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Li T, Xing HM, Qian HD, Gao Q, Xu SL, Ma H, Chi ZL. Small extracellular vesicles derived from human induced pluripotent stem cell-differentiated neural progenitor cells mitigate retinal ganglion cell degeneration in a mouse model of optic nerve injury. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:587-597. [PMID: 38819069 PMCID: PMC11317950 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202502000-00034/figure1/v/2024-05-28T214302Z/r/image-tiff Several studies have found that transplantation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) promotes the survival of injured neurons. However, a poor integration rate and high risk of tumorigenicity after cell transplantation limits their clinical application. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) contain bioactive molecules for neuronal protection and regeneration. Previous studies have shown that stem/progenitor cell-derived sEVs can promote neuronal survival and recovery of neurological function in neurodegenerative eye diseases and other eye diseases. In this study, we intravitreally transplanted sEVs derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and hiPSCs-differentiated NPCs (hiPSC-NPC) in a mouse model of optic nerve crush. Our results show that these intravitreally injected sEVs were ingested by retinal cells, especially those localized in the ganglion cell layer. Treatment with hiPSC-NPC-derived sEVs mitigated optic nerve crush-induced retinal ganglion cell degeneration, and regulated the retinal microenvironment by inhibiting excessive activation of microglia. Component analysis further revealed that hiPSC-NPC derived sEVs transported neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory miRNA cargos to target cells, which had protective effects on RGCs after optic nerve injury. These findings suggest that sEVs derived from hiPSC-NPC are a promising cell-free therapeutic strategy for optic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hui-Min Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hai-Dong Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qiao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Sheng-Lan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zai-Long Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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2
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Gogoleva VS, Mundt S, De Feo D, Becher B. Mononuclear phagocytes in autoimmune neuroinflammation. Trends Immunol 2024; 45:814-823. [PMID: 39307582 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2024.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 10/13/2024]
Abstract
A healthy mammalian central nervous system (CNS) harbors a diverse population of leukocytes including members of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS). Exerting their specific functions, CNS tissue-resident macrophages as well as associated monocytes and dendritic cells (DCs) maintain CNS homeostasis. Under neuroinflammatory conditions, leukocytes from the systemic immune compartment invade the CNS. This review focuses on the newly discovered roles of the MPS in autoimmune neuroinflammation elicited by encephalitogenic T cells. We propose that CNS-associated DCs act as gatekeepers and antigen-presenting cells that guide the adaptive immune response while bone marrow (BM)-derived monocytes contribute to immunopathology and tissue damage. By contrast, CNS-resident macrophages primarily support tissue function and promote the repair and maintenance of CNS functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violetta S Gogoleva
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Mundt
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Donatella De Feo
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Burkhard Becher
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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3
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Betsholtz C, Engelhardt B, Koh GY, McDonald DM, Proulx ST, Siegenthaler J. Advances and controversies in meningeal biology. Nat Neurosci 2024:10.1038/s41593-024-01701-8. [PMID: 39333784 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-024-01701-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
The dura, arachnoid and pia mater, as the constituent layers of the meninges, along with cerebrospinal fluid in the subarachnoid space and ventricles, are essential protectors of the brain and spinal cord. Complemented by immune cells, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves, these connective tissue layers have held many secrets that have only recently begun to be revealed. Each meningeal layer is now known to have molecularly distinct types of fibroblasts. Cerebrospinal fluid clearance through peripheral lymphatics and lymph nodes is well documented, but its routes and flow dynamics are debated. Advances made in meningeal immune functions are also debated. This Review considers the cellular and molecular structure and function of the dura, arachnoid and pia mater in the context of conventional views, recent progress, and what is uncertain or unknown. The hallmarks of meningeal pathophysiology are identified toward developing a more complete understanding of the meninges in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christer Betsholtz
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden and Department of Medicine-Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | - Gou Young Koh
- Center for Vascular Research, Institute for Basic Science and Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Donald M McDonald
- Department of Anatomy, Cardiovascular Research Institute, and UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Steven T Proulx
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Julie Siegenthaler
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora, Colorado, CO, USA.
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4
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Snacel-Fazy E, Soubéran A, Grange M, Joseph K, Colin C, Morando P, Luche H, Pagano A, Brustlein S, Debarbieux F, Toutain S, Siret C, van de Pavert SA, Rougon G, Figarella-Branger D, Ravi VM, Tabouret E, Tchoghandjian A. SMAC mimetic drives microglia phenotype and glioblastoma immune microenvironment. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:676. [PMID: 39278921 PMCID: PMC11402972 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-07056-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages/microglia (TAMs) are highly plastic and heterogeneous immune cells that can be immune-supportive or tumor-supportive depending of the microenvironment. TAMs are the most abundant immune cells in glioblastoma (GB), and play a key role in immunosuppression. Therefore, TAMs reprogramming toward immune-supportive cells is a promising strategy to overcome immunosuppression. By leveraging scRNAseq human GB databases, we identified that Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins (IAP) were expressed by TAMs. To investigate their role in TAMs-related immunosuppression, we antagonized IAP using the central nervous system permeant SMAC mimetic GDC-0152 (SMg). On explants and cultured immune cells isolated from human GB samples, SMg modified TAMs activity. We showed that SMg treatment promoted microglia pro-apoptotic and anti-tumoral function via caspase-3 pro-inflammatory cleavage and the inhibition of tumoroids growth. Then we designed a relevant immunogenic mouse GB model to decipher the spatio-temporal densities, distribution, phenotypes and function of TAMs with or without SMg treatment. We used 3D imaging techniques, a transgenic mouse with fluorescent TAM subsets and mass cytometry. We confirmed that SMg promoted microglia activation, antigen-presenting function and tumor infiltration. In addition, we observed a remodeling of blood vessels, a decrease in anti-inflammatory macrophages and an increased level of monocytes and their mo-DC progeny. This remodeling of the TAM landscape is associated with an increase in CD8 T cell density and activation. Altogether, these results demonstrated that SMg drives the immunosuppressive basal microglia toward an active phenotype with pro-apoptotic and anti-tumoral function and modifies the GB immune landscape. This identifies IAP as targets of choice for a potential mechanism-based therapeutic strategy and SMg as a promising molecule for this application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Snacel-Fazy
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, GlioME Team, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Réseau Préclinique et Translationnel de Recherche en Neuro-Oncologie, Plateforme PETRA"TECH", Marseille, France
| | - Aurélie Soubéran
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, GlioME Team, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Réseau Préclinique et Translationnel de Recherche en Neuro-Oncologie, Plateforme PETRA"TECH", Marseille, France
- APHM, CHU Timone, Service de Neurooncologie, Marseille, France
| | - Magali Grange
- Centre d'Immunophénomique (CIPHE), Aix Marseille Université, Inserm, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Kevin Joseph
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- 3D-Brain Models for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center of Advanced Surgical Tissue Analysis (CAST), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carole Colin
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, GlioME Team, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Réseau Préclinique et Translationnel de Recherche en Neuro-Oncologie, Plateforme PETRA"TECH", Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Morando
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, GlioME Team, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Réseau Préclinique et Translationnel de Recherche en Neuro-Oncologie, Plateforme PETRA"TECH", Marseille, France
| | - Hervé Luche
- Centre d'Immunophénomique (CIPHE), Aix Marseille Université, Inserm, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Alessandra Pagano
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, GlioME Team, Marseille, France
| | - Sophie Brustlein
- Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, INMED, Turing Center for Living System, Marseille, France
| | - Franck Debarbieux
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INT, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Soline Toutain
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, GlioME Team, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Réseau Préclinique et Translationnel de Recherche en Neuro-Oncologie, Plateforme PETRA"TECH", Marseille, France
| | - Carole Siret
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Serge A van de Pavert
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Geneviève Rougon
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INT, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | | | - Vidhya Madapusi Ravi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- 3D-Brain Models for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center of Advanced Surgical Tissue Analysis (CAST), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Emeline Tabouret
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, GlioME Team, Marseille, France
- APHM, CHU Timone, Service de Neurooncologie, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Réseau Préclinique et Translationnel de Recherche en Neuro-Oncologie, Plateforme PE"TRANSLA", Marseille, France
| | - Aurélie Tchoghandjian
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, GlioME Team, Marseille, France.
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Réseau Préclinique et Translationnel de Recherche en Neuro-Oncologie, Plateforme PETRA"TECH", Marseille, France.
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Becher B, Derfuss T, Liblau R. Targeting cytokine networks in neuroinflammatory diseases. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2024:10.1038/s41573-024-01026-y. [PMID: 39261632 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-024-01026-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
In neuroinflammatory diseases, systemic (blood-borne) leukocytes invade the central nervous system (CNS) and lead to tissue damage. A causal relationship between neuroinflammatory diseases and dysregulated cytokine networks is well established across several preclinical models. Cytokine dysregulation is also observed as an inadvertent effect of cancer immunotherapy, where it often leads to neuroinflammation. Neuroinflammatory diseases can be separated into those in which a pathogen is at the centre of the immune response and those of largely unknown aetiology. Here, we discuss the pathophysiology, cytokine networks and therapeutic landscape of 'sterile' neuroinflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), neurosarcoidosis and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS) triggered by cancer immunotherapy. Despite successes in targeting cytokine networks in preclinical models of neuroinflammation, the clinical translation of targeting cytokines and their receptors has shown mixed and often paradoxical responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burkhard Becher
- Institute of experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Tobias Derfuss
- Department of Neurology and Biomedicine, Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Roland Liblau
- Institute for inflammatory and infectious diseases, INSERM UMR1291 - CNRS UMR505, Toulouse, France.
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6
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Qu Z, Luo J, Li Z, Yang R, Zhao J, Chen X, Yu S, Shu H. Advancements in strategies for overcoming the blood-brain barrier to deliver brain-targeted drugs. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1353003. [PMID: 39253614 PMCID: PMC11381257 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1353003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier is known to consist of a variety of cells and complex inter-cellular junctions that protect the vulnerable brain from neurotoxic compounds; however, it also complicates the pharmacological treatment of central nervous system disorders as most drugs are unable to penetrate the blood-brain barrier on the basis of their own structural properties. This dramatically diminished the therapeutic effect of the drug and compromised its biosafety. In response, a number of drugs are often delivered to brain lesions in invasive ways that bypass the obstruction of the blood-brain barrier, such as subdural administration, intrathecal administration, and convection-enhanced delivery. Nevertheless, these intrusive strategies introduce the risk of brain injury, limiting their clinical application. In recent years, the intensive development of nanomaterials science and the interdisciplinary convergence of medical engineering have brought light to the penetration of the blood-brain barrier for brain-targeted drugs. In this paper, we extensively discuss the limitations of the blood-brain barrier on drug delivery and non-invasive brain-targeted strategies such as nanomedicine and blood-brain barrier disruption. In the meantime, we analyze their strengths and limitations and provide outlooks on the further development of brain-targeted drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichuang Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Meishan City People's Hospital, Meishan, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Rong Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jiaxi Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
| | - Sixun Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
- College of Medicine of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haifeng Shu
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
- College of Medicine of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
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7
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Keller CW, Mundt S, Segal BM. Editorial: CNS myeloid cell function in health and disease. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1459138. [PMID: 39086488 PMCID: PMC11288962 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1459138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christian W. Keller
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sarah Mundt
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin M. Segal
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- The Neuroscience Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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8
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Xie G, Gao X, Guo Q, Liang H, Yao L, Li W, Ma B, Wu N, Han X, Li J. Cannabidiol ameliorates PTSD-like symptoms by inhibiting neuroinflammation through its action on CB2 receptors in the brain of male mice. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 119:945-964. [PMID: 38759736 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating mental health disease related to traumatic experience, and its treatment outcomes are unsatisfactory. Accumulating research has indicated that cannabidiol (CBD) exhibits anti-PTSD effects, however, the underlying mechanism of CBD remains inadequately investigated. Although many studies pertaining to PTSD have primarily focused on aberrations in neuronal functioning, the present study aimed to elucidate the involvement and functionality of microglia/macrophages in PTSD while also investigated the modulatory effects of CBD on neuroinflammation associated with this condition. We constructed a modified single-prolonged stress (SPS) mice PTSD model and verified the PTSD-related behaviors by various behavioral tests (contextual freezing test, elevated plus maze test, tail suspension test and novel object recognition test). We observed a significant upregulation of Iba-1 and alteration of microglial/macrophage morphology within the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, but not the amygdala, two weeks after the PTSD-related stress, suggesting a persistent neuroinflammatory phenotype in the PTSD-modeled group. CBD (10 mg/kg, i.p.) inhibited all PTSD-related behaviors and reversed the alterations in both microglial/macrophage quantity and morphology when administered prior to behavioral assessments. We further found increased pro-inflammatory factors, decreased PSD95 expression, and impaired synaptic density in the hippocampus of the modeled group, all of which were also restored by CBD treatment. CBD dramatically increased the level of anandamide, one of the endocannabinoids, and cannabinoid type 2 receptors (CB2Rs) transcripts in the hippocampus compared with PTSD-modeled group. Importantly, we discovered the expression of CB2Rs mRNA in Arg-1-positive cells in vivo and found that the behavioral effects of CBD were diminished by CB2Rs antagonist AM630 (1 mg/kg, i.p.) and both the behavioral and molecular effects of CBD were abolished in CB2Rs knockout mice. These findings suggest that CBD would alleviate PTSD-like behaviors in mice by suppressing PTSD-related neuroinflammation and upregulation and activation of CB2Rs may serve as one of the underlying mechanisms for this therapeutic effect. The present study offers innovative experimental evidence supporting the utilization of CBD in PTSD treatment from the perspective of its regulation of neuroinflammation, and paves the way for leveraging the endocannabinoid system to regulate neuroinflammation as a potential therapeutic approach for psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanbo Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xinwei Gao
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Qingchun Guo
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, China; School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Haizhen Liang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Lan Yao
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Wenjuan Li
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Baiping Ma
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ning Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Xiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China.
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9
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Bröer S, Pauletti A. Microglia and infiltrating macrophages in ictogenesis and epileptogenesis. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1404022. [PMID: 38873242 PMCID: PMC11171130 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1404022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Phagocytes maintain homeostasis in a healthy brain. Upon injury, they are essential for repairing damaged tissue, recruiting other immune cells, and releasing cytokines as the first line of defense. However, there seems to be a delicate balance between the beneficial and detrimental effects of their activation in a seizing brain. Blocking the infiltration of peripheral phagocytes (macrophages) or their depletion can partially alleviate epileptic seizures and prevent the death of neurons in experimental models of epilepsy. However, the depletion of resident phagocytes in the brain (microglia) can aggravate disease outcomes. This review describes the role of resident microglia and peripheral infiltrating monocytes in animal models of acutely triggered seizures and epilepsy. Understanding the roles of phagocytes in ictogenesis and the time course of their activation and involvement in epileptogenesis and disease progression can offer us new biomarkers to identify patients at risk of developing epilepsy after a brain insult, as well as provide novel therapeutic targets for treating epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Bröer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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10
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Tang Y, Wu X, Li J, Li Y, Xu X, Li G, Zhang P, Qin C, Wu LJ, Tang Z, Tian DS. The Emerging Role of Microglial Hv1 as a Target for Immunomodulation in Myelin Repair. Aging Dis 2024; 15:1176-1203. [PMID: 38029392 PMCID: PMC11081154 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.1107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system (CNS), the myelin sheath ensures efficient interconnection between neurons and contributes to the regulation of the proper function of neuronal networks. The maintenance of myelin and the well-organized subtle process of myelin plasticity requires cooperation among myelin-forming cells, glial cells, and neural networks. The process of cooperation is fragile, and the balance is highly susceptible to disruption by microenvironment influences. Reactive microglia play a critical and complicated role in the demyelination and remyelination process. Recent studies have shown that the voltage-gated proton channel Hv1 is selectively expressed in microglia in CNS, which regulates intracellular pH and is involved in the production of reactive oxygen species, underlying multifaceted roles in maintaining microglia function. This paper begins by examining the molecular mechanisms of demyelination and emphasizes the crucial role of the microenvironment in demyelination. It focuses specifically on the role of Hv1 in myelin repair and its therapeutic potential in CNS demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Tang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Xuan Wu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Jiarui Li
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yuanwei Li
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Xiaoxiao Xu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Gaigai Li
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Chuan Qin
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Zhouping Tang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Dai-Shi Tian
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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11
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Wu T, Ning S, Zhang H, Cao Y, Li X, Hao J, Wang L. Role of ferroptosis in neuroimmunity and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis revealed by multi-omics data. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18396. [PMID: 38801304 PMCID: PMC11129625 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have found that ferroptosis plays an important role in a variety of neurological diseases. However, the precise role of ferroptosis in the multiple sclerosis patients remains uncertain. We defined and validated a computational metric of ferroptosis levels. The ferroptosis scores were computed using the AUCell method, which reflects the enrichment scores of ferroptosis-related genes through gene ranking. The reliability of the ferroptosis score was assessed using various methods, involving cells induced to undergo ferroptosis by six different ferroptosis inducers. Through a comprehensive approach integrating snRNA-seq, spatial transcriptomics, and spatial proteomics data, we explored the role of ferroptosis in multiple sclerosis. Our findings revealed that among seven sampling regions of different white matter lesions, the edges of active lesions exhibited the highest ferroptosis score, which was associated with activation of the phagocyte system. Remyelination lesions exhibit the lowest ferroptosis score. In the cortex, ferroptosis score were elevated in neurons, relevant to a variety of neurodegenerative disease-related pathways. Spatial transcriptomics demonstrated a significant co-localization among ferroptosis score, neurodegeneration and microglia, which was verified by spatial proteomics. Furthermore, we established a diagnostic model of multiple sclerosis based on 24 ferroptosis-related genes in the peripheral blood. Ferroptosis might exhibits a dual role in the context of multiple sclerosis, relevant to both neuroimmunity and neurodegeneration, thereby presenting a promising and novel therapeutic target. Ferroptosis-related genes in the blood that could potentially serve as diagnostic and prognostic markers for multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wu
- Department of NeurologyXuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- National Center for Neurological DisordersBeijingChina
| | - Shangwei Ning
- College of Bioinformatics Science and TechnologyHarbin Medical UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Huixue Zhang
- Department of NeurologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Yuze Cao
- Department of NeurologyPeking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Xia Li
- College of Bioinformatics Science and TechnologyHarbin Medical UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Junwei Hao
- Department of NeurologyXuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- National Center for Neurological DisordersBeijingChina
| | - Lihua Wang
- Department of NeurologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinChina
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12
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Muzio L, Perego J. CNS Resident Innate Immune Cells: Guardians of CNS Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4865. [PMID: 38732082 PMCID: PMC11084235 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Although the CNS has been considered for a long time an immune-privileged organ, it is now well known that both the parenchyma and non-parenchymal tissue (meninges, perivascular space, and choroid plexus) are richly populated in resident immune cells. The advent of more powerful tools for multiplex immunophenotyping, such as single-cell RNA sequencing technique and upscale multiparametric flow and mass spectrometry, helped in discriminating between resident and infiltrating cells and, above all, the different spectrum of phenotypes distinguishing border-associated macrophages. Here, we focus our attention on resident innate immune players and their primary role in both CNS homeostasis and pathological neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, two key interconnected aspects of the immunopathology of multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Muzio
- Neuroimmunology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Institute of Experimental Neurology, 20133 Milan, Italy;
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13
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Sun R, Jiang H. Border-associated macrophages in the central nervous system. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:67. [PMID: 38481312 PMCID: PMC10938757 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03059-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident macrophages play an important role in the local maintenance of homeostasis and immune surveillance. In the central nervous system (CNS), brain macrophages are anatomically divided into parenchymal microglia and non-parenchymal border-associated macrophages (BAMs). Among these immune cell populations, microglia have been well-studied for their roles during development as well as in health and disease. BAMs, mostly located in the choroid plexus, meningeal and perivascular spaces, are now gaining increased attention due to advancements in multi-omics technologies and genetic methodologies. Research on BAMs over the past decade has focused on their ontogeny, immunophenotypes, involvement in various CNS diseases, and potential as therapeutic targets. Unlike microglia, BAMs display mixed origins and distinct self-renewal capacity. BAMs are believed to regulate neuroimmune responses associated with brain barriers and contribute to immune-mediated neuropathology. Notably, BAMs have been observed to function in diverse cerebral pathologies, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, ischemic stroke, and gliomas. The elucidation of the heterogeneity and diverse functions of BAMs during homeostasis and neuroinflammation is mesmerizing, since it may shed light on the precision medicine that emphasizes deep insights into programming cues in the unique brain immune microenvironment. In this review, we delve into the latest findings on BAMs, covering aspects like their origins, self-renewal capacity, adaptability, and implications in different brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Sun
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Box 8057, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Haowu Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave., CB 8054, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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14
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Li Y, Li P, Tao Q, Abuqeis IJA, Xiyang Y. Role and limitation of cell therapy in treating neurological diseases. IBRAIN 2024; 10:93-105. [PMID: 38682022 PMCID: PMC11045202 DOI: 10.1002/ibra.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The central role of the brain in governing systemic functions within human physiology underscores its paramount significance as the focal point of physiological regulation. The brain, a highly sophisticated organ, orchestrates a diverse array of physiological processes encompassing motor control, sensory perception, cognition, emotion, and the regulation of vital functions, such as heartbeat, respiration, and hormonal equilibrium. A notable attribute of neurological diseases manifests as the depletion of neurons and the occurrence of tissue necrosis subsequent to injury. The transplantation of neural stem cells (NSCs) into the brain exhibits the potential for the replacement of lost neurons and the reconstruction of neural circuits. Furthermore, the transplantation of other types of cells in alternative locations can secrete nutritional factors that indirectly contribute to the restoration of nervous system equilibrium and the mitigation of neural inflammation. This review summarized a comprehensive investigation into the role of NSCs, hematopoietic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and support cells like astrocytes and microglia in alleviating neurological deficits after cell infusion. Moreover, a thorough assessment was undertaken to discuss extant constraints in cellular transplantation therapies, concurrently delineating indispensable model-based methodologies, specifically on organoids, which were essential for guiding prospective research initiatives in this specialized field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational MedicineKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunmingChina
| | - Peng‐Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational MedicineKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunmingChina
| | - Qian Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational MedicineKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunmingChina
| | | | - Yan‐Bin Xiyang
- School of Basic MedicineKunming Medical UniversityKunmingChina
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of PharmacologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
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15
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Xu X, Han Y, Zhang B, Ren Q, Ma J, Liu S. Understanding immune microenvironment alterations in the brain to improve the diagnosis and treatment of diverse brain diseases. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:132. [PMID: 38368403 PMCID: PMC10874090 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01509-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Abnormal inflammatory states in the brain are associated with a variety of brain diseases. The dynamic changes in the number and function of immune cells in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are advantageous for the early prediction and diagnosis of immune diseases affecting the brain. The aggregated factors and cells in inflamed CSF may represent candidate targets for therapy. The physiological barriers in the brain, such as the blood‒brain barrier (BBB), establish a stable environment for the distribution of resident immune cells. However, the underlying mechanism by which peripheral immune cells migrate into the brain and their role in maintaining immune homeostasis in CSF are still unclear. To advance our understanding of the causal link between brain diseases and immune cell status, we investigated the characteristics of immune cell changes in CSF and the molecular mechanisms involved in common brain diseases. Furthermore, we summarized the diagnostic and treatment methods for brain diseases in which immune cells and related cytokines in CSF are used as targets. Further investigations of the new immune cell subtypes and their contributions to the development of brain diseases are needed to improve diagnostic specificity and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Han
- Guang'an Men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, People's Republic of China.
| | - Binlong Zhang
- Guang'an Men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, People's Republic of China
| | - Quanzhong Ren
- JST Sarcopenia Research Centre, National Center for Orthopaedics, Beijing Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100035, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, People's Republic of China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
| | - Sijin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250117, People's Republic of China
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16
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Li K, Ling H, Wang X, Xie Q, Gu C, Luo W, Qiu P. The role of NF-κB signaling pathway in reactive astrocytes among neurodegeneration after methamphetamine exposure by integrated bioinformatics. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 129:110909. [PMID: 38061485 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methamphetamine (METH) is a highly addictive stimulant that has become one of the top five risk substances cause deaths from substance abuse. METH exposure increases the risk of neurodegenerative disease (ND), such as Parkinson's disease (PD), leading to disability and death. Activation of reactive astrocytes is an essential factor in neurodegeneration, and their complex role in METH exposure remains unclear. This study explored the role of reactive astrocyte overactivation in neurodegeneration after METH exposure. METHODS METH bulk RNA sequencing data (GSE107015 and GSE98793) and single-cell RNA sequencing data (GSE119861) were obtained from the GEO database. We performed immune infiltration analysis on the bulk RNA data. After cell clustering using the single-cell RNA data, astrocytes were extracted for downstream analysis. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified from the bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing datasets, and GO, KEGG, and GSEA pathway analyses were performed. The PPI network and random forest methods were performed on the overlapping genes of the DEGs to screen hub genes. To explore the common ground between METH exposure and neurodegenerative diseases, we applied a random forest algorithm to PD chip data (GSE99039 and GSE72267) to establish a diagnostic model using the hub genes in METH. New object recognition and the Morris water maze were used to examine cognitive function in mice exposed to METH for 14 days in vivo. Astrocytes were cocultured with neurons for the detection of intercellular crosstalk. RESULTS DEGs in the METH group significantly enriched pathways related to NDs, inflammation, and the NF-κB signaling pathway. Immune infiltration analysis revealed significantly increased infiltration of monocytes, T cells, and NK cells and decreased infiltration of neutrophils in the METH group. An intersection of 44 hub genes was screened based on the PPI network and random forest algorithm. These genes suggest that there might be similar pathogenesis between METH exposure and PD. METH exposure resulted in learning memory impairment, hippocampal astrocyte activation, and upregulation of NF-κB expression in mice. Activation of reactive astrocytes cocultured with neurons causes neural damage. CONCLUSIONS This study explored the crosstalk between astrocytes and neurons in METH exposure, providing a potential pathogenesis to explore the altered immune microenvironment involving reactive astrocytes after METH exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Haosen Ling
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiaohan Wang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Qiqian Xie
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Cihang Gu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wenyu Luo
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Pingming Qiu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.; Department of Thyroid Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China.
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17
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Sun R, Jiang H. Border-associated macrophages in the central nervous system. Clin Immunol 2024:109921. [PMID: 38316202 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2024.109921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Tissue-resident macrophages play an important role in the local maintenance of homeostasis and immune surveillance. In the central nervous system (CNS), brain macrophages are anatomically divided into parenchymal microglia and non-parenchymal border-associated macrophages (BAMs). Among these immune cell populations, microglia have been well-studied for their roles in normal brain development, neurodegeneration, and brain cancers. BAMs, mostly located in the choroid plexus, meningeal and perivascular spaces, are now gaining increased attention due to advancements in multi-omics technologies and genetic methodologies. Research on BAMs over the past decade has focused on their ontogeny, immunophenotypes, involvement in various CNS diseases, and potential as therapeutic targets. Unlike microglia, BAMs display mixed origins and distinct self-renewal capacity. BAMs are believed to regulate neuroimmune responses associated with brain barriers and contribute to immune-mediated neuropathology. Notably, BAMs have been observed to function in diverse cerebral pathologies, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, ischemic stroke, and gliomas. The elucidation of the heterogeneity and diverse functions of BAMs during homeostasis and neuroinflammation is mesmerizing, since it may shed light on the precision medicine that emphasizes deep insights into programming cues in the unique brain immune microenvironment. In this review, we delve into the latest findings on BAMs, covering aspects like their origins, self-renewal capacity, adaptability, and implications in different brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Sun
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Haowu Jiang
- Washington University Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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18
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Tremblay MÈ, Verkhratsky A. General Pathophysiology of Microglia. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 37:3-14. [PMID: 39207683 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-55529-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Microglia, which are the resident innate immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), have emerged as critical for maintaining health by not only ensuring proper development, activity, and plasticity of neurones and glial cells but also maintaining and restoring homeostasis when faced with various challenges across the lifespan. This chapter is dedicated to the current understanding of microglia, including their beneficial versus detrimental roles, which are highly complex, rely on various microglial states, and intimately depend on their spatiotemporal context. Microglia are first contextualized within the perspective of finding therapeutic strategies to cure diseases in the twenty-first century-the overall functions of neuroglia with relation one to another and to neurones, and their shared CNS environment. A historical framework is provided, and the main principles of glial neuropathology are enunciated. The current view of microglial nomenclature is then covered, notably by discussing the rejected concepts of microglial activation, their polarisation into M1 and M2 phenotypes, and neuroinflammation. The transformation of the microglial population through the addition, migration, and elimination of individual members, as well as their dynamic metamorphosis between a wide variety of structural and functional states, based on the experienced physiological and pathological stimuli, is subsequently discussed. Lastly, the perspective of microglia as a cell type endowed with a health status determining their outcomes on adaptive CNS plasticity as well as disease pathology is proposed for twenty-first-century approaches to disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Division of Medical Sciences, Medical Sciences Building, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Life Sciences Center, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Department of Neurosciences,University of the Basque Country,, Leioa, Spain.
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania.
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
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19
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Zhao Y, Li Q, Huang Q, Liu Y. Self-Destructive Nanoscavengers Capture and Clear Neurotoxic Soluble β-Amyloid Aggregates. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2300378. [PMID: 37534564 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral soluble β-amyloid aggregates (sAβs) accumulation is one of the most important causes in Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression. In order to mitigate the neurotoxicity induced by sAβs and achieve enhanced AD therapeutic outcomes, robust sAβs clearance become an emerging task. Herein, a self-destructive nanoscavenger (SDNS) is reported based on multifunctional peptide-polymer complexes that can capture extracellular sAβs via hydrogen-bonding interactions and deliver them into microglial lysosomes. The internalized SDNS then occurs self-destruction within lysosomes and upregulates autophagy, thereby promoting the degradation of neurotoxic sAβs. Importantly, the enhanced autophagy also significantly suppresses the secretion of inflammatory factors by microglia, which is induced by internalized sAβs. Given that cerebral persistent inflammatory environment disturbs microglia-mediated phagocytosis and degradation, it is believed that this synergistic approach has valuable potential as a therapeutic strategy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Qiushi Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Qingqing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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20
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Diebold M, Fehrenbacher L, Frosch M, Prinz M. How myeloid cells shape experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: At the crossroads of outside-in immunity. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250234. [PMID: 37505465 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model of central nervous system (CNS) autoimmunity. It is most commonly used to mimic aspects of multiple sclerosis (MS), a demyelinating disorder of the human brain and spinal cord. The innate immune response displays one of the core pathophysiological features linked to both the acute and chronic stages of MS. Hence, understanding and targeting the innate immune response is essential. Microglia and other CNS resident MUs, as well as infiltrating myeloid cells, diverge substantially in terms of both their biology and their roles in EAE. Recent advances in the field show that antigen presentation, as well as disease-propagating and regulatory interactions with lymphocytes, can be attributed to specific myeloid cell types and cell states in EAE lesions, following a distinct temporal pattern during disease initiation, propagation and recovery. Furthermore, single-cell techniques enable the assessment of characteristic proinflammatory as well as beneficial cell states, and identification of potential treatment targets. Here, we discuss the principles of EAE induction and protocols for varying experimental paradigms, the composition of the myeloid compartment of the CNS during health and disease, and systematically review effects on myeloid cells for therapeutic approaches in EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Diebold
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Luca Fehrenbacher
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Frosch
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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21
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He S, Peng Y, Chen X, Ou Y. Causality between inflammatory bowel disease and the cerebral cortex: insights from Mendelian randomization and integrated bioinformatics analysis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1175873. [PMID: 37588593 PMCID: PMC10425804 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1175873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), is a chronic, progressive, and recurrent intestinal condition that poses a significant global health burden. The high prevalence of neuropsychiatric comorbidities in IBD necessitates the development of targeted management strategies. Methods Leveraging genetic data from genome-wide association studies and Immunochip genotype analyses of nearly 150,000 individuals, we conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization study to elucidate the driving force of IBD, UC, and CD on cortical reshaping. Genetic variants mediating the causality were collected to disclose the biological pathways linking intestinal inflammation to brain dysfunction. Results Here, 115, 69, and 98 instrumental variables genetically predicted IBD, UC, and CD. We found that CD significantly decreased the surface area of the temporal pole gyrus (β = -0.946 mm2, P = 0.005, false discovery rate-P = 0.085). Additionally, we identified suggestive variations in cortical surface area and thickness induced by exposure across eight functional gyri. The top 10 variant-matched genes were STAT3, FOS, NFKB1, JAK2, STAT4, TYK2, SMAD3, IL12B, MYC, and CCL2, which are interconnected in the interaction network and play a role in inflammatory and immune processes. Conclusion We explore the causality between intestinal inflammation and altered cortical morphology. It is likely that neuroinflammation-induced damage, impaired neurological function, and persistent nociceptive input lead to morphological changes in the cerebral cortex, which may trigger neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubei He
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital (Southwest Hospital) to Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Institute of Digestive Diseases of the People's Liberation Army, The First Affiliated Hospital (Southwest Hospital) to Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Cholestatic Liver Diseases Center, The First Affiliated Hospital (Southwest Hospital) to Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Center for Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital (Southwest Hospital) to Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital (Southwest Hospital) to Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Institute of Digestive Diseases of the People's Liberation Army, The First Affiliated Hospital (Southwest Hospital) to Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Cholestatic Liver Diseases Center, The First Affiliated Hospital (Southwest Hospital) to Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Center for Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital (Southwest Hospital) to Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaofang Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital (Southwest Hospital) to Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Institute of Digestive Diseases of the People's Liberation Army, The First Affiliated Hospital (Southwest Hospital) to Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Cholestatic Liver Diseases Center, The First Affiliated Hospital (Southwest Hospital) to Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Center for Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital (Southwest Hospital) to Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Ou
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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22
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Distéfano-Gagné F, Bitarafan S, Lacroix S, Gosselin D. Roles and regulation of microglia activity in multiple sclerosis: insights from animal models. Nat Rev Neurosci 2023:10.1038/s41583-023-00709-6. [PMID: 37268822 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00709-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
As resident macrophages of the CNS, microglia are critical immune effectors of inflammatory lesions and associated neural dysfunctions. In multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal models, chronic microglial inflammatory activity damages myelin and disrupts axonal and synaptic activity. In contrast to these detrimental effects, the potent phagocytic and tissue-remodelling capabilities of microglia support critical endogenous repair mechanisms. Although these opposing capabilities have long been appreciated, a precise understanding of their underlying molecular effectors is only beginning to emerge. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the roles of microglia in animal models of MS and demyelinating lesions and the mechanisms that underlie their damaging and repairing activities. We also discuss how the structured organization and regulation of the genome enables complex transcriptional heterogeneity within the microglial cell population at demyelinating lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Distéfano-Gagné
- Axe Neuroscience, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Département de Médecine Moléculaire de la Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Sara Bitarafan
- Axe Neuroscience, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Département de Médecine Moléculaire de la Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Steve Lacroix
- Axe Neuroscience, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Département de Médecine Moléculaire de la Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - David Gosselin
- Axe Neuroscience, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.
- Département de Médecine Moléculaire de la Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.
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23
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Duerinck J, Tuyaerts S, Movahedi K, Neyns B. Overcoming the immune suppressive nature of glioblastoma by leveraging the surgical intervention - current status and future perspectives. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1183641. [PMID: 37275902 PMCID: PMC10237336 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1183641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite relentless efforts to improve outcome, the prognosis of glioblastoma (GBM) remains poor. Standard therapy at first diagnosis consists of maximal safe surgical resection followed by radiochemotherapy, but treatment options at recurrence are scarce and have limited efficacy. Immunotherapy is a broad term that covers several treatment strategies, including immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI). The successes of systemically administered therapeutic monoclonal antibodies that block the Programmed death receptor or ligand (PD-(L)1) and Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte associated protein (CTLA)-4 immune checkpoints in other cancer types could not be reproduced in glioblastoma. This is considered to be related to the intrinsic low immunogenicity and strong immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment of glioblastoma, in addition to the presence of a blood-glioma and blood-brain barrier that limits many systemically administered therapeutic agents from reaching their target. In this mini-review, we address the specific aspects of immune suppression in glioblastoma and discuss potential strategies that could help to overcome it. The potential advantages of incorporating surgical resection in clinical trials of immunotherapy for glioblastoma, including window-of-opportunity studies, are highlighted. Combination strategies that include surgical resection, as well as local administration of therapeutic agents in the brain are discussed as a potential strategy to achieve an effective immunological response against glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Duerinck
- Department of Neurosurgery, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussels), Brussels, Belgium
- C4N - Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sandra Tuyaerts
- Laboratory for Medical & Molecular Oncology (LMMO), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Medical Oncology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussels), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kiavash Movahedi
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy (LMCT), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bart Neyns
- Laboratory for Medical & Molecular Oncology (LMMO), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Medical Oncology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussels), Brussels, Belgium
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24
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Mason ER, Soni DM, Chu S. Microglial Phagocytosis/Cell Health High-Content Assay. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e724. [PMID: 36971657 PMCID: PMC10433541 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
We report a microglial phagocytosis/cell health high-content assay that has been used to test small molecule chemical probes and support our drug discovery projects targeting microglia for Alzheimer's disease therapy. The assay measures phagocytosis and cell health (cell count and nuclear intensity) simultaneously in 384-well plates processed with an automatic liquid handler. The mix-and-read live cell imaging assay is highly reproducible with capacity to meet drug discovery research needs. Assay procedures take 4 days including plating cells, treating cells, adding pHrodo-myelin/membrane debris to cells for phagocytosis, staining cell nuclei before performing high-content imaging, and analysis. Three selected parameters are measured from cells: 1) mean total fluorescence intensity per cell of pHrodo-myelin/membrane debris in phagocytosis vesicles to quantify phagocytosis; 2) cell counts per well (measuring compound effects on proliferation and cell death); and 3) average nuclear intensity (measuring compound induced apoptosis). The assay has been used on HMC3 cells (an immortalized human microglial cell line), BV2 cells (an immortalized mouse microglial cell line), and primary microglia isolated from mouse brains. Simultaneous measurements of phagocytosis and cell health allow for the distinction of compound effects on regulation of phagocytosis from cellular stress/toxicity related changes, a distinguishing feature of the assay. The combination of cell counts and nuclear intensity as indicators of cell health is also an effective way to measure cell stress and compound cytotoxicity, which may have broad applications as simultaneous profiling measurements for other phenotypic assays. © 2023 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol: Microglial phagocytosis/cell health high-content assay protocol Support Protocol: Procedures to isolate myelin/membrane debris from mouse brain and label with pHrodo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Mason
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, IUSM-Purdue TREAT-AD Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Disha M Soni
- Department of Radiology & Imaging Sciences, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Shaoyou Chu
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, IUSM-Purdue TREAT-AD Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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25
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Pitts KM, Margeta MA. Myeloid masquerade: Microglial transcriptional signatures in retinal development and disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1106547. [PMID: 36779012 PMCID: PMC9909491 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1106547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are dynamic guardians of neural tissue and the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). The disease-associated microglial signature (DAM), also known as the microglial neurodegenerative phenotype (MGnD), has gained significant attention in recent years as a fundamental microglial response common to various neurodegenerative disease pathologies. Interestingly, this signature shares many features in common with developmental microglia, suggesting the existence of recycled gene programs which play a role both in early neural circuit formation as well as in response to aging and disease. In addition, recent advances in single cell RNA sequencing have revealed significant heterogeneity within the original DAM signature, with contributions from both yolk sac-derived microglia as well as bone marrow-derived macrophages. In this review, we examine the role of the DAM signature in retinal development and disease, highlighting crosstalk between resident microglia and infiltrating monocytes which may critically contribute to the underlying mechanisms of age-related neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M. Pitts
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass, Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Milica A. Margeta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass, Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, United States
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26
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Qi Z, Zhao J, Li Y, Zhang B, Hu S, Chen Y, Ma J, Shu Y, Wang Y, Cheng P. Live-attenuated Japanese encephalitis virus inhibits glioblastoma growth and elicits potent antitumor immunity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:982180. [PMID: 37114043 PMCID: PMC10126305 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.982180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBMs) are highly aggressive brain tumors that have developed resistance to currently available conventional therapies, including surgery, radiation, and systemic chemotherapy. In this study, we investigated the safety of a live attenuated Japanese encephalitis vaccine strain (JEV-LAV) virus as an oncolytic virus for intracerebral injection in mice. We infected different GBM cell lines with JEV-LAV to investigate whether it had growth inhibitory effects on GBM cell lines in vitro. We used two models for evaluating the effect of JEV-LAV on GBM growth in mice. We investigated the antitumor immune mechanism of JEV-LAV through flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. We explored the possibility of combining JEV-LAV with PD-L1 blocking therapy. This work suggested that JEV-LAV had oncolytic activity against GBM tumor cells in vitro and inhibited their growth in vivo. Mechanistically, JEV-LAV increased CD8+ T cell infiltration into tumor tissues and remodeled the immunosuppressive GBM microenvironment that is non-conducive to immunotherapy. Consequently, the results of combining JEV-LAV with immune checkpoint inhibitors indicated that JEV-LAV therapy improved the response of aPD-L1 blockade therapy against GBM. The safety of intracerebrally injected JEV-LAV in animals further supported the clinical use of JEV-LAV for GBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbing Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuhua Li
- Department of Arboviruses Vaccine, National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shichuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanwei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinhu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongheng Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunmeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Ping Cheng,
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