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Mukai Y, Lupinacci R, Marder S, Snow-Adami L, Voss T, Smith SM, Egan MF. Effects of PDE10A inhibitor MK-8189 in people with an acute episode of schizophrenia: A randomized proof-of-concept clinical trial. Schizophr Res 2024; 270:37-43. [PMID: 38851166 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2024.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PDE10A inhibition represents a potential mechanism for treating schizophrenia. PDE10A inhibitors increase cyclic nucleotides in striatal neurons, thereby mimicking the effects of dopamine receptor D2 antagonists and D1 agonists. We evaluated the PDE10A inhibitor MK-8189 for treating schizophrenia. METHODS Randomized, double-blind, placebo and active-controlled, phase 2a, multicenter, inpatient trial in adults experiencing an acute episode of schizophrenia. Participants were randomized 2:2:1 to once-daily MK-8189 12 mg, placebo, or risperidone 6 mg (active control) for 4-weeks. The primary outcome was change-from-baseline in total score on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) at 4 weeks. RESULTS The number of treated participants was 90 for MK-8189, 89 for placebo, and 45 for risperidone. MK-8189 demonstrated a trend towards improvement versus placebo for change-from-baseline in PANSS total score after 4 weeks (difference = -4.7 [95 % CI: -9.8,0.5], P = 0.074). The active control risperidone was superior to placebo on PANNS total score (difference = -7.3 [95 % CI: -14.0,-0.6], P = 0.033), demonstrating assay sensitivity, while MK-8189 and risperidone did not significantly differ (difference = 2.6 [95 % CI: -4.0,9.2], P = 0.440). MK-8189 had a nominally significant effect on PANSS positive subscale score compared to placebo (difference = -2.2 [95 % CI: -3.8,-0.5], P = 0.011). Discontinuation of MK-8189 treatment due to an adverse event was low (<10 %). Extrapyramidal symptoms occurred with MK-8189 but were mostly mild and transient. Compared with placebo, MK-8189 reduced body weight while risperidone increased weight. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that PDE10A inhibition may produce antipsychotic effects and associated weight loss and that further trials with PDE10A inhibitors are warranted. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT03055338.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephen Marder
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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2
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Marshall RD, Menniti FS, Tepper MA. A Novel PDE10A Inhibitor for Tourette Syndrome and Other Movement Disorders. Cells 2024; 13:1230. [PMID: 39056811 PMCID: PMC11274801 DOI: 10.3390/cells13141230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tourette syndrome is a neurodevelopmental movement disorder involving basal ganglia dysfunction. PDE10A inhibitors modulate signaling in the striatal basal ganglia nuclei and are thus of interest as potential therapeutics in treating Tourette syndrome and other movement disorders. METHODS The preclinical pharmacology and toxicology, human safety and tolerability, and human PET striatal enzyme occupancy data for the PDE10A inhibitor EM-221 are presented. RESULTS EM-221 inhibited PDE10A with an in vitro IC50 of 9 pM and was >100,000 selective vs. other PDEs and other CNS receptors and enzymes. In rats, at doses of 0.05-0.50 mg/kg, EM-221 reduced hyperlocomotion and the disruption of prepulse inhibition induced by MK-801, attenuated conditioned avoidance, and facilitated novel object recognition, consistent with PDE10A's inhibition. EM-221 displayed no genotoxicity and was well tolerated up to 300 mg/kg in rats and 100 mg/kg in dogs. In single- and multiple-day ascending dose studies in healthy human volunteers, EM-221 was well tolerated up to 10 mg, with a maximum tolerated dose of 15 mg. PET imaging indicated that a PDE10A enzyme occupancy of up to 92.8% was achieved with a ~24 h half-life. CONCLUSIONS The preclinical and clinical data presented here support the study of EM-221 in phase 2 trials of Tourette syndrome and other movement disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank S. Menniti
- MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., Kingston, RI 02881, USA;
- The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Mark A. Tepper
- EuMentis Therapeutics Inc., 275 Grove Street, 2-400, Newton, MA 02466, USA;
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Xiang Y, Naik S, Zhao L, Shi J, Ke H. Emerging phosphodiesterase inhibitors for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:1404-1445. [PMID: 38279990 DOI: 10.1002/med.22017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) cause progressive loss of neuron structure and ultimately lead to neuronal cell death. Since the available drugs show only limited symptomatic relief, NDs are currently considered as incurable. This review will illustrate the principal roles of the signaling systems of cyclic adenosine and guanosine 3',5'-monophosphates (cAMP and cGMP) in the neuronal functions, and summarize expression/activity changes of the associated enzymes in the ND patients, including cyclases, protein kinases, and phosphodiesterases (PDEs). As the sole enzymes hydrolyzing cAMP and cGMP, PDEs are logical targets for modification of neurodegeneration. We will focus on PDE inhibitors and their potentials as disease-modifying therapeutics for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. For the overlapped but distinct contributions of cAMP and cGMP to NDs, we hypothesize that dual PDE inhibitors, which simultaneously regulate both cAMP and cGMP signaling pathways, may have complementary and synergistic effects on modifying neurodegeneration and thus represent a new direction on the discovery of ND drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Swapna Naik
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale Cancer Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Liyun Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianyou Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Hengming Ke
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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4
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Layton ME, Kern JC, Hartingh TJ, Shipe WD, Raheem I, Kandebo M, Hayes RP, Huszar S, Eddins D, Ma B, Fuerst J, Wollenberg GK, Li J, Fritzen J, McGaughey GB, Uslaner JM, Smith SM, Coleman PJ, Cox CD. Discovery of MK-8189, a Highly Potent and Selective PDE10A Inhibitor for the Treatment of Schizophrenia. J Med Chem 2023; 66:1157-1171. [PMID: 36624931 PMCID: PMC9884086 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PDE10A is an important regulator of striatal signaling that, when inhibited, can normalize dysfunctional activity. Given the involvement of dysfunctional striatal activity with schizophrenia, PDE10A inhibition represents a potentially novel means for its treatment. With the goal of developing PDE10A inhibitors, early optimization of a fragment hit through rational design led to a series of potent pyrimidine PDE10A inhibitors that required further improvements in physicochemical properties, off-target activities, and pharmacokinetics. Herein we describe the discovery of an isomeric pyrimidine series that addresses the liabilities seen with earlier compounds and resulted in the invention of compound 18 (MK-8189), which is currently in Phase 2b clinical development for the treatment of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E. Layton
- Discovery
Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Jeffrey C. Kern
- Discovery
Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Timothy J. Hartingh
- Discovery
Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - William D. Shipe
- Discovery
Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Izzat Raheem
- Discovery
Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Monika Kandebo
- Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Robert P. Hayes
- Structural
Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Sarah Huszar
- In
Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Donnie Eddins
- In
Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Bennett Ma
- Pharmacokinetics, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Joy Fuerst
- Discovery
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co.,
Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Gordon K. Wollenberg
- Nonclinical
Drug Safety, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Jing Li
- Discovery
Process Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Jeff Fritzen
- Discovery
Process Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Georgia B. McGaughey
- Chemistry
Modeling and Informatics, Merck & Co.,
Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Jason M. Uslaner
- Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Sean M. Smith
- Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Paul J. Coleman
- Discovery
Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Christopher D. Cox
- Discovery
Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
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Lenda T, Ossowska K, Berghauzen-Maciejewska K, Matłoka M, Pieczykolan J, Wieczorek M, Konieczny J. Antiparkinsonian-like effects of CPL500036, a novel selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 10A, in the unilateral rat model of Parkinson's disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 910:174460. [PMID: 34469756 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A), the enzyme which catalyzes hydrolysis of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), is located almost exclusively in striatal γ-amino-butyric acid (GABA)ergic medium spiny neurons (MSNs). Since dopaminergic deficiency in Parkinson's disease (PD) leads to functional imbalance of striatal direct and indirect output pathways formed by MSNs, PDE10A seems to be of special interest as a potential therapeutic target in PD. The aim of the present study was to examine the influence of 7-{5,8-dimethyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrazin-2-yl}-2-phenylimidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidine (CPL500036), a novel selective inhibitor of PDE10A, on sensorimotor deficits and therapeutic effects of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) in hemiparkinsonian rats. Animals were unilaterally lesioned with 6-hydroxydopamine, and their sensorimotor deficits were examined in the stepping, cylinder, vibrissae and catalepsy tests. CPL500036 (0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg) was administered either acutely or chronically (2 weeks), alone or in combination with L-DOPA/benserazide (6 mg/kg/6 mg/kg). Acute treatment with CPL500036 reversed the lesion-induced impairments of contralateral forelimb use in the stepping and cylinder tests but did not influence deficits in the vibrissae test and the lesion-induced catalepsy. Moreover, CPL500036 did not diminish the therapeutic effects produced by acute and chronic treatment with L-DOPA in these tests. The present study suggests a potential use of CPL500036 as a co-treatment to L-DOPA in PD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Lenda
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343, Kraków, 12 Smętna Street, Poland
| | - Krystyna Ossowska
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343, Kraków, 12 Smętna Street, Poland
| | - Klemencja Berghauzen-Maciejewska
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343, Kraków, 12 Smętna Street, Poland
| | - Mikołaj Matłoka
- R&D Centre, Celon Pharma SA, Marymoncka 15 Street, 05-152, Kazuń Nowy, Poland
| | - Jerzy Pieczykolan
- R&D Centre, Celon Pharma SA, Marymoncka 15 Street, 05-152, Kazuń Nowy, Poland
| | - Maciej Wieczorek
- R&D Centre, Celon Pharma SA, Marymoncka 15 Street, 05-152, Kazuń Nowy, Poland
| | - Jolanta Konieczny
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343, Kraków, 12 Smętna Street, Poland.
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Cognitive Deficit in Schizophrenia: From Etiology to Novel Treatments. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189905. [PMID: 34576069 PMCID: PMC8468549 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a major mental illness characterized by positive and negative symptoms, and by cognitive deficit. Although cognitive impairment is disabling for patients, it has been largely neglected in the treatment of schizophrenia. There are several reasons for this lack of treatments for cognitive deficit, but the complexity of its etiology-in which neuroanatomic, biochemical and genetic factors concur-has contributed to the lack of effective treatments. In the last few years, there have been several attempts to develop novel drugs for the treatment of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. Despite these efforts, little progress has been made. The latest findings point to the importance of developing personalized treatments for schizophrenia which enhance neuroplasticity, and of combining pharmacological treatments with non-pharmacological measures.
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7
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Effects of a novel M4 muscarinic positive allosteric modulator on behavior and cognitive deficits relevant to Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia in rhesus monkey. Neuropharmacology 2021; 197:108754. [PMID: 34389398 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a profoundly debilitating neurodegenerative disorder characterized most notably by progressive cognitive decline, but also agitation and behavioral disturbances that are extremely disruptive to patient and caregiver. Current pharmacological treatments for these symptoms have limited efficacy and significant side effects. We have recently reported the discovery of Compound 24, an M4 positive allosteric modulator (PAM) that is potent, highly selective, and devoid of cholinergic-like side effects in rats. In order to further evaluate the translatability of the effects of compound 24 in primates, here we describe the effect of Compound 24 on three behavioral and cognition assays in rhesus monkeys, the stimulant induced motor activity (SIMA) assay, the object retrieval detour task (ORD), and the visuo-spatial paired-associates learning (vsPAL) task. As far as we know, this is the first such characterization of an M4 PAM in non-human primate. Compound 24 and the clinical standard olanzapine attenuated amphetamine induced hyperactivity to a similar degree. In addition, Compound 24 demonstrated procognitive effects in scopolamine-impaired ORD and vsPAL, and these effects were of similar magnitude to donepezil. These findings suggest that M4 PAMs may be beneficial to diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia, which are marked by behavioral disturbances as well as deficits in cognitive function.
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8
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Papaverine, a Phosphodiesterase 10A Inhibitor, Ameliorates Quinolinic Acid-Induced Synaptotoxicity in Human Cortical Neurons. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:1238-1250. [PMID: 33914237 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00368-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase-10A (PDE10A) hydrolyse the secondary messengers cGMP and cAMP, two molecules playing important roles in neurodevelopment and brain functions. PDE10A is associated to progression of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's diseases, and a critical role in cognitive functions. The present study was undertaken to determine the possible neuroprotective effects and the associated mechanism of papaverine (PAP), a PDE10A isoenzyme inhibitor, against quinolinic acid (QUIN)-induced excitotoxicity using human primary cortical neurons. Cytotoxicity potential of PAP was analysed using MTS assay. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential were measured by DCF-DA and JC10 staining, respectively. Caspase 3/7 and cAMP levels were measured using ELISA kits. Effect of PAP on the CREB, BNDF and synaptic proteins such as SAP-97, synaptophysin, synapsin-I, and PSD-95 expression was analysed by Western blot. Pre-treatment with PAP increased intracellular cAMP and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) levels, restored mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and decreased ROS and caspase 3/7 content in QUIN exposed neurons. PAP up-regulated CREB and BDNF, and synaptic protein expression. In summary, these data indicate that PDE10A is involved in QUIN-mediated synaptotoxicity and its inhibition elicit neuroprotection by reducing the oxidative stress and protecting synaptic proteins via up-regulation of cAMP signalling cascade.
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9
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Menniti FS, Chappie TA, Schmidt CJ. PDE10A Inhibitors-Clinical Failure or Window Into Antipsychotic Drug Action? Front Neurosci 2021; 14:600178. [PMID: 33551724 PMCID: PMC7855852 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.600178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
PDE10A, a phosphodiesterase that inactivates both cAMP and cGMP, is a unique signaling molecule in being highly and nearly exclusively expressed in striatal medium spiny neurons. These neurons dynamically integrate cortical information with dopamine-signaled value to mediate action selection among available behavioral options. Medium spiny neurons are components of either the direct or indirect striatal output pathways. Selective activation of indirect pathway medium spiny neurons by dopamine D2 receptor antagonists is putatively a key element in the mechanism of their antipsychotic efficacy. While PDE10A is expressed in all medium spiny neurons, studies in rodents indicated that PDE10A inhibition has behavioral effects in several key assays that phenocopy dopamine D2 receptor inhibition. This finding gave rise to the hypothesis that PDE10A inhibition also preferentially activates indirect pathway medium spiny neurons, a hypothesis that is consistent with electrophysiological, neurochemical, and molecular effects of PDE10A inhibitors. These data underwrote industry-wide efforts to investigate and develop PDE10A inhibitors as novel antipsychotics. Disappointingly, PDE10A inhibitors from 3 companies failed to evidence antipsychotic activity in patients with schizophrenia to the same extent as standard-of-care D2 antagonists. Given the notable similarities between PDE10A inhibitors and D2 antagonists, gaining an understanding of why only the latter class is antipsychotic affords a unique window into the basis for this therapeutic efficacy. With this in mind, we review the data on PDE10A inhibition as a step toward back-translating the limited antipsychotic efficacy of PDE10A inhibitors, hopefully to inform new efforts to develop better therapeutics to treat psychosis and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank S Menniti
- George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Thomas A Chappie
- Internal Medicine Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Christopher J Schmidt
- Pfizer Innovation and Research Lab Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, United States
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Phosphodiesterase 10A Inhibitor Monotherapy Is Not an Effective Treatment of Acute Schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2020; 39:575-582. [PMID: 31688451 DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0000000000001128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current treatments for psychotic symptoms associated with schizophrenia often provide inadequate efficacy with unacceptable adverse effects. Improved therapeutics have long been a goal of research. Preclinical testing suggests that phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) inhibitors may provide a novel approach to treating psychosis associated with schizophrenia. METHODS The efficacy and safety of a highly selective PDE10A inhibitor, PF-02545920, was evaluated in a phase 2 multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Eligible patients (18-65 years) with an acute exacerbation of schizophrenia were randomized 2:2:1:2 to PF-02545920 (5 or 15 mg every 12 hours [Q12H] titrated), risperidone (3 mg Q12H), or placebo for 28 days (n = 74:74:37:74). The primary objectives were to evaluate the efficacy of PF-02545920 using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANNS) and safety/tolerability. RESULTS At day 28, PF-02545920 (either dose) was not significantly different from placebo for mean change from baseline in the PANNS total score (primary end point) or most other end points. Pharmacokinetics exposures seemed adequate for binding/inhibiting PDE10A enzyme. Risperidone was statistically different from placebo for the PANNS total score, demonstrating study sensitivity. Incidence rates for adverse events were similar among the groups. Both doses of PF-02545920 were generally well tolerated. Dystonia occurred in 1, 6, 0, and 3 patients in the PF-02545920 5 mg Q12H, PF-02545920 15 mg Q12H, risperidone, and placebo groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Neither dose of PF-02545920 was superior to placebo for the primary and most secondary end points. This indicates that PDE10A inhibition does not produce an antipsychotic effect in patients with acute exacerbation of schizophrenia.
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Jankowska A, Świerczek A, Wyska E, Gawalska A, Bucki A, Pawłowski M, Chłoń-Rzepa G. Advances in Discovery of PDE10A Inhibitors for CNS-Related Disorders. Part 1: Overview of the Chemical and Biological Research. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:122-143. [PMID: 30091414 DOI: 10.2174/1389450119666180808105056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) is a double substrate enzyme that hydrolyzes second messenger molecules such as cyclic-3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic-3',5'-guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). Through this process, PDE10A controls intracellular signaling pathways in the mammalian brain and peripheral tissues. Pharmacological, biochemical, and anatomical data suggest that disorders in the second messenger system mediated by PDE10A may contribute to impairments in the central nervous system (CNS) function, including cognitive deficits as well as disturbances of behavior, emotion processing, and movement. This review provides a detailed description of PDE10A and the recent advances in the design of selective PDE10A inhibitors. The results of preclinical studies regarding the potential utility of PDE10A inhibitors for the treatment of CNS-related disorders, such as schizophrenia as well as Huntington's and Parkinson's diseases are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Jankowska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Artur Świerczek
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Physical Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Wyska
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Physical Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Alicja Gawalska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Adam Bucki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Maciej Pawłowski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Grażyna Chłoń-Rzepa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
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12
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Synthesis, SAR study, and biological evaluation of novel 2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[1,2-a]benzimidazole derivatives as phosphodiesterase 10A inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:3692-3706. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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13
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Al-Nema M, Gaurav A, Akowuah G. Discovery of natural product inhibitors of phosphodiesterase 10A as novel therapeutic drug for schizophrenia using a multistep virtual screening. Comput Biol Chem 2018; 77:52-63. [PMID: 30240986 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The major complaint that most of the schizophrenic patients' face is the cognitive impairment which affects the patient's quality of life. The current antipsychotic drugs treat only the positive symptoms without alleviating the negative or cognitive symptoms of the disease. In addition, the existing therapies are known to produce extrapyramidal side effects that affect the patient adherence to the treatment. PDE10A inhibitor is the new therapeutic approach which has been proven to be effective in alleviating the negative and cognitive symptoms of the disease. A number of PDE10A inhibitors have been developed, but no inhibitor has made it beyond the clinical trials so far. Thus, the present study has been conducted to identify a PDE10A inhibitor from natural sources to be used as a lead compound for the designing of novel selective PDE10A inhibitors. Ligand and structure-based pharmacophore models for PDE10A inhibitors were generated and employed for virtual screening of universal natural products database. From the virtual screening results, 37 compounds were docked into the active site of the PDE10A. Out of 37 compounds, three inhibitors showed the highest affinity for PDE10A where UNPD216549 showed the lowest binding energy and has been chosen as starting point for designing of novel PDE10A inhibitors. The structure-activity-relationship studies assisted in designing of selective PDE10A inhibitors. The optimization of the substituents on the phenyl ring resulted in 26 derivatives with lower binding energy with PDE10A as compared to the lead compound. Among these, MA 8 and MA 98 exhibited the highest affinity for PDE10A with binding energy (-10.90 Kcal/mol).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayasah Al-Nema
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Jalan Menara Gading, Taman Connaught, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Anand Gaurav
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Jalan Menara Gading, Taman Connaught, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Gabriel Akowuah
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Jalan Menara Gading, Taman Connaught, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Wen RT, Zhang FF, Zhang HT. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases: potential therapeutic targets for alcohol use disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:1793-1805. [PMID: 29663017 PMCID: PMC5949271 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4895-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD), which combines the criteria of both alcohol abuse and dependence, contributes as an important causal factor to multiple health and social problems. Given the limitation of current treatments, novel medications for AUD are needed to better control alcohol consumption and maintain abstinence. It has been well established that the intracellular signal transduction mediated by the second messengers cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cyclic GMP (cGMP) crucially underlies the genetic predisposition, rewarding properties, relapsing features, and systemic toxicity of compulsive alcohol consumption. On this basis, the upstream modulators phosphodiesterases (PDEs), which critically control intracellular levels of cyclic nucleotides by catalyzing their degradation, are proposed to play a role in modulating alcohol abuse and dependent process. Here, we highlight existing evidence that correlates cAMP and cGMP signal cascades with the regulation of alcohol-drinking behavior and discuss the possibility that PDEs may become a novel class of therapeutic targets for AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Ting Wen
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Fang-Fang Zhang
- Institute of Pharmacology, Qilu Medical University, Taian, 271016, Shandong, China
| | - Han-Ting Zhang
- Institute of Pharmacology, Qilu Medical University, Taian, 271016, Shandong, China.
- Departments of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry and Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
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Beck G, Maehara S, Chang PL, Papa SM. A Selective Phosphodiesterase 10A Inhibitor Reduces L-Dopa-Induced Dyskinesias in Parkinsonian Monkeys. Mov Disord 2018; 33:805-814. [PMID: 29508924 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphodiesterase 10A is a member of the phosphodiesterase family whose brain expression is restricted to the striatum. Phosphodiesterase 10A regulates cyclic adenosine monophosphate and cyclic guanosine monophosphate, which mediate responses to dopamine receptor activation, and the levels of these cyclic nucleotides are decreased in experimental models of l-dopa-induced dyskinesia. The elevation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate/cyclic guanosine monophosphate levels by phosphodiesterase 10A inhibition may thus be targeted to reduce l-dopa-induced dyskinesia. OBJECTIVES The present study was aimed at determining the potential antidyskinetic effects of phosphodiesterase 10A inhibitors in a primate model of Parkinson's disease (PD). The experiments performed in this model were also intended to provide translational data for the design of future clinical trials. METHODS Five MPTP-treated macaques with advanced parkinsonism and reproducible l-dopa-induced dyskinesia were used. MR1916, a selective phosphodiesterase 10A inhibitor, at doses 0.0015 to 0.05 mg/kg, subcutaneously, or its vehicle (control test) was coadministered with l-dopa methyl ester acutely (predetermined optimal and suboptimal subcutaneous doses) and oral l-dopa chronically as daily treatment for 5 weeks. Standardized scales were used to assess motor disability and l-dopa-induced dyskinesia by blinded examiners. Pharmacokinetics was also examined. RESULTS MR1916 consistently reduced l-dopa-induced dyskinesia in acute tests of l-dopa optimal and suboptimal doses. Significant effects were present with every MR1916 dose tested, but the most effective was 0.015 mg/kg. None of the MR1916 doses tested affected the antiparkinsonian action of l-dopa at the optimal dose. The anti-l-dopa-induced dyskinesia effect of MR1916 (0.015 mg/kg, subcutaneously) was sustained with chronic administration, indicating that tolerance did not develop over the 5-week treatment. No adverse effects were observed after MR1916 administration acutely or chronically. CONCLUSIONS Results show that regulation of striatal cyclic nucleotides by phosphodiesterase 10A inhibition could be a useful therapeutic approach for l-dopa-induced dyskinesia, and therefore data support further studies of selective phosphodiesterase 10A inhibitors for PD therapy. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goichi Beck
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shunsuke Maehara
- Research Center, Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Phat Ly Chang
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Stella M Papa
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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16
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Cardinale A, Fusco FR. Inhibition of phosphodiesterases as a strategy to achieve neuroprotection in Huntington's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2018; 24:319-328. [PMID: 29500937 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a fatal neurodegenerative condition, due to a mutation in the IT15 gene encoding for huntingtin. Currently, disease-modifying therapy is not available for HD, and only symptomatic drugs are administered for the management of symptoms. In the last few years, preclinical and clinical studies have indicated that pharmacological strategies aimed at inhibiting cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDEs) may develop into a novel therapeutic approach in neurodegenerative disorders. PDEs are a family of enzymes that hydrolyze cyclic nucleotides into monophosphate isoforms. Cyclic nucleotides are second messengers that transduce the signal of hormones and neurotransmitters in many physiological processes, such as protein kinase cascades and synaptic transmission. An alteration in their balance results in the dysregulation of different biological mechanisms (transcriptional dysregulation, immune cell activation, inflammatory mechanisms, and regeneration) that are involved in neurological diseases. In this review, we discuss the action of phosphodiesterase inhibitors and their role as therapeutic agents in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesca R Fusco
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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17
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Heckman PRA, Blokland A, Bollen EPP, Prickaerts J. Phosphodiesterase inhibition and modulation of corticostriatal and hippocampal circuits: Clinical overview and translational considerations. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 87:233-254. [PMID: 29454746 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The corticostriatal and hippocampal circuits contribute to the neurobiological underpinnings of several neuropsychiatric disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. Based on biological function, these circuits can be clustered into motor circuits, associative/cognitive circuits and limbic circuits. Together, dysfunctions in these circuits produce the wide range of symptoms observed in related neuropsychiatric disorders. Intracellular signaling in these circuits is largely mediated through the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/protein kinase A (PKA) pathway with an additional role for the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)/ protein kinase G (PKG) pathway, both of which can be regulated by phosphodiesterase inhibitors (PDE inhibitors). Through their effects on cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and Dopamine- and cAMP-Regulated PhosphoProtein MR 32 kDa (DARPP-32), cyclic nucleotide pathways are involved in synaptic transmission, neuron excitability, neuroplasticity and neuroprotection. In this clinical review, we provide an overview of the current clinical status, discuss the general mechanism of action of PDE inhibitors in relation to the corticostriatal and hippocampal circuits and consider several translational challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R A Heckman
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - A Blokland
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - E P P Bollen
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - J Prickaerts
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Suzuki K, Kimura H. TAK-063, a novel PDE10A inhibitor with balanced activation of direct and indirect pathways, provides a unique opportunity for the treatment of schizophrenia. CNS Neurosci Ther 2018; 24:604-614. [PMID: 29318783 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The basal ganglia regulates motor, cognitive, and emotional behaviors. Dysfunction of dopamine system in this area is implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia characterized by positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and cognitive deficits. Medium spiny neurons (MSNs) are principal output neurons of striatum in the basal ganglia. Similar to current antipsychotics with dopamine D2 receptor antagonism or partial agonism, phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) inhibitors activate indirect pathway MSNs, leading to the expectation of therapeutic potential for the treatment of psychosis. PDE10A inhibitors also activate direct pathway MSNs which may be associated with cognitive functions. These pathways have competing effects on antipsychotic-like activities and extrapyramidal symptoms in rodents. Therefore, careful consideration of activation pattern of these pathways by a PDE10A inhibitor is critical to produce potent efficacy and superior safety profiles. In this review, we outline the pharmacological profile of TAK-063, a novel PDE10A selective inhibitor. Our study revealed that off-rates of PDE10A inhibitors may characterize their pharmacological profiles via regulation of each MSN pathway. TAK-063, with a faster off-rate property, could provide a unique opportunity as a novel therapeutic approach to treatment of psychosis and cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. TAK-063 also has a therapeutic potential in other basal ganglia disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Suzuki
- CNS Drug Discovery Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Haruhide Kimura
- CNS Drug Discovery Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
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Chino A, Seo R, Amano Y, Namatame I, Hamaguchi W, Honbou K, Mihara T, Yamazaki M, Tomishima M, Masuda N. Fragment-Based Discovery of Pyrimido[1,2- b]indazole PDE10A Inhibitors. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2018; 66:286-294. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c17-00836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Chino
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc
| | - Ryushi Seo
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc
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20
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Campbell BR, Gonzalez Trotter D, Hines CDG, Li W, Patel M, Zhang W, Evelhoch JL. In Vivo Imaging in Pharmaceutical Development and Its Impact on the 3Rs. ILAR J 2017; 57:212-220. [PMID: 28053073 PMCID: PMC5886324 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilw019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well understood that the biopharmaceutical industry must improve efficiency along the path from laboratory concept to commercial product. In vivo imaging is recognized as a useful method to provide biomarkers for target engagement, treatment response, safety, and mechanism of action. Imaging biomarkers have the potential to inform the selection of drugs that are more likely to be safe and effective. Most of the imaging modalities for biopharmaceutical research are translatable to the clinic. In vivo imaging does not require removal of tissue to provide biomarkers, thus reducing the number of valuable preclinical subjects required for a study. Longitudinal imaging allows for quantitative intra-subject comparisons, enhancing statistical power, and further reducing the number of subjects needed for the evaluation of treatment effects in animal models. The noninvasive nature of in vivo imaging also provides a valuable approach to alleviate or minimize potential pain, suffering or distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry R Campbell
- Barry R. Campbell is an Associate Principal Scientist in Translational Biomarkers at Merck Research Laboratories in Kenilworth, New Jersey. Dinko Gonzalez Trotter, PhD, is a Senior Director in Early Clinical Development at Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., in Tarrytown, New York. Catherine D. Hines, PhD is a Director in Translational Biomarkers at Merck Research Laboratories in West Point, Pennsylvania. Manishkumar Patel, PhD is a Principal Scientist in Translational Biomarkers at Merck Research Laboratories in West Point, Pennsylvania. Weisheng Zhang is a Senior Principal Scientist in Translational Biomarkers at Merck Research Laboratories in Boston, Massachusetts. Jeffrey L. Evelhoch, PhD, is Vice President of Translational Biomarkers at Merck Research Laboratories in West Point, Pennsylvania
| | - Dinko Gonzalez Trotter
- Barry R. Campbell is an Associate Principal Scientist in Translational Biomarkers at Merck Research Laboratories in Kenilworth, New Jersey. Dinko Gonzalez Trotter, PhD, is a Senior Director in Early Clinical Development at Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., in Tarrytown, New York. Catherine D. Hines, PhD is a Director in Translational Biomarkers at Merck Research Laboratories in West Point, Pennsylvania. Manishkumar Patel, PhD is a Principal Scientist in Translational Biomarkers at Merck Research Laboratories in West Point, Pennsylvania. Weisheng Zhang is a Senior Principal Scientist in Translational Biomarkers at Merck Research Laboratories in Boston, Massachusetts. Jeffrey L. Evelhoch, PhD, is Vice President of Translational Biomarkers at Merck Research Laboratories in West Point, Pennsylvania
| | - Catherine D G Hines
- Barry R. Campbell is an Associate Principal Scientist in Translational Biomarkers at Merck Research Laboratories in Kenilworth, New Jersey. Dinko Gonzalez Trotter, PhD, is a Senior Director in Early Clinical Development at Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., in Tarrytown, New York. Catherine D. Hines, PhD is a Director in Translational Biomarkers at Merck Research Laboratories in West Point, Pennsylvania. Manishkumar Patel, PhD is a Principal Scientist in Translational Biomarkers at Merck Research Laboratories in West Point, Pennsylvania. Weisheng Zhang is a Senior Principal Scientist in Translational Biomarkers at Merck Research Laboratories in Boston, Massachusetts. Jeffrey L. Evelhoch, PhD, is Vice President of Translational Biomarkers at Merck Research Laboratories in West Point, Pennsylvania
| | - Wenping Li
- Barry R. Campbell is an Associate Principal Scientist in Translational Biomarkers at Merck Research Laboratories in Kenilworth, New Jersey. Dinko Gonzalez Trotter, PhD, is a Senior Director in Early Clinical Development at Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., in Tarrytown, New York. Catherine D. Hines, PhD is a Director in Translational Biomarkers at Merck Research Laboratories in West Point, Pennsylvania. Manishkumar Patel, PhD is a Principal Scientist in Translational Biomarkers at Merck Research Laboratories in West Point, Pennsylvania. Weisheng Zhang is a Senior Principal Scientist in Translational Biomarkers at Merck Research Laboratories in Boston, Massachusetts. Jeffrey L. Evelhoch, PhD, is Vice President of Translational Biomarkers at Merck Research Laboratories in West Point, Pennsylvania
| | - Manishkumar Patel
- Barry R. Campbell is an Associate Principal Scientist in Translational Biomarkers at Merck Research Laboratories in Kenilworth, New Jersey. Dinko Gonzalez Trotter, PhD, is a Senior Director in Early Clinical Development at Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., in Tarrytown, New York. Catherine D. Hines, PhD is a Director in Translational Biomarkers at Merck Research Laboratories in West Point, Pennsylvania. Manishkumar Patel, PhD is a Principal Scientist in Translational Biomarkers at Merck Research Laboratories in West Point, Pennsylvania. Weisheng Zhang is a Senior Principal Scientist in Translational Biomarkers at Merck Research Laboratories in Boston, Massachusetts. Jeffrey L. Evelhoch, PhD, is Vice President of Translational Biomarkers at Merck Research Laboratories in West Point, Pennsylvania
| | - Weisheng Zhang
- Barry R. Campbell is an Associate Principal Scientist in Translational Biomarkers at Merck Research Laboratories in Kenilworth, New Jersey. Dinko Gonzalez Trotter, PhD, is a Senior Director in Early Clinical Development at Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., in Tarrytown, New York. Catherine D. Hines, PhD is a Director in Translational Biomarkers at Merck Research Laboratories in West Point, Pennsylvania. Manishkumar Patel, PhD is a Principal Scientist in Translational Biomarkers at Merck Research Laboratories in West Point, Pennsylvania. Weisheng Zhang is a Senior Principal Scientist in Translational Biomarkers at Merck Research Laboratories in Boston, Massachusetts. Jeffrey L. Evelhoch, PhD, is Vice President of Translational Biomarkers at Merck Research Laboratories in West Point, Pennsylvania
| | - Jeffrey L Evelhoch
- Barry R. Campbell is an Associate Principal Scientist in Translational Biomarkers at Merck Research Laboratories in Kenilworth, New Jersey. Dinko Gonzalez Trotter, PhD, is a Senior Director in Early Clinical Development at Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., in Tarrytown, New York. Catherine D. Hines, PhD is a Director in Translational Biomarkers at Merck Research Laboratories in West Point, Pennsylvania. Manishkumar Patel, PhD is a Principal Scientist in Translational Biomarkers at Merck Research Laboratories in West Point, Pennsylvania. Weisheng Zhang is a Senior Principal Scientist in Translational Biomarkers at Merck Research Laboratories in Boston, Massachusetts. Jeffrey L. Evelhoch, PhD, is Vice President of Translational Biomarkers at Merck Research Laboratories in West Point, Pennsylvania
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Abstract
In this paper, we review one of the oldest paradigms used in animal cognition: the detour paradigm. The paradigm presents the subject with a situation where a direct route to the goal is blocked and a detour must be made to reach it. Often being an ecologically valid and a versatile tool, the detour paradigm has been used to study diverse cognitive skills like insight, social learning, inhibitory control and route planning. Due to the relative ease of administrating detour tasks, the paradigm has lately been used in large-scale comparative studies in order to investigate the evolution of inhibitory control. Here we review the detour paradigm and some of its cognitive requirements, we identify various ecological and contextual factors that might affect detour performance, we also discuss developmental and neurological underpinnings of detour behaviors, and we suggest some methodological approaches to make species comparisons more robust.
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22
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Abstract
PURPOSE A positron emission tomography (PET) tracer for the enzyme phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) is desirable to guide the discovery and development of PDE10A inhibitors as potential therapeutics. The preclinical characterization of the PDE10A PET tracer [(11)C]MK-8193 is described. PROCEDURES In vitro binding studies with [(3)H]MK-8193 were conducted in rat, monkey, and human brain tissue. PET studies with [(11)C]MK-8193 were conducted in rats and rhesus monkeys at baseline and following administration of a PDE10A inhibitor. RESULTS [(3)H]MK-8193 is a high-affinity, selective PDE10A radioligand in rat, monkey, and human brain tissue. In vivo, [(11)C]MK-8193 displays rapid kinetics, low test-retest variability, and a large specific signal that is displaced by a structurally diverse PDE10A inhibitor, enabling the determination of pharmacokinetic/enzyme occupancy relationships. CONCLUSIONS [(11)C]MK-8193 is a useful PET tracer for the preclinical characterization of PDE10A therapeutic candidates in rat and monkey. Further evaluation of [(11)C]MK-8193 in humans is warranted.
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23
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Can Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors Be Drugs for Parkinson's Disease? Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:822-834. [PMID: 28062949 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0355-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) has no known cure; available therapies are only capable of offering temporary, symptomatic relief to the patients. Varied therapeutic strategies that are clinically used for PD are pharmacological therapies including dopamine replacement therapies (with or without adjuvant), postsynaptic dopamine receptor stimulation, dopamine catabolism inhibitors and also anticholinergics. Surgical therapies like deep brain stimulation and ablative surgical techniques are also employed. Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are enzymes that degrade the phosphodiester bond in the second messenger molecules, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). A number of PDE families are highly expressed in the striatum including PDE1-4, PDE7, PDE9 and PDE10. There are growing evidences to suggest that these enzymes play a critical role in modulating cAMP-mediated dopamine signalling at the postsynaptic region. Therefore, it is clear that PDEs, given the broad range of subtypes and their varied tissue- and region-specific distributions, will be able to provide a range of possibilities as drug targets. There is no phosphodiesterase inhibitor currently approved for use against PD. The development of small molecule inhibitors against cyclic nucleotide PDE is a particularly hot area of investigation, and a lot of research and development is geared in this direction with major players in the pharmaceutical industry investing heavily in developing such potential drug entities. This review, while critically assessing the existing body of literature on brain PDEs with particular interest in the striatum in the context of motor function regulation, indicates it is certainly likely that PDE inhibitors could be developed as therapeutic agents against PD.
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Snyder GL, Vanover KE. PDE Inhibitors for the Treatment of Schizophrenia. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 17:385-409. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-58811-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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25
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Geerts H, Spiros A, Roberts P. Phosphodiesterase 10 inhibitors in clinical development for CNS disorders. Expert Rev Neurother 2016; 17:553-560. [DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2017.1268531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Geerts
- In Silico Biosciences Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Berwyn, PA, USA
| | - Athan Spiros
- In Silico Biosciences Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Berwyn, PA, USA
| | - Patrick Roberts
- In Silico Biosciences Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Berwyn, PA, USA
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26
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Masilamoni GJ, Uthayathas S, Koenig G, Leventhal L, Papa SM. Effects of a novel phosphodiesterase 10A inhibitor in non-human primates: A therapeutic approach for schizophrenia with improved side effect profile. Neuropharmacology 2016; 110:449-457. [PMID: 27539962 PMCID: PMC5028314 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia symptoms are associated with alterations in basal ganglia-cortical networks that include the cyclic nucleotides (cAMP/cGMP) signaling pathways. Phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) inhibitors have been considered as therapeutic agents for schizophrenia because the regulation of cAMP and cGMP in the striatum by PDE10A plays an important role in the signaling mechanisms of the striatal-cortical network, and thereby in cognitive function. In the present study we assessed in non-human primates (NHPs) the effects of a novel PDE10A inhibitor (FRM-6308) that has demonstrated high potency and selectivity for human recombinant PDE10A in vitro. The behavioral effects of FRM-6308 in a dose range were determined in rhesus monkeys using a standardized motor disability scale for primates, motor tasks, and the "drug effects on the nervous system" (DENS) scale. The neuronal metabolic effects of FRM-6308 were determined with [(18)F]-fluorodeoxyglucose PET imaging. Results showed that FRM-6308 did not have any specific effects on the motor system at s.c. doses up to 0.32 mg/kg in NHPs, which induced a significant increase in the FDG-SUV in striatum (F 16.069, p < 0.05) and cortical (F 15.181, p < 0.05) regions. Higher doses induced sedation and occasional involuntary movements with clear development of tolerance after repeated exposures. These findings suggest that FRM-6308 has the adequate pharmacological profile to advance testing in clinical trials and demonstrate antipsychotic efficacy of PDE10A inhibition for the treatment of schizophrenia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunasingh J Masilamoni
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Subramanian Uthayathas
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gerhard Koenig
- Research, FORUM Pharmaceuticals Inc., 225 Second Avenue, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Liza Leventhal
- Research, FORUM Pharmaceuticals Inc., 225 Second Avenue, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Stella M Papa
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Dopamine D 1 signaling involvement in the effects of the phosphodiesterase 10A inhibitor, PDM-042 on cognitive function and extrapyramidal side effect in rats. Behav Brain Res 2016; 317:204-209. [PMID: 27659554 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) results in activation of a dopamine D1 receptor-mediated direct pathway in addition to a dopamine D2 receptor-mediated indirect pathway in the striatum. Therefore, PDE10A inhibitors could be novel therapeutics for schizophrenia, which differ from the currently available antipsychotics that directly block the dopamine D2 receptor. Previously, we found that a novel PDE10A inhibitor, PDM-042, had antipsychotic-like activity similar to currently available antipsychotics and minimal cataleptic effects in rats. The purpose of the present study was to examine the pharmacological effects of PDM-042 on cognitive function and extrapyramidal side effect. In addition, we aimed to examine whether these effects were mediated by activation of dopamine D1 signaling in rats. PDM-042 (1-3mg/kg) resulted in better discrimination of a novel object from a familiar one 48h after the acquisition trial, suggesting that PDM-042 increased object recognition memory. A dopamine D1 receptor antagonist, SCH23390 (0.1mg/kg), significantly blocked the enhancement of the object recognition memory induced by PDM-042 (3mg/kg) without affecting the recognition index by itself. We also found that the cataleptic effect of PDM-042 (1mg/kg) was significantly enhanced by SCH23390 (0.01-0.03mg/kg). These results indicate that PDM-042 has the potential to increase object recognition memory and that the cognitive enhancing and cataleptic effects of PDM-042 are mediated at least by activation of dopamine D1 signaling.
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28
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Juszczak GR, Miller M. Detour Behavior of Mice Trained with Transparent, Semitransparent and Opaque Barriers. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162018. [PMID: 27588753 PMCID: PMC5010287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Detour tasks are commonly used to study problem solving skills and inhibitory control in canids and primates. However, there is no comparable detour test designed for rodents despite its significance for studying the development of executive skills. Furthermore, mice offer research opportunities that are not currently possible to achieve when primates are used. Therefore, the aim of the study was to translate the classic detour task to mice and to compare obtained data with key findings obtained previously in other mammals. The experiment was performed with V-shaped barriers and was based on the water escape paradigm. The study showed that an apparently simple task requiring mice to move around a small barrier constituted in fact a challenge that was strongly affected by the visibility of the target. The most difficult task involved a completely transparent barrier, which forced the mice to resolve a conflict between vision and tactile perception. The performance depended both on the inhibitory skills and on previous experiences. Additionally, all mice displayed a preference for one side of the barrier and most of them relied on the egocentric strategy. Obtained results show for the first time that the behavior of mice subjected to the detour task is comparable to the behavior of other mammals tested previously with free-standing barriers. This detailed characterization of the detour behavior of mice constitutes the first step toward the substitution of rodents for primates in laboratory experiments employing the detour task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz R. Juszczak
- Department of Animal Behavior, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Jastrzebiec, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Michal Miller
- Department of Animal Behavior, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Jastrzebiec, Poland
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Suzuki K, Harada A, Suzuki H, Miyamoto M, Kimura H. TAK-063, a PDE10A Inhibitor with Balanced Activation of Direct and Indirect Pathways, Provides Potent Antipsychotic-Like Effects in Multiple Paradigms. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:2252-62. [PMID: 26849714 PMCID: PMC4946053 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) inhibitors are expected to be novel drugs for schizophrenia through activation of both direct and indirect pathway medium spiny neurons. However, excess activation of the direct pathway by a dopamine D1 receptor agonist SKF82958 canceled antipsychotic-like effects of a dopamine D2 receptor antagonist haloperidol in methamphetamine (METH)-induced hyperactivity in rats. Thus, balanced activation of these pathways may be critical for PDE10A inhibitors. Current antipsychotics and the novel PDE10A inhibitor TAK-063, but not the selective PDE10A inhibitor MP-10, produced dose-dependent antipsychotic-like effects in METH-induced hyperactivity and prepulse inhibition in rodents. TAK-063 and MP-10 activated the indirect pathway to a similar extent; however, MP-10 caused greater activation of the direct pathway than did TAK-063. Interestingly, the off-rate of TAK-063 from PDE10A in rat brain sections was faster than that of MP-10, and a slower off-rate PDE10A inhibitor with TAK-063-like chemical structure showed an MP-10-like pharmacological profile. In general, faster off-rate enzyme inhibitors are more sensitive than slower off-rate inhibitors to binding inhibition by enzyme substrates. As expected, TAK-063 was more sensitive than MP-10 to binding inhibition by cyclic nucleotides. Moreover, an immunohistochemistry study suggested that cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels in the direct pathway were higher than those in the indirect pathway. These data can explain why TAK-063 showed partial activation of the direct pathway compared with MP-10. The findings presented here suggest that TAK-063's antipsychotic-like efficacy may be attributable to its unique pharmacological properties, resulting in balanced activation of the direct and indirect striatal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Suzuki
- CNS Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Akina Harada
- CNS Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Hirobumi Suzuki
- CNS Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Maki Miyamoto
- CNS Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan,Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Haruhide Kimura
- CNS Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan,Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan, Tel: +81 466321859, Fax: +81 466294468, E-mail:
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30
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Vardigan JD, Lange HS, Tye SJ, Fox SV, Smith SM, Uslaner JM. Behavioral and qEEG effects of the PDE10A inhibitor THPP-1 in a novel rhesus model of antipsychotic activity. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:2441-50. [PMID: 27117142 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4290-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Much preclinical data, almost exclusively using rodent, supports the notion that phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) inhibition may offer an alternative to the current standard of care in schizophrenia. However, concerns persist regarding the clinical translatability of these models for newer drug classes like PDE10A inhibitors. OBJECTIVES We therefore sought to characterize the clinical standard risperidone and the PDE10A inhibitor THPP-1 in nonhuman primate, both alone and when used as a combination therapy. METHODS THPP-1 and risperidone were tested in a novel rhesus model of stimulant-induced motor activity (SIMA) and in rhesus electroencephalography (EEG). RESULTS Consistent with rodent data, both THPP-1 and risperidone significantly attenuated the stimulant effects in SIMA when administered alone, though some differences were noted. Combination therapy with a low dose of risperidone produced significantly more robust effects. THPP-1 and risperidone also produced a marked reduction of wake cycle time and gamma frequency power in EEG. However, THPP-1 differed from risperidone by reducing spectral power of lower frequencies (delta). CONCLUSIONS SIMA results suggest that PDE10A inhibition produces antipsychotic-like effects in higher species, and that combination therapy with PDE10A inhibitors may produce more robust efficacy compared to monotherapies. EEG and qEEG results confirm that PDE10A inhibition does share some central signaling effects with clinically effective antipsychotics. The present combination therapy results may carry implications for the manner in which clinical testing of PDE10A inhibitors is conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Vardigan
- Merck & Co., Inc., WP45-1114, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Henry S Lange
- Merck & Co., Inc., WP45-1114, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Spencer J Tye
- Merck & Co., Inc., WP45-1114, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Steven V Fox
- Merck & Co., Inc., WP45-1114, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Sean M Smith
- Merck & Co., Inc., WP45-1114, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Jason M Uslaner
- Merck & Co., Inc., WP45-1114, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA, 19486, USA.
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31
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Arakawa K, Maehara S, Yuge N, Ishikawa M, Miyazaki Y, Naba H, Kato Y, Nakao K. Pharmacological characterization of a novel potent, selective, and orally active phosphodiesterase 10A inhibitor, PDM-042 [( E)-4-(2-(2-(5,8-dimethyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5- a]pyrazin-2-yl)vinyl)-6-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)pyrimidin-4-yl)morpholine] in rats: potential for the treatment of schizophrenia. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2016; 4:e00241. [PMID: 28116094 PMCID: PMC5242175 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we identified a novel phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) inhibitor, PDM-042 ((E)-4-(2-(2-(5,8-dimethyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrazin-2-yl)vinyl)-6-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)pyrimidin-4-yl)morpholine). PDM-042 showed potent inhibitory activities for human and rat PDE10A with IC 50 values of less than 1 nmol/L and more than 1000-fold selectivity against other phosphodiesterases. Tritiated PDM-042, [3H]PDM-042, had high affinity for membranes prepared from rat striatum with a Kd value of 8.5 nmol/L. The specific binding of [3H]PDM-042 was displaced in a concentration-dependent manner by PDM-042 and another structurally unrelated PDE10A inhibitor, MP-10. In rat studies, PDM-042 showed excellent brain penetration (striatum/plasma ratio = 6.3), occupancy rate (86.6% at a dose of 3 mg/kg), and good oral bioavailability (33%). These data indicate that PDM-042 is a potent, selective, orally active, and brain-penetrable PDE10A inhibitor. In behavioral studies using rat models relevant to schizophrenia, PDM-042 significantly antagonized MK-801-induced hyperlocomotion (0.1-0.3 mg/kg) without affecting spontaneous locomotor activity and attenuated the conditioned avoidance response (CAR) (0.3-1 mg/kg). In tests for adverse effects, PDM-042 had a minimal effect on catalepsy, even at a much higher dose (10 mg/kg) than the minimal effective dose (0.3 mg/kg) in the CAR. Furthermore, PDM-042 had no effect on prolactin release or glucose elevation up to 3 mg/kg, while risperidone increased prolactin release and olanzapine enhanced glucose levels at doses near their efficacious ones in the CAR. Our results suggest that PDM-042 is a good pharmacological tool that can be used to investigate the role of PDE10A and may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Arakawa
- Biology Laboratory Discovery Research Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd Shizuoka Japan
| | - Shunsuke Maehara
- Biology Laboratory Discovery Research Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd Shizuoka Japan
| | - Natsuko Yuge
- Biology Laboratory Discovery Research Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd Shizuoka Japan
| | - Makoto Ishikawa
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory Discovery Research Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Shizuoka Japan
| | - Yutaka Miyazaki
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory Discovery Research Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Shizuoka Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Naba
- Pharmacokinetics and Safety Laboratory Discovery Research Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Shizuoka Japan
| | - Yutaka Kato
- Biology Laboratory Discovery Research Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd Shizuoka Japan
| | - Kazunari Nakao
- Head of Discovery Research Discovery Research Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Shizuoka Japan
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32
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The effects of PDE10 inhibition on attentional set-shifting do not depend on the activation of dopamine D1 receptors. Behav Pharmacol 2016; 27:331-8. [DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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33
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Li YW, Seager MA, Wojcik T, Heman K, Molski TF, Fernandes A, Langdon S, Pendri A, Gerritz S, Tian Y, Hong Y, Gallagher L, Merritt JR, Zhang C, Westphal R, Zaczek R, Macor JE, Bronson JJ, Lodge NJ. Biochemical and behavioral effects of PDE10A inhibitors: Relationship to target site occupancy. Neuropharmacology 2016; 102:121-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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34
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Shiraishi E, Suzuki K, Harada A, Suzuki N, Kimura H. The Phosphodiesterase 10A Selective Inhibitor TAK-063 Improves Cognitive Functions Associated with Schizophrenia in Rodent Models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 356:587-95. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.230482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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35
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Logrip ML. Phosphodiesterase regulation of alcohol drinking in rodents. Alcohol 2015; 49:795-802. [PMID: 26095589 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorders are chronically relapsing conditions characterized by persistent drinking despite the negative impact on one's life. The difficulty of achieving and maintaining sobriety suggests that current treatments fail to fully address the underlying causes of alcohol use disorders. Identifying additional pathways controlling alcohol consumption may uncover novel targets for medication development to improve treatment options. One family of proteins recently implicated in the regulation of alcohol consumption is the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs). As an integral component in the regulation of the second messengers cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP, and thus their cognate signaling pathways, PDEs present intriguing targets for pharmacotherapies to combat alcohol use disorders. As activation of cAMP/cGMP-dependent signaling cascades can dampen alcohol intake, PDE inhibitors may provide a novel target for reducing excessive alcohol consumption, as has been proposed for PDE4 and PDE10A. This review highlights preclinical literature demonstrating the involvement of cyclic nucleotide-dependent signaling in neuronal and behavioral responses to alcohol, as well as detailing the capacity of various PDE inhibitors to modulate alcohol intake. Together these data provide a framework for evaluating the potential utility of PDE inhibitors as novel treatments for alcohol use disorders.
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36
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Raheem IT, Schreier JD, Fuerst J, Gantert L, Hostetler ED, Huszar S, Joshi A, Kandebo M, Kim SH, Li J, Ma B, McGaughey G, Sharma S, Shipe WD, Uslaner J, Vandeveer GH, Yan Y, Renger JJ, Smith SM, Coleman PJ, Cox CD. Discovery of pyrazolopyrimidine phosphodiesterase 10A inhibitors for the treatment of schizophrenia. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 26:126-32. [PMID: 26602277 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we present the identification of a novel class of pyrazolopyrimidine phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) inhibitors. Beginning with a lead molecule (1) identified through a fragment-based drug discovery (FBDD) effort, lead optimization was enabled by rational design, X-ray crystallography, metabolic and off-target profiling, and fragment scaffold-hopping. We highlight the discovery of PyP-1, a potent, highly selective, and orally bioavailable pyrazolopyrimidine inhibitor of PDE10A. PyP-1 exhibits sub-nanomolar potency (PDE10A Ki=0.23nM), excellent pharmacokinetic (PK) and physicochemical properties, and a clean off-target profile. It displays dose-dependent efficacy in numerous pharmacodynamic (PD) assays that measure potential for anti-psychotic activity and cognitive improvement. PyP-1 also has a clean preclinical profile with respect to cataleptic potential in rats, prolactin secretion, and weight gain, common adverse events associated with currently marketed therapeutics. Further, PyP-1 displays in vivo preclinical target engagement as measured by PET enzyme occupancy in concert with [(11)C]MK-8193, a novel PDE10A PET tracer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izzat T Raheem
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - John D Schreier
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Joy Fuerst
- Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Liza Gantert
- Imaging, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Eric D Hostetler
- Imaging, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Sarah Huszar
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Aniket Joshi
- Imaging, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Monika Kandebo
- Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Somang H Kim
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Jing Li
- Discovery Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Bennett Ma
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Georgia McGaughey
- Chemistry Modeling and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Sujata Sharma
- Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - William D Shipe
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Jason Uslaner
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - George H Vandeveer
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Youwei Yan
- Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - John J Renger
- Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Sean M Smith
- Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Paul J Coleman
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Christopher D Cox
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, United States
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37
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Li J, Zhang X, Jin H, Fan J, Flores H, Perlmutter JS, Tu Z. Synthesis of Fluorine-Containing Phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) Inhibitors and the In Vivo Evaluation of F-18 Labeled PDE10A PET Tracers in Rodent and Nonhuman Primate. J Med Chem 2015; 58:8584-600. [PMID: 26430878 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A series of fluorine-containing PDE10A inhibitors were designed and synthesized to improve the metabolic stability of [(11)C]MP-10. Twenty of the 22 new analogues had high potency and selectivity for PDE10A: 18a-j, 19d-j, 20a-b, and 21b had IC50 values <5 nM for PDE10A. Seven F-18 labeled compounds [(18)F]18a-e, [(18)F]18g, and [(18)F]20a were radiosynthesized by (18)F-introduction onto the quinoline rather than the pyrazole moiety of the MP-10 pharmacophore and performed in vivo evaluation. Biodistribution studies in rats showed ~2-fold higher activity in the PDE10A-enriched striatum than nontarget brain regions; this ratio increased from 5 to 30 min postinjection, particularly for [(18)F]18a-d and [(18)F]20a. MicroPET studies of [(18)F]18d and [(18)F]20a in nonhuman primates provided clear visualization of striatum with suitable equilibrium kinetics and favorable metabolic stability. These results suggest this strategy may identify a (18)F-labeled PET tracer for quantifying the levels of PDE10A in patients with CNS disorders including Huntington's disease and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Li
- Department of Radiology and ‡Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Radiology and ‡Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Hongjun Jin
- Department of Radiology and ‡Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Jinda Fan
- Department of Radiology and ‡Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Hubert Flores
- Department of Radiology and ‡Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Joel S Perlmutter
- Department of Radiology and ‡Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Zhude Tu
- Department of Radiology and ‡Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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38
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Shipe WD, Sharik SS, Barrow JC, McGaughey GB, Theberge CR, Uslaner JM, Yan Y, Renger JJ, Smith SM, Coleman PJ, Cox CD. Discovery and Optimization of a Series of Pyrimidine-Based Phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) Inhibitors through Fragment Screening, Structure-Based Design, and Parallel Synthesis. J Med Chem 2015; 58:7888-94. [PMID: 26378882 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- William D. Shipe
- Departments
of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Chemistry Modeling
and Informatics, §Neuroscience, and ∥Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Steven S. Sharik
- Departments
of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Chemistry Modeling
and Informatics, §Neuroscience, and ∥Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - James C. Barrow
- Departments
of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Chemistry Modeling
and Informatics, §Neuroscience, and ∥Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Georgia B. McGaughey
- Departments
of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Chemistry Modeling
and Informatics, §Neuroscience, and ∥Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Cory R. Theberge
- Departments
of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Chemistry Modeling
and Informatics, §Neuroscience, and ∥Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Jason M. Uslaner
- Departments
of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Chemistry Modeling
and Informatics, §Neuroscience, and ∥Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Youwei Yan
- Departments
of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Chemistry Modeling
and Informatics, §Neuroscience, and ∥Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - John J. Renger
- Departments
of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Chemistry Modeling
and Informatics, §Neuroscience, and ∥Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Sean M. Smith
- Departments
of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Chemistry Modeling
and Informatics, §Neuroscience, and ∥Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Paul J. Coleman
- Departments
of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Chemistry Modeling
and Informatics, §Neuroscience, and ∥Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Christopher D. Cox
- Departments
of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Chemistry Modeling
and Informatics, §Neuroscience, and ∥Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
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39
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Redrobe JP, Rasmussen LK, Christoffersen CT, Bundgaard C, Jørgensen M. Characterisation of Lu AF33241: A novel, brain-penetrant, dual inhibitor of phosphodiesterase (PDE) 2A and PDE10A. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 761:79-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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40
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Hamaguchi W, Masuda N, Samizu K, Mihara T, Takama K, Watanabe T. Synthesis and in vivo evaluation of novel quinoline derivatives as phosphodiesterase 10A inhibitors. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2015; 62:1200-13. [PMID: 25450629 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c14-00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel class of phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) inhibitors with improved metabolic stability in mouse liver microsomes were designed and synthesized starting from 2-({4-[1-methyl-4-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]phenoxy}methyl)quinoline (MP-10). Replacement of the phenoxymethyl part of MP-10 with an oxymethyl phenyl unit led to the identification of 2-[4-({[1-methyl-4-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]oxy}methyl)phenyl]quinoline (14), which showed moderate PDE10A inhibitory activity with improved metabolic stability in mouse and human liver microsomes over MP-10. Compound 14 showed high concentrations in plasma and brain after intraperitoneal administration and dose-dependently attenuated the hyperlocomotion induced by phencyclidine in mice, and oral administration of 14 (0.1, 0.3 mg/kg) also improved visual-recognition memory impairment in mice.
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41
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Hamaguchi W, Masuda N, Miyamoto S, Kikuchi S, Narazaki F, Shiina Y, Seo R, Amano Y, Mihara T, Moriguchi H, Hattori K. Addressing phototoxicity observed in a novel series of biaryl derivatives: Discovery of potent, selective and orally active phosphodiesterase 10A inhibitor ASP9436. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:3351-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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42
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Herbs to curb cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase and their potential role in Alzheimer's disease. Mech Ageing Dev 2015; 149:75-87. [PMID: 26050556 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotides viz., cAMP/cGMP has been well known to play important role in cellular function and deficiency in their levels has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Phosphodiesterases (PDE) are the enzymes involved in the metabolism of cyclic nucleotides and the inhibition of phosphodiesterases is considered to be viable strategy to restore the level of cyclic nucleotides and their functions in the brain. Various synthetic PDE inhibitors had been used clinically for various disorders and also suggested to be useful candidates for treating neurological disorders. However, side effects of these synthetic PDE inhibitors have limited their use in clinical practice. Natural plant extracts or their bio-active compounds are considered to be safe and are widely acceptable. During the last decade, many plant extracts or their bio-active compounds were tested pre-clinically for PDE inhibitory activity and are reported to be equally potent in inhibiting PDE's, as that of synthetic compounds. The present review is aimed to discuss the potential plant extract/compounds with PDE inhibitory activity and critically discuss their potential role in Alzheimer's disease.
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43
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The PDE10A inhibitor MP-10 and haloperidol produce distinct gene expression profiles in the striatum and influence cataleptic behavior in rodents. Neuropharmacology 2015; 99:256-63. [PMID: 26044638 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) has garnered attention as a potential therapeutic target for schizophrenia due to its prominent striatal expression and ability to modulate striatal signaling. The present study used the selective PDE10A inhibitor MP-10 and the dopamine D2 antagonist haloperidol to compare effects of PDE10A inhibition and dopamine D2 blockade on striatopallidal (D2) and striatonigral (D1) pathway activation. Our studies confirmed that administration of MP-10 significantly elevates expression of the immediate early genes (IEG) c-fos, egr-1, and arc in rat striatum. Furthermore, we demonstrated that MP-10 induced egr-1 expression was distributed evenly between enkephalin-containing D2-neurons and substance P-containing D1-neurons. In contrast, haloperidol (3 mg/kg) selectively activated egr-1 expression in enkephalin neurons. Co-administration of MP-10 and haloperidol (0.5 mg/kg) increased IEG expression to a greater extent than either compound alone. Similarly, in a rat catalepsy assay, administration of haloperidol (0.5 mg/kg) or MP-10 (3-30 mg/kg) did not produce cataleptic behavior when dosed alone, but co-administration of haloperidol with MP-10 (3 and 10 mg/kg) induced cataleptic behaviors. Interestingly, co-administration of haloperidol with a high dose of MP-10 (30 mg/kg) failed to produce cataleptic behavior. These findings are important for understanding the neural circuits involved in catalepsy and suggest that the behavioral effects produced by PDE10A inhibitors may be influenced by concomitant medication and the level of PDE10A inhibition achieved by the dose of the inhibitor.
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Cox CD, Hostetler ED, Flores BA, Evelhoch JL, Fan H, Gantert L, Holahan M, Eng W, Joshi A, McGaughey G, Meng X, Purcell M, Raheem IT, Riffel K, Yan Y, Renger JJ, Smith SM, Coleman PJ. Discovery of [¹¹C]MK-8193 as a PET tracer to measure target engagement of phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:4893-4898. [PMID: 26077491 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.05.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) inhibition has recently been identified as a potential mechanism to treat multiple symptoms that manifest in schizophrenia. In order to facilitate preclinical development and support key proof-of-concept clinical trials of novel PDE10A inhibitors, it is critical to discover positron emission tomography (PET) tracers that enable plasma concentration/PDE10A occupancy relationships to be established across species with structurally diverse PDE10A inhibitors. In this Letter, we describe how a high-throughput screening hit was optimized to provide [(11)C]MK-8193 (8j), a PET tracer that supports the determination of plasma concentration/PDE10A occupancy relationships for structurally diverse series of PDE10A inhibitors in both rat and rhesus monkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Cox
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
| | | | - Broc A Flores
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | | | - Hong Fan
- Imaging, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Liza Gantert
- Imaging, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Marie Holahan
- Imaging, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Waisi Eng
- Imaging, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Aniket Joshi
- Imaging, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Georgia McGaughey
- Chemical Modeling & Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Xiangjun Meng
- Imaging, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Mona Purcell
- Imaging, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Izzat T Raheem
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Kerry Riffel
- Imaging, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Youwei Yan
- Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - John J Renger
- Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Sean M Smith
- Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Paul J Coleman
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
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Jones PG, Hewitt MC, Campbell JE, Quinton MS, Engel S, Lew R, Campbell U, Burdi DF. Pharmacological evaluation of a novel phosphodiesterase 10A inhibitor in models of antipsychotic activity and cognition. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2015; 135:46-52. [PMID: 25989044 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report the pharmacological effects of a novel PDE10A inhibitor, SEP-39. SEP-39 is a potent (1.0nM) inhibitor of human PDE10A in vitro, with good selectivity (>16000-fold) against other PDEs. In an in vivo occupancy study, the RO50 value was determined to be 0.7mg/kg (p.o.), corresponding to plasma and brain exposures of 28ng/mL and 43ng/g, respectively. Using microdialysis, we show that 3mg/kg (p.o.) SEP-39 significantly increased rat striatal cGMP concentrations. Furthermore, SEP-39 inhibits PCP-induced hyperlocomotion at doses of 1 and 3mg/kg (p.o.) corresponding to 59-86% occupancy. At similar doses in a catalepsy study, the time on the bar was increased but the maximal effect was less than that seen with haloperidol. In an EEG study, 3 and 10mg/kg (p.o.) SEP-39 suppressed REM intensity and increased the latency to REM sleep. We also demonstrate the procognitive effects of SEP-39 in the rat novel object recognition assay. These effects appear to require less PDE10A inhibition than the reversal of PCP-induced hyperlocomotion or EEG effects, as improvements in recognition index were seen at doses of 0.3mg/kg and above. Our data demonstrate that SEP-39 is a potent, orally active PDE10A inhibitor with therapeutic potential in a number of psychiatric indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip G Jones
- Discovery and Preclinical Research, Sunovion Pharmaceuticals, 84 Waterford Drive, Marlborough, MA 01752, USA.
| | - Michael C Hewitt
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, 215 First Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - John E Campbell
- Epizyme Inc., 400 Technology Square 4th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Maria S Quinton
- Retrophin Inc., 301 Binney St. 3rd floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Sharon Engel
- Discovery and Preclinical Research, Sunovion Pharmaceuticals, 84 Waterford Drive, Marlborough, MA 01752, USA
| | - Robert Lew
- Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sunovion Pharmaceuticals, 84 Waterford Drive, Marlborough, MA 01752, USA
| | - Una Campbell
- Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sunovion Pharmaceuticals, 84 Waterford Drive, Marlborough, MA 01752, USA
| | - Douglas F Burdi
- Discovery and Preclinical Research, Sunovion Pharmaceuticals, 84 Waterford Drive, Marlborough, MA 01752, USA
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46
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Phosphodiesterase 10A inhibitors: analysis of US/EP patents granted since 2012. Pharm Pat Anal 2015; 4:161-86. [DOI: 10.4155/ppa.15.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterases are enzymes that metabolically inactivate the intracellular second messengers 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine and guanosine monophosphate contributing to the control of multiple biological processes. Among them, PDE10A has the most restricted distribution with high expression in striatal medium spiny neurons. Dysfunction of this key brain circuit has been associated with different psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. The unique role of PDE10A, together with its increased pharmacological characterization, have prompted enormous interest in investigating the potential of inhibitors of this enzyme as potential novel therapeutic agents This article reviews PDE10A related patents issued in the period 2012–2014 in the USA and Europe offering also a perspective on potential avenues for the future clinical development of phosphodiesterase 10A inhibitors.
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Jiang P, Scarpa JR, Fitzpatrick K, Losic B, Gao VD, Hao K, Summa KC, Yang HS, Zhang B, Allada R, Vitaterna MH, Turek FW, Kasarskis A. A systems approach identifies networks and genes linking sleep and stress: implications for neuropsychiatric disorders. Cell Rep 2015; 11:835-48. [PMID: 25921536 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep dysfunction and stress susceptibility are comorbid complex traits that often precede and predispose patients to a variety of neuropsychiatric diseases. Here, we demonstrate multilevel organizations of genetic landscape, candidate genes, and molecular networks associated with 328 stress and sleep traits in a chronically stressed population of 338 (C57BL/6J × A/J) F2 mice. We constructed striatal gene co-expression networks, revealing functionally and cell-type-specific gene co-regulations important for stress and sleep. Using a composite ranking system, we identified network modules most relevant for 15 independent phenotypic categories, highlighting a mitochondria/synaptic module that links sleep and stress. The key network regulators of this module are overrepresented with genes implicated in neuropsychiatric diseases. Our work suggests that the interplay among sleep, stress, and neuropathology emerges from genetic influences on gene expression and their collective organization through complex molecular networks, providing a framework for interrogating the mechanisms underlying sleep, stress susceptibility, and related neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jiang
- Center for Sleep & Circadian Biology, Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Joseph R Scarpa
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Karrie Fitzpatrick
- Center for Sleep & Circadian Biology, Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Bojan Losic
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Vance D Gao
- Center for Sleep & Circadian Biology, Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Ke Hao
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Keith C Summa
- Center for Sleep & Circadian Biology, Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - He S Yang
- Center for Sleep & Circadian Biology, Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ravi Allada
- Center for Sleep & Circadian Biology, Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Martha H Vitaterna
- Center for Sleep & Circadian Biology, Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Fred W Turek
- Center for Sleep & Circadian Biology, Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Andrew Kasarskis
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Dunlop J, Brandon NJ. Schizophrenia drug discovery and development in an evolving era: are new drug targets fulfilling expectations? J Psychopharmacol 2015; 29:230-8. [PMID: 25586401 DOI: 10.1177/0269881114565806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Current therapeutics for schizophrenia, the typical and atypical antipsychotic class of drugs, derive their therapeutic benefit predominantly by antagonism of the dopamine D2 receptor subtype and have robust clinical benefit on positive symptoms of the disease with limited to no impact on negative symptoms and cognitive impairment. Driven by these therapeutic limitations of current treatments and the recognition that transmitter systems beyond the dopaminergic system in particular glutamatergic transmission contribute to the etiology of schizophrenia significant recent efforts have focused on the discovery and development of novel treatments for schizophrenia with mechanisms of action that are distinct from current drugs. Specifically, compounds selectively targeting the metabotropic glutamate receptor 2/3 subtype, phosphodiesterase subtype 10, glycine transporter subtype 1 and the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor have been the subject of intense drug discovery and development efforts. Here we review recent clinical experience with the most advanced drug candidates targeting each of these novel mechanisms and discuss whether these new agents are living up to expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Dunlop
- AstraZeneca Neuroscience iMed, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Suzuki K, Harada A, Shiraishi E, Kimura H. In Vivo Pharmacological Characterization of TAK-063, a Potent and Selective Phosphodiesterase 10A Inhibitor with Antipsychotic-Like Activity in Rodents. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 352:471-9. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.218552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
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50
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Heckman PRA, Blokland A, Ramaekers J, Prickaerts J. PDE and cognitive processing: beyond the memory domain. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2014; 119:108-22. [PMID: 25464010 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors (PDE-Is) enhance cAMP and/or cGMP signaling via reducing the degradation of these cyclic nucleotides. Both cAMP and cGMP signaling are essential for a variety of cellular functions and exert their effects both pre- and post-synaptically. Either of these second messengers relays and amplifies incoming signals at receptors on the cell surface making them important elements in signal transduction cascades and essential in cellular signaling in a variety of cell functions including neurotransmitter release and neuroprotection. Consequently, these processes can be influenced by PDE-Is as they increase cAMP and/or cGMP concentrations. PDE-Is have been considered as possible therapeutic agents to treat impaired memory function linked to several brain disorders, including depression, schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease (AD). This review will, however, focus on the possible role of phosphodiesterases (PDEs) in cognitive decline beyond the memory domain. Here we will discuss the involvement of PDEs on three related domains: attention, information filtering (sensory- and sensorimotor gating) and response inhibition (drug-induced hyperlocomotion). Currently, these are emerging cognitive domains in the field of PDE research. Here we discuss experimental studies and the potential beneficial effects of PDE-I drugs on these cognitive domains, as effects of PDE-Is on these domains could potentially influence effects on memory performance. Overall, PDE4 seems to be the most promising target for all domains discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R A Heckman
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - A Blokland
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - J Ramaekers
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - J Prickaerts
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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