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Hsiung MH, Huang WL, Kan LY, Chen LH, Hu SSJ. The facilitating effect of MK-801 on inhibitory avoidance memory via mTOR signaling in the mouse hippocampus. Behav Brain Res 2020; 389:112630. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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2
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Schicknick H, Henschke JU, Budinger E, Ohl FW, Gundelfinger ED, Tischmeyer W. β-adrenergic modulation of discrimination learning and memory in the auditory cortex. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 50:3141-3163. [PMID: 31162753 PMCID: PMC6900137 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite vast literature on catecholaminergic neuromodulation of auditory cortex functioning in general, knowledge about its role for long‐term memory formation is scarce. Our previous pharmacological studies on cortex‐dependent frequency‐modulated tone‐sweep discrimination learning of Mongolian gerbils showed that auditory‐cortical D1/5‐dopamine receptor activity facilitates memory consolidation and anterograde memory formation. Considering overlapping functions of D1/5‐dopamine receptors and β‐adrenoceptors, we hypothesised a role of β‐adrenergic signalling in the auditory cortex for sweep discrimination learning and memory. Supporting this hypothesis, the β1/2‐adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol bilaterally applied to the gerbil auditory cortex after task acquisition prevented the discrimination increment that was normally monitored 1 day later. The increment in the total number of hurdle crossings performed in response to the sweeps per se was normal. Propranolol infusion after the seventh training session suppressed the previously established sweep discrimination. The suppressive effect required antagonist injection in a narrow post‐session time window. When applied to the auditory cortex 1 day before initial conditioning, β1‐adrenoceptor‐antagonising and β1‐adrenoceptor‐stimulating agents retarded and facilitated, respectively, sweep discrimination learning, whereas β2‐selective drugs were ineffective. In contrast, single‐sweep detection learning was normal after propranolol infusion. By immunohistochemistry, β1‐ and β2‐adrenoceptors were identified on the neuropil and somata of pyramidal and non‐pyramidal neurons of the gerbil auditory cortex. The present findings suggest that β‐adrenergic signalling in the auditory cortex has task‐related importance for discrimination learning of complex sounds: as previously shown for D1/5‐dopamine receptor signalling, β‐adrenoceptor activity supports long‐term memory consolidation and reconsolidation; additionally, tonic input through β1‐adrenoceptors may control mechanisms permissive for memory acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horst Schicknick
- Special Lab Molecular Biological Techniques, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Julia U Henschke
- Department Systems Physiology of Learning, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Eike Budinger
- Department Systems Physiology of Learning, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Frank W Ohl
- Department Systems Physiology of Learning, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Eckart D Gundelfinger
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Molecular Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Tischmeyer
- Special Lab Molecular Biological Techniques, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
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3
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Deliano M, Tabelow K, König R, Polzehl J. Improving Accuracy and Temporal Resolution of Learning Curve Estimation for within- and across-Session Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157355. [PMID: 27303809 PMCID: PMC4909298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Estimation of learning curves is ubiquitously based on proportions of correct responses within moving trial windows. Thereby, it is tacitly assumed that learning performance is constant within the moving windows, which, however, is often not the case. In the present study we demonstrate that violations of this assumption lead to systematic errors in the analysis of learning curves, and we explored the dependency of these errors on window size, different statistical models, and learning phase. To reduce these errors in the analysis of single-subject data as well as on the population level, we propose adequate statistical methods for the estimation of learning curves and the construction of confidence intervals, trial by trial. Applied to data from an avoidance learning experiment with rodents, these methods revealed performance changes occurring at multiple time scales within and across training sessions which were otherwise obscured in the conventional analysis. Our work shows that the proper assessment of the behavioral dynamics of learning at high temporal resolution can shed new light on specific learning processes, and, thus, allows to refine existing learning concepts. It further disambiguates the interpretation of neurophysiological signal changes recorded during training in relation to learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Deliano
- Department Systems Physiology of Learning/AG Brain-Machine-Interfaces, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Karsten Tabelow
- Research Group Stochastic Algorithms and Nonparametric Statistics, Weierstrass Institute for Applied Analysis and Stochastics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Reinhard König
- Special Lab Non-Invasive Brain Imaging, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Polzehl
- Research Group Stochastic Algorithms and Nonparametric Statistics, Weierstrass Institute for Applied Analysis and Stochastics, Berlin, Germany
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4
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Kähne T, Richter S, Kolodziej A, Smalla KH, Pielot R, Engler A, Ohl FW, Dieterich DC, Seidenbecher C, Tischmeyer W, Naumann M, Gundelfinger ED. Proteome rearrangements after auditory learning: high-resolution profiling of synapse-enriched protein fractions from mouse brain. J Neurochem 2016; 138:124-38. [PMID: 27062398 PMCID: PMC5089584 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Learning and memory processes are accompanied by rearrangements of synaptic protein networks. While various studies have demonstrated the regulation of individual synaptic proteins during these processes, much less is known about the complex regulation of synaptic proteomes. Recently, we reported that auditory discrimination learning in mice is associated with a relative down-regulation of proteins involved in the structural organization of synapses in various brain regions. Aiming at the identification of biological processes and signaling pathways involved in auditory memory formation, here, a label-free quantification approach was utilized to identify regulated synaptic junctional proteins and phosphoproteins in the auditory cortex, frontal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum of mice 24 h after the learning experiment. Twenty proteins, including postsynaptic scaffolds, actin-remodeling proteins, and RNA-binding proteins, were regulated in at least three brain regions pointing to common, cross-regional mechanisms. Most of the detected synaptic proteome changes were, however, restricted to individual brain regions. For example, several members of the Septin family of cytoskeletal proteins were up-regulated only in the hippocampus, while Septin-9 was down-regulated in the hippocampus, the frontal cortex, and the striatum. Meta analyses utilizing several databases were employed to identify underlying cellular functions and biological pathways. Data are available via ProteomeExchange with identifier PXD003089. How does the protein composition of synapses change in different brain areas upon auditory learning? We unravel discrete proteome changes in mouse auditory cortex, frontal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum functionally implicated in the learning process. We identify not only common but also area-specific biological pathways and cellular processes modulated 24 h after training, indicating individual contributions of the regions to memory processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilo Kähne
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Medical School, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Richter
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Medical School, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Angela Kolodziej
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Smalla
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Pielot
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Frank W Ohl
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Daniela C Dieterich
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical School, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Constanze Seidenbecher
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Tischmeyer
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michael Naumann
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Medical School, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Eckart D Gundelfinger
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany.,Molecular Neuroscience, Medical School, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Magdeburg, Germany
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5
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Reichenbach N, Herrmann U, Kähne T, Schicknick H, Pielot R, Naumann M, Dieterich DC, Gundelfinger ED, Smalla KH, Tischmeyer W. Differential effects of dopamine signalling on long-term memory formation and consolidation in rodent brain. Proteome Sci 2015; 13:13. [PMID: 25852303 PMCID: PMC4387680 DOI: 10.1186/s12953-015-0069-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Using auditory discrimination learning in gerbils, we have previously shown that activation of auditory-cortical D1/D5 dopamine receptors facilitates mTOR-mediated, protein synthesis-dependent mechanisms of memory consolidation and anterograde memory formation. To understand molecular mechanisms of this facilitatory effect, we tested the impact of local pharmacological activation of different D1/D5 dopamine receptor signalling modes in the auditory cortex. To this end, protein patterns in soluble and synaptic protein-enriched fractions from cortical, hippocampal and striatal brain regions of ligand- and vehicle-treated gerbils were analysed by 2D gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry 24 h after intervention. Results After auditory-cortical injection of SKF38393 – a D1/D5 dopamine receptor-selective agonist reported to activate the downstream effectors adenylyl cyclase and phospholipase C – prominent proteomic alterations compared to vehicle-treated controls appeared in the auditory cortex, striatum, and hippocampus, whereas only minor changes were detectable in the frontal cortex. In contrast, auditory-cortical injection of SKF83959 – a D1/D5 agonist reported to preferentially stimulate phospholipase C – induced pronounced changes in the frontal cortex. At the molecular level, we detected altered regulation of cytoskeletal and scaffolding proteins, changes in proteins with functions in energy metabolism, local protein synthesis, and synaptic signalling. Interestingly, abundance and/or subcellular localisation of the predominantly presynaptic protein α-synuclein displayed dopaminergic regulation. To assess the role of α-synuclein for dopaminergic mechanisms of memory modulation, we tested the impact of post-conditioning systemic pharmacological activation of different D1/D5 dopamine receptor signalling modes on auditory discrimination learning in α-synuclein-mutant mice. In C57BL/6JOlaHsd mice, bearing a spontaneous deletion of the α-synuclein-encoding gene, but not in the related substrains C57BL/6JCrl and C57BL/6JRccHsd, adenylyl cyclase-mediated signalling affected acquisition rates over future learning episodes, whereas phospholipase C-mediated signalling affected final memory performance. Conclusions Dopamine signalling modes via D1/D5 receptors in the auditory cortex differentially impact protein profiles related to rearrangement of cytomatrices, energy metabolism, and synaptic neurotransmission in cortical, hippocampal, and basal brain structures. Altered dopamine neurotransmission in α-synuclein-deficient mice revealed that distinct D1/D5 receptor signalling modes may control different aspects of memory consolidation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12953-015-0069-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Reichenbach
- Special Lab Molecular Biological Techniques, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, 39118 Germany ; Present address: Research Group Neurovascular Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, Bonn, 53175 Germany
| | - Ulrike Herrmann
- Special Lab Molecular Biological Techniques, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, 39118 Germany ; Present address: Division of Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, 38106 Germany
| | - Thilo Kähne
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Medical School, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, 39120 Germany
| | - Horst Schicknick
- Special Lab Molecular Biological Techniques, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, 39118 Germany
| | - Rainer Pielot
- Department Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, 39118 Germany
| | - Michael Naumann
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Medical School, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, 39120 Germany
| | - Daniela C Dieterich
- Research Group Neuralomics, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, 39118 Germany ; Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, 39120 Germany ; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, 39106 Germany
| | - Eckart D Gundelfinger
- Department Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, 39118 Germany ; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, 39106 Germany ; Molecular Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, 39120 Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Smalla
- Special Lab Molecular Biological Techniques, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, 39118 Germany ; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, 39106 Germany
| | - Wolfgang Tischmeyer
- Special Lab Molecular Biological Techniques, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, 39118 Germany ; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, 39106 Germany
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6
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Cain CK, McCue M, Bello I, Creedon T, Tang DI, Laska E, Goff DC. d-Cycloserine augmentation of cognitive remediation in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2014; 153:177-83. [PMID: 24485587 PMCID: PMC4547356 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
d-Cycloserine (DCS) has been shown to enhance memory and, in a previous trial, once-weekly DCS improved negative symptoms in schizophrenia subjects. We hypothesized that DCS combined with a cognitive remediation (CR) program would improve memory of a practiced auditory discrimination task and that gains would generalize to performance on unpracticed cognitive tasks. Stable, medicated adult schizophrenia outpatients participated in the Brain Fitness CR program 3-5 times per week for 8weeks. Subjects were randomly assigned to once-weekly adjunctive treatment with DCS (50mg) or placebo administered before the first session each week. Primary outcomes were performance on an auditory discrimination task, the MATRICS cognitive battery composite score and the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) total score. 36 subjects received study drug and 32 completed the trial (average number of CR sessions=26.1). Performance on the practiced auditory discrimination task significantly improved in the DCS group compared to the placebo group. DCS was also associated with significantly greater negative symptom improvement for subjects symptomatic at baseline (SANS score ≥20). However, improvement on the MATRICS battery was observed only in the placebo group. Considered with previous results, these findings suggest that DCS augments CR and alleviates negative symptoms in schizophrenia patients. However, further work is needed to evaluate whether CR gains achieved with DCS can generalize to other unpracticed cognitive tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher K. Cain
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY, USA, 10962,Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, NYU Langone Medical Center, One Park Avenue, New York City, NY, USA, 10016
| | - Margaret McCue
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA.
| | - Iruma Bello
- Psychiatry Department, NYU Langone Medical Center, 550 First Avenue, New York City, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Timothy Creedon
- Psychiatry Department, Harvard Medical School, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Dei-in Tang
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY, USA, 10962
| | - Eugene Laska
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA.
| | - Donald C. Goff
- Psychiatry Department, NYU Langone Medical Center, 550 First Avenue, New York City, NY, USA, 10016,Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY, USA, 10962
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7
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Formation and Reverberation of Sequential Neural Activity Patterns Evoked by Sensory Stimulation Are Enhanced during Cortical Desynchronization. Neuron 2013; 79:555-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Kähne T, Kolodziej A, Smalla KH, Eisenschmidt E, Haus UU, Weismantel R, Kropf S, Wetzel W, Ohl FW, Tischmeyer W, Naumann M, Gundelfinger ED. Synaptic proteome changes in mouse brain regions upon auditory discrimination learning. Proteomics 2012; 12:2433-44. [PMID: 22696468 PMCID: PMC3509369 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Changes in synaptic efficacy underlying learning and memory processes are assumed to be associated with alterations of the protein composition of synapses. Here, we performed a quantitative proteomic screen to monitor changes in the synaptic proteome of four brain areas (auditory cortex, frontal cortex, hippocampus striatum) during auditory learning. Mice were trained in a shuttle box GO/NO-GO paradigm to discriminate between rising and falling frequency modulated tones to avoid mild electric foot shock. Control-treated mice received corresponding numbers of either the tones or the foot shocks. Six hours and 24 h later, the composition of a fraction enriched in synaptic cytomatrix-associated proteins was compared to that obtained from naïve mice by quantitative mass spectrometry. In the synaptic protein fraction obtained from trained mice, the average percentage (±SEM) of downregulated proteins (59.9 ± 0.5%) exceeded that of upregulated proteins (23.5 ± 0.8%) in the brain regions studied. This effect was significantly smaller in foot shock (42.7 ± 0.6% down, 40.7 ± 1.0% up) and tone controls (43.9 ± 1.0% down, 39.7 ± 0.9% up). These data suggest that learning processes initially induce removal and/or degradation of proteins from presynaptic and postsynaptic cytoskeletal matrices before these structures can acquire a new, postlearning organisation. In silico analysis points to a general role of insulin-like signalling in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilo Kähne
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Medical School, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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9
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Schicknick H, Reichenbach N, Smalla KH, Scheich H, Gundelfinger ED, Tischmeyer W. Dopamine modulates memory consolidation of discrimination learning in the auditory cortex. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 35:763-74. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.07994.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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10
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Scheich H, Brechmann A, Brosch M, Budinger E, Ohl FW, Selezneva E, Stark H, Tischmeyer W, Wetzel W. Behavioral semantics of learning and crossmodal processing in auditory cortex: the semantic processor concept. Hear Res 2010; 271:3-15. [PMID: 20971178 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Revised: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Two phenomena of auditory cortex activity have recently attracted attention, namely that the primary field can show different types of learning-related changes of sound representation and that during learning even this early auditory cortex is under strong multimodal influence. Based on neuronal recordings in animal auditory cortex during instrumental tasks, in this review we put forward the hypothesis that these two phenomena serve to derive the task-specific meaning of sounds by associative learning. To understand the implications of this tenet, it is helpful to realize how a behavioral meaning is usually derived for novel environmental sounds. For this purpose, associations with other sensory, e.g. visual, information are mandatory to develop a connection between a sound and its behaviorally relevant cause and/or the context of sound occurrence. This makes it plausible that in instrumental tasks various non-auditory sensory and procedural contingencies of sound generation become co-represented by neuronal firing in auditory cortex. Information related to reward or to avoidance of discomfort during task learning, that is essentially non-auditory, is also co-represented. The reinforcement influence points to the dopaminergic internal reward system, the local role of which for memory consolidation in auditory cortex is well-established. Thus, during a trial of task performance, the neuronal responses to the sounds are embedded in a sequence of representations of such non-auditory information. The embedded auditory responses show task-related modulations of auditory responses falling into types that correspond to three basic logical classifications that may be performed with a perceptual item, i.e. from simple detection to discrimination, and categorization. This hierarchy of classifications determine the semantic "same-different" relationships among sounds. Different cognitive classifications appear to be a consequence of learning task and lead to a recruitment of different excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms and to distinct spatiotemporal metrics of map activation to represent a sound. The described non-auditory firing and modulations of auditory responses suggest that auditory cortex, by collecting all necessary information, functions as a "semantic processor" deducing the task-specific meaning of sounds by learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Scheich
- Leibniz-Institut für Neurobiologie, Brenneckestr. 6, D-39118 Magdeburg, Germany.
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11
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Karakaş A. The effects of photoperiod and age on food anticipatory activity in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). BIOL RHYTHM RES 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/09291011003729239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alper Karakaş
- a Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences , Abant Izzet Baysal University , Bolu, 14280, Turkey
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12
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Visual-procedural memory consolidation during sleep blocked by glutamatergic receptor antagonists. J Neurosci 2008; 28:5513-8. [PMID: 18495885 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5374-07.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual cortex plasticity is enhanced by sleep. It is hypothesized that a reactivation of glutamatergic synapses is essential for this form of plasticity to occur after learning. To test this hypothesis, human subjects practiced a visual texture discrimination skill known to require post-training sleep for improvements to occur. During sleep, glutamatergic transmission was inhibited by administration of the two glutamate antagonists, caroverine and ketamine, targeting the ionotropic NMDA and AMPA receptors. Both substances given during consolidation sleep in a placebo controlled crossover design were able to prevent improvement of the skill measured the next morning. An off-line activation of glutamatergic synapses therefore seems to play a critical part in the consolidation of plastic changes in the visual cortex.
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13
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Sotres-Bayon F, Diaz-Mataix L, Bush DEA, LeDoux JE. Dissociable roles for the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and amygdala in fear extinction: NR2B contribution. Cereb Cortex 2008; 19:474-82. [PMID: 18562331 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhn099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fear extinction, which involves learning to suppress the expression of previously learned fear, requires N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) and is mediated by the amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). Like other types of learning, extinction involves acquisition and consolidation phases. We recently demonstrated that NR2B-containing NMDARs (NR2Bs) in the lateral amygdala (LA) are required for extinction acquisition, but whether they are involved in consolidation is not known. Further, although it has been shown that NMDARs in the vmPFC are required for extinction consolidation, whether NR2Bs in vmPFC are involved in consolidation is not known. In this report, we investigated the possible role of LA and vmPFC NR2Bs in the consolidation of fear extinction using the NR2B-selective antagonist ifenprodil. We show that systemic treatment with ifenprodil immediately after extinction training disrupts extinction consolidation. Ifenprodil infusion into vmPFC, but not the LA, immediately after extinction training also disrupts extinction consolidation. In contrast, we also show pre-extinction training infusions into vmPFC has no effect. These results, together with our previous findings showing that LA NR2Bs are required during the acquisition phase in extinction, indicate a double dissociation for the phase-dependent role of NR2Bs in the LA (acquisition, not consolidation) and vmPFC (consolidation, not acquisition).
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14
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Schicknick H, Schott BH, Budinger E, Smalla KH, Riedel A, Seidenbecher CI, Scheich H, Gundelfinger ED, Tischmeyer W. Dopaminergic modulation of auditory cortex-dependent memory consolidation through mTOR. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 18:2646-58. [PMID: 18321872 PMCID: PMC2567422 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhn026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies in the auditory cortex of Mongolian gerbils on discrimination learning of the direction of frequency-modulated tones (FMs) revealed that long-term memory formation involves activation of the dopaminergic system, activity of the protein kinase mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and protein synthesis. This led to the hypothesis that the dopaminergic system might modulate memory formation via regulation of mTOR, which is implicated in translational control. Here, we report that the D1/D5 dopamine receptor agonist SKF-38393 substantially improved gerbils’ FM discrimination learning when administered systemically or locally into the auditory cortex shortly before, shortly after, or 1 day before conditioning. Although acquisition performance during initial training was normal, the discrimination of FMs was enhanced during retraining performed hours or days after agonist injection compared with vehicle-injected controls. The D1/D5 receptor antagonist SCH-23390, the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin, and the protein synthesis blocker anisomycin suppressed this effect. By immunohistochemistry, D1 dopamine receptors were identified in the gerbil auditory cortex predominantly in the infragranular layers. Together, these findings suggest that in the gerbil auditory cortex dopaminergic inputs regulate mTOR-mediated, protein synthesis-dependent mechanisms, thus controlling for hours or days the consolidation of memory required for the discrimination of complex auditory stimuli.
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15
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Stark H, Rothe T, Deliano M, Scheich H. Dynamics of cortical theta activity correlates with stages of auditory avoidance strategy formation in a shuttle-box. Neuroscience 2008; 151:467-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2007] [Revised: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 11/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Nilsson M, Hansson S, Carlsson A, Carlsson ML. Differential effects of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist MK-801 on different stages of object recognition memory in mice. Neuroscience 2007; 149:123-30. [PMID: 17826918 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2007] [Revised: 07/05/2007] [Accepted: 08/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of systemic administration of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist MK-801 on different stages of non-spatial object recognition memory processing in mice. To this end we used the object recognition test, where the animal is tested for its ability to discriminate between an old, familiar, and a novel object. MK-801 (0.1 or 0.2 mg/kg) or saline was administered 1) 30 min before or 2) directly after the first, introductory, session or 3) 30 min before the recognition session. Memory retention was evaluated 1.5 h after the introductory session. MK-801 appeared to decrease memory retention when given prior to the introductory session, but not when given directly after the introductory session or before the recognition session, where MK-801 instead induced an increased interest for the novel object. These results suggest that activation of NMDA receptors is a requisite for encoding of recognition memory in mice but not for consolidation and retrieval processes. The increased interest for the novel object showing up when MK-801 was given directly after the introductory session or before the recognition session may reflect a facilitation of retention. Alternatively, the phencyclidine-like, psychotogenic properties of MK-801 could result in an amplification of the perceived salience of the novel object, and/or anxiolytic mechanisms could result in neophilic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nilsson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Göteborg University, Medicinaregatan 11, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
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Weinert D, Weinandy R, Gattermann R. Photic and non-photic effects on the daily activity pattern of Mongolian gerbils. Physiol Behav 2007; 90:325-33. [PMID: 17084868 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2006] [Revised: 09/18/2006] [Accepted: 09/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The paper analyses the daily activity pattern of Mongolian gerbils with and without access to a running wheel. To evaluate the synchronizing and the masking effects of light, experiments were performed under different photoperiods (L:D=14:10 h and 10:14 h), and light and dark pulses were applied at different phases of the day-night cycle. In order to get a more direct estimate of the central pacemaker of the circadian system, the body temperature rhythm was investigated via implanted transmitters. Without access to a running wheel, the daily activity pattern was bimodal. One peak occurred in the first half of the light time, the other one around the light-dark transition. Also, the gerbils were more active during the light phase as compared to the dark phase. After unlocking the running wheel, the gerbils were active mainly during the dark time. The activity peak in the first half of the light phase remained, the second one shifted by a phase delay into the dark time. These results were found under both LD-regimens. Light during the night nearly completely suppressed running wheel activity, switching off the light during the day time induced wheel running. Whereas wheel running was clearly affected by light and dark pulses, the general activity was not. The body temperature rhythm also shows two peaks, with the second one being bigger and coinciding with the endogenous component of the circadian body temperature rhythm. It was found around light-off. After unlocking the running wheel, the maximum of the body temperature rhythm shifted to the night. This was not primarily a consequence of the changed activity pattern as shown by means of purification analysis. Removing the direct effects of motor activity led to a body temperature curve that could be described by a cosine function, and the delay shift was found also for the purified data, a better estimate of the endogenous circadian component. The wheel-associated increase in nocturnality is not only due to masking effects of wheel-running activity on the body temperature and activity rhythms. It also involves clock-related processes. Changes in the phase preference may serve as an adaptation mechanism to the changes in the animal's natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Weinert
- Institute of Zoology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Domplatz 4, D-06108 Halle, Germany.
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