the retina is not merely an array of photosensitive cells, but also a processor that performs various computations. Within a thickness of only ∼200 µm, the retina consists of diverse forms of neuronal circuits, each of which encodes different visual features. Since the discovery of direction-selective cells by Horace Barlow and Richard Hill, the mechanisms that generate direction selectivity in the retina have remained a fascinating research topic. This review provides an overview of recent advances in our understanding of direction-selectivity circuits. Beyond the conventional wisdom of direction selectivity, emerging findings indicate that the retina utilizes complicated and sophisticated mechanisms in which excitatory and inhibitory pathways are involved in the efficient encoding of motion information. As will become evident, the discovery of computational motifs in the retina facilitates an understanding of how sensory systems establish feature selectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Matsumoto
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Gene Function and Phenomics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan; Department of Genetics, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Mishima, Japan.
| | - Keisuke Yonehara
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Gene Function and Phenomics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan; Department of Genetics, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Mishima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wang AYM, Kulkarni MM, McLaughlin AJ, Gayet J, Smith BE, Hauptschein M, McHugh CF, Yao YY, Puthussery T. An ON-type direction-selective ganglion cell in primate retina. Nature 2023; 623:381-386. [PMID: 37880369 PMCID: PMC10632142 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06659-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
To maintain a stable and clear image of the world, our eyes reflexively follow the direction in which a visual scene is moving. Such gaze-stabilization mechanisms reduce image blur as we move in the environment. In non-primate mammals, this behaviour is initiated by retinal output neurons called ON-type direction-selective ganglion cells (ON-DSGCs), which detect the direction of image motion and transmit signals to brainstem nuclei that drive compensatory eye movements1. However, ON-DSGCs have not yet been identified in the retina of primates, raising the possibility that this reflex is mediated by cortical visual areas. Here we mined single-cell RNA transcriptomic data from primate retina to identify a candidate ON-DSGC. We then combined two-photon calcium imaging, molecular identification and morphological analysis to reveal a population of ON-DSGCs in the macaque retina. The morphology, molecular signature and GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid)-dependent mechanisms that underlie direction selectivity in primate ON-DSGCs are highly conserved with those in other mammals. We further identify a candidate ON-DSGC in human retina. The presence of ON-DSGCs in primates highlights the need to examine the contribution of subcortical retinal mechanisms to normal and aberrant gaze stabilization in the developing and mature visual system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Y M Wang
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Manoj M Kulkarni
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Amanda J McLaughlin
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jacqueline Gayet
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin E Smith
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Vision Science Graduate Program, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Max Hauptschein
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Cyrus F McHugh
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Vision Science Graduate Program, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Yvette Y Yao
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Teresa Puthussery
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Huang PY, Jiang BY, Chen HJ, Xu JY, Wang K, Zhu CY, Hu XY, Li D, Zhen L, Zhou FC, Qin JK, Xu CY. Neuro-inspired optical sensor array for high-accuracy static image recognition and dynamic trace extraction. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6736. [PMID: 37872169 PMCID: PMC10593955 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42488-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuro-inspired vision systems hold great promise to address the growing demands of mass data processing for edge computing, a distributed framework that brings computation and data storage closer to the sources of data. In addition to the capability of static image sensing and processing, the hardware implementation of a neuro-inspired vision system also requires the fulfilment of detecting and recognizing moving targets. Here, we demonstrated a neuro-inspired optical sensor based on two-dimensional NbS2/MoS2 hybrid films, which featured remarkable photo-induced conductance plasticity and low electrical energy consumption. A neuro-inspired optical sensor array with 10 × 10 NbS2/MoS2 phototransistors enabled highly integrated functions of sensing, memory, and contrast enhancement capabilities for static images, which benefits convolutional neural network (CNN) with a high image recognition accuracy. More importantly, in-sensor trajectory registration of moving light spots was experimentally implemented such that the post-processing could yield a high restoration accuracy. Our neuro-inspired optical sensor array could provide a fascinating platform for the implementation of high-performance artificial vision systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yu Huang
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Bi-Yi Jiang
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Hong-Ji Chen
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jia-Yi Xu
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Kang Wang
- Key Laboratory of MEMS of the Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Cheng-Yi Zhu
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xin-Yan Hu
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Dong Li
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Liang Zhen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Micro-Systems and Micro-Structures Manufacturing, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Fei-Chi Zhou
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Jing-Kai Qin
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Cheng-Yan Xu
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- MOE Key Laboratory of Micro-Systems and Micro-Structures Manufacturing, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Li JS, Sarma AA, Sejnowski TJ, Doyle JC. Internal feedback in the cortical perception-action loop enables fast and accurate behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2300445120. [PMID: 37738297 PMCID: PMC10523540 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2300445120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals move smoothly and reliably in unpredictable environments. Models of sensorimotor control, drawing on control theory, have assumed that sensory information from the environment leads to actions, which then act back on the environment, creating a single, unidirectional perception-action loop. However, the sensorimotor loop contains internal delays in sensory and motor pathways, which can lead to unstable control. We show here that these delays can be compensated by internal feedback signals that flow backward, from motor toward sensory areas. This internal feedback is ubiquitous in neural sensorimotor systems, and we show how internal feedback compensates internal delays. This is accomplished by filtering out self-generated and other predictable changes so that unpredicted, actionable information can be rapidly transmitted toward action by the fastest components, effectively compressing the sensory input to more efficiently use feedforward pathways: Tracts of fast, giant neurons necessarily convey less accurate signals than tracts with many smaller neurons, but they are crucial for fast and accurate behavior. We use a mathematically tractable control model to show that internal feedback has an indispensable role in achieving state estimation, localization of function (how different parts of the cortex control different parts of the body), and attention, all of which are crucial for effective sensorimotor control. This control model can explain anatomical, physiological, and behavioral observations, including motor signals in the visual cortex, heterogeneous kinetics of sensory receptors, and the presence of giant cells in the cortex of humans as well as internal feedback patterns and unexplained heterogeneity in neural systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Shuang Li
- Control and Dynamical Systems, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
| | - Anish A. Sarma
- Control and Dynamical Systems, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
- School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN37232
| | - Terrence J. Sejnowski
- Department of Neurobiology, Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA92037
- Department of Neurobiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093
| | - John C. Doyle
- Control and Dynamical Systems, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Lee J, Jeong BH, Kamaraj E, Kim D, Kim H, Park S, Park HJ. Light-enhanced molecular polarity enabling multispectral color-cognitive memristor for neuromorphic visual system. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5775. [PMID: 37723149 PMCID: PMC10507016 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41419-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
An optoelectronic synapse having a multispectral color-discriminating ability is an essential prerequisite to emulate the human retina for realizing a neuromorphic visual system. Several studies based on the three-terminal transistor architecture have shown its feasibility; however, its implementation with a two-terminal memristor architecture, advantageous to achieving high integration density as a simple crossbar array for an ultra-high-resolution vision chip, remains a challenge. Furthermore, regardless of the architecture, it requires specific material combinations to exhibit the photo-synaptic functionalities, and thus its integration into various systems is limited. Here, we suggest an approach that can universally introduce a color-discriminating synaptic functionality into a two-terminal memristor irrespective of the kinds of switching medium. This is possible by simply introducing the molecular interlayer with long-lasting photo-enhanced dipoles that can adjust the resistance of the memristor at the light-irradiation. We also propose the molecular design principle that can afford this feature. The optoelectronic synapse array having a color-discriminating functionality is confirmed to improve the inference accuracy of the convolutional neural network for the colorful image recognition tasks through a visual pre-processing. Additionally, the wavelength-dependent optoelectronic synapse can also be leveraged in the design of a light-programmable reservoir computing system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jongmin Lee
- Department of Organic and Nano Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
- Human-Tech Convergence Program, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum Ho Jeong
- Department of Organic and Nano Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
- Human-Tech Convergence Program, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Eswaran Kamaraj
- Department of Chemistry, Kongju National University, Kongju, 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohyung Kim
- Department of Organic and Nano Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
- Human-Tech Convergence Program, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hakjun Kim
- Department of Organic and Nano Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
- Human-Tech Convergence Program, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghyuk Park
- Department of Chemistry, Kongju National University, Kongju, 32588, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hui Joon Park
- Department of Organic and Nano Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
- Human-Tech Convergence Program, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
- Hanyang Institute of Smart Semiconductor, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Godat T, Kohout K, Yang Q, Parkins K, McGregor JE, Merigan WH, Williams DR, Patterson SS. Cone-Opponent Ganglion Cells in the Primate Fovea Tuned to Non-Cardinal Color Directions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.15.557995. [PMID: 37745616 PMCID: PMC10516013 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.15.557995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
A long-standing question in vision science is how the three cone photoreceptor types - long (L), medium (M) and short (S) wavelength sensitive - combine to generate our perception of color. Hue perception can be described along two opponent axes: red-green and blue-yellow. Psychophysical measurements of color appearance indicate that the cone inputs to the red-green and blue-yellow opponent axes are M vs. L+S and L vs. M+S, respectively. However, the "cardinal directions of color space" revealed by psychophysical measurements of color detection thresholds are L vs. M and S vs. L+M. The cardinal directions match the most common cone-opponent retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the primate retina. Accordingly, the cone opponency necessary for color appearance is thought to be established in cortex. However, small populations with the appropriate M vs. L+S and L vs. M+S cone-opponency have been reported in large surveys of cone inputs to primate RGCs and their projections to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) yet their existence continues to be debated. Resolving this long-standing open question is needed as a complete account of the cone-opponency in the retinal output is critical for efforts to understand how downstream neural circuits process color. Here, we performed adaptive optics calcium imaging to longitudinally and noninvasively measurements of the foveal RGC light responses in the living macaque eye. We confirm the presence of L vs. M+S and M vs. L+S neurons with non-cardinal cone-opponency and demonstrate that cone-opponent signals in the retinal output are substantially more diverse than classically thought.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Godat
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14607
- Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627
| | - Kendall Kohout
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14607
| | - Qiang Yang
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14607
| | - Keith Parkins
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14607
| | - Juliette E. McGregor
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14607
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642
| | - William H. Merigan
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14607
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642
| | - David R. Williams
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14607
- Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642
| | - Sara S. Patterson
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14607
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Manookin MB, Rieke F. Two Sides of the Same Coin: Efficient and Predictive Neural Coding. Annu Rev Vis Sci 2023; 9:293-311. [PMID: 37220331 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-vision-112122-020941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Some visual properties are consistent across a wide range of environments, while other properties are more labile. The efficient coding hypothesis states that many of these regularities in the environment can be discarded from neural representations, thus allocating more of the brain's dynamic range to properties that are likely to vary. This paradigm is less clear about how the visual system prioritizes different pieces of information that vary across visual environments. One solution is to prioritize information that can be used to predict future events, particularly those that guide behavior. The relationship between the efficient coding and future prediction paradigms is an area of active investigation. In this review, we argue that these paradigms are complementary and often act on distinct components of the visual input. We also discuss how normative approaches to efficient coding and future prediction can be integrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Manookin
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA;
- Vision Science Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Karalis Johnson Retina Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Fred Rieke
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA;
- Vision Science Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Maheswaranathan N, McIntosh LT, Tanaka H, Grant S, Kastner DB, Melander JB, Nayebi A, Brezovec LE, Wang JH, Ganguli S, Baccus SA. Interpreting the retinal neural code for natural scenes: From computations to neurons. Neuron 2023; 111:2742-2755.e4. [PMID: 37451264 PMCID: PMC10680974 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the circuit mechanisms of the visual code for natural scenes is a central goal of sensory neuroscience. We show that a three-layer network model predicts retinal natural scene responses with an accuracy nearing experimental limits. The model's internal structure is interpretable, as interneurons recorded separately and not modeled directly are highly correlated with model interneurons. Models fitted only to natural scenes reproduce a diverse set of phenomena related to motion encoding, adaptation, and predictive coding, establishing their ethological relevance to natural visual computation. A new approach decomposes the computations of model ganglion cells into the contributions of model interneurons, allowing automatic generation of new hypotheses for how interneurons with different spatiotemporal responses are combined to generate retinal computations, including predictive phenomena currently lacking an explanation. Our results demonstrate a unified and general approach to study the circuit mechanisms of ethological retinal computations under natural visual scenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lane T McIntosh
- Neuroscience Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hidenori Tanaka
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Physics & Informatics Laboratories, NTT Research, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, USA; Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Satchel Grant
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David B Kastner
- Neuroscience Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joshua B Melander
- Neuroscience Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Aran Nayebi
- Neuroscience Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Luke E Brezovec
- Neuroscience Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Surya Ganguli
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stephen A Baccus
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zou X, Ji Z, Zhang T, Huang T, Wu S. Visual information processing through the interplay between fine and coarse signal pathways. Neural Netw 2023; 166:692-703. [PMID: 37604078 DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2023.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Object recognition is often viewed as a feedforward, bottom-up process in machine learning, but in real neural systems, object recognition is a complicated process which involves the interplay between two signal pathways. One is the parvocellular pathway (P-pathway), which is slow and extracts fine features of objects; the other is the magnocellular pathway (M-pathway), which is fast and extracts coarse features of objects. It has been suggested that the interplay between the two pathways endows the neural system with the capacity of processing visual information rapidly, adaptively, and robustly. However, the underlying computational mechanism remains largely unknown. In this study, we build a two-pathway model to elucidate the computational properties associated with the interactions between two visual pathways. Specifically, we model two visual pathways using two convolution neural networks: one mimics the P-pathway, referred to as FineNet, which is deep, has small-size kernels, and receives detailed visual inputs; the other mimics the M-pathway, referred to as CoarseNet, which is shallow, has large-size kernels, and receives blurred visual inputs. We show that CoarseNet can learn from FineNet through imitation to improve its performance, FineNet can benefit from the feedback of CoarseNet to improve its robustness to noise; and the two pathways interact with each other to achieve rough-to-fine information processing. Using visual backward masking as an example, we further demonstrate that our model can explain visual cognitive behaviors that involve the interplay between two pathways. We hope that this study gives us insight into understanding the interaction principles between two visual pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Zou
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Center of Quantitative Biology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China; Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, China; Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing, China.
| | - Zilong Ji
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Center of Quantitative Biology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China; Institue of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Tianqiu Zhang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Center of Quantitative Biology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Tiejun Huang
- Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing, China; School of Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Si Wu
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Center of Quantitative Biology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China; Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, China; Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wang Q, So C, Zuo B, Banerjee S, Qiu C, Ting Z, Cheong AMY, Tse DYY, Pan F. Retinal ganglion cells encode differently in the myopic mouse retina? Exp Eye Res 2023; 234:109616. [PMID: 37580002 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
The etiology of myopia remains unclear. This study investigated whether retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the myopic retina encode visual information differently from the normal retina and to determine the role of Connexin (Cx) 36 in this process. Generalized linear models (GLMs), which can capture stimulus-dependent changes in real neurons with spike timing precision and reliability, were used to predict RGCs responses to focused and defocused images in the retinas of wild-type (normal) and Lens-Induced Myopia (LIM) mice. As the predominant subunit of gap junctions in the mouse retina and a plausible modulator in myopia development, Cx36 knockout (KO) mice were used as a control for an intact retinal circuit. The kinetics of excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) of a single αRGC could reflect projection of both focused and defocused images in the retinas of normal and LIM, but not in the Cx36 knockout mice. Poisson GLMs revealed that RGC encoding of visual stimuli in the LIM retina was similar to that of the normal retina. In the LIM retinas, the linear-Gaussian GLM model with offset was a better fit for predicting the spike count under a focused image than the defocused image. Akaike information criterion (AIC) indicated that nonparametric GLM (np-GLM) model predicted focused/defocused images better in both LIM and normal retinas. However, the spike counts in 33% of αRGCs in LIM retinas were better fitted by exponential GLM (exp-GLM) under defocus, compared to only 13% αRGCs in normal retinas. The differences in encoding performance between LIM and normal retinas indicated the possible amendment and plasticity of the retinal circuit in myopic retinas. The absence of a similar response between Cx36 KO mice and normal/LIM mice might suggest that Cx36, which is associated with myopia development, plays a role in encoding focused and defocused images.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong
| | - Chunghim So
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Bing Zuo
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Seema Banerjee
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - ChunTing Qiu
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Zhang Ting
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong; Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Hong Kong
| | - Allen Ming-Yan Cheong
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong
| | - Dennis Yan-Yin Tse
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong
| | - Feng Pan
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong; Research Centre for SHARP Vision (RCSV), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Hong Kong.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Yin Z, Kaiser MAA, Camara LO, Camarena M, Parsa M, Jacob A, Schwartz G, Jaiswal A. IRIS: Integrated Retinal Functionality in Image Sensors. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1241691. [PMID: 37719155 PMCID: PMC10502419 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1241691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuromorphic image sensors draw inspiration from the biological retina to implement visual computations in electronic hardware. Gain control in phototransduction and temporal differentiation at the first retinal synapse inspired the first generation of neuromorphic sensors, but processing in downstream retinal circuits, much of which has been discovered in the past decade, has not been implemented in image sensor technology. We present a technology-circuit co-design solution that implements two motion computations-object motion sensitivity and looming detection-at the retina's output that could have wide applications for vision-based decision-making in dynamic environments. Our simulations on Globalfoundries 22 nm technology node show that the proposed retina-inspired circuits can be fabricated on image sensing platforms in existing semiconductor foundries by taking advantage of the recent advances in semiconductor chip stacking technology. Integrated Retinal Functionality in Image Sensors (IRIS) technology could drive advances in machine vision applications that demand energy-efficient and low-bandwidth real-time decision-making.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Yin
- Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Md Abdullah-Al Kaiser
- Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Mark Camarena
- Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Maryam Parsa
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
| | - Ajey Jacob
- Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Gregory Schwartz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Akhilesh Jaiswal
- Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ye F, Kiani F, Huang Y, Xia Q. Diffusive Memristors with Uniform and Tunable Relaxation Time for Spike Generation in Event-Based Pattern Recognition. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2204778. [PMID: 36036786 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202204778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A diffusive memristor is a promising building block for brain-inspired computing hardware. However, the randomness in the device relaxation dynamics limits the wide-range adoption of diffusive memristors in large arrays. In this work, the device stack is engineered to achieve a much-improved uniformity in the relaxation time (standard deviation σ reduced from ≈12 to ≈0.32 ms). The memristor is further connected with a resistor or a capacitor and the relaxation time is tuned between 1.13 µs and 1.25 ms, ranging from three orders of magnitude. The hierarchy of time surfaces (HOTS) algorithm, to utilize the tunable and uniform relaxation behavior for spike generation, is implemented. An accuracy of 77.3% is achieved in recognizing moving objects in the neuromorphic MNIST (N-MNIST) dataset. The work paves the way for building emerging neuromorphic computing hardware systems with ultralow power consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Ye
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Fatemeh Kiani
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Qiangfei Xia
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Hoshal BD, Holmes CM, Bojanek K, Salisbury J, Berry MJ, Marre O, Palmer SE. Stimulus invariant aspects of the retinal code drive discriminability of natural scenes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.08.552526. [PMID: 37609259 PMCID: PMC10441377 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.08.552526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Everything that the brain sees must first be encoded by the retina, which maintains a reliable representation of the visual world in many different, complex natural scenes while also adapting to stimulus changes. Decomposing the population code into independent and cell-cell interactions reveals how broad scene structure is encoded in the adapted retinal output. By recording from the same retina while presenting many different natural movies, we see that the population structure, characterized by strong interactions, is consistent across both natural and synthetic stimuli. We show that these interactions contribute to encoding scene identity. We also demonstrate that this structure likely arises in part from shared bipolar cell input as well as from gap junctions between retinal ganglion cells and amacrine cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Hoshal
- Committee on Computational Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Caroline M Holmes
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 08540
| | - Kyle Bojanek
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Jared Salisbury
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Michael J Berry
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Olivier Marre
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Stephanie E Palmer
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy and Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA Center for the Physics of Biological Function, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Meiser S, Sleeboom JM, Arkhypchuk I, Sandbote K, Kretzberg J. Cell anatomy and network input explain differences within but not between leech touch cells at two different locations. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1186997. [PMID: 37565030 PMCID: PMC10411907 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1186997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanosensory cells in the leech share several common features with mechanoreceptors in the human glabrous skin. Previous studies showed that the six T (touch) cells in each body segment of the leech are highly variable in their responses to somatic current injection and change their excitability over time. Here, we investigate three potential reasons for this variability in excitability by comparing the responses of T cells at two soma locations (T2 and T3): (1) Differential effects of time-dependent changes in excitability, (2) divergent synaptic input from the network, and (3) different anatomical structures. These hypotheses were explored with a combination of electrophysiological double recordings, 3D reconstruction of neurobiotin-filled cells, and compartmental model simulations. Current injection triggered significantly more spikes with shorter latency and larger amplitudes in cells at soma location T2 than at T3. During longer recordings, cells at both locations increased their excitability over time in the same way. T2 and T3 cells received the same amount of synaptic input from the unstimulated network, and the polysynaptic connections between both T cells were mutually symmetric. However, we found a striking anatomical difference: While in our data set all T2 cells innervated two roots connecting the ganglion with the skin, 50% of the T3 cells had only one root process. The sub-sample of T3 cells with one root process was significantly less excitable than the T3 cells with two root processes and the T2 cells. To test if the additional root process causes higher excitability, we simulated the responses of 3D reconstructed cells of both anatomies with detailed multi-compartment models. The anatomical subtypes do not differ in excitability when identical biophysical parameters and a homogeneous channel distribution are assumed. Hence, all three hypotheses may contribute to the highly variable T cell responses, but none of them is the only factor accounting for the observed systematic difference in excitability between cells at T2 vs. T3 soma location. Therefore, future patch clamp and modeling studies are needed to analyze how biophysical properties and spatial distribution of ion channels on the cell surface contribute to the variability and systematic differences of electrophysiological phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Meiser
- Department of Neuroscience, Computational Neuroscience, Faculty VI, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Jana Marie Sleeboom
- Department of Neuroscience, Computational Neuroscience, Faculty VI, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Institute of Physiology II, Faculty of Medicine, University Clinic Bonn (UKB), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ihor Arkhypchuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Computational Neuroscience, Faculty VI, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Kevin Sandbote
- Department of Neuroscience, Computational Neuroscience, Faculty VI, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Jutta Kretzberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Computational Neuroscience, Faculty VI, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Department of Neuroscience, Cluster of Excellence Hearing4all, Faculty VI, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Research Center Neurosensory Science, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Murphy PJ, McGregor JE, Xu Z, Yang Q, Merigan W, Williams DR. Optogenetic Stimulation of Single Ganglion Cells in the Living Primate Fovea. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.21.550081. [PMID: 37546797 PMCID: PMC10401937 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.21.550081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Though the responses of the rich variety of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) reflect the totality of visual processing in the retina and provide the sole conduit for those processed responses to the brain, we have much to learn about how the brain uses these signals to guide behavior. An impediment to developing a comprehensive understanding of the role of retinal circuits in behavior is the paucity of causal studies in the intact primate visual system. Here we demonstrate the ability to optogenetically activate individual RGCs with flashes of light focused on single RGC somas in vivo , without activation of neighboring cells. The ability to selectively activate specific cells is the first step toward causal experiments that directly link retinal circuits to visual experience and behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Murphy
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Juliette E. McGregor
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Zhengyang Xu
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Qiang Yang
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - William Merigan
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - David R. Williams
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Paşcalău R, Badea TC. Signaling - transcription interactions in mouse retinal ganglion cells early axon pathfinding -a literature review. FRONTIERS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2023; 3:1180142. [PMID: 38983012 PMCID: PMC11182120 DOI: 10.3389/fopht.2023.1180142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Sending an axon out of the eye and into the target brain nuclei is the defining feature of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). The literature on RGC axon pathfinding is vast, but it focuses mostly on decision making events such as midline crossing at the optic chiasm or retinotopic mapping at the target nuclei. In comparison, the exit of RGC axons out of the eye is much less explored. The first checkpoint on the RGC axons' path is the optic cup - optic stalk junction (OC-OS). OC-OS development and the exit of the RGC pioneer axons out of the eye are coordinated spatially and temporally. By the time the optic nerve head domain is specified, the optic fissure margins are in contact and the fusion process is ongoing, the first RGCs are born in its proximity and send pioneer axons in the optic stalk. RGC differentiation continues in centrifugal waves. Later born RGC axons fasciculate with the more mature axons. Growth cones at the end of the axons respond to guidance cues to adopt a centripetal direction, maintain nerve fiber layer restriction and to leave the optic cup. Although there is extensive information on OC-OS development, we still have important unanswered questions regarding its contribution to the exit of the RGC axons out of the eye. We are still to distinguish the morphogens of the OC-OS from the axon guidance molecules which are expressed in the same place at the same time. The early RGC transcription programs responsible for axon emergence and pathfinding are also unknown. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms for early RGC axon guidance by contextualizing mouse knock-out studies on OC-OS development with the recent transcriptomic studies on developing RGCs in an attempt to contribute to the understanding of human optic nerve developmental anomalies. The published data summarized here suggests that the developing optic nerve head provides a physical channel (the closing optic fissure) as well as molecular guidance cues for the pioneer RGC axons to exit the eye.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raluca Paşcalău
- Research and Development Institute, Transilvania University of Braşov, Braşov, Romania
- Ophthalmology Clinic, Cluj County Emergency Hospital, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Tudor Constantin Badea
- Research and Development Institute, Transilvania University of Braşov, Braşov, Romania
- National Center for Brain Research, Institutul de Cercetări pentru Inteligență Artificială, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wang C, Fang C, Zou Y, Yang J, Sawan M. SpikeSEE: An energy-efficient dynamic scenes processing framework for retinal prostheses. Neural Netw 2023; 164:357-368. [PMID: 37167749 DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Intelligent and low-power retinal prostheses are highly demanded in this era, where wearable and implantable devices are used for numerous healthcare applications. In this paper, we propose an energy-efficient dynamic scenes processing framework (SpikeSEE) that combines a spike representation encoding technique and a bio-inspired spiking recurrent neural network (SRNN) model to achieve intelligent processing and extreme low-power computation for retinal prostheses. The spike representation encoding technique could interpret dynamic scenes with sparse spike trains, decreasing the data volume. The SRNN model, inspired by the human retina's special structure and spike processing method, is adopted to predict the response of ganglion cells to dynamic scenes. Experimental results show that the Pearson correlation coefficient of the proposed SRNN model achieves 0.93, which outperforms the state-of-the-art processing framework for retinal prostheses. Thanks to the spike representation and SRNN processing, the model can extract visual features in a multiplication-free fashion. The framework achieves 8 times power reduction compared with the convolutional recurrent neural network (CRNN) processing-based framework. Our proposed SpikeSEE predicts the response of ganglion cells more accurately with lower energy consumption, which alleviates the precision and power issues of retinal prostheses and provides a potential solution for wearable or implantable prostheses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanqing Wang
- Center of Excellence in Biomedical Research on Advanced Integrated-on-chips Neurotechnologies, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chaoming Fang
- Center of Excellence in Biomedical Research on Advanced Integrated-on-chips Neurotechnologies, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yong Zou
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Center of Excellence in Biomedical Research on Advanced Integrated-on-chips Neurotechnologies, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Mohamad Sawan
- Center of Excellence in Biomedical Research on Advanced Integrated-on-chips Neurotechnologies, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Caioni G, Merola C, Bertolucci C, Lucon-Xiccato T, Savaşçı BB, Massimi M, Colasante M, Fioravanti G, Cacciola NA, Ippoliti R, d'Angelo M, Perugini M, Benedetti E. Early-life exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of triclocarban impairs ocular development in zebrafish larvae. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 324:138348. [PMID: 36898440 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Triclocarban (TCC), is an antimicrobial component in personal care products and it is one of the emerging contaminants since it has been detected in various environmental matrices. Its presence in human cord blood, breast milk, and maternal urine raised issues about its possible impact on development and increased concerns about the safety of daily exposure. This study aims to provide additional information about the effects of zebrafish early-life exposure to TCC on eye development and visual function. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to two concentrations of TCC (5 and 50 μg/L) for 4 days. TCC-mediated toxicity was assessed in larvae at the end of exposure and in the long term (20 days post fertilization; dpf), through different biological end-points. The experiments showed that TCC exposure influences the retinal architecture. In 4 dpf treated larvae, we found a less organized ciliary marginal zone, a decrease in the inner nuclear and inner plexiform layers, and a decrease in the retinal ganglion cell layer. Photoreceptor and inner plexiform layers showed an increase in 20 dpf larvae at lower and both concentrations, respectively. The expression levels of two genes involved in eye development (mitfb and pax6a) were both decreased at the concentration of 5 μg/L in 4 dpf larvae, and an increase in mitfb was observed in 5 μg/L-exposed 20 dpf larvae. Interestingly, 20 dpf larvae failed to discriminate between visual stimuli, demonstrating notable visual perception impairments due to compound. The results prompt us to hypothesize that early-life exposure to TCC may have severe and potentially long-term effect on zebrafish visual function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Caioni
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Carmine Merola
- Department of Bioscience and Agro-Food and Environmental Technology, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy.
| | - Cristiano Bertolucci
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Tyrone Lucon-Xiccato
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Beste Başak Savaşçı
- Department of Bioscience and Agro-Food and Environmental Technology, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy; Unit of Evolutionary Biology/Systematic Zoology, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Mara Massimi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Martina Colasante
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Giulia Fioravanti
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Nunzio Antonio Cacciola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Rodolfo Ippoliti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Michele d'Angelo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Monia Perugini
- Department of Bioscience and Agro-Food and Environmental Technology, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Benedetti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Qiu Y, Klindt DA, Szatko KP, Gonschorek D, Hoefling L, Schubert T, Busse L, Bethge M, Euler T. Efficient coding of natural scenes improves neural system identification. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011037. [PMID: 37093861 PMCID: PMC10159360 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural system identification aims at learning the response function of neurons to arbitrary stimuli using experimentally recorded data, but typically does not leverage normative principles such as efficient coding of natural environments. Visual systems, however, have evolved to efficiently process input from the natural environment. Here, we present a normative network regularization for system identification models by incorporating, as a regularizer, the efficient coding hypothesis, which states that neural response properties of sensory representations are strongly shaped by the need to preserve most of the stimulus information with limited resources. Using this approach, we explored if a system identification model can be improved by sharing its convolutional filters with those of an autoencoder which aims to efficiently encode natural stimuli. To this end, we built a hybrid model to predict the responses of retinal neurons to noise stimuli. This approach did not only yield a higher performance than the "stand-alone" system identification model, it also produced more biologically plausible filters, meaning that they more closely resembled neural representation in early visual systems. We found these results applied to retinal responses to different artificial stimuli and across model architectures. Moreover, our normatively regularized model performed particularly well in predicting responses of direction-of-motion sensitive retinal neurons. The benefit of natural scene statistics became marginal, however, for predicting the responses to natural movies. In summary, our results indicate that efficiently encoding environmental inputs can improve system identification models, at least for noise stimuli, and point to the benefit of probing the visual system with naturalistic stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongrong Qiu
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, U Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (CIN), U Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience (GTC), International Max Planck Research School, U Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - David A Klindt
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, U Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (CIN), U Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Klaudia P Szatko
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, U Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (CIN), U Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience (GTC), International Max Planck Research School, U Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dominic Gonschorek
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, U Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (CIN), U Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Research Training Group 2381, U Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Larissa Hoefling
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, U Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (CIN), U Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Timm Schubert
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, U Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (CIN), U Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Laura Busse
- Division of Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Matthias Bethge
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (CIN), U Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, U Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Euler
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, U Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (CIN), U Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Tan H, van Dijken S. Dynamic machine vision with retinomorphic photomemristor-reservoir computing. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2169. [PMID: 37061543 PMCID: PMC10105772 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37886-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic machine vision requires recognizing the past and predicting the future of a moving object based on present vision. Current machine vision systems accomplish this by processing numerous image frames or using complex algorithms. Here, we report motion recognition and prediction in recurrent photomemristor networks. In our system, a retinomorphic photomemristor array, working as dynamic vision reservoir, embeds past motion frames as hidden states into the present frame through inherent dynamic memory. The informative present frame facilitates accurate recognition of past and prediction of future motions with machine learning algorithms. This in-sensor motion processing capability eliminates redundant data flows and promotes real-time perception of moving objects for dynamic machine vision.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Tan
- NanoSpin, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, P.O. Box 15100, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland.
| | - Sebastiaan van Dijken
- NanoSpin, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, P.O. Box 15100, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Barravecchia I, De Cesari C, Guadagni V, Signore G, Bertolini E, Giannelli SG, Scebba F, Martini D, Pè ME, Broccoli V, Andreazzoli M, Angeloni D, Demontis GC. Increasing cell culture density during a developmental window prevents fated rod precursors derailment toward hybrid rod-glia cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6025. [PMID: 37055439 PMCID: PMC10101963 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32571-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In proliferating multipotent retinal progenitors, transcription factors dynamics set the fate of postmitotic daughter cells, but postmitotic cell fate plasticity driven by extrinsic factors remains controversial. Transcriptome analysis reveals the concurrent expression by postmitotic rod precursors of genes critical for the Müller glia cell fate, which are rarely generated from terminally-dividing progenitors as a pair with rod precursors. By combining gene expression and functional characterisation in single cultured rod precursors, we identified a time-restricted window where increasing cell culture density switches off the expression of genes critical for Müller glial cells. Intriguingly, rod precursors in low cell culture density maintain the expression of genes of rod and glial cell fate and develop a mixed rod/Muller glial cells electrophysiological fingerprint, revealing rods derailment toward a hybrid rod-glial phenotype. The notion of cell culture density as an extrinsic factor critical for preventing rod-fated cells diversion toward a hybrid cell state may explain the occurrence of hybrid rod/MG cells in the adult retina and provide a strategy to improve engraftment yield in regenerative approaches to retinal degenerative disease by stabilising the fate of grafted rod precursors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Barravecchia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano, 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy
- Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara De Cesari
- Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Signore
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza, San Giuliano Terme, Italy
| | - Edoardo Bertolini
- Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Vania Broccoli
- San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council of Italy, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Gian Carlo Demontis
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano, 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Wang X, Roberts PA, Yoshimatsu T, Lagnado L, Baden T. Amacrine cells differentially balance zebrafish color circuits in the central and peripheral retina. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112055. [PMID: 36757846 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate inner retina is driven by photoreceptors whose outputs are already pre-processed; in zebrafish, outer retinal circuits split "color" from "grayscale" information across four cone-photoreceptor types. It remains unclear how the inner retina processes incoming spectral information while also combining cone signals to shape grayscale functions. We address this question by imaging the light-driven responses of amacrine cells (ACs) and bipolar cells (BCs) in larval zebrafish in the presence and pharmacological absence of inner retinal inhibition. We find that ACs enhance opponency in some bipolar cells while at the same time suppressing pre-existing opponency in others, so that, depending on the retinal region, the net change in the number of color-opponent units is essentially zero. To achieve this "dynamic balance," ACs counteract intrinsic color opponency of BCs via the On channel. Consistent with these observations, Off-stratifying ACs are exclusively achromatic, while all color-opponent ACs stratify in the On sublamina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Wang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Biology Road, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK.
| | - Paul A Roberts
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Biology Road, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Takeshi Yoshimatsu
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Biology Road, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Leon Lagnado
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Biology Road, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK.
| | - Tom Baden
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Biology Road, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK; Institute of Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Strasse 7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Hanson L, Ravi-Chander P, Berson D, Awatramani GB. Hierarchical retinal computations rely on hybrid chemical-electrical signaling. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112030. [PMID: 36696265 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Bipolar cells (BCs) are integral to the retinal circuits that extract diverse features from the visual environment. They bridge photoreceptors to ganglion cells, the source of retinal output. Understanding how such circuits encode visual features requires an accounting of the mechanisms that control glutamate release from bipolar cell axons. Here, we demonstrate orientation selectivity in a specific genetically identifiable type of mouse bipolar cell-type 5A (BC5A). Their synaptic terminals respond best when stimulated with vertical bars that are far larger than their dendritic fields. We provide evidence that this selectivity involves enhanced excitation for vertical stimuli that requires gap junctional coupling through connexin36. We also show that this orientation selectivity is detectable postsynaptically in direction-selective ganglion cells, which were not previously thought to be selective for orientation. Together, these results demonstrate how multiple features are extracted by a single hierarchical network, engaging distinct electrical and chemical synaptic pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hanson
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3N5, Canada
| | | | - David Berson
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Gautam B Awatramani
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3N5, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Wang C, Fang C, Zou Y, Yang J, Sawan M. Artificial intelligence techniques for retinal prostheses: a comprehensive review and future direction. J Neural Eng 2023; 20. [PMID: 36634357 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/acb295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Objective. Retinal prostheses are promising devices to restore vision for patients with severe age-related macular degeneration or retinitis pigmentosa disease. The visual processing mechanism embodied in retinal prostheses play an important role in the restoration effect. Its performance depends on our understanding of the retina's working mechanism and the evolvement of computer vision models. Recently, remarkable progress has been made in the field of processing algorithm for retinal prostheses where the new discovery of the retina's working principle and state-of-the-arts computer vision models are combined together.Approach. We investigated the related research on artificial intelligence techniques for retinal prostheses. The processing algorithm in these studies could be attributed to three types: computer vision-related methods, biophysical models, and deep learning models.Main results. In this review, we first illustrate the structure and function of the normal and degenerated retina, then demonstrate the vision rehabilitation mechanism of three representative retinal prostheses. It is necessary to summarize the computational frameworks abstracted from the normal retina. In addition, the development and feature of three types of different processing algorithms are summarized. Finally, we analyze the bottleneck in existing algorithms and propose our prospect about the future directions to improve the restoration effect.Significance. This review systematically summarizes existing processing models for predicting the response of the retina to external stimuli. What's more, the suggestions for future direction may inspire researchers in this field to design better algorithms for retinal prostheses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanqing Wang
- Center of Excellence in Biomedical Research on Advanced Integrated-on-chips Neurotechnologies, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoming Fang
- Center of Excellence in Biomedical Research on Advanced Integrated-on-chips Neurotechnologies, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zou
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Yang
- Center of Excellence in Biomedical Research on Advanced Integrated-on-chips Neurotechnologies, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, People's Republic of China
| | - Mohamad Sawan
- Center of Excellence in Biomedical Research on Advanced Integrated-on-chips Neurotechnologies, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Fu X, Li T, Cai B, Miao J, Panin GN, Ma X, Wang J, Jiang X, Li Q, Dong Y, Hao C, Sun J, Xu H, Zhao Q, Xia M, Song B, Chen F, Chen X, Lu W, Hu W. Graphene/MoS 2-xO x/graphene photomemristor with tunable non-volatile responsivities for neuromorphic vision processing. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:39. [PMID: 36750548 PMCID: PMC9905593 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01079-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Conventional artificial intelligence (AI) machine vision technology, based on the von Neumann architecture, uses separate sensing, computing, and storage units to process huge amounts of vision data generated in sensory terminals. The frequent movement of redundant data between sensors, processors and memory, however, results in high-power consumption and latency. A more efficient approach is to offload some of the memory and computational tasks to sensor elements that can perceive and process the optical signal simultaneously. Here, we proposed a non-volatile photomemristor, in which the reconfigurable responsivity can be modulated by the charge and/or photon flux through it and further stored in the device. The non-volatile photomemristor has a simple two-terminal architecture, in which photoexcited carriers and oxygen-related ions are coupled, leading to a displaced and pinched hysteresis in the current-voltage characteristics. For the first time, non-volatile photomemristors implement computationally complete logic with photoresponse-stateful operations, for which the same photomemristor serves as both a logic gate and memory, using photoresponse as a physical state variable instead of light, voltage and memresistance. The polarity reversal of photomemristors shows great potential for in-memory sensing and computing with feature extraction and image recognition for neuromorphic vision.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Fu
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200083, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Tangxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200083, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Cai
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
- Jianghuai Frontier Technology Coordination and Innovation Center, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Jinshui Miao
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200083, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
| | - Gennady N Panin
- Institute of Microelectronics Technology and High-Purity Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow district, 142432, Russia
| | - Xinyu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200083, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Jinjin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200083, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200083, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Li
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200083, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Chunhui Hao
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Juyi Sun
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Hangyu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200083, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Qixiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200083, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Mengjia Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200083, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Song
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China.
- Jianghuai Frontier Technology Coordination and Innovation Center, Hefei, 230088, China.
| | - Fansheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200083, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200083, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200083, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Weida Hu
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200083, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Shu DY, Chaudhary S, Cho KS, Lennikov A, Miller WP, Thorn DC, Yang M, McKay TB. Role of Oxidative Stress in Ocular Diseases: A Balancing Act. Metabolites 2023; 13:187. [PMID: 36837806 PMCID: PMC9960073 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Redox homeostasis is a delicate balancing act of maintaining appropriate levels of antioxidant defense mechanisms and reactive oxidizing oxygen and nitrogen species. Any disruption of this balance leads to oxidative stress, which is a key pathogenic factor in several ocular diseases. In this review, we present the current evidence for oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in conditions affecting both the anterior segment (e.g., dry eye disease, keratoconus, cataract) and posterior segment (age-related macular degeneration, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma) of the human eye. We posit that further development of therapeutic interventions to promote pro-regenerative responses and maintenance of the redox balance may delay or prevent the progression of these major ocular pathologies. Continued efforts in this field will not only yield a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of ocular diseases but also enable the identification of novel druggable redox targets and antioxidant therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daisy Y. Shu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Suman Chaudhary
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Kin-Sang Cho
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Anton Lennikov
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - William P. Miller
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - David C. Thorn
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Menglu Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Tina B. McKay
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Graham DJ. Nine insights from internet engineering that help us understand brain network communication. FRONTIERS IN COMPUTER SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fcomp.2022.976801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Philosophers have long recognized the value of metaphor as a tool that opens new avenues of investigation. By seeing brains as having the goal of representation, the computer metaphor in its various guises has helped systems neuroscience approach a wide array of neuronal behaviors at small and large scales. Here I advocate a complementary metaphor, the internet. Adopting this metaphor shifts our focus from computing to communication, and from seeing neuronal signals as localized representational elements to seeing neuronal signals as traveling messages. In doing so, we can take advantage of a comparison with the internet's robust and efficient routing strategies to understand how the brain might meet the challenges of network communication. I lay out nine engineering strategies that help the internet solve routing challenges similar to those faced by brain networks. The internet metaphor helps us by reframing neuronal activity across the brain as, in part, a manifestation of routing, which may, in different parts of the system, resemble the internet more, less, or not at all. I describe suggestive evidence consistent with the brain's use of internet-like routing strategies and conclude that, even if empirical data do not directly implicate internet-like routing, the metaphor is valuable as a reference point for those investigating the difficult problem of network communication in the brain and in particular the problem of routing.
Collapse
|
50
|
Li Z, Tang W, Zhang B, Yang R, Miao X. Emerging memristive neurons for neuromorphic computing and sensing. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2023; 24:2188878. [PMID: 37090846 PMCID: PMC10120469 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2023.2188878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the principles of the biological nervous system, neuromorphic engineering has brought a promising alternative approach to intelligence computing with high energy efficiency and low consumption. As pivotal components of neuromorphic system, artificial spiking neurons are powerful information processing units and can achieve highly complex nonlinear computations. By leveraging the switching dynamic characteristics of memristive device, memristive neurons show rich spiking behaviors with simple circuit. This report reviews the memristive neurons and their applications in neuromorphic sensing and computing systems. The switching mechanisms that endow memristive devices with rich dynamics and nonlinearity are highlighted, and subsequently various nonlinear spiking neuron behaviors emulated in these memristive devices are reviewed. Then, recent development is introduced on neuromorphic system with memristive neurons for sensing and computing. Finally, we discuss challenges and outlooks of the memristive neurons toward high-performance neuromorphic hardware systems and provide an insightful perspective for the development of interactive neuromorphic electronic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Li
- School of Integrated Circuits, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Yangtze Memory Laboratories, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Tang
- School of Integrated Circuits, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Yangtze Memory Laboratories, Wuhan, China
| | - Beining Zhang
- School of Integrated Circuits, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Yangtze Memory Laboratories, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Yang
- School of Integrated Circuits, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Yangtze Memory Laboratories, Wuhan, China
- CONTACT Rui Yang School of Integrated Circuits, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430074, China; Hubei Yangtze Memory Laboratories, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Xiangshui Miao
- School of Integrated Circuits, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Yangtze Memory Laboratories, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|