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Wu DP, Yi W, Zhao YD, Wei YS, Liu LL, Yan QQ, Yu C, Liu JY, Zhu XX, Zhong ZG, Huang JL. Gliclazide Ameliorates Neuronal Injury by Attenuating Oxidative Stress in D-gal-Induced Senescent Cells and Aging Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:4391-4401. [PMID: 38087171 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03850-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Enhancement of oxidative stress and resultant neuronal injury play important roles in initiating cognitive impairment during the aging process. Thus, attenuating oxidative injury is regarded as a profitable therapeutic strategy for age-associated cognitive impairment. Previous studies showed that gliclazide (Gli) had a protective role in neuronal injury from cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, whether Gli has a profitable effect on age-associated cognitive impairment remains largely unclear. The present study showed that Gli held the potential to attenuate neuronal apoptosis in D-gal-induced senescent cells and aging mice. Additionally, Gli could alleviate synaptic injury and cognitive function in D-gal-induced aging mice. Further study showed that Gli could attenuate oxidative stress in D-gal-induced senescent cells and aging mice. The p38 MAPK pathway was predicted as the downstream target of Gli retarding oxidative stress using in silico analysis. Further studies revealed that Gli attenuated D-gal-induced phosphorylation of p38 and facilitated Nrf2 nuclear expression, indicating that the anti-oxidative property of Gli may be associated with the p38 MAPK pathway. The study demonstrates that Gli has a beneficial effect on ameliorating D-gal-induced neuronal injury and cognitive impairment, making this compound a promising agent for the prevention and treatment of age-associated cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Pan Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmacy School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
- Xuzhou Ruihu Health Management Consulting Co., Ltd, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen Yi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmacy School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuan-Dan Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmacy School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan-Su Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmacy School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ling-Ling Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmacy School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiu-Qing Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmacy School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Yu
- School of Basic Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jin-Yuan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmacy School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmacy School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhen-Guo Zhong
- Scientific Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, Guangxi, China
| | - Jin-Lan Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmacy School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
- Xuzhou Ruihu Health Management Consulting Co., Ltd, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, China.
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Petrović A, Madić V, Stojanović G, Zlatanović I, Zlatković B, Vasiljević P, Đorđević L. Antidiabetic effects of polyherbal mixture made of Centaurium erythraea, Cichorium intybus and Potentilla erecta. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117032. [PMID: 37582477 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The polyherbal mixture made of Centaurium erythraea aerial parts and Cichorium intybus roots and Potentilla erecta rhizomes has been used for centuries to treat both the primary and secondary complications of diabetes. AIM OF THE STUDY As a continuation of our search for the most effective herbal mixture used as an ethnopharmacological remedy for diabetes, this study aimed to compare the in vitro biological activities of this polyherbal mixture and its individual ingredients, and, most importantly, to validate the ethnopharmacological value of the herbal mixture through evaluation of its phytochemical composition, its potential in vivo toxicity and its effect on diabetes complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS Phytochemical analysis was performed using HPLC-UV. Antioxidant activity was estimated via the DPPH test. Potential cytotoxicity/anticytotoxicity was assessed using an in vitro RBCs antihemolytic assay and an in vivo sub-chronic oral toxicity method. Antidiabetic activity was evaluated using an in vitro α-amylase inhibition assay and in vivo using a chemically induced diabetic rat model. RESULTS The HPLC-UV analysis revealed the presence of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid derivative, catechin, five catechin derivatives, epicatechin, isoquercetin, hyperoside, rutin, four quercetin derivatives, caffeic acid, and four caffeic acid derivatives in the polyherbal mixture decoction. Treatment with the decoction has shown no toxic effects. The antioxidant and cytoprotective activities of the polyherbal mixture were higher than the reference's ones. Its antidiabetic activity was high in both in vitro and in vivo studies. Fourteen days of treatment with the decoction (15 g/kg) completely normalized blood glucose levels of diabetic animals, while treatments with insulin and glimepiride only slightly lowered glycemic values. In addition, lipid status of treated animals as well as levels of serum AST, ALT, ALP, creatinine, urea and MDA were completely normalized. In addition, the polyherbal mixture completely restored the histopathological changes of the liver, kidneys and all four Cornu ammonis regions of the hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS The polyherbal mixture was effective in the prevention of both primary and secondary diabetic complications such as hyperlipidemia, increased lipid peroxidation, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, nephropathy and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Petrović
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, 18000, Niš, Serbia.
| | - Višnja Madić
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, 18000, Niš, Serbia
| | - Gordana Stojanović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, 18000, Niš, Serbia
| | - Ivana Zlatanović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, 18000, Niš, Serbia
| | - Bojan Zlatković
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, 18000, Niš, Serbia
| | - Perica Vasiljević
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, 18000, Niš, Serbia
| | - Ljubiša Đorđević
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, 18000, Niš, Serbia
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Wu CY, Iskander C, Wang C, Xiong LY, Shah BR, Edwards JD, Kapral MK, Herrmann N, Lanctôt KL, Masellis M, Swartz RH, Cogo-Moreira H, MacIntosh BJ, Rabin JS, Black SE, Saskin R, Swardfager W. Association of sulfonylureas with the risk of dementia: A population-based cohort study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2023; 71:3059-3070. [PMID: 37218376 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.18397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sulfonylureas are oral glucose-lowering medications positioned as a second-line therapy for type 2 diabetes. Evidence relating them to cognitive decline has been mixed. The objective was to determine whether sulfonylurea use was associated with a differential risk of dementia compared with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitor use. METHODS Using administrative data from residents in Ontario, Canada, adults aged ≥66 years who were new users of a sulfonylurea or a DPP4 inhibitor from June 14, 2011, to March 31, 2021 entered this population-based retrospective cohort study. Dementia was ascertained using a validated algorithm for Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. Propensity-score weighted Cox proportional hazards models were used to obtain adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) and confidence intervals (CI) for time to incident dementia. The observation window started at 1 year after cohort entry to mitigate protopathic bias due to delayed diagnosis. The primary analysis used an intention-to-treat exposure definition. A separate propensity-score weighted analysis was conducted to explore within-class differences in dementia risk among sulfonylurea new users selected from the primary cohort. RESULTS Among 107,806 DPP4 inhibitor new users and 37,030 sulfonylurea new users, sulfonylureas compared with DPP4 inhibitors were associated with a higher risk of dementia (18.4/1000 person-years; aHR [95% CI] = 1.09 [1.04-1.15]) over a mean follow-up of 4.82 years from cohort entry. Glyburide compared to gliclazide exhibited a higher dementia risk (aHR [95% CI] = 1.17 [1.03-1.32]). CONCLUSION New use of a sulfonylurea especially glyburide was associated with a higher dementia risk compared with new use of a DPP4 inhibitor in older adults with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Yuan Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Sandra Black Centre for Brain Resilience and Recovery, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Lisa Y Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Sandra Black Centre for Brain Resilience and Recovery, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Baiju R Shah
- ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Obstetric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jodi D Edwards
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- ICES, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Moira K Kapral
- ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute for Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nathan Herrmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Krista L Lanctôt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Sandra Black Centre for Brain Resilience and Recovery, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- KITE University Health Network Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto Dementia Research Alliance, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mario Masellis
- Sandra Black Centre for Brain Resilience and Recovery, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard H Swartz
- Sandra Black Centre for Brain Resilience and Recovery, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hugo Cogo-Moreira
- Sandra Black Centre for Brain Resilience and Recovery, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Faculty of Education, ICT, and Learning, Østfold University College, Halden, Norway
| | - Bradley J MacIntosh
- Sandra Black Centre for Brain Resilience and Recovery, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Computational Radiology & Artificial Intelligence (CRAI), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jennifer S Rabin
- Sandra Black Centre for Brain Resilience and Recovery, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sandra E Black
- Sandra Black Centre for Brain Resilience and Recovery, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto Dementia Research Alliance, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Walter Swardfager
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Sandra Black Centre for Brain Resilience and Recovery, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- KITE University Health Network Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Goodarzi G, Tehrani SS, Fana SE, Moradi-Sardareh H, Panahi G, Maniati M, Meshkani R. Crosstalk between Alzheimer's disease and diabetes: a focus on anti-diabetic drugs. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:1769-1800. [PMID: 37335453 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01225-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are two of the most common age-related diseases. There is accumulating evidence of an overlap in the pathophysiological mechanisms of these two diseases. Studies have demonstrated insulin pathway alternation may interact with amyloid-β protein deposition and tau protein phosphorylation, two essential factors in AD. So attention to the use of anti-diabetic drugs in AD treatment has increased in recent years. In vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies have evaluated possible neuroprotective effects of anti-diabetic different medicines in AD, with some promising results. Here we review the evidence on the therapeutic potential of insulin, metformin, Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP1R), thiazolidinediones (TZDs), Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV (DPP IV) Inhibitors, Sulfonylureas, Sodium-glucose Cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors, Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, and Amylin analog against AD. Given that many questions remain unanswered, further studies are required to confirm the positive effects of anti-diabetic drugs in AD treatment. So to date, no particular anti-diabetic drugs can be recommended to treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golnaz Goodarzi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Student Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pathobiology and Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Sadra Samavarchi Tehrani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Student Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Ebrahimi Fana
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Student Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ghodratollah Panahi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Maniati
- English Department, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Reza Meshkani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Sabari SS, Balasubramani K, Iyer M, Sureshbabu HW, Venkatesan D, Gopalakrishnan AV, Narayanaswamy A, Senthil Kumar N, Vellingiri B. Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM) and Parkinson's Disease (PD): a Mechanistic Approach. Mol Neurobiol 2023:10.1007/s12035-023-03359-y. [PMID: 37118323 PMCID: PMC10144908 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03359-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggest that there is a connection between Parkinson's disease (PD) and insulin dysregulation in the brain, whilst the connection between PD and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is still up for debate. Insulin is widely recognised to play a crucial role in neuronal survival and brain function; any changes in insulin metabolism and signalling in the central nervous system (CNS) can lead to the development of various brain disorders. There is accumulating evidence linking T2DM to PD and other neurodegenerative diseases. In fact, they have a lot in common patho-physiologically, including insulin dysregulation, oxidative stress resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction, microglial activation, and inflammation. As a result, initial research should focus on the role of insulin and its molecular mechanism in order to develop therapeutic outcomes. In this current review, we will look into the link between T2DM and PD, the function of insulin in the brain, and studies related to impact of insulin in causing T2DM and PD. Further, we have also highlighted the role of various insulin signalling pathway in both T2DM and PD. We have also suggested that T2DM-targeting pharmacological strategies as potential therapeutic approach for individuals with cognitive impairment, and we have demonstrated the effectiveness of T2DM-prescribed drugs through current PD treatment trials. In conclusion, this investigation would fill a research gap in T2DM-associated Parkinson's disease (PD) with a potential therapy option.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sri Sabari
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine/Translational Research, Central University of Punjab (CUPB), Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kiruthika Balasubramani
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mahalaxmi Iyer
- Department of Biotechnology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to Be University), Coimbatore, 641021, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Harysh Winster Sureshbabu
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine/Translational Research, Central University of Punjab (CUPB), Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dhivya Venkatesan
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, 632 014, India
| | - Arul Narayanaswamy
- Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nachimuthu Senthil Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University (A Central University), Aizawl, 796004, Mizoram, India
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine/Translational Research, Central University of Punjab (CUPB), Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India.
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Glimepiride Prevents 1-Methyl-4-Phenyl-1,2,3,6-Tetrahydropyridine Induced Dopamine Neurons Degeneration Through Attenuation of Glia Activation and Oxidative Stress in Mice. Neurotox Res 2023; 41:212-223. [PMID: 36705862 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-023-00637-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that there is a link between type 2 diabetes mellitus and Parkinson's disease (PD) evidenced in faster progression and more severe phenotype in patients living with diabetes suggestive of shared cellular pathways; hence, antidiabetic drugs could be a possible treatment options for disease modification. This study evaluated the effect of glimepiride (GMP), a third generation sulphonylurea, on 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD in mice. Sixty mice were divided randomly into six individual groups of 10 mice each and dose orally as follows: group 1: vehicle (10 ml/kg, p.o.); group 2: MPTP (20 mg/kg, i.p. × 4 at 2-h interval); groups 3-5: GMP (1, 2, or 4 mg/kg, p.o.) + MPTP (20 mg/kg, i.p. × 4 at 2-h interval); and group 6: GMP (4 mg/kg, p.o.). Effect of glimepiride on motor activities were appraised with the use of open-field test and rotarod performance while non-motor activity was evaluated using force swim test (FST; depression) and Y-maze test (working memory). MPTP induced significant decrease in latency to fall on rotarod, distance covered/rearing in open field, mean speed and climbing in FST, and percentage alternation behavior in Y-maze suggestive of motor and non-motor dysfunction. However, MPTP-induced motor and non-motor dysfunction were ameliorated with glimepiride post-treatment. In addition, MPTP-induced increase in oxidative stress parameters and cholinergic neurotransmission was attenuated by glimepiride. In addition, MPTP-induced nigral dopamine neuron loss (decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neuron (TH)) and neuroinflammation (activation of glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) and ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (iba-1)) were ameliorated by GMP administration. This study showed that glimepiride ameliorates MPTP-induced PD motor and non-motor deficits through enhancement of antioxidant defense signaling and attenuation of neuroinflammatory markers. Thus, this could be useful as a disease-modifying therapy in the management of PD.
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Muacevic A, Adler JR. Can Alzheimer's Disease Be Secondary to Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus? Cureus 2022; 14:e31273. [PMID: 36505102 PMCID: PMC9732418 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.31273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease and insulin resistance are prevalent in older adults. Insulin's ability to effectively affect target tissues is diminished by IR. Hyperglycemia, higher blood pressure, elevated triglyceride levels, decreased HDL levels and central obesity are the outcomes of a condition, namely metabolic syndrome. Cognitive impairment and abnormalities of the brain have been linked to metabolic syndrome (MetS), a grouping of risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Type-2 diabetes mellitus and its relationship to other conditions have been investigated on the assorted extent in the pair of, human and animal subjects. First, it was shown that insulin receptors are present in the brain, namely the hippocampus. Most insulin is delivered to the brain by crossing the blood-brain barrier. Second, numerous research revealed that insulin impacts various neurotransmitters in a way that enhances memory and cognition. Thirdly, several pathological research has also shown that beta-amyloid plaques, hyperphosphorylated tau protein, and brain shrinkage, particularly in the hippocampus, are shared brain lesions between insulin and Alzheimer's disease. In light of this, type 2 diabetes mellitus may be viewed as a liability for dementia and Alzheimer's disease.
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8
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Zaki MO, El-Desouky S, Elsherbiny DA, Salama M, Azab SS. Glimepiride mitigates tauopathy and neuroinflammation in P301S transgenic mice: role of AKT/GSK3β signaling. Inflammopharmacology 2022; 30:1871-1890. [PMID: 35922737 PMCID: PMC9499917 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-01023-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Tauopathy is a group of neurodegenerative diseases in which the pathogenesis processes are related to tau protein. The imbalances between the activities of kinases and phosphatases of tau protein lead to tau hyperphosphorylation and subsequent neurodegeneration. Numerous studies suggest a strong linkage between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, finding a drug with a dual therapeutic activity against T2D and neuroprotective will be a promising idea. Hence, the potential neuroprotective effect of Glimepiride (GPD) against tauopathy was evaluated in the current study. METHODS P301S mice model was employed for tauopathy and C57BL/6 wild type mice (WT) was used as control. Phosphorylated and acetylated tau protein levels was assessed in cortex and hippocampus by western blot. Effect of GPD on tauopathy related enzymes, neuroinflammation, apoptotic markers were evaluated. Furthermore, the neuroprotective effects against anxiety like behavior and motor impairment was analyzed using Parallel rod floor and Open field tests. RESULTS GPD significantly ameliorates motor impairment, anxiety like behavior and neurodegeneration in P301S mice. Phosphorylated tau and acetylated tau were significantly decreased in both cortex and hippocampus of P301S mice via decreasing GSK3β, increasing ratio of phosphorylated-AKT to total-AKT, increasing PP2A and normalization of CDK5 levels. Furthermore, GPD treatment also decreased neuroinflammation and apoptosis by reducing NF-kB, TNF-α and caspase 3 levels. CONCLUSION The current data suggests that GPD exerts a protective effect against tauopathy, behavioural consequences, neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation and apoptosis. GPD is therefore a promising agent for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases associated with tauopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mennatallah O Zaki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University, New Damietta, Egypt
| | - S El-Desouky
- Medical Experimental Research Center (MERC), Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Doaa A Elsherbiny
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Salama
- Medical Experimental Research Center (MERC), Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.,Institute of Global Health and Human Ecology, The American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samar S Azab
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt.
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9
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Dysmetabolism and Neurodegeneration: Trick or Treat? Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14071425. [PMID: 35406040 PMCID: PMC9003269 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests the existence of a strong link between metabolic syndrome and neurodegeneration. Indeed, epidemiologic studies have described solid associations between metabolic syndrome and neurodegeneration, whereas animal models contributed for the clarification of the mechanistic underlying the complex relationships between these conditions, having the development of an insulin resistance state a pivotal role in this relationship. Herein, we review in a concise manner the association between metabolic syndrome and neurodegeneration. We start by providing concepts regarding the role of insulin and insulin signaling pathways as well as the pathophysiological mechanisms that are in the genesis of metabolic diseases. Then, we focus on the role of insulin in the brain, with special attention to its function in the regulation of brain glucose metabolism, feeding, and cognition. Moreover, we extensively report on the association between neurodegeneration and metabolic diseases, with a particular emphasis on the evidence observed in animal models of dysmetabolism induced by hypercaloric diets. We also debate on strategies to prevent and/or delay neurodegeneration through the normalization of whole-body glucose homeostasis, particularly via the modulation of the carotid bodies, organs known to be key in connecting the periphery with the brain.
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Moran C, Than S, Callisaya M, Beare R, Srikanth V. New Horizons-Cognitive Dysfunction Associated With Type 2 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:929-942. [PMID: 34788847 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cognitive dysfunction increases with age. As society ages, clinicians will be increasingly tasked with managing older people who have both T2D and cognitive dysfunction. T2D is associated with an increased risk of cognitive dysfunction and hence there is increasing interest in whether T2D is a causal factor in the pathogenesis of cognitive decline and dementia. Recent advances in the use of sensitive measures of in vivo brain dysfunction in life-course studies can help understand potential mechanistic pathways and also help guide recommendations for clinical practice. In this article we will describe new horizons in the understanding of cognitive dysfunction associated with T2D. Coming from a clinical perspective, we discuss potential mechanisms and pathways linking the 2 conditions and the contribution of multimodal neuroimaging and study designs to advancing understanding in the field. We also highlight the important issues on the horizon that will need addressing in clinical identification, management, and risk reduction for people with coexistent T2D and cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Moran
- Academic Unit, Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, 3199 Victoria, Australia
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Peninsula Health, Melbourne, 3199 Victoria, Australia
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Alfred Health, Melbourne, 3004 Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephanie Than
- Academic Unit, Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, 3199 Victoria, Australia
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Peninsula Health, Melbourne, 3199 Victoria, Australia
| | - Michele Callisaya
- Academic Unit, Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, 3199 Victoria, Australia
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7000 Tasmania, Australia
| | - Richard Beare
- Academic Unit, Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, 3199 Victoria, Australia
- Developmental Imaging, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, 3052 Victoria, Australia
| | - Velandai Srikanth
- Academic Unit, Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, 3199 Victoria, Australia
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Peninsula Health, Melbourne, 3199 Victoria, Australia
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7000 Tasmania, Australia
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Glibenclamide ameliorates the expression of neurotrophic factors in sevoflurane anaesthesia-induced oxidative stress and cognitive impairment in hippocampal neurons of old rats. J Vet Res 2021; 65:527-538. [PMID: 35112009 PMCID: PMC8775723 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2021-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Several antidiabetic medications have been proposed as prospective treatments for cognitive impairments in type 2 diabetes patients, glibenclamide (GBC) among them. Our research aimed to evaluate the impact of GBC on hippocampal learning memory and inflammation due to enhanced neurotrophic signals induced by inhalation of sevoflurane. Material and Methods Rats (Sprague Dawley, both sexes) were assigned to four groups: a control (vehicle, p.o.), GBC (10 mg/kg b.w.; p.o.), low-dose sevoflurane and low-dose sevoflurane + GBC (10 mg/kg b.w.; p.o.) for 23 days. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) staining was performed to analyse the count of apoptotic cells and ELISA was conducted to assess the protein signals. A Western blot, a Y-maze test, and a Morris maze test were performed, and the results analysed. Blood and tissues were collected, and isolation of RNA was performed with qRT-PCR. Results The Morris maze test results revealed an improvement in the length of the escape latency on days 1 (P < 0.05), 2 (P < 0.01), 3, and 4 in the low-dose Sevo group. Time spent in the quadrant and crossing axis and the percentage of spontaneous alterations showed a substantial decrease in the low-dose Sevo group which received GBC at 10 mg/kg b.w. Significant increases were shown in IL-6 and TNF-α levels in the low-dose Sevo group, whereas a decrease was evident in the GBC group. Conclusion Our results indicate that glibenclamide may be a novel drug to prevent sevoflurane inhalation-induced impaired learning and reduce brain-derived neurotrophic factor release, which may be a vital target for the development of potential therapies for cognitive deficits and neurodegeneration.
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Alkasabera A, Onyali CB, Anim-Koranteng C, Shah HE, Ethirajulu A, Bhawnani N, Mostafa JA. The Effect of Type-2 Diabetes on Cognitive Status and the Role of Anti-diabetes Medications. Cureus 2021; 13:e19176. [PMID: 34877187 PMCID: PMC8642129 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.19176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Type-2 diabetes mellitus prevalence is constantly increasing; this is explained by the increase of its risk factors and the amelioration of its management. Therefore, people are living longer with diabetes mellitus, which, in turn, has revealed new complications of the disease. Dementia is represented mainly by Alzheimer's disease and is an interesting topic of study. Accordingly, statistics have shown that dementia incidence is doubled in diabetic patients. The establishment of a relation between type-2 diabetes mellitus was studied on several levels in both humans and animal subjects. First, insulin receptors were found in the brain, especially the hippocampus, and insulin transport to the brain is mainly accomplished through the blood-brain barrier. Secondly, several studies showed that insulin affects multiple neurotransmitters in favor of promoting memory and cognition status. Thirdly, multiple pathological studies showed that insulin and Alzheimer's disease share many common lesions in the brain, such as beta-amyloid plaques, amylin-Aβ plaques, hyper-phosphorylated tau protein, and brain atrophy, especially in the hippocampus. After recognizing the positive effect of insulin on cognitive status, and the harmful effect of insulin resistance on cognitive status, multiple studies were focused on the role of anti-diabetes medications in fighting dementia. Consequently, these studies showed a positive impact of oral anti-diabetes medication, as well as insulin in limiting the progression of dementia and promoting cognitive status. Moreover, their effects were also noticed on limiting the pathological lesions of Alzheimer's disease. Accordingly, we can consider type-2 diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, this can be used on the pharmaceutical level by the promising implication of antidiabetics as a treatment of dementia and Alzheimer's disease or at least to limit its progression. However, multiple clinical studies should be dedicated to proving the true benefits of anti-diabetes medications in treating dementia before they can be used in reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almothana Alkasabera
- General Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | | | | | - Hira E Shah
- Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Aarthi Ethirajulu
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Nitin Bhawnani
- Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Jihan A Mostafa
- Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
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13
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Lee H, Kim E. Repositioning medication for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease to delay the onset and prevent progression of Alzheimer's disease. Arch Pharm Res 2020; 43:932-960. [PMID: 32909178 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-020-01268-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex, progressive, neurodegenerative disorder. As with other common chronic diseases, multiple risk factors contribute to the onset and progression of AD. Many researchers have evaluated the epidemiologic and pathophysiological association between AD, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and cerebrovascular diseases (CBVDs), including commonly reported risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Relevant therapies of CVDs/CBVDs for the attenuation of AD have also been empirically investigated. Considering the challenges of new drug development, in terms of cost and time, multifactorial approaches such as therapeutic repositioning of CVD/CBVD medication should be explored to delay the onset and progression of AD. Thus, in this review, we discuss our current understanding of the association between cardiovascular risk factors and AD, as revealed by clinical and non-clinical studies, as well as the therapeutic implications of CVD/CBVD medication that may attenuate AD. Furthermore, we discuss future directions by evaluating ongoing trials in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heeyoung Lee
- Department of Clinical Medicinal Sciences, Konyang University, 121 Daehakro, Nonsan, 32992, Republic of Korea
| | - EunYoung Kim
- Evidence-Based Research Laboratory, Division of Clinical Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea.
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Diabetes and dementia - the two faces of Janus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 5:e186-e197. [PMID: 32832719 PMCID: PMC7433787 DOI: 10.5114/amsad.2020.97433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Patients with type 2 diabetes are at high risk for cognitive decline and dementia. Despite the limited data on the possible pathogenetic mechanisms, evidence suggests that cognitive decline, and thus dementia and Alzheimer’s disease, might arise from a complex interplay between type 2 diabetes and the aging brain, including decreased insulin signalling and glucose metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and vascular disease. Furthermore, there is increasing interest on the effects of antidiabetic agents on cognitive decline. There are many studies showing that antidiabetic agents might have beneficial effects on the brain, mainly through inhibition of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. In addition, experimental studies on patients with diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease have shown beneficial effects on synaptic plasticity, metabolism of amyloid-β, and microtubule-associated protein tau. Therefore, in the present review, we discuss the effects of antidiabetic agents in relation to cognitive decline, and in particular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease, in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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15
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Ahmad F, Liu P. Synaptosome as a tool in Alzheimer's disease research. Brain Res 2020; 1746:147009. [PMID: 32659233 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Synapse dysfunction is an integral feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology. In fact, prodromal manifestation of structural and functional deficits in synapses much prior to appearance of overt pathological hallmarks of the disease indicates that AD might be considered as a degenerative disorder of the synapses. Several research instruments and techniques have allowed us to study synaptic function and plasticity and their alterations in pathological conditions, such as AD. One such tool is the biochemically isolated preparations of detached and resealed synaptic terminals, the "synaptosomes". Because of the preservation of many of the physiological processes such as metabolic and enzymatic activities, synaptosomes have proved to be an indispensable ex vivo model system to study synapse physiology both when isolated from fresh or cryopreserved tissues, and from animal or human post-mortem tissues. This model system has been tremendously successful in the case of post-mortem tissues because of their accessibility relative to acute brain slices or cultures. The current review details the use of synaptosomes in AD research and its potential as a valuable tool in furthering our understanding of the pathogenesis and in devising and testing of therapeutic strategies for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faraz Ahmad
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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16
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Meng L, Li XY, Shen L, Ji HF. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Drugs for Alzheimer's Disease: Current Evidence and Therapeutic Opportunities. Trends Mol Med 2020; 26:597-614. [PMID: 32470386 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) represent two major health burdens with steadily increasing prevalence and accumulating evidence indicates a close relationship between the two disorders. In view of their similar pathogenesis, the potential of T2DM drugs for the treatment of AD has attracted considerable attention in recent years, with inspiring outcomes. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the effects of a total of 14 individual drugs (among which are seven T2DM drug types) against AD. Further, we discuss the potential action mechanisms of these T2DM drugs against AD. We argue that these findings may open novel avenues for AD drug discovery, drug target identification, and cotreatment of the two disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Meng
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China; Zibo Key Laboratory of New Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Yu Li
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China; Zibo Key Laboratory of New Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Shen
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China; Zibo Key Laboratory of New Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong-Fang Ji
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China; Zibo Key Laboratory of New Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a well-established risk factor for the development of dementia. Dementia and T2D share some underlying pathophysiology that has led to interest in the potential to repurpose drugs used in the management of T2D to benefit brain health. This review describes the scientific data available on the use of T2D medications for the risk reduction or management of dementia, in people with and without T2D. RECENT FINDINGS Results from basic laboratory research support the potential for commonly-used medications for T2D, including those with direct glucose-lowering properties, to have a beneficial effect on brain health. However, human studies have been mostly observational in nature and report conflicting results. Preliminary data suggest that intranasal insulin, metformin, and GLP-1 agonists show promise for dementia, but confirmatory evidence for their benefit in dementia is still lacking. Current evidence does not support the repurposing of T2D medications for dementia risk reduction or management. Research in the field of T2D and dementia is active, and further data are required before definitive conclusions can be drawn.
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18
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Bello-Chavolla OY, Antonio-Villa NE, Vargas-Vázquez A, Ávila-Funes JA, Aguilar-Salinas CA. Pathophysiological Mechanisms Linking Type 2 Diabetes and Dementia: Review of Evidence from Clinical, Translational and Epidemiological Research. Curr Diabetes Rev 2019; 15:456-470. [PMID: 30648514 DOI: 10.2174/1573399815666190129155654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes represents an increasing health burden world-wide and its prevalence in particularly higher in elderly population. Consistent epidemiological evidence suggests an increased risk of dementia associated to type 2 diabetes; the mechanisms underlying these associations, however, remain unclear. OBJECTIVE The study aims to review epidemiological, clinical and pre-clinical data that weigh on pathophysiological links, mechanisms of disease and associations between type 2 diabetes and dementia to identify areas of opportunity for future research. METHODS We searched the following electronic bibliographic databases: PUBMED, EMBASE, SCIELO, MEDLINE and OVID for clinical, translational and epidemiological research literature that summarize diabetes-related risk factors for dementia, metabolic and neurological changes associated to T2D, evidence of therapeutic approaches in type 2 diabetes and its pathophysiological implications for dementia. RESULTS Type 2 diabetes mellitus increases risk for all-cause dementia, vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease. The most evaluated mechanisms linking both disorders in pre-clinical studies include an increase in neuronal insulin resistance, impaired insulin signaling, pro-inflammatory state, mitochondrial dysfunction and vascular damage which increase deposition of β-amyloid, tau proteins and GSK3β, leading to an earlier onset of dementia in individuals with impairment in the glucose metabolism. Neuroimaging and neuropathology evidence linking cerebrovascular lesions, neurodegeneration and particularly small-vessel disease in the onset of dementia is consistent with the increased risk of incident dementia in type 2 diabetes, but consistent evidence of AD-related pathology is scarce. Epidemiological data shows increased risk of dementia related to hypoglycemic episodes, glycemic control, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance and genetic predisposition, but the evidence is not consistent and statistical analysis might be affected by inconsistent covariate controlling. Therapeutic approaches for T2D have shown inconsistent result in relation to dementia prevention and delay of cognitive decline; lifestyle intervention, particularly physical activity, is a promising alternative to ameliorate the impact of disability and frailty on T2D-related dementia. CONCLUSION Vascular disease, inflammation and impaired brain insulin signaling might occur in T2D and contribute to dementia risk. Evidence from epidemiological studies has not consistently reported associations that could integrate a unified mechanism of disease in humans. Evaluation of the effect of antidiabetic medications and non-pharmacological interventions in dementia prevention in type 2 diabetes is promising but has thus far offered inconsistent results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Yaxmehen Bello-Chavolla
- Metabolic Disease Research Unit, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Mexico, United States
- Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous, University of Mexico, Mexico, United States
| | - Neftali Eduardo Antonio-Villa
- Metabolic Disease Research Unit, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Mexico, United States
- Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous, University of Mexico, Mexico, United States
| | - Arsenio Vargas-Vázquez
- Metabolic Disease Research Unit, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Mexico, United States
- Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous, University of Mexico, Mexico, United States
| | - José Alberto Ávila-Funes
- Department of Geriatrics, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Mexico, United States
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Carlos Alberto Aguilar-Salinas
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Mexico, United States
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sertoma, 64710 Monterrey, N.L., Mexico, United States
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19
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Ishola IO, Akataobi OE, Alade AA, Adeyemi OO. Glimepiride prevents paraquat-induced Parkinsonism in mice: involvement of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2018; 33:277-285. [PMID: 30451327 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing number of epidemiological and molecular studies which suggest that diabetes is associated with an increased risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). Hence, in this study, the effect of glimepiride (GPD), a sulphonylurea (antidiabetic) on paraquat (PQT)-induced Parkinsonism was evaluated in mice. Thirty-six mice were randomly divided into six groups (n = 6) and treated orally for 21 consecutive days as follows: Group 1: vehicle (10 mL/kg), Group 2: PQT (10 mg/kg, i.p., twice per week for 3 weeks), Group 3-5: GPD (1, 2 or 4 mg/kg) + PQT (10 mg/kg, i.p., twice per week for 3 weeks), Group 6: GPD (4 mg/kg, p.o.). The effects of the treatment on motor coordination were evaluated using the rotarod performance, bar and open field tests while working memory was assayed using Y-maze test. Paraquat injection induced significant decrease in falling time, number of crosses and percentage alternation behaviour with a concomitant increase in the duration of cataleptic behaviour in the rotarod, open field, Y-maze and bar tests, respectively, which was ameliorated by GPD treatment. PQT also increased lipid peroxidation, peroxynitrite and TNF-α generations as well as deficit in superoxide dismutase and GSH activities in the midbrain. PQT-induced oxidative stress and neuroinflammation was attenuated by GPD treatment. Findings from this study showed that GPD prevents PQT-induced motor dysfunction, memory impairment, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation through enhancement of antioxidant defense system and inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine release. Thus, GPD could be a potential adjunct in the management of Parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail O Ishola
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, PMB, 12003, Surulere, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | - Onyinyechi E Akataobi
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, PMB, 12003, Surulere, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | - Azeez A Alade
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, PMB, 12003, Surulere, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | - Olufunmilayo O Adeyemi
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, PMB, 12003, Surulere, Lagos State, Nigeria
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Tumminia A, Vinciguerra F, Parisi M, Frittitta L. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Alzheimer's Disease: Role of Insulin Signalling and Therapeutic Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113306. [PMID: 30355995 PMCID: PMC6275025 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades, numerous in vitro studies demonstrated that insulin receptors and theirs downstream pathways are widely distributed throughout the brain. This evidence has proven that; at variance with previous believes; insulin/insulin-like-growth-factor (IGF) signalling plays a crucial role in the regulation of different central nervous system (CNS) tasks. The most important of these functions include: synaptic formation; neuronal plasticity; learning; memory; neuronal stem cell activation; neurite growth and repair. Therefore; dysfunction at different levels of insulin signalling and metabolism can contribute to the development of a number of brain disorders. Growing evidences demonstrate a close relationship between Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease. They, in fact, share many pathophysiological characteristics comprising impaired insulin sensitivity, amyloid β accumulation, tau hyper-phosphorylation, brain vasculopathy, inflammation and oxidative stress. In this article, we will review the clinical and experimental evidences linking insulin resistance, T2DM and neurodegeneration, with the objective to specifically focus on insulin signalling-related mechanisms. We will also evaluate the pharmacological strategies targeting T2DM as potential therapeutic tools in patients with cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Tumminia
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Diabetes, Obesity and Dietetic Center, Garibaldi Hospital, Via Palermo n° 636, 95122 Catania, Italy.
| | - Federica Vinciguerra
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Diabetes, Obesity and Dietetic Center, Garibaldi Hospital, Via Palermo n° 636, 95122 Catania, Italy.
| | - Miriam Parisi
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Diabetes, Obesity and Dietetic Center, Garibaldi Hospital, Via Palermo n° 636, 95122 Catania, Italy.
| | - Lucia Frittitta
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Diabetes, Obesity and Dietetic Center, Garibaldi Hospital, Via Palermo n° 636, 95122 Catania, Italy.
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Sun GY, Simonyi A, Fritsche KL, Chuang DY, Hannink M, Gu Z, Greenlief CM, Yao JK, Lee JC, Beversdorf DQ. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA): An essential nutrient and a nutraceutical for brain health and diseases. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 136:3-13. [PMID: 28314621 PMCID: PMC9087135 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) enriched in phospholipids in the brain and retina, is known to play multi-functional roles in brain health and diseases. While arachidonic acid (AA) is released from membrane phospholipids by cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), DHA is linked to action of the Ca2+-independent iPLA2. DHA undergoes enzymatic conversion by 15-lipoxygenase (Alox 15) to form oxylipins including resolvins and neuroprotectins, which are powerful lipid mediators. DHA can also undergo non-enzymatic conversion by reacting with oxygen free radicals (ROS), which cause the production of 4-hydoxyhexenal (4-HHE), an aldehyde derivative which can form adducts with DNA, proteins and lipids. In studies with both animal models and humans, there is evidence that inadequate intake of maternal n-3 PUFA may lead to aberrant development and function of the central nervous system (CNS). What is less certain is whether consumption of n-3 PUFA is important in maintaining brain health throughout one's life span. Evidence mostly from non-human studies suggests that DHA intake above normal nutritional requirements might modify the risk/course of a number of diseases of the brain. This concept has fueled much of the present interest in DHA research, in particular, in attempts to delineate mechanisms whereby DHA may serve as a nutraceutical and confer neuroprotective effects. Current studies have revealed ability for the oxylipins to regulation of cell redox homeostasis through the Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2/Antioxidant response element (Nrf2/ARE) anti-oxidant pathway, and impact signaling pathways associated with neurotransmitters, and modulation of neuronal functions involving brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF). This review is aimed at describing recent studies elaborating these mechanisms with special regard to aging and Alzheimer's disease, autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, traumatic brain injury, and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Y Sun
- Biochemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Agnes Simonyi
- Biochemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Kevin L Fritsche
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Dennis Y Chuang
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Mark Hannink
- Biochemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Zezong Gu
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, United States
| | | | - Jeffrey K Yao
- Medical Research Service, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - James C Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - David Q Beversdorf
- Department of Radiology, Neurology, and Psychological Sciences, and the Thompson Center, William and Nancy Thompson Endowed Chair in Radiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, United States
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Zafar S, Shafiq M, Younas N, Schmitz M, Ferrer I, Zerr I. Prion Protein Interactome: Identifying Novel Targets in Slowly and Rapidly Progressive Forms of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 59:265-275. [PMID: 28671123 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Rapidly progressive Alzheimer's disease (rpAD) is a variant of AD distinguished by a rapid decline in cognition and short disease duration from onset to death. While attempts to identify rpAD based on biomarker profile classifications have been initiated, the mechanisms which contribute to the rapid decline and prion mimicking heterogeneity in clinical signs are still largely unknown. In this study, we characterized prion protein (PrP) expression, localization, and interactome in rpAD, slow progressive AD, and in non-dementia controls. PrP along with its interacting proteins were affinity purified with magnetic Dynabeads Protein-G, and were identified using Q-TOF-ESI/MS analysis. Our data demonstrated a significant 1.2-fold decrease in di-glycosylated PrP isoforms specifically in rpAD patients. Fifteen proteins appeared to interact with PrP and only two proteins3/4histone H2B-type1-B and zinc alpha-2 protein3/4were specifically bound with PrP isoform isolated from rpAD cases. Our data suggest distinct PrP involvement in association with the altered PrP interacting protein in rpAD, though the pathophysiological significance of these interactions remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Zafar
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center and DZNE, Georg-August University, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mohsin Shafiq
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center and DZNE, Georg-August University, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Neelam Younas
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center and DZNE, Georg-August University, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center and DZNE, Georg-August University, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Institute of Neuropathology, IDIBELL-University Hospital Bellvitge, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.,CIBERNED (Network center for biomedical research of neurodegenerative diseases), Institute Carlos III, Ministry of Health, Spain
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center and DZNE, Georg-August University, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany
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Alford S, Patel D, Perakakis N, Mantzoros CS. Obesity as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease: weighing the evidence. Obes Rev 2018; 19:269-280. [PMID: 29024348 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the sixth leading cause of death in the USA today; therefore, it is imperative that public health initiatives and clinical strategies are developed to prevent and effectively treat AD. Despite the enormous impact that AD has on individuals, families, society, and the health care system, there are no biomarkers to clearly identify those at risk for AD, public health prevention strategies in place, or treatments to address the underlying pathology or stop the progression of AD. There is ample scientific as well as empirical evidence that obesity and its metabolic and vascular comorbidities are related to AD and likely in the causative pathway. Obesity prevention and treatment could prove to be an efficacious and safe approach to preventing AD, a serious and daunting epidemic disease. In this review, we present the current pathophysiological and clinical evidence linking obesity and obesity-related comorbidities (eg, insulin resistance, hyperglycaemia, and type 2 diabetes) with AD. Additionally, we discuss which population to target and when to consider treatment for AD. Finally, we summarize the current evidence regarding the efficacy of anti-obesity and anti-diabetic pharmacotherapeutic agents for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - D Patel
- MCPHS University, Boston, MA, USA.,VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - N Perakakis
- Mantzoros Lab, Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Conditional Deletion of Prnp Rescues Behavioral and Synaptic Deficits after Disease Onset in Transgenic Alzheimer's Disease. J Neurosci 2017; 37:9207-9221. [PMID: 28842420 PMCID: PMC5607466 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0722-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Biochemical and genetic evidence implicate soluble oligomeric amyloid-β (Aβo) in triggering Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology. Moreover, constitutive deletion of the Aβo-binding cellular prion protein (PrPC) prevents development of memory deficits in APPswe/PS1ΔE9 mice, a model of familial AD. Here, we define the role of PrPC to rescue or halt established AD endophenotypes in a therapeutic disease-modifying time window after symptom onset. Deletion of Prnp at either 12 or 16 months of age fully reverses hippocampal synapse loss and completely rescues preexisting behavioral deficits by 17 months. In contrast, but consistent with a neuronal function for Aβo/PrPC signaling, plaque density, microgliosis, and astrocytosis are not altered. Degeneration of catecholaminergic neurons remains unchanged by PrPC reduction after disease onset. These results define the potential of targeting PrPC as a disease-modifying therapy for certain AD-related phenotypes after disease onset.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The study presented here further elucidates our understanding of the soluble oligomeric amyloid-β-Aβo-binding cellular prion protein (PrPC) signaling pathway in a familial form of Alzheimer's disease (AD) by implicating PrPC as a potential therapeutic target for AD. In particular, genetic deletion of Prnp rescued several familial AD (FAD)-associated phenotypes after disease onset in a mouse model of FAD. This study underscores the therapeutic potential of PrPC deletion given that patients already present symptoms at the time of diagnosis.
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West E, Osborne C, Bate C. The cholesterol ester cycle regulates signalling complexes and synapse damage caused by amyloid-β. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:3050-3059. [PMID: 28760925 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.205484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is required for the formation and function of some signalling platforms. In synaptosomes, amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers, the causative agent in Alzheimer's disease, bind to cellular prion proteins (PrPC) resulting in increased cholesterol concentrations, translocation of cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2, also known as PLA2G4A) to lipid rafts, and activation of cPLA2 The formation of Aβ-PrPC complexes is controlled by the cholesterol ester cycle. In this study, Aβ activated cholesterol ester hydrolases, which released cholesterol from stores of cholesterol esters and stabilised Aβ-PrPC complexes, resulting in activated cPLA2 Conversely, cholesterol esterification reduced cholesterol concentrations causing the dispersal of Aβ-PrPC complexes. In cultured neurons, the cholesterol ester cycle regulated Aβ-induced synapse damage; cholesterol ester hydrolase inhibitors protected neurons, while inhibition of cholesterol esterification significantly increased Aβ-induced synapse damage. An understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the dispersal of signalling complexes is important as failure to deactivate signalling pathways can lead to pathology. This study demonstrates that esterification of cholesterol is a key factor in the dispersal of Aβ-induced signalling platforms involved in the activation of cPLA2 and synapse degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan West
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Craig Osborne
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Clive Bate
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK
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Li L. The Molecular Mechanism of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Therapy in Alzheimer's Disease, Based on a Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Pathway. CNS Drugs 2017; 31:535-549. [PMID: 28540646 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-017-0431-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is an important molecule that connects aging, lifespan, energy balance, glucose and lipid metabolism, and neurodegeneration. Rapamycin exerts effects in numerous biological activities via its target protein, playing a key role in energy balance, regulation of autophagy, extension of lifespan, immunosuppression, and protection against neurodegeneration. There are many similar pathophysiological processes and molecular pathways between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and pharmacologic agents used to treat T2DM, including glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogs, seem to be beneficial for AD. mTOR mediates the effects of GLP-1 analogs in the treatment of T2DM; hence, I hypothesize that mTOR is a key molecule for mediating the protective effects of GLP-1 for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Ita
- College of Pharmacy, Touro University, Mare Island-Vallejo, California, CA, USA
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Palleria C, Leporini C, Maida F, Succurro E, De Sarro G, Arturi F, Russo E. Potential effects of current drug therapies on cognitive impairment in patients with type 2 diabetes. Front Neuroendocrinol 2016; 42:76-92. [PMID: 27521218 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a complex metabolic disease that can cause serious damage to various organs. Among the best-known complications, an important role is played by cognitive impairment. Impairment of cognitive functioning has been reported both in type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus. While this comorbidity has long been known, no major advances have been achieved in clinical research; it is clear that appropriate control of blood glucose levels represents the best current (although unsatisfactory) approach in the prevention of cognitive impairment. We have focused our attention on the possible effect on the brain of antidiabetic drugs, despite their effects on blood glucose levels, giving a brief rationale on the mechanisms (e.g. GLP-1, BDNF, ghrelin) that might be involved. Indeed, GLP-1 agonists are currently clinically studied in other neurodegenerative diseases (i.e. Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease); furthermore, also other antidiabetic drugs have proven efficacy in preclinical studies. Overall, promising results are already available and finding new intervention strategies represents a current need in this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Palleria
- Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Christian Leporini
- Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesca Maida
- Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Elena Succurro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Internal Medicine Unit of "Mater Domini", University Hospital, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Policlinico "Mater Domini", Campus Universitario, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giovambattista De Sarro
- Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Franco Arturi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Internal Medicine Unit of "Mater Domini", University Hospital, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Policlinico "Mater Domini", Campus Universitario, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Emilio Russo
- Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Italy.
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Yan R, Fan Q, Zhou J, Vassar R. Inhibiting BACE1 to reverse synaptic dysfunctions in Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 65:326-40. [PMID: 27044452 PMCID: PMC4856578 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, many studies have identified significant contributions of toxic β-amyloid peptides (Aβ) to the etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is the most common age-dependent neurodegenerative disease. AD is also recognized as a disease of synaptic failure. Aβ, generated by sequential proteolytic cleavages of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by BACE1 and γ-secretase, is one of major culprits that cause this failure. In this review, we summarize current findings on how BACE1-cleaved APP products impact learning and memory through proteins localized on glutamatergic, GABAergic, and dopaminergic synapses. Considering the broad effects of Aβ on all three types of synapses, BACE1 inhibition emerges as a practical approach for ameliorating Aβ-mediated synaptic dysfunctions. Since BACE1 inhibitory drugs are currently in clinical trials, this review also discusses potential complications arising from BACE1 inhibition. We emphasize that the benefits of BACE1 inhibitory drugs will outweigh the concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riqiang Yan
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | - Qingyuan Fan
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - John Zhou
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Robert Vassar
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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30
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Therapeutic Potential of Antidiabetic Medications in the Treatment of Cognitive Dysfunction and Dementia. Drugs Aging 2016; 33:399-409. [DOI: 10.1007/s40266-016-0375-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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