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Miller JA, Constantinidis C. Timescales of learning in prefrontal cortex. Nat Rev Neurosci 2024; 25:597-610. [PMID: 38937654 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00836-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) in humans and other primates is critical for immediate, goal-directed behaviour and working memory, which are classically considered distinct from the cognitive and neural circuits that support long-term learning and memory. Over the past few years, a reconsideration of this textbook perspective has emerged, in that different timescales of memory-guided behaviour are in constant interaction during the pursuit of immediate goals. Here, we will first detail how neural activity related to the shortest timescales of goal-directed behaviour (which requires maintenance of current states and goals in working memory) is sculpted by long-term knowledge and learning - that is, how the past informs present behaviour. Then, we will outline how learning across different timescales (from seconds to years) drives plasticity in the primate lateral PFC, from single neuron firing rates to mesoscale neuroimaging activity patterns. Finally, we will review how, over days and months of learning, dense local and long-range connectivity patterns in PFC facilitate longer-lasting changes in population activity by changing synaptic weights and recruiting additional neural resources to inform future behaviour. Our Review sheds light on how the machinery of plasticity in PFC circuits facilitates the integration of learned experiences across time to best guide adaptive behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Miller
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Christos Constantinidis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Neuroscience Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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2
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Arcaro M, Livingstone M. A Whole-Brain Topographic Ontology. Annu Rev Neurosci 2024; 47:21-40. [PMID: 38360565 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-082823-073701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
It is a common view that the intricate array of specialized domains in the ventral visual pathway is innately prespecified. What this review postulates is that it is not. We explore the origins of domain specificity, hypothesizing that the adult brain emerges from an interplay between a domain-general map-based architecture, shaped by intrinsic mechanisms, and experience. We argue that the most fundamental innate organization of cortex in general, and not just the visual pathway, is a map-based topography that governs how the environment maps onto the brain, how brain areas interconnect, and ultimately, how the brain processes information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Arcaro
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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3
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Rodriguez NY, Ahuja A, Basu D, McKim TH, Desrochers TM. Different subregions of monkey lateral prefrontal cortex respond to abstract sequences and their components. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.13.580192. [PMID: 38405897 PMCID: PMC10888850 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.13.580192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Sequential information permeates daily activities, such as when watching for the correct series of buildings to determine when to get off the bus or train. These sequences include periodicity (the spacing of the buildings), the identity of the stimuli (the kind of house), and higher-order more abstract rules that may not depend on the exact stimulus (e.g. house, house, house, business). Previously, we found that the posterior fundus of area 46 in the monkey lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) responds to rule changes in such abstract visual sequences. However, it is unknown if this region responds to other components of the sequence, i.e., image periodicity and identity, in isolation. Further, it is unknown if this region dissociates from other, more ventral LPFC subregions that have been associated with sequences and their components. To address these questions, we used awake functional magnetic resonance imaging in three male macaque monkeys during two no-report visual tasks. One task contained abstract visual sequences, and the other contained no visual sequences but maintained the same image periodicity and identities. We found the fundus of area 46 responded only to abstract sequence rule violations. In contrast, the ventral bank of area 46 responded to changes in image periodicity and identity, but not changes in the abstract sequence. These results suggest a functional specialization within anatomical substructures of LPFC to signal different kinds of stimulus regularities. This specialization may provide key scaffolding to identify abstract patterns and construct complex models of the world for daily living. Significance Statement Daily tasks, such as a bus commute, require tracking or monitoring your place (same, same, same, different building) until your stop. Sequence components such as rule, periodicity (timing), and item identity are involved in this process. While prior work located responses to sequence rule changes to area 46 of monkey lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) using awake monkey fMRI, less was known about other components. We found that LPFC subregions differentiated between sequence components. Area 46 posterior fundus responded to abstract visual sequence rule changes, but not to changes in image periodicity or identity. The converse was true for the more ventral, adjacent shoulder region. These results suggest that interactions between adjacent LPFC subregions provide key scaffolding for complex daily behaviors.
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Magrou L, Joyce MKP, Froudist-Walsh S, Datta D, Wang XJ, Martinez-Trujillo J, Arnsten AFT. The meso-connectomes of mouse, marmoset, and macaque: network organization and the emergence of higher cognition. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae174. [PMID: 38771244 PMCID: PMC11107384 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The recent publications of the inter-areal connectomes for mouse, marmoset, and macaque cortex have allowed deeper comparisons across rodent vs. primate cortical organization. In general, these show that the mouse has very widespread, "all-to-all" inter-areal connectivity (i.e. a "highly dense" connectome in a graph theoretical framework), while primates have a more modular organization. In this review, we highlight the relevance of these differences to function, including the example of primary visual cortex (V1) which, in the mouse, is interconnected with all other areas, therefore including other primary sensory and frontal areas. We argue that this dense inter-areal connectivity benefits multimodal associations, at the cost of reduced functional segregation. Conversely, primates have expanded cortices with a modular connectivity structure, where V1 is almost exclusively interconnected with other visual cortices, themselves organized in relatively segregated streams, and hierarchically higher cortical areas such as prefrontal cortex provide top-down regulation for specifying precise information for working memory storage and manipulation. Increased complexity in cytoarchitecture, connectivity, dendritic spine density, and receptor expression additionally reveal a sharper hierarchical organization in primate cortex. Together, we argue that these primate specializations permit separable deconstruction and selective reconstruction of representations, which is essential to higher cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Magrou
- Department of Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - Mary Kate P Joyce
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
| | - Sean Froudist-Walsh
- School of Engineering Mathematics and Technology, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1QU, United Kingdom
| | - Dibyadeep Datta
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
| | - Xiao-Jing Wang
- Department of Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - Julio Martinez-Trujillo
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, and Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Amy F T Arnsten
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
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Zhang Y, Yin X, Chen YC, Chen H, Jin M, Ma Y, Yong W, Muthaiah VPK, Xia W, Yin X. Aberrant Brain Triple-Network Effective Connectivity Patterns in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Ther 2024; 15:1215-1229. [PMID: 38578396 PMCID: PMC11043308 DOI: 10.1007/s13300-024-01565-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aberrant brain functional connectivity network is thought to be related to cognitive impairment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study aims to investigate the triple-network effective connectivity patterns in patients with T2DM within and between the default mode network (DMN), salience network (SN), and executive control network (ECN) and their associations with cognitive declines. METHODS In total, 92 patients with T2DM and 98 matched healthy controls (HCs) were recruited and underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). Spectral dynamic causal modeling (spDCM) was used for effective connectivity analysis within the triple network. The posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC), supramarginal gyrus (SMG), and anterior insula (AINS) were selected as the regions of interest. Group comparisons were performed for effective connectivity calculated using the fully connected model, and the relationships between effective connectivity alterations and cognitive impairment as well as clinical parameters were detected. RESULTS Compared to HCs, patients with T2DM exhibited increased or decreased effective connectivity patterns within the triple network. Furthermore, diabetes duration was significantly negatively correlated with increased effective connectivity from the r-LPFC to the mPFC, while body mass index (BMI) was significantly positively correlated with increased effective connectivity from the l-LPFC to the l-AINS (r = - 0.353, p = 0.001; r = 0.377, p = 0.004). CONCLUSION These results indicate abnormal effective connectivity patterns within the triple network model in patients with T2DM and provide new insight into the neurological mechanisms of T2DM and related cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No.68, Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, China
| | - Xiao Yin
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No.68, Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, China
| | - Yu-Chen Chen
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No.68, Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, China
| | - Huiyou Chen
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No.68, Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, China
| | - Mingxu Jin
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No.68, Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, China
| | - Yuehu Ma
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No.68, Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, China
| | - Wei Yong
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No.68, Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, China
| | | | - Wenqing Xia
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No.68, Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, China.
| | - Xindao Yin
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No.68, Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, China.
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Mendoza-Halliday D, Xu H, Azevedo FAC, Desimone R. Dissociable neuronal substrates of visual feature attention and working memory. Neuron 2024; 112:850-863.e6. [PMID: 38228138 PMCID: PMC10939754 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Attention and working memory (WM) are distinct cognitive functions, yet given their close interactions, it is often assumed that they share the same neuronal mechanisms. We show that in macaques performing a WM-guided feature attention task, the activity of most neurons in areas middle temporal (MT), medial superior temporal (MST), lateral intraparietal (LIP), and posterior lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC-p) displays attentional modulation or WM coding and not both. One area thought to play a role in both functions is LPFC-p. To test this, we optogenetically inactivated LPFC-p bilaterally during different task periods. Attention period inactivation reduced attentional modulation in LPFC-p, MST, and LIP neurons and impaired task performance. In contrast, WM period inactivation did not affect attentional modulation or performance and minimally affected WM coding. Our results suggest that feature attention and WM have dissociable neuronal substrates and that LPFC-p plays a critical role in feature attention, but not in WM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Mendoza-Halliday
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Haoran Xu
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Frederico A C Azevedo
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Robert Desimone
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Assimopoulos S, Warrington S, Bryant KL, Pszczolkowski S, Jbabdi S, Mars RB, Sotiropoulos SN. Generalising XTRACT tractography protocols across common macaque brain templates. Brain Struct Funct 2024:10.1007/s00429-024-02760-0. [PMID: 38388696 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-024-02760-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Non-human primates are extensively used in neuroscience research as models of the human brain, with the rhesus macaque being a prominent example. We have previously introduced a set of tractography protocols (XTRACT) for reconstructing 42 corresponding white matter (WM) bundles in the human and the macaque brain and have shown cross-species comparisons using such bundles as WM landmarks. Our original XTRACT protocols were developed using the F99 macaque brain template. However, additional macaque template brains are becoming increasingly common. Here, we generalise the XTRACT tractography protocol definitions across five macaque brain templates, including the F99, D99, INIA, Yerkes and NMT. We demonstrate equivalence of such protocols in two ways: (a) Firstly by comparing the bodies of the tracts derived using protocols defined across the different templates considered, (b) Secondly by comparing the projection patterns of the reconstructed tracts across the different templates in two cross-species (human-macaque) comparison tasks. The results confirm similarity of all predictions regardless of the macaque brain template used, providing direct evidence for the generalisability of these tractography protocols across the five considered templates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephania Assimopoulos
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Shaun Warrington
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Katherine L Bryant
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Cognitive, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN-FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stefan Pszczolkowski
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Saad Jbabdi
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN-FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rogier B Mars
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN-FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Stamatios N Sotiropoulos
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN-FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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8
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Li X, Jin M, Zhang N, Hongman W, Fu L, Qi Q. Neural correlates of fine motor grasping skills: Longitudinal insights into motor cortex activation using fNIRS. Brain Behav 2024; 14:e3383. [PMID: 38376039 PMCID: PMC10784192 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motor learning is essential for performing specific tasks and progresses through distinct stages, including the rapid learning phase (initial skill acquisition), the consolidation phase (skill refinement), and the stable performance phase (skill mastery and maintenance). Understanding the cortical activation dynamics during these stages can guide targeted rehabilitation interventions. METHODS In this longitudinal randomized controlled trial, functional near-infrared spectroscopy was used to explore the temporal dynamics of cortical activation in hand-related motor learning. Thirty-one healthy right-handed individuals were randomly assigned to perform either easy or intricate motor tasks with their non-dominant hand over 10 days. We conducted 10 monitoring sessions to track cortical activation in the right hemisphere (according to lateralization principles, the primary hemisphere for motor control) and evaluated motor proficiency concurrently. RESULTS The study delineated three stages of nondominant hand motor learning: rapid learning (days 1 and 2), consolidation (days 3-7), and stable performance (days 8-10). There was a power-law enhancement of motor skills correlated with learning progression. Sustained activation was observed in the supplementary motor area (SMA) and parietal lobe (PL), whereas activation in the right primary motor cortex (M1R) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFCR) decreased. These cortical activation patterns exhibited a high correlation with the augmentation of motor proficiency. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that early rehabilitation interventions, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), could be optimally directed at M1 and PFC in the initial stages. In contrast, SMA and PL can be targeted throughout the motor learning process. This research illuminates the path for developing tailored motor rehabilitation interventions based on specific stages of motor learning. NEW AND NOTEWORTHY In an innovative approach, our study uniquely combines a longitudinal design with the robustness of generalized estimating equations (GEEs). With the synergy of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and the Minnesota Manual Dexterity Test (MMDT) paradigm, we precisely trace the evolution of neural resources during complex, real-world fine-motor task learning. Centering on right-handed participants using their nondominant hand magnifies the intricacies of right hemisphere spatial motor processing. We unravel the brain's dynamic response throughout motor learning stages and its potent link to motor skill enhancement. Significantly, our data point toward the early-phase rehabilitation potential of TMS and transcranial direct current stimulation on the M1 and PFC regions. Concurrently, SMA and PL appear poised to benefit from ongoing interventions during the entire learning curve. Our findings carve a path for refined motor rehabilitation strategies, underscoring the importance of timely noninvasive brain stimulation treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Li
- Shanghai Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center)ShanghaiChina
| | - Minxia Jin
- Shanghai Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center)ShanghaiChina
| | - Nan Zhang
- Shanghai Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center)ShanghaiChina
| | - Wei Hongman
- Shanghai Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center)ShanghaiChina
| | - LianHui Fu
- Shanghai Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center)ShanghaiChina
| | - Qi Qi
- Shanghai Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center)ShanghaiChina
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Huang L, Wang J, He Q, Li C, Sun Y, Seger CA, Zhang X. A source for category-induced global effects of feature-based attention in human prefrontal cortex. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113080. [PMID: 37659080 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Global effects of feature-based attention (FBA) are generally limited to stimuli sharing the same or similar features, as hypothesized in the "feature-similarity gain model." Visual perception, however, often reflects categories acquired via experience/learning; whether the global-FBA effect can be induced by the categorized features remains unclear. Here, human subjects were trained to classify motion directions into two discrete categories and perform a classical motion-based attention task. We found a category-induced global-FBA effect in both the middle temporal area (MT+) and frontoparietal areas, where attention to a motion direction globally spread to unattended motion directions within the same category, but not to those in a different category. Effective connectivity analysis showed that the category-induced global-FBA effect in MT+ was derived by feedback from the inferior frontal junction (IFJ). Altogether, our study reveals a category-induced global-FBA effect and identifies a source for this effect in human prefrontal cortex, implying that FBA is of greater ecological significance than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Huang
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510631, China; School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510631, China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510631, China; School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510631, China
| | - Qionghua He
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510631, China; School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510631, China
| | - Chu Li
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510631, China; School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510631, China
| | - Yueling Sun
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510631, China; School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510631, China
| | - Carol A Seger
- School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510631, China; Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Xilin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510631, China; School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510631, China.
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Tan PK, Tang C, Herikstad R, Pillay A, Libedinsky C. Distinct Lateral Prefrontal Regions Are Organized in an Anterior-Posterior Functional Gradient. J Neurosci 2023; 43:6564-6572. [PMID: 37607819 PMCID: PMC10513068 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0007-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) is composed of multiple anatomically defined regions involved in higher-order cognitive processes, including working memory and selective attention. It is organized in an anterior-posterior global gradient where posterior regions track changes in the environment, whereas anterior regions support abstract neural representations. However, it remains unknown if such a global gradient results from a smooth gradient that spans regions or an emergent property arising from functionally distinct regions, that is, an areal gradient. Here, we recorded single neurons in the dlPFC of nonhuman primates trained to perform a memory-guided saccade task with an interfering distractor and analyzed their physiological properties along the anterior-posterior axis. We found that these physiological properties were best described by an areal gradient. Further, population analyses revealed that there is a distributed representation of spatial information across the dlPFC. Our results validate the functional boundaries between anatomically defined dlPFC regions and highlight the distributed nature of computations underlying working memory across the dlPFC.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Activity of frontal lobe regions is known to possess an anterior-posterior functional gradient. However, it is not known whether this gradient is the result of individual brain regions organized in a gradient (like a staircase), or a smooth gradient that spans regions (like a slide). Analysis of physiological properties of individual neurons in the primate frontal regions suggest that individual regions are organized as a gradient, rather than a smooth gradient. At the population level, working memory was more prominent in posterior regions, although it was also present in anterior regions. This is consistent with the functional segregation of brain regions that is also observed in other systems (i.e., the visual system).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Kwang Tan
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Cheng Tang
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Roger Herikstad
- The N1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456
| | - Arunika Pillay
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 OEX, United Kingdom
| | - Camilo Libedinsky
- The N1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117570
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, National University of Singapore, Singapore 138632
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Kapoor V. Columnar and diffuse topographies in the marmoset prefrontal connectome. Neuron 2023; 111:2121-2122. [PMID: 37473723 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
In this issue of Neuron, Watakabe et al.1 utilize serial two-photon tomography to reveal that the intra- and inter-regional prefrontal cortex projections in the marmoset brain terminate with two characteristic patterns, columnar and diffused, both of which display a topographically organized gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Kapoor
- Laboratory of Neural Dynamics of Visual Perception and Cognition, International Center for Primate Brain Research, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China.
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12
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Watakabe A, Skibbe H, Nakae K, Abe H, Ichinohe N, Rachmadi MF, Wang J, Takaji M, Mizukami H, Woodward A, Gong R, Hata J, Van Essen DC, Okano H, Ishii S, Yamamori T. Local and long-distance organization of prefrontal cortex circuits in the marmoset brain. Neuron 2023; 111:2258-2273.e10. [PMID: 37196659 PMCID: PMC10789578 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) has dramatically expanded in primates, but its organization and interactions with other brain regions are only partially understood. We performed high-resolution connectomic mapping of the marmoset PFC and found two contrasting corticocortical and corticostriatal projection patterns: "patchy" projections that formed many columns of submillimeter scale in nearby and distant regions and "diffuse" projections that spread widely across the cortex and striatum. Parcellation-free analyses revealed representations of PFC gradients in these projections' local and global distribution patterns. We also demonstrated column-scale precision of reciprocal corticocortical connectivity, suggesting that PFC contains a mosaic of discrete columns. Diffuse projections showed considerable diversity in the laminar patterns of axonal spread. Altogether, these fine-grained analyses reveal important principles of local and long-distance PFC circuits in marmosets and provide insights into the functional organization of the primate brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiya Watakabe
- Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Laboratory for Haptic Perception and Cognitive Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Henrik Skibbe
- Brain Image Analysis Unit, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Ken Nakae
- Integrated Systems Biology Laboratory, Department of Systems Science, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Abe
- Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Laboratory for Haptic Perception and Cognitive Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Noritaka Ichinohe
- Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0031, Japan
| | - Muhammad Febrian Rachmadi
- Brain Image Analysis Unit, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Jawa Barat 16424, Indonesia
| | - Jian Wang
- Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masafumi Takaji
- Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Laboratory for Haptic Perception and Cognitive Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mizukami
- Division of Genetic Therapeutics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Alexander Woodward
- Connectome Analysis Unit, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Rui Gong
- Connectome Analysis Unit, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Junichi Hata
- Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 116-8551, Japan
| | - David C Van Essen
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 108-8345, Japan
| | - Shin Ishii
- Integrated Systems Biology Laboratory, Department of Systems Science, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Yamamori
- Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Laboratory for Haptic Perception and Cognitive Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Department of Marmoset Biology and Medicine, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan.
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13
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Yusif Rodriguez N, McKim TH, Basu D, Ahuja A, Desrochers TM. Monkey Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Represents Abstract Visual Sequences during a No-Report Task. J Neurosci 2023; 43:2741-2755. [PMID: 36868856 PMCID: PMC10089245 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2058-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Monitoring sequential information is an essential component of our daily lives. Many of these sequences are abstract, in that they do not depend on the individual stimuli, but do depend on an ordered set of rules (e.g., chop then stir when cooking). Despite the ubiquity and utility of abstract sequential monitoring, little is known about its neural mechanisms. Human rostrolateral prefrontal cortex (RLPFC) exhibits specific increases in neural activity (i.e., "ramping") during abstract sequences. Monkey dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) has been shown to represent sequential information in motor (not abstract) sequence tasks, and contains a subregion, area 46, with homologous functional connectivity to human RLPFC. To test the prediction that area 46 may represent abstract sequence information, and do so with parallel dynamics to those found in humans, we conducted functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in three male monkeys. When monkeys performed no-report abstract sequence viewing, we found that left and right area 46 responded to abstract sequential changes. Interestingly, responses to rule and number changes overlapped in right area 46 and left area 46 exhibited responses to abstract sequence rules with changes in ramping activation, similar to that observed in humans. Together, these results indicate that monkey DLPFC monitors abstract visual sequential information, potentially with a preference for different dynamics in the two hemispheres. More generally, these results show that abstract sequences are represented in functionally homologous regions across monkeys and humans.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Daily, we complete sequences that are "abstract" because they depend on an ordered set of rules (e.g., chop then stir when cooking) rather than the identity of individual items. Little is known about how the brain tracks, or monitors, this abstract sequential information. Based on previous human work showing abstract sequence related dynamics in an analogous area, we tested whether monkey dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), specifically area 46, represents abstract sequential information using awake monkey functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We found that area 46 responded to abstract sequence changes, with a preference for more general responses on the right and dynamics similar to humans on the left. These results suggest that abstract sequences are represented in functionally homologous regions across monkeys and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadira Yusif Rodriguez
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
- Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
| | - Theresa H McKim
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
| | - Debaleena Basu
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
| | - Aarit Ahuja
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
- Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
| | - Theresa M Desrochers
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
- Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
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14
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Zhang X, Song M, Li J, Jiang T. EM-fMRI: A Promising Method for Mapping the Brain Functional Connectome. Neurosci Bull 2023; 39:707-709. [PMID: 36329263 PMCID: PMC10073383 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00972-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoru Zhang
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences, Brainnetome Center, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Ming Song
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences, Brainnetome Center, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Jin Li
- National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences, Brainnetome Center, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Tianzi Jiang
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences, Brainnetome Center, Beijing, 100190, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
- Research Center for Augmented Intelligence, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, 311100, China
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15
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Esmailpour H, Raman R, Vogels R. Inferior temporal cortex leads prefrontal cortex in response to a violation of a learned sequence. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:3124-3141. [PMID: 35780398 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Primates learn statistical regularities that are embedded in visual sequences, a form of statistical learning. Single-unit recordings in macaques showed that inferior temporal (IT) neurons are sensitive to statistical regularities in visual sequences. Here, we asked whether ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC), which is connected to IT, is also sensitive to the transition probabilities in visual sequences and whether the statistical learning signal in IT originates in VLPFC. We recorded simultaneously multiunit activity (MUA) and local field potentials (LFPs) in IT and VLPFC after monkeys were exposed to triplets of images with a fixed presentation order. In both areas, the MUA was stronger to images that violated the learned sequence (deviants) compared to the same images presented in the learned triplets. The high-gamma and beta LFP power showed an enhanced and suppressed response, respectively, to the deviants in both areas. The enhanced response was present also for the image following the deviant, suggesting a sensitivity for temporal adjacent dependencies in IT and VLPFC. The increased response to the deviant occurred later in VLPFC than in IT, suggesting that the deviant response in IT was not inherited from VLPFC. These data support predictive coding theories that propose a feedforward flow of prediction errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Esmailpour
- Laboratorium voor Neuro-en Psychofysiologie, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, ON V Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rajani Raman
- Laboratorium voor Neuro-en Psychofysiologie, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, ON V Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rufin Vogels
- Laboratorium voor Neuro-en Psychofysiologie, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, ON V Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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16
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Mendoza-Halliday D, Xu H, Azevedo FAC, Desimone R. Dissociable neuronal substrates of visual feature attention and working memory. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.01.530719. [PMID: 36909606 PMCID: PMC10002769 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.01.530719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Attention and working memory (WM) are distinct cognitive functions, yet given their close interactions, it has been proposed that they share the same neuronal mechanisms. Here we show that in macaques performing a WM-guided feature attention task, the activity of most neurons in areas middle temporal (MT), medial superior temporal (MST), lateral intraparietal (LIP), and posterior lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC-p) displays either WM coding or attentional modulation, but not both. One area thought to play a role in both functions is LPFC-p. To test this, we optogenetically inactivated LPFC-p bilaterally during the attention or WM periods of the task. Attention period inactivation reduced attentional modulation in LPFC-p, MST, and LIP neurons, and impaired task performance. WM period inactivation did not affect attentional modulation nor performance, and minimally reduced WM coding. Our results suggest that feature attention and WM have dissociable neuronal substrates, and that LPFC-p plays a critical role in attention but not WM.
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17
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Kadohisa M, Kusunoki M, Mitchell DJ, Bhatia C, Buckley MJ, Duncan J. Frontal and temporal coding dynamics in successive steps of complex behavior. Neuron 2023; 111:430-443.e3. [PMID: 36473483 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), and temporal cortex (TE) all contribute to visual decision-making. Accumulating evidence suggests that vlPFC may play a central role in multiple cognitive operations, perhaps resembling domain-general regions of the human frontal lobe. We trained monkeys in a task calling for learning, retrieval, and spatial selection of rewarded target objects. Recordings of neural activity covered large areas of vlPFC, dlPFC, and TE. Results suggested a central role for vlPFC in each cognitive operation with strong coding of each task feature, while only location was strongly coded in dlPFC and current object identity in TE. During target selection, target location was communicated first from vlPFC to dlPFC, followed by extensive mutual support. In vlPFC, stimulus identities were independently coded in different task operations. The results suggest a central role for the inferior frontal convexity in controlling successive operations of a complex, multi-step task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikiko Kadohisa
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge CB2 7EF, UK; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Anna Watts Building, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Makoto Kusunoki
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge CB2 7EF, UK; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Anna Watts Building, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Daniel J Mitchell
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge CB2 7EF, UK
| | - Cheshta Bhatia
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Mark J Buckley
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Anna Watts Building, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
| | - John Duncan
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge CB2 7EF, UK; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Anna Watts Building, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK.
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18
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Petanjek Z, Banovac I, Sedmak D, Hladnik A. Dendritic Spines: Synaptogenesis and Synaptic Pruning for the Developmental Organization of Brain Circuits. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 34:143-221. [PMID: 37962796 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-36159-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic overproduction and elimination is a regular developmental event in the mammalian brain. In the cerebral cortex, synaptic overproduction is almost exclusively correlated with glutamatergic synapses located on dendritic spines. Therefore, analysis of changes in spine density on different parts of the dendritic tree in identified classes of principal neurons could provide insight into developmental reorganization of specific microcircuits.The activity-dependent stabilization and selective elimination of the initially overproduced synapses is a major mechanism for generating diversity of neural connections beyond their genetic determination. The largest number of overproduced synapses was found in the monkey and human cerebral cortex. The highest (exceeding adult values by two- to threefold) and most protracted overproduction (up to third decade of life) was described for associative layer IIIC pyramidal neurons in the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.Therefore, the highest proportion and extraordinarily extended phase of synaptic spine overproduction is a hallmark of neural circuitry in human higher-order associative areas. This indicates that microcircuits processing the most complex human cognitive functions have the highest level of developmental plasticity. This finding is the backbone for understanding the effect of environmental impact on the development of the most complex, human-specific cognitive and emotional capacities, and on the late onset of human-specific neuropsychiatric disorders, such as autism and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdravko Petanjek
- Department of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
- Center of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ivan Banovac
- Department of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Center of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dora Sedmak
- Department of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Center of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Hladnik
- Department of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Center of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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19
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Hayashi T, Kennedy H, Van Essen DC. A spatially embedded cortical connectome reveals complex transformations. Neuron 2022; 110:185-187. [PMID: 35051363 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In this issue of Neuron, Xu et al. (2022) use electrical microstimulation of macaque prefrontal cortex combined with functional MRI to map weighted orderly topographic relationships with other association cortex domains, revealing a spatially embedded large-scale organization likely to be functionally important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Hayashi
- Laboratory for Brain Connectomics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 6-7-3 MI R&D Center 3F, Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Department of Brain Connectomics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Henry Kennedy
- Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron, France; Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - David C Van Essen
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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