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Thompson KJ, Watson S, Zanato C, Dall'Angelo S, De Nooij JC, Pace‐Bonello B, Shenton FC, Sanger HE, Heinz BA, Broad LM, Grosjean N, McQuillian JR, Dubini M, Pyner S, Greig I, Zanda M, Bleakman D, Banks RW, Bewick GS. The atypical 'hippocampal' glutamate receptor coupled to phospholipase D that controls stretch-sensitivity in primary mechanosensory nerve endings is homomeric purely metabotropic GluK2. Exp Physiol 2024; 109:81-99. [PMID: 37656490 PMCID: PMC10988755 DOI: 10.1113/ep090761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
A metabotropic glutamate receptor coupled to phospholipase D (PLD-mGluR) was discovered in the hippocampus over three decades ago. Its pharmacology and direct linkage to PLD activation are well established and indicate it is a highly atypical glutamate receptor. A receptor with the same pharmacology is present in spindle primary sensory terminals where its blockade can totally abolish, and its activation can double, the normal stretch-evoked firing. We report here the first identification of this PLD-mGluR protein, by capitalizing on its expression in primary mechanosensory terminals, developing an enriched source, pharmacological profiling to identify an optimal ligand, and then functionalizing it as a molecular tool. Evidence from immunofluorescence, western and far-western blotting indicates PLD-mGluR is homomeric GluK2, since GluK2 is the only glutamate receptor protein/receptor subunit present in spindle mechanosensory terminals. Its expression was also found in the lanceolate palisade ending of hair follicle, also known to contain the PLD-mGluR. Finally, in a mouse model with ionotropic function ablated in the GluK2 subunit, spindle glutamatergic responses were still present, confirming it acts purely metabotropically. We conclude the PLD-mGluR is a homomeric GluK2 kainate receptor signalling purely metabotropically and it is common to other, perhaps all, primary mechanosensory endings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J. Thompson
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & NutritionUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | - Sonia Watson
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & NutritionUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | - Chiara Zanato
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & NutritionUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | - Sergio Dall'Angelo
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & NutritionUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Noelle Grosjean
- CNRS UMR 5297, Interdisciplinary Institute of NeuroscienceUniversity of BordeauxBordeauxFrance
| | - Jessica R. McQuillian
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & NutritionUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | - Marina Dubini
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & NutritionUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | - Susan Pyner
- Department of BiosciencesDurham UniversityDurhamUK
| | - Iain Greig
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & NutritionUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | - Matteo Zanda
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & NutritionUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | | | | | - Guy S. Bewick
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & NutritionUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
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2
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Mazzo F, Butnaru I, Grubisha O, Ficulle E, Sanger H, Fitzgerald G, Pan F, Pasqui F, Murray T, Monn J, Li X, Hutton M, Bose S, Schiavo G, Sher E. Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors Modulate Exocytotic Tau Release and Propagation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2022; 383:117-128. [PMID: 36116796 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.122.001307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Using synaptosomes purified from the brains of two transgenic mouse models overexpressing mutated human tau (TgP301S and Tg4510) and brains of patients with sporadic Alzheimer's disease, we showed that aggregated and hyperphosphorylated tau was both present in purified synaptosomes and released in a calcium- and synaptosome-associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP25)-dependent manner. In all mouse and human synaptosomal preparations, tau release was inhibited by the selective metabotropic glutamate receptor 2/3 (mGluR2/3) agonist LY379268, an effect prevented by the selective mGlu2/3 antagonist LY341495. LY379268 was also able to block pathologic tau propagation between primary neurons in an in vitro microfluidic cellular model. These novel results are transformational for our understanding of the molecular mechanisms mediating tau release and propagation at synaptic terminals in Alzheimer's disease and suggest that these processes could be inhibited therapeutically by the selective activation of presynaptic G protein-coupled receptors. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Pathological tau release and propagation are key neuropathological events underlying cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease patients. This paper describes the role of regulated exocytosis, and the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment receptor (SNARE) protein SNAP25, in mediating tau release from rodent and human synaptosomes. This paper also shows that a selective mGluR2/3 agonist is highly effective in blocking tau release from synaptosomes and tau propagation between neurons, opening the way to the discovery of novel therapeutic approaches to this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Mazzo
- Eli Lilly and Company Ltd, Neuroscience, Bracknell, United Kingdom (F.M., O.G., E.F., H.S., Fr.P., T.M., S.B., E.S.); UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, University College London, London, United Kingdom (I.B., G.S.); Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (G.F., Fe.P., J.M., X.L., M.H.); and Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (G.S.)
| | - Ioana Butnaru
- Eli Lilly and Company Ltd, Neuroscience, Bracknell, United Kingdom (F.M., O.G., E.F., H.S., Fr.P., T.M., S.B., E.S.); UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, University College London, London, United Kingdom (I.B., G.S.); Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (G.F., Fe.P., J.M., X.L., M.H.); and Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (G.S.)
| | - Olivera Grubisha
- Eli Lilly and Company Ltd, Neuroscience, Bracknell, United Kingdom (F.M., O.G., E.F., H.S., Fr.P., T.M., S.B., E.S.); UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, University College London, London, United Kingdom (I.B., G.S.); Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (G.F., Fe.P., J.M., X.L., M.H.); and Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (G.S.)
| | - Elena Ficulle
- Eli Lilly and Company Ltd, Neuroscience, Bracknell, United Kingdom (F.M., O.G., E.F., H.S., Fr.P., T.M., S.B., E.S.); UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, University College London, London, United Kingdom (I.B., G.S.); Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (G.F., Fe.P., J.M., X.L., M.H.); and Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (G.S.)
| | - Helen Sanger
- Eli Lilly and Company Ltd, Neuroscience, Bracknell, United Kingdom (F.M., O.G., E.F., H.S., Fr.P., T.M., S.B., E.S.); UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, University College London, London, United Kingdom (I.B., G.S.); Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (G.F., Fe.P., J.M., X.L., M.H.); and Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (G.S.)
| | - Griffin Fitzgerald
- Eli Lilly and Company Ltd, Neuroscience, Bracknell, United Kingdom (F.M., O.G., E.F., H.S., Fr.P., T.M., S.B., E.S.); UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, University College London, London, United Kingdom (I.B., G.S.); Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (G.F., Fe.P., J.M., X.L., M.H.); and Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (G.S.)
| | - Feng Pan
- Eli Lilly and Company Ltd, Neuroscience, Bracknell, United Kingdom (F.M., O.G., E.F., H.S., Fr.P., T.M., S.B., E.S.); UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, University College London, London, United Kingdom (I.B., G.S.); Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (G.F., Fe.P., J.M., X.L., M.H.); and Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (G.S.)
| | - Francesca Pasqui
- Eli Lilly and Company Ltd, Neuroscience, Bracknell, United Kingdom (F.M., O.G., E.F., H.S., Fr.P., T.M., S.B., E.S.); UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, University College London, London, United Kingdom (I.B., G.S.); Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (G.F., Fe.P., J.M., X.L., M.H.); and Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (G.S.)
| | - Tracey Murray
- Eli Lilly and Company Ltd, Neuroscience, Bracknell, United Kingdom (F.M., O.G., E.F., H.S., Fr.P., T.M., S.B., E.S.); UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, University College London, London, United Kingdom (I.B., G.S.); Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (G.F., Fe.P., J.M., X.L., M.H.); and Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (G.S.)
| | - James Monn
- Eli Lilly and Company Ltd, Neuroscience, Bracknell, United Kingdom (F.M., O.G., E.F., H.S., Fr.P., T.M., S.B., E.S.); UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, University College London, London, United Kingdom (I.B., G.S.); Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (G.F., Fe.P., J.M., X.L., M.H.); and Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (G.S.)
| | - Xia Li
- Eli Lilly and Company Ltd, Neuroscience, Bracknell, United Kingdom (F.M., O.G., E.F., H.S., Fr.P., T.M., S.B., E.S.); UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, University College London, London, United Kingdom (I.B., G.S.); Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (G.F., Fe.P., J.M., X.L., M.H.); and Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (G.S.)
| | - Michael Hutton
- Eli Lilly and Company Ltd, Neuroscience, Bracknell, United Kingdom (F.M., O.G., E.F., H.S., Fr.P., T.M., S.B., E.S.); UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, University College London, London, United Kingdom (I.B., G.S.); Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (G.F., Fe.P., J.M., X.L., M.H.); and Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (G.S.)
| | - Suchira Bose
- Eli Lilly and Company Ltd, Neuroscience, Bracknell, United Kingdom (F.M., O.G., E.F., H.S., Fr.P., T.M., S.B., E.S.); UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, University College London, London, United Kingdom (I.B., G.S.); Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (G.F., Fe.P., J.M., X.L., M.H.); and Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (G.S.)
| | - Giampietro Schiavo
- Eli Lilly and Company Ltd, Neuroscience, Bracknell, United Kingdom (F.M., O.G., E.F., H.S., Fr.P., T.M., S.B., E.S.); UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, University College London, London, United Kingdom (I.B., G.S.); Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (G.F., Fe.P., J.M., X.L., M.H.); and Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (G.S.)
| | - Emanuele Sher
- Eli Lilly and Company Ltd, Neuroscience, Bracknell, United Kingdom (F.M., O.G., E.F., H.S., Fr.P., T.M., S.B., E.S.); UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, University College London, London, United Kingdom (I.B., G.S.); Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (G.F., Fe.P., J.M., X.L., M.H.); and Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (G.S.)
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3
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Copeland CS, Neale SA, Nisenbaum ES, Salt TE. Group II metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGlu 2 and mGlu 3 ) roles in thalamic processing. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:1607-1619. [PMID: 34355803 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE As the thalamus underpins almost all aspects of behaviour, it is important to understand how the thalamus operates. Group II metabotropic glutamate (mGlu2 /mGlu3 ) receptor activation reduces inhibition in thalamic nuclei originating from the surrounding thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN). Whilst an mGlu2 component to this effect has been reported, in this study, we demonstrate that it is likely, largely mediated via mGlu3 . EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The somatosensory ventrobasal thalamus (VB) is an established model for probing fundamental principles of thalamic function. In vitro slices conserving VB-TRN circuitry from wild-type and mGlu3 knockout mouse brains were used to record IPSPs and mIPSCs. In vivo extracellular recordings were made from VB neurons in anaesthetised rats. A range of selective pharmacological agents were used to probe Group II mGlu receptor function (agonist, LY354740; antagonist, LY341495; mGlu2 positive allosteric modulator, LY487379 and mixed mGlu2 agonist/mGlu3 antagonist LY395756). KEY RESULTS The in vitro and in vivo data are complementary and suggest that mGlu3 receptor activation is largely responsible for potentiating responses to somatosensory stimulation by reducing inhibition from the TRN. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS mGlu3 receptor activation in the VB likely enables important somatosensory information to be discerned from background activity. These mGlu3 receptors are likely to be endogenously activated via 'glutamate spillover'. In cognitive thalamic nuclei, this mechanism may be of importance in governing attentional processes. Positive allosteric modulation of endogenous mGlu3 receptor activation may therefore enhance cognitive function in pathophysiological disease states, such as schizophrenia, thus representing a highly specific therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline S Copeland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Eric S Nisenbaum
- Pain/Migraine Research Group, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Thomas E Salt
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.,Neurexpert Limited, The Core, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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4
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Logan CN, Bechard AR, Hamor PU, Wu L, Schwendt M, Knackstedt LA. Ceftriaxone and mGlu2/3 interactions in the nucleus accumbens core affect the reinstatement of cocaine-seeking in male and female rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:2007-2018. [PMID: 32382781 PMCID: PMC8587483 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05514-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The beta-lactam antibiotic ceftriaxone reliably attenuates the reinstatement of cocaine seeking. While the restoration of nucleus accumbens core (NA core) GLT-1 expression is necessary for ceftriaxone to attenuate reinstatement, AAV-mediated GLT-1 overexpression is not sufficient to attenuate reinstatement and does not prevent glutamate efflux during reinstatement. AIMS Here, we test the hypothesis that ceftriaxone attenuates reinstatement through interactions with glutamate autoreceptors mGlu2 and mGlu3 in the NA core. METHODS Male and female rats self-administered cocaine for 12 days followed by 2-3 weeks of extinction training. During the last 6-10 days of extinction, rats received ceftriaxone (200 mg/kg IP) or vehicle. In experiment 1, rats were killed, and NA core tissue was biotinylated for assessment of total and surface expression of mGlu2 and mGlu3 via western blotting. In experiment 2, we tested the hypothesis that mGlu2/3 signaling is necessary for ceftriaxone to attenuate cue- and cocaine-primed reinstatement by administering bilateral intra-NA core infusion of mGlu2/3 antagonist LY341495 or vehicle immediately prior to reinstatement testing. RESULTS mGlu2 expression was reduced by cocaine and restored by ceftriaxone. There were no effects of cocaine or ceftriaxone on mGlu3 expression. We observed no effects of estrus on expression of either protein. The antagonism of mGlu2/3 in the NA core during both cue- and cocaine-primed reinstatement tests prevented ceftriaxone from attenuating reinstatement. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that ceftriaxone's effects depend on mGlu2/3 function and possibly mGlu2 receptor expression. Future work will test this hypothesis by manipulating mGlu2 expression in pathways that project to the NA core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly N Logan
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, 114 Psychology, 945 Center Dr, Gainesville, FL, 32611-2250, USA
- Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Allison R Bechard
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, 114 Psychology, 945 Center Dr, Gainesville, FL, 32611-2250, USA
| | - Peter U Hamor
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, 114 Psychology, 945 Center Dr, Gainesville, FL, 32611-2250, USA
- Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lizhen Wu
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, 114 Psychology, 945 Center Dr, Gainesville, FL, 32611-2250, USA
| | - Marek Schwendt
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, 114 Psychology, 945 Center Dr, Gainesville, FL, 32611-2250, USA
- Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lori A Knackstedt
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, 114 Psychology, 945 Center Dr, Gainesville, FL, 32611-2250, USA.
- Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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5
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Hellyer SD, Albold S, Sengmany K, Singh J, Leach K, Gregory KJ. Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu 5 )-positive allosteric modulators differentially induce or potentiate desensitization of mGlu 5 signaling in recombinant cells and neurons. J Neurochem 2019; 151:301-315. [PMID: 31376155 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Allosteric modulators of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu5 ) are a promising therapeutic strategy for a number of neurological disorders. Multiple mGlu5 -positive allosteric modulator (PAM) chemotypes have been discovered that act as either pure PAMs or as PAM-agonists in recombinant and native cells. While these compounds have been tested in paradigms of receptor activation, their effects on receptor regulatory processes are largely unknown. In this study, acute desensitization of mGlu5 mediated intracellular calcium mobilization by structurally diverse mGlu5 orthosteric and allosteric ligands was assessed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells and primary murine neuronal cultures from both striatum and cortex. We aimed to determine the intrinsic efficacy and modulatory capacity of diverse mGlu5 PAMs [(R)-5-((3-fluorophenyl)ethynyl)-N-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutan-2-yl)picolinamide (VU0424465), N-cyclobutyl-6-((3-fluorophenyl)ethynyl)picolinamide (VU0360172), 1-(4-(2,4-difluorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-((4-fluorobenzyl)oxy)ethanone (DPFE), ((4-fluorophenyl) (2-(phenoxymethyl)-6,7-dihydrooxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-5(4H)-yl)methanone) (VU0409551), 3-Cyano-N-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzamide (CDPPB)] on receptor desensitization and whether cellular context influences receptor regulatory processes. Only VU0424465 and VU0409551 induced desensitization alone in human embryonic kidney 293-mGlu5 cells, while all PAMs enhanced (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG)-induced desensitization. All mGlu5 PAMs induced receptor desensitization alone and enhanced DHPG-induced desensitization in striatal neurons. VU0424465 and VU0360172 were the only PAMs that induced desensitization alone in cortical neurons. With the exception of (CDPPB), PAMs enhanced DHPG-induced desensitization in cortical neurons. Moreover, differential apparent affinities, efficacies, and cooperativities with DHPG were observed for VU0360172, VU0409551, and VU0424465 when comparing receptor activation and desensitization in a cell type-dependent manner. These data indicate that biased mGlu5 allosteric modulator pharmacology extends to receptor regulatory processes in a tissue dependent manner, adding yet another layer of complexity to rational mGlu5 drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane D Hellyer
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sabine Albold
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kathy Sengmany
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Junaid Singh
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katie Leach
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karen J Gregory
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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6
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Jendryka M, Palchaudhuri M, Ursu D, van der Veen B, Liss B, Kätzel D, Nissen W, Pekcec A. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic actions of clozapine-N-oxide, clozapine, and compound 21 in DREADD-based chemogenetics in mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4522. [PMID: 30872749 PMCID: PMC6418145 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41088-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscarinic Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADD) gated by clozapine-N-oxide (CNO) allow selective G-protein cascade activation in genetically specified cell-types in vivo. Here we compare the pharmacokinetics, off-target effects and efficacy of CNO, clozapine (CLZ) and compound 21 (Cmpd-21) at the inhibitory DREADD human Gi-coupled M4 muscarinic receptor (hM4Di). The half maximal effective concentration (EC50) of CLZ was substantially lower (0.42 nM) than CNO (8.1 nM); Cmpd-21 was intermediate (2.95 nM). CNO was back-converted to CLZ in mice, and CLZ accumulated in brain tissue. However, CNO itself also entered the brain, and free cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels were within the range to activate hM4Di directly, while free (CSF) CLZ levels remained below the detection limit. Furthermore, directly injected CLZ was strongly converted to its pharmacologically active metabolite, norclozapine. Cmpd-21 showed a superior brain penetration and long-lasting presence. Although we identified a wide range of CNO and Cmpd-21 off-targets, there was hardly any nonspecific behavioural effects among the parameters assessed by the 5-choice-serial-reaction-time task. Our results suggest that CNO (3–5 mg/kg) and Cmpd-21 (0.4–1 mg/kg) are suitable DREADD agonists, effective at latest 15 min after intraperitoneal application, but both require between-subject controls for unspecific effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Jendryka
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Div. Research Germany, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany.,Institute of Applied Physiology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Monika Palchaudhuri
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Div. Research Germany, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Daniel Ursu
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Div. Research Germany, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Bastiaan van der Veen
- Institute of Applied Physiology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Birgit Liss
- Institute of Applied Physiology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Dennis Kätzel
- Institute of Applied Physiology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Wiebke Nissen
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Div. Research Germany, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Anton Pekcec
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Div. Research Germany, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany.
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7
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Hámor PU, Šírová J, Páleníček T, Zaniewska M, Bubeníková-Valešová V, Schwendt M. Chronic methamphetamine self-administration dysregulates 5-HT2A and mGlu2 receptor expression in the rat prefrontal and perirhinal cortex: Comparison to chronic phencyclidine and MK-801. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2018; 175:89-100. [PMID: 30240581 PMCID: PMC6756482 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic methamphetamine (meth) abuse often turns into a compulsive drug-taking disorder accompanied by persistent cognitive deficits and re-occurring psychosis. Possible common neurobiological substrates underlying meth-induced deficits and schizophrenia remain poorly understood. Serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) and metabotropic glutamate 2 (mGlu2) receptors co-regulate psychosis-like behaviors and cognitive function in animals. Therefore, in the present study we examined the effects of chronic exposure to three different drugs known to produce persistent deficits in sensorimotor gating and cognition [meth, phencyclidine (PCP) and MK-801] on the expression of 5-HT2A and mGlu2 within the rat medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), dorsal hippocampus (dHPC) and perirhinal cortex (PRh). Adult male rats underwent 14 days of: (a) meth self-administration (6 h/day), (b) phencyclidine (PCP; 5 mg/kg, twice/day) administration, or (c) MK-801 (0.3 mg/kg, twice/day) administration. Seven days after the discontinuation of drug administration, tissues of interest were collected for protein expression analysis. We found that despite different pharmacological mechanism of action, chronic meth, PCP, and MK-801 similarly dysregulated 5-HT2A and mGlu2, as indicated by an increase in the 5-HT2A/mGlu2 expression ratio in the mPFC (all three tested drugs), PRh (meth and PCP), and dHPC (MK-801 only). Complementary changes in G-protein expression (increase in Gαq and decrease in Gαi) were also observed in the mPFC of meth animals. Finally, we found that 5-HT2A/mGlu2 cooperation can be mediated in part by the formation of the receptor heteromer in some, but not all cortical regions. In summary, these data suggest that a shift towards increased availability (and G-protein coupling) of cortical 5-HT2A vs. mGlu2 receptors may represent a common neurobiological mechanism underlying the emergence of psychosis and cognitive deficits observed in subjects with meth use disorder and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter U Hámor
- Psychology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Center for Addiction Research and Education (CARE) at University of Florida, USA
| | - Jana Šírová
- National Institute of Mental Health, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic; 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 100 00 Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Páleníček
- National Institute of Mental Health, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Magdalena Zaniewska
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Biostructure, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, PL 31343, Poland; Molecular Biology of Peptide Hormones, Department of Cardiovascular Research, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Marek Schwendt
- Psychology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Center for Addiction Research and Education (CARE) at University of Florida, USA.
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8
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Jiang G, Pu T, Li Z, Zhang X, Zhou R, Cao X, Yu J, Wang X. Lithium affects rat hippocampal electrophysiology and epileptic seizures in a dose dependent manner. Epilepsy Res 2018; 146:112-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2018.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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9
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Caprioli D, Justinova Z, Venniro M, Shaham Y. Effect of Novel Allosteric Modulators of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors on Drug Self-administration and Relapse: A Review of Preclinical Studies and Their Clinical Implications. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 84:180-192. [PMID: 29102027 PMCID: PMC5837933 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Results from preclinical rodent studies during the last 20 years implicated glutamate neurotransmission in different brain regions in drug self-administration and rodent models of relapse. These results, along with evidence for drug-induced neuroadaptations in glutamatergic neurons and receptors, suggested that addiction might be treatable by medications that inhibit glutamatergic responses to drugs of abuse, drug-associated cues, and stressors. This idea is supported by findings in rodent and primate models that drug self-administration and relapse are reduced by systemic injections of antagonists of ionotropic glutamate receptors or metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) or orthosteric agonists of mGluR2/3. However, these compounds have not advanced to clinical use because of potential side effects and other factors. This state of affairs has led to the development of positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) and negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) of mGluRs. PAMs and NAMs of mGluRs, either of which can inhibit evoked glutamate release, may be suitable for testing in humans. We reviewed results from recent studies of systemically injected PAMs and NAMs of mGluRs in rodents and monkeys, focusing on whether they reduce drug self-administration, reinstatement of drug seeking, and incubation of drug craving. We also review results from rat studies in which PAMs or NAMs of mGluRs were injected intracranially to reduce drug self-administration and reinstatement. We conclude that PAMs and NAMs of mGluRs should be considered for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Caprioli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Zuzana Justinova
- Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDA, NIH, DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marco Venniro
- Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDA, NIH, DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yavin Shaham
- Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDA, NIH, DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA
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10
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Monn JA, Henry SS, Massey SM, Clawson DK, Chen Q, Diseroad BA, Bhardwaj RM, Atwell S, Lu F, Wang J, Russell M, Heinz BA, Wang XS, Carter JH, Getman BG, Adragni K, Broad LM, Sanger HE, Ursu D, Catlow JT, Swanson S, Johnson BG, Shaw DB, McKinzie DL, Hao J. Synthesis and Pharmacological Characterization of C4 β-Amide-Substituted 2-Aminobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylates. Identification of (1 S,2 S,4 S,5 R,6 S)-2-Amino-4-[(3-methoxybenzoyl)amino]bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic Acid (LY2794193), a Highly Potent and Selective mGlu 3 Receptor Agonist. J Med Chem 2018; 61:2303-2328. [PMID: 29350927 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Multiple therapeutic opportunities have been suggested for compounds capable of selective activation of metabotropic glutamate 3 (mGlu3) receptors, but small molecule tools are lacking. As part of our ongoing efforts to identify potent, selective, and systemically bioavailable agonists for mGlu2 and mGlu3 receptor subtypes, a series of C4β-N-linked variants of (1 S,2 S,5 R,6 S)-2-amino-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid 1 (LY354740) were prepared and evaluated for both mGlu2 and mGlu3 receptor binding affinity and functional cellular responses. From this investigation we identified (1 S,2 S,4 S,5 R,6 S)-2-amino-4-[(3-methoxybenzoyl)amino]bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid 8p (LY2794193), a molecule that demonstrates remarkable mGlu3 receptor selectivity. Crystallization of 8p with the amino terminal domain of hmGlu3 revealed critical binding interactions for this ligand with residues adjacent to the glutamate binding site, while pharmacokinetic assessment of 8p combined with its effect in an mGlu2 receptor-dependent behavioral model provides estimates for doses of this compound that would be expected to selectively engage and activate central mGlu3 receptors in vivo.
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11
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Olivero G, Bonfiglio T, Vergassola M, Usai C, Riozzi B, Battaglia G, Nicoletti F, Pittaluga A. Immuno-pharmacological characterization of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors controlling glutamate exocytosis in mouse cortex and spinal cord. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:4785-4796. [PMID: 28967122 PMCID: PMC5727332 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We recently proposed the existence of mGlu3 -preferring autoreceptors in spinal cord terminals and of mGlu2 -preferring autoreceptors in cortical terminals. This study aims to verify our previous conclusions and to extend their pharmacological characterization. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We studied the effect of LY566332, an mGlu2 receptor positive allosteric modulator (PAM), and of LY2389575, a selective mGlu3 receptor negative allosteric (NAM) modulator, on the mGlu2/3 agonist LY379268-mediated inhibition of glutamate exocytosis [measured as KCl-evoked release of preloaded [3 H]-D-aspartate]. The mGlu2 PAM BINA and the mGlu3 NAM ML337, as well as selective antibodies recognizing the N-terminal of the receptor proteins, were used to confirm the pharmacological characterization of the native receptors. KEY RESULTS Cortical synaptosomes possess LY566332-sensitive autoreceptors that are slightly, although significantly, susceptible to LY2389575. In contrast, LY566332-insensitive and LY2389575-sensitive autoreceptors are present in spinal cord terminals. BINA and ML337 mimicked LY566332 and LY2389575, respectively, in controlling LY379268-mediated inhibition of glutamate exocytosis from both cortical and spinal cord synaptosomes. Incubation of cortical synaptosomes with anti-mGlu2 antibody prevented the LY379268-induced inhibition of glutamate exocytosis, and this response was partially reduced by the anti-mGlu3 antibody. Incubation of spinal cord synaptosomes with the anti-mGlu3 antibody abolished LY379268-mediated reduction of glutamate exocytosis from these terminals, while the anti-mGlu2 antibody was inactive. Western blot analysis and confocal microscopy data were largely consistent with these functional observations. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We confirmed that mGlu3 -preferring autoreceptors exist in spinal cord terminals. Differently, cortical glutamatergic terminals possess mGlu2 /mGlu3 heterodimers, whose inhibitory effect is largely mediated by mGlu2 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Cesare Usai
- National Research CouncilInstitute of BiophysicsGenoaItaly
| | | | | | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Località CamerellePozzilliItaly
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologySapienza UniversityRomeItaly
| | - Anna Pittaluga
- Department of Pharmacy, DiFARUniversity of GenoaGenoaItaly
- Centre of Excellence for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of GenoaGenoaItaly
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Virdee JK, Saro G, Fouillet A, Findlay J, Ferreira F, Eversden S, O'Neill MJ, Wolak J, Ursu D. A high-throughput model for investigating neuronal function and synaptic transmission in cultured neuronal networks. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14498. [PMID: 29101377 PMCID: PMC5670206 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15171-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of synapses or alteration of synaptic activity is associated with cognitive impairment observed in a number of psychiatric and neurological disorders, such as schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease. Therefore successful development of in vitro methods that can investigate synaptic function in a high-throughput format could be highly impactful for neuroscience drug discovery. We present here the development, characterisation and validation of a novel high-throughput in vitro model for assessing neuronal function and synaptic transmission in primary rodent neurons. The novelty of our approach resides in the combination of the electrical field stimulation (EFS) with data acquisition in spatially separated areas of an interconnected neuronal network. We integrated our methodology with state of the art drug discovery instrumentation (FLIPR Tetra) and used selective tool compounds to perform a systematic pharmacological validation of the model. We investigated pharmacological modulators targeting pre- and post-synaptic receptors (AMPA, NMDA, GABA-A, mGluR2/3 receptors and Nav, Cav voltage-gated ion channels) and demonstrated the ability of our model to discriminate and measure synaptic transmission in cultured neuronal networks. Application of the model described here as an unbiased phenotypic screening approach will help with our long term goals of discovering novel therapeutic strategies for treating neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmeet K Virdee
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Centre, Windlesham, GU20 6PH, UK
| | - Gabriella Saro
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Centre, Windlesham, GU20 6PH, UK
| | - Antoine Fouillet
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Centre, Windlesham, GU20 6PH, UK
| | - Jeremy Findlay
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Centre, Windlesham, GU20 6PH, UK
| | - Filipa Ferreira
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Centre, Windlesham, GU20 6PH, UK
| | - Sarah Eversden
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Centre, Windlesham, GU20 6PH, UK
| | - Michael J O'Neill
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Centre, Windlesham, GU20 6PH, UK
| | - Joanna Wolak
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Centre, Windlesham, GU20 6PH, UK
| | - Daniel Ursu
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Centre, Windlesham, GU20 6PH, UK.
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Leach K, Gregory KJ. Molecular insights into allosteric modulation of Class C G protein-coupled receptors. Pharmacol Res 2017; 116:105-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Johnson KA, Mateo Y, Lovinger DM. Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 inhibits thalamically-driven glutamate and dopamine release in the dorsal striatum. Neuropharmacology 2017; 117:114-123. [PMID: 28159646 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The striatum plays critical roles in action control and cognition, and activity of striatal neurons is driven by glutamatergic input. Inhibition of glutamatergic inputs to projection neurons and interneurons of the striatum by presynaptic G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) stands to modulate striatal output and striatum-dependent behaviors. Despite knowledge that a substantial number of glutamatergic inputs to striatal neurons originate in the thalamus, most electrophysiological studies assessing GPCR modulation do not differentiate between effects on corticostriatal and thalamostriatal transmission, and synaptic inhibition is frequently assumed to be mediated by activation of GPCRs on corticostriatal terminals. We used optogenetic techniques and recently-discovered pharmacological tools to dissect the effects of a prominent presynaptic GPCR, metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGlu2), on corticostriatal vs. thalamostriatal transmission. We found that an agonist of mGlu2 and mGlu3 induces long-term depression (LTD) at synapses onto MSNs from both the cortex and the thalamus. Thalamostriatal LTD is selectively blocked by an mGlu2-selective negative allosteric modulator and reversed by application of an antagonist following LTD induction. Activation of mGlu2/3 also induces LTD of thalamostriatal transmission in striatal cholinergic interneurons (CINs), and pharmacological activation of mGlu2/3 or selective activation of mGlu2 inhibits CIN-mediated dopamine release evoked by selective stimulation of thalamostriatal inputs. Thus, mGlu2 activation exerts effects on striatal physiology that extend beyond modulation of corticostriatal synapses, and has the potential to influence cognition and striatum-related disorders via inhibition of thalamus-derived glutamate and dopamine release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari A Johnson
- Section on Synaptic Pharmacology, Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane TS-13, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Yolanda Mateo
- Section on Synaptic Pharmacology, Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane TS-13, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - David M Lovinger
- Section on Synaptic Pharmacology, Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane TS-13, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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15
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Wood CM, Nicolas CS, Choi SL, Roman E, Nylander I, Fernandez-Teruel A, Kiianmaa K, Bienkowski P, de Jong TR, Colombo G, Chastagnier D, Wafford KA, Collingridge GL, Wildt SJ, Conway-Campbell BL, Robinson ESJ, Lodge D. Prevalence and influence of cys407* Grm2 mutation in Hannover-derived Wistar rats: mGlu2 receptor loss links to alcohol intake, risk taking and emotional behaviour. Neuropharmacology 2016; 115:128-138. [PMID: 26987983 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of metabotropic glutamate 2 (mGlu2) receptor function has huge potential for treating psychiatric and neurological diseases. Development of drugs acting on mGlu2 receptors depends on the development and use of translatable animal models of disease. We report here a stop codon mutation at cysteine 407 in Grm2 (cys407*) that is common in some Wistar rats. Therefore, researchers in this field need to be aware of strains with this mutation. Our genotypic survey found widespread prevalence of the mutation in commercial Wistar strains, particularly those known as Han Wistar. Such Han Wistar rats are ideal for research into the separate roles of mGlu2 and mGlu3 receptors in CNS function. Previous investigations, unknowingly using such mGlu2 receptor-lacking rats, provide insights into the role of mGlu2 receptors in behaviour. The Grm2 mutant rats, which dominate some selectively bred lines, display characteristics of altered emotionality, impulsivity and risk-related behaviours and increased voluntary alcohol intake compared with their mGlu2 receptor-competent counterparts. In addition, the data further emphasize the potential therapeutic role of mGlu2 receptors in psychiatric and neurological disease, and indicate novel methods of studying the role of mGlu2 and mGlu3 receptors. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors, 5 years on'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M Wood
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Celine S Nicolas
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Sun-Lim Choi
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Erika Roman
- Neuropharmacology, Addiction and Behaviour, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 591, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Nylander
- Neuropharmacology, Addiction and Behaviour, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 591, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alberto Fernandez-Teruel
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kalervo Kiianmaa
- Department of Alcohol, Drugs and Addiction, National Institute for Health and Welfare, POB 30 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Trynke R de Jong
- Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Giancarlo Colombo
- Neuroscience Institute, Section of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy, I09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Denis Chastagnier
- Janvier Labs, CS4105 Le Genest-Saint-Isle, F-53941 Saint-Berthevin, France
| | - Keith A Wafford
- Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, UK
| | - Graham L Collingridge
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Sheryl J Wildt
- Envigo, 8520 Allison Pointe Boulevard, Indianapolis IN 46250, USA
| | - Becky L Conway-Campbell
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Emma S J Robinson
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - David Lodge
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
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16
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Di Prisco S, Merega E, Bonfiglio T, Olivero G, Cervetto C, Grilli M, Usai C, Marchi M, Pittaluga A. Presynaptic, release-regulating mGlu2 -preferring and mGlu3 -preferring autoreceptors in CNS: pharmacological profiles and functional roles in demyelinating disease. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:1465-77. [PMID: 26791341 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Presynaptic, release-regulating metabotropic glutamate 2 and 3 (mGlu2/3) autoreceptors exist in the CNS. They represent suitable targets for therapeutic approaches to central diseases that are typified by hyperglutamatergicity. The availability of specific ligands able to differentiate between mGlu2 and mGlu3 subunits allows us to further characterize these autoreceptors. In this study we investigated the pharmacological profile of mGlu2/3 receptors in selected CNS regions and evaluated their functions in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The comparative analysis of presynaptic mGlu2/3 autoreceptors was performed by determining the effect of selective mGlu2/3 receptor agonist(s) and antagonist(s) on the release of [(3)H]-D-aspartate from cortical and spinal cord synaptosomes in superfusion. In EAE mice, mGlu2/3 autoreceptor-mediated release functions were investigated and effects of in vivo LY379268 administration on impaired glutamate release examined ex vivo. KEY RESULTS Western blot analysis and confocal microscopy confirmed the presence of presynaptic mGlu2/3 receptor proteins. Cortical synaptosomes possessed LY541850-sensitive, NAAG-insensitive autoreceptors having low affinity for LY379268, while LY541850-insensitive, NAAG-sensitive autoreceptors with high affinity for LY379268 existed in spinal cord terminals. In EAE mice, mGlu2/3 autoreceptors completely lost their inhibitory activity in cortical, but not in spinal cord synaptosomes. In vivo LY379268 administration restored the glutamate exocytosis capability in spinal cord but not in cortical terminals in EAE mice. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We propose the existence of mGlu2-preferring and mGlu3-preferring autoreceptors in mouse cortex and spinal cord respectively. The mGlu3 -preferring autoreceptors could represent a target for new pharmacological approaches for treating demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Di Prisco
- Department of Pharmacy, DiFAR, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Elisa Merega
- Department of Pharmacy, DiFAR, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Tommaso Bonfiglio
- Department of Pharmacy, DiFAR, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Guendalina Olivero
- Department of Pharmacy, DiFAR, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Cervetto
- Department of Pharmacy, DiFAR, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Massimo Grilli
- Department of Pharmacy, DiFAR, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Cesare Usai
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mario Marchi
- Department of Pharmacy, DiFAR, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Anna Pittaluga
- Department of Pharmacy, DiFAR, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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17
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Witkin JM, Ornstein PL, Mitch CH, Li R, Smith SC, Heinz BA, Wang XS, Xiang C, Carter JH, Anderson WH, Li X, Broad LM, Pasqui F, Fitzjohn SM, Sanger HE, Smith JL, Catlow J, Swanson S, Monn JA. In vitro pharmacological and rat pharmacokinetic characterization of LY3020371, a potent and selective mGlu 2/3 receptor antagonist. Neuropharmacology 2015; 115:100-114. [PMID: 26748052 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate 2/3 (mGlu2/3) receptors are of considerable interest owing to their role in modulating glutamate transmission via presynaptic, postsynaptic and glial mechanisms. As part of our ongoing efforts to identify novel ligands for these receptors, we have discovered (1S,2R,3S,4S,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-[(3,4-difluorophenyl)sulfanylmethyl]-4-hydroxy-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid; (LY3020371), a potent and selective orthosteric mGlu2/3 receptor antagonist. In this account, we characterize the effects of LY3020371 in membranes and cells expressing human recombinant mGlu receptor subtypes as well as in native rodent and human brain tissue preparations, providing important translational information for this molecule. In membranes from cells expressing recombinant human mGlu2 and mGlu3 receptor subtypes, LY3020371.HCl competitively displaced binding of the mGlu2/3 agonist ligand [3H]-459477 with high affinity (hmGlu2 Ki = 5.26 nM; hmGlu3 Ki = 2.50 nM). In cells expressing hmGlu2 receptors, LY3020371.HCl potently blocked mGlu2/3 agonist (DCG-IV)-inhibited, forskolin-stimulated cAMP formation (IC50 = 16.2 nM), an effect that was similarly observed in hmGlu3-expressing cells (IC50 = 6.21 nM). Evaluation of LY3020371 in cells expressing the other human mGlu receptor subtypes revealed high mGlu2/3 receptor selectivity. In rat native tissue assays, LY3020371 demonstrated effective displacement of [3H]-459477 from frontal cortical membranes (Ki = 33 nM), and functional antagonist activity in cortical synaptosomes measuring both the reversal of agonist-suppressed second messenger production (IC50 = 29 nM) and agonist-inhibited, K+-evoked glutamate release (IC50 = 86 nM). Antagonism was fully recapitulated in both primary cultured cortical neurons where LY3020371 blocked agonist-suppressed spontaneous Ca2+ oscillations (IC50 = 34 nM) and in an intact hippocampal slice preparation (IC50 = 46 nM). Functional antagonist activity was similarly demonstrated in synaptosomes prepared from epileptic human cortical or hippocampal tissues, suggesting a translation of the mGlu2/3 antagonist pharmacology from rat to human. Intravenous dosing of LY3020371 in rats led to cerebrospinal fluid drug levels that are expected to effectively block mGlu2/3 receptors in vivo. Taken together, these results establish LY3020371 as an important new pharmacological tool for studying mGlu2/3 receptors in vitro and in vivo. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors, 5 years on'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Witkin
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Paul L Ornstein
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Charles H Mitch
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Renhua Li
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Stephon C Smith
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Beverly A Heinz
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Xu-Shan Wang
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Chuanxi Xiang
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Joan H Carter
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Wesley H Anderson
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Xia Li
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - John Catlow
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Steven Swanson
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - James A Monn
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
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18
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Gregory KJ, Conn PJ. Molecular Insights into Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Allosteric Modulation. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 88:188-202. [PMID: 25808929 DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.097220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors are a group of eight family C G protein-coupled receptors that are expressed throughout the central nervous system (CNS) and periphery. Within the CNS the different subtypes are found in neurons, both pre- and/or postsynaptically, where they mediate modulatory roles and in glial cells. The mGlu receptor family provides attractive targets for numerous psychiatric and neurologic disorders, with the majority of discovery programs focused on targeting allosteric sites, with allosteric ligands now available for all mGlu receptor subtypes. However, the development of allosteric ligands remains challenging. Biased modulation, probe dependence, and molecular switches all contribute to the complex molecular pharmacology exhibited by mGlu receptor allosteric ligands. In recent years we have made significant progress in our understanding of this molecular complexity coupled with an increased understanding of the structural basis of mGlu allosteric modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Gregory
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (K.J.G.); and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery & Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (P.J.C)
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (K.J.G.); and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery & Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (P.J.C)
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19
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Monn JA, Prieto L, Taboada L, Pedregal C, Hao J, Reinhard MR, Henry SS, Goldsmith PJ, Beadle CD, Walton L, Man T, Rudyk H, Clark B, Tupper D, Baker SR, Lamas C, Montero C, Marcos A, Blanco J, Bures M, Clawson DK, Atwell S, Lu F, Wang J, Russell M, Heinz BA, Wang X, Carter JH, Xiang C, Catlow JT, Swanson S, Sanger H, Broad LM, Johnson MP, Knopp KL, Simmons RMA, Johnson BG, Shaw DB, McKinzie DL. Synthesis and Pharmacological Characterization of C4-Disubstituted Analogs of 1S,2S,5R,6S-2-Aminobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylate: Identification of a Potent, Selective Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Agonist and Determination of Agonist-Bound Human mGlu2 and mGlu3 Amino Terminal Domain Structures. J Med Chem 2015; 58:1776-94. [DOI: 10.1021/jm501612y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James A. Monn
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Lourdes Prieto
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Lorena Taboada
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Concepcion Pedregal
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Junliang Hao
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Matt R. Reinhard
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Steven S. Henry
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Paul J. Goldsmith
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Christopher D. Beadle
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Lesley Walton
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Teresa Man
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Helene Rudyk
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Barry Clark
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - David Tupper
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - S. Richard Baker
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Carlos Lamas
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Carlos Montero
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Alicia Marcos
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Jaime Blanco
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Mark Bures
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - David K. Clawson
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Shane Atwell
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Frances Lu
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Jing Wang
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Marijane Russell
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Beverly A. Heinz
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Xushan Wang
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Joan H. Carter
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Chuanxi Xiang
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - John T. Catlow
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Steven Swanson
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Helen Sanger
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Lisa M. Broad
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Michael P. Johnson
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Kelly L. Knopp
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Rosa M. A. Simmons
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Bryan G. Johnson
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - David B. Shaw
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - David L. McKinzie
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
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20
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Opportunities and challenges in the discovery of allosteric modulators of GPCRs for treating CNS disorders. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2014; 13:692-708. [PMID: 25176435 DOI: 10.1038/nrd4308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Novel allosteric modulators of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are providing fundamental advances in the development of GPCR ligands with high subtype selectivity and novel modes of efficacy that have not been possible with traditional approaches. As new allosteric modulators are advancing as drug candidates, we are developing an increased understanding of the major advantages and broad range of activities that can be achieved with these agents through selective modulation of specific signalling pathways, differential effects on GPCR homodimers versus heterodimers, and other properties. This understanding creates exciting opportunities, as well as unique challenges, in the optimization of novel therapeutic agents for disorders of the central nervous system.
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21
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Dage JL, Colvin EM, Fouillet A, Langron E, Roell WC, Li J, Mathur SX, Mogg AJ, Schmitt MG, Felder CC, Merchant KM, Isaac J, Broad LM, Sher E, Ursu D. Pharmacological characterisation of ligand- and voltage-gated ion channels expressed in human iPSC-derived forebrain neurons. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:1105-24. [PMID: 24429870 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3384-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Genetic causes, or predisposition, are increasingly accepted to be part of the ethiopathogenesis of many neuropsychiatric diseases. While genes can be studied in any type of cells, their physiological function in human brain cells is difficult to evaluate, particularly in living subjects. METHODS As a first step towards the characterisation of human inducible pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons from autism spectrum disorder (ASD) patients, we used gene expression and functional studies to define the regional identity of the typical forebrain differentiation, demonstrate expression patterns of genes of interest in ASD and understand the properties of 'control' iPSC-derived neurons (iCell-Neurons™), with a focus on receptors and ion channels that play a central role in synaptic physio-pathology. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The gene expression profile of the iCell-Neurons™ closely resembled that observed in neonatal prefrontal cortex tissues. Functional studies, performed mainly using calcium flux assays, demonstrated the presence of ionotropic glutamate (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid and N-methyl-D-aspartate) and gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors. Voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels were also identified using similar techniques. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the results reported here suggest that iCell-Neurons™ are a good cellular model of a relatively immature forebrain human neuron population that can be used both as a control in comparison to patients cells, and as host cells in which mutations, insertions and deletions can be used in order to study the molecular mechanisms of ASD and other neurological disorders in an isogenic cellular background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Dage
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
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22
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Caulder EH, Riegle MA, Godwin DW. Activation of group 2 metabotropic glutamate receptors reduces behavioral and electrographic correlates of pilocarpine induced status epilepticus. Epilepsy Res 2013; 108:171-81. [PMID: 24305700 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Novel treatments for epilepsy are necessary because many epilepsy patients are resistant to medication. Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), specifically mGluR 2 and 3, may serve as antiepileptic drug targets because of their role in controlling synaptic release. In this study, we administered a Group 2 mGluR agonist, LY379268, one of two mGluR2-specific positive allosteric modulators, BINA or CBiPES, or a cocktail of both BINA and LY379268 in a series of experiments using the pilocarpine model of SE. In one study, groups received treatments 15 min prior to pilocarpine, while in a second study groups received treatments after SE had been initiated to determine whether the drugs could reduce development and progression of SE. We measured bouts of stage 5 seizures, latency to the first seizure, and the maximum Racine score to characterize the seizure severity. We analyzed mouse EEG with implanted electrodes using a power analysis. We found that pretreatment and posttreatment with LY379268 was effective at reducing both behavioral correlates and power in EEG bandwidths associated with seizure, while CBiPES was less effective and BINA was ineffective. These data generally support continued development of mGluR2 pharmacology for novel antiepileptic drugs, though further study with additional drugs and concentrations will be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin H Caulder
- Wake Forest University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, 1 Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Melissa A Riegle
- Wake Forest University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, 1 Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA; Wake Forest University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Neuroscience Program, 1 Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Dwayne W Godwin
- Wake Forest University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, 1 Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA; Wake Forest University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Neuroscience Program, 1 Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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23
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Monn JA, Valli MJ, Massey SM, Hao J, Reinhard MR, Bures MG, Heinz BA, Wang X, Carter JH, Getman BG, Stephenson GA, Herin M, Catlow JT, Swanson S, Johnson BG, McKinzie DL, Henry SS. Synthesis and Pharmacological Characterization of 4-Substituted-2-Aminobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylates: Identification of New Potent and Selective Metabotropic Glutamate 2/3 Receptor Agonists. J Med Chem 2013; 56:4442-55. [DOI: 10.1021/jm4000165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James A. Monn
- Discovery
Chemistry Research and Technologies, §Preformulation, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Matthew J. Valli
- Discovery
Chemistry Research and Technologies, §Preformulation, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Steven M. Massey
- Discovery
Chemistry Research and Technologies, §Preformulation, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Junliang Hao
- Discovery
Chemistry Research and Technologies, §Preformulation, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Matthew R. Reinhard
- Discovery
Chemistry Research and Technologies, §Preformulation, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Mark G. Bures
- Discovery
Chemistry Research and Technologies, §Preformulation, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Beverly A. Heinz
- Discovery
Chemistry Research and Technologies, §Preformulation, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Xushan Wang
- Discovery
Chemistry Research and Technologies, §Preformulation, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Joan H. Carter
- Discovery
Chemistry Research and Technologies, §Preformulation, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Brian G. Getman
- Discovery
Chemistry Research and Technologies, §Preformulation, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Gregory A. Stephenson
- Discovery
Chemistry Research and Technologies, §Preformulation, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Marc Herin
- Discovery
Chemistry Research and Technologies, §Preformulation, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - John T. Catlow
- Discovery
Chemistry Research and Technologies, §Preformulation, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Steven Swanson
- Discovery
Chemistry Research and Technologies, §Preformulation, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Bryan G. Johnson
- Discovery
Chemistry Research and Technologies, §Preformulation, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - David L. McKinzie
- Discovery
Chemistry Research and Technologies, §Preformulation, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Steven S. Henry
- Discovery
Chemistry Research and Technologies, §Preformulation, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
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24
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Pharmacology of metabotropic glutamate receptor allosteric modulators: structural basis and therapeutic potential for CNS disorders. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 115:61-121. [PMID: 23415092 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394587-7.00002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlus) mediate a neuromodulatory role throughout the brain for the major excitatory neurotransmitter, glutamate. Seven of the eight mGlu subtypes are expressed within the CNS and are attractive targets for a variety of psychiatric and neurological disorders including anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, and Fragile X syndrome. Allosteric modulation of these class C 7-transmembrane spanning receptors represents a novel approach to facilitate development of mGlu subtype-selective probes and therapeutics. Allosteric modulators that interact with sites topographically distinct from the endogenous ligand-binding site offer a number of advantages over their competitive counterparts. In particular for CNS therapeutics, allosteric modulators have the potential to maintain the spatial and temporal aspects of endogenous neurotransmission. The past 15 years have seen the discovery of numerous subtype-selective allosteric modulators for the majority of the mGlu family members, including positive, negative, and neutral allosteric modulators, with a number of mGlu allosteric modulators now in clinical trials.
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