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Timmerman A, Balcaen M, Coopman V, Degreef M, Pottie E, Stove CP. Activity-based detection of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists in plant materials. Harm Reduct J 2024; 21:127. [PMID: 38951904 PMCID: PMC11218095 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-024-01044-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since late 2019, fortification of 'regular' cannabis plant material with synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) has become a notable phenomenon on the drug market. As many SCRAs pose a higher health risk than genuine cannabis, recognizing SCRA-adulterated cannabis is important from a harm reduction perspective. However, this is not always an easy task as adulterated cannabis may only be distinguished from genuine cannabis by dedicated, often expensive and time-consuming analytical techniques. In addition, the dynamic nature of the SCRA market renders identification of fortified samples a challenging task. Therefore, we established and applied an in vitro cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) activity-based procedure to screen plant material for the presence of SCRAs. METHODS The assay principle relies on the functional complementation of a split-nanoluciferase following recruitment of β-arrestin 2 to activated CB1. A straightforward sample preparation, encompassing methanolic extraction and dilution, was optimized for plant matrices, including cannabis, spiked with 5 µg/mg of the SCRA CP55,940. RESULTS The bioassay successfully detected all samples of a set (n = 24) of analytically confirmed authentic Spice products, additionally providing relevant information on the 'strength' of a preparation and whether different samples may have originated from separate batches or possibly the same production batch. Finally, the methodology was applied to assess the occurrence of SCRA adulteration in a large set (n = 252) of herbal materials collected at an international dance festival. This did not reveal any positives, i.e. there were no samples that yielded a relevant CB1 activation. CONCLUSION In summary, we established SCRA screening of herbal materials as a new application for the activity-based CB1 bioassay. The simplicity of the sample preparation, the rapid results and the universal character of the bioassay render it an effective and future-proof tool for evaluating herbal materials for the presence of SCRAs, which is relevant in the context of harm reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axelle Timmerman
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Margot Balcaen
- Belgian Early Warning System on Drugs, Unit Illicit drugs, Health information, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Maarten Degreef
- Belgian Early Warning System on Drugs, Unit Illicit drugs, Health information, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eline Pottie
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christophe P Stove
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Marusich JA, Wiley JL. Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol discrimination: Effects of route of administration in mice. DRUG AND ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE REPORTS 2023; 9:100205. [PMID: 38045495 PMCID: PMC10690562 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadr.2023.100205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Route of administration is an important pharmacokinetic variable in development of translationally relevant preclinical models. Humans primarily administer cannabis through smoking, vaping, and edibles. In contrast, preclinical research has historically utilized injected Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). The present study sought to examine how route of administration affected the potency and time course of THC's discriminative stimulus properties. Methods Adult female and male C57BL/6 mice were trained to discriminate intraperitoneal (i.p.) THC from vehicle in a drug discrimination procedure. After discrimination was acquired, a dose-effect curve was determined for i.p., oral (p.o.), subcutaneous (s.c.), and aerosolized THC. Subsequently, the time course of effects of each route of administration was determined. Results THC administered i.p., p.o., s.c., or via aerosolization fully substituted for i.p. THC. The potency of THC's psychoactive effects was similar for i.p., p.o., and s.c., except that THC was more potent when administered s.c. vs p.o. in females. All routes of administration had a similar potency in both sexes. The duration of THC's psychoactive effects was similar across i.p., s.c., and p.o. routes of administration, whereas aerosolized THC produced a faster onset and shorter duration of effects compared to the other routes. Conclusion THC administered via multiple routes of administration, including those commonly used in preclinical research (i.p. and s.c.) and more translationally relevant routes (aerosol and p.o.), produced THC-like discriminative stimulus effects in mice trained to discriminate i.p. THC. More precise predictions of THC's effects in humans may result from use of these translationally relevant routes of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A. Marusich
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Jenny L. Wiley
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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3
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Moore CF, Marusich J, Haghdoost M, Lefever TW, Bonn-Miller MO, Weerts EM. Evaluation of the Modulatory Effects of Minor Cannabinoids and Terpenes on Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Discrimination in Rats. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2023; 8:S42-S50. [PMID: 37721992 DOI: 10.1089/can.2023.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Cannabis contains a multitude of phytocannabinoids and terpenes in addition to its main psychoactive constituent, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (D9-THC). It is believed that the combination of minor cannabinoids and terpenes with D9-THC may impact the subjective and physiological effects of D9-THC. In this study, select minor cannabinoids (cannabigerol [CBG], cannabidivarin [CBDV], cannabichromene [CBC], tetrahydrocannabivarin [THCV], cannabigerolic acid [CBGa], and cannabidiolic acid [CBDa]) and terpenes (beta-caryophyllene and linalool) were evaluated for their potential to decrease the interoceptive effects of D9-THC using drug discrimination methods. Materials and Methods: Male and female rats (n=16; 50% female) were trained to discriminate D9-THC from vehicle. Following training, D9-THC was administered 45 min pre-session, followed by administration of a minor cannabinoid or terpene (or vehicle) 15 min pre-session. CBG, CBDV, CBC, and THCV were administered at doses of 3-30 mg/kg; CBGa and CBDa were administered at doses of 10-100 mg/kg; beta-caryophyllene and linalool were administered at doses of 10-30 mg/kg. Percentage of D9-THC responding (%) was calculated to assess changes to D9-THCs interoceptive effects. Results: CBG, CBDV, CBC, THCV, CBGa, CBDa, beta-caryophyllene, and linalool had little effect on percent D9-THC responding in either sex. No compounds lowered percent D9-THC responding to 50% or below. THCV, CBC, CBDa, and beta-caryophyllene in combination with D9-THC decreased response rates compared with D9-THC alone. Conclusions: The minor cannabinoids and terpenes examined in the current study did not alter the discriminative stimulus effects of D9-THC. These results suggest that these compounds are unlikely to lower the psychoactive effects of D9-THC in human users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine F Moore
- Division of Behavioral Biology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Julie Marusich
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | | | - Elise M Weerts
- Division of Behavioral Biology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Corli G, Tirri M, Bilel S, Arfè R, Coccini T, Roda E, Marchetti B, Vincenzi F, Zauli G, Borea PA, Locatelli CA, Varani K, Marti M. MAM-2201 acute administration impairs motor, sensorimotor, prepulse inhibition, and memory functions in mice: a comparison with its analogue AM-2201. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023:10.1007/s00213-023-06378-8. [PMID: 37233813 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06378-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE 1-[(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](4-methyl-1-naphthalenyl) methanone (MAM-2201) is a potent synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist illegally marketed in "spice" products and as "synthacaine" for its psychoactive effects. It is a naphthoyl-indole derivative which differs from its analogue 1-[(5-Fluoropentyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](1-naphthylenyl) methanone (AM-2201) by the presence of a methyl substituent on carbon 4 (C-4) of the naphthoyl moiety. Multiple cases of intoxication and impaired driving have been linked to AM-2201 and MAM-2201 consumption. OBJECTIVES This study aims to investigate the in vitro (murine and human cannabinoid receptors) and in vivo (CD-1 male mice) pharmacodynamic activity of MAM-2201 and compare its effects with those induced by its desmethylated analogue, AM-2201. RESULTS In vitro competition binding studies confirmed that MAM-2201 and AM-2201 possess nanomolar affinity for both CD-1 murine and human CB1 and CB2 receptors, with preference for the CB1 receptor. In agreement with the in vitro binding data, in vivo studies showed that MAM-2201 induces visual, acoustic, and tactile impairments that were fully prevented by pretreatment with CB1 receptor antagonist/partial agonist AM-251, indicating a CB1 receptor mediated mechanism of action. Administration of MAM-2201 also altered locomotor activity and PPI responses of mice, pointing out its detrimental effect on motor and sensory gating functions and confirming its potential use liability. MAM-2201 and AM-2201 also caused deficits in short- and long-term working memory. CONCLUSION These findings point to the potential public health burden that these synthetic cannabinoids may pose, with particular emphasis on impaired driving and workplace performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Corli
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, LTTA Center and University Center of Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato Di Mortara 17-19, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Micaela Tirri
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, LTTA Center and University Center of Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato Di Mortara 17-19, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sabrine Bilel
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, LTTA Center and University Center of Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato Di Mortara 17-19, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Raffaella Arfè
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, LTTA Center and University Center of Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato Di Mortara 17-19, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Teresa Coccini
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Toxicology, and Poison Control Centre and National Toxicology Information Centre, Toxicology Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Via Maugeri 10, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elisa Roda
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Toxicology, and Poison Control Centre and National Toxicology Information Centre, Toxicology Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Via Maugeri 10, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Beatrice Marchetti
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, LTTA Center and University Center of Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato Di Mortara 17-19, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialistic Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Carlo Alessandro Locatelli
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Toxicology, and Poison Control Centre and National Toxicology Information Centre, Toxicology Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Via Maugeri 10, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Matteo Marti
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, LTTA Center and University Center of Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato Di Mortara 17-19, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
- Department of Anti-Drug Policies, Collaborative Center for the Italian National Early Warning System, Presidency of the Council of Ministers, Ferrara, Italy.
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Marusich JA, Gamage TF, Zhang Y, Akinfiresoye LR, Wiley JL. In vitro and in vivo pharmacology of nine novel synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 220:173467. [PMID: 36154844 PMCID: PMC9837865 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) are novel psychoactive substances that bind to and activate CB1 receptors in the brain. The structural manipulations observed in newer SCRAs suggest that manufacturers have incorporated modern drug development techniques into their repertoire, often producing higher CB1 receptor affinity than Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC). This study examined nine SCRAs recently detected by forensic surveillance, some of which caused fatalities: 5F-MDMB-PICA, FUB-144, 5F-MMB-PICA, MMB-4en-PICA, MMB-FUBICA, 5F-EDMB-PINACA, APP-BINACA, MDMB-4en-PINACA, and FUB-AKB48. Compounds were evaluated for CB1 and CB2 receptor binding affinity and functional activation and for their effects on body temperature, time course, and pharmacological equivalence with Δ9-THC in Δ9-THC drug discrimination in mice. All SCRAs bound to and activated CB1 and CB2 receptors with high affinity, with similar or greater affinity for CB2 than CB1 receptors and stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding in CB1 and CB2 expressing cell membranes. All compounds produced hypothermia, with shorter latency to peak effects for SCRAs than Δ9-THC. All SCRAs fully substituted for Δ9-THC in drug discrimination at one or more doses. Rank order potency in producing in vivo effects mostly aligned with rank order CB1 receptor affinities. Potencies for Δ9-THC-like discriminative stimulus effects were similar across sex except Δ9-THC was more potent in females and 5F-MMB-PICA was more potent in males. In summary, 5F-EMDB-PINACA, 5F-MDMB-PICA, MDMB-4en-PINACA, FUB-144, FUB-AKB48, 5F-MMB-PICA, MMB-4en-PICA, and MMB-FUBICA are potent and efficacious SCRAs with pharmacology like that of past SCRAs that have been abused in humans. In contrast, APP-BINACA was efficacious, but had lower potency than most past SCRAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Marusich
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Thomas F Gamage
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Yanan Zhang
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Luli R Akinfiresoye
- United States Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration, Diversion Control Division, Drug and Chemical Evaluation Section, 8701 Morrissette Drive, Springfield, VA 22152, USA
| | - Jenny L Wiley
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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6
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Puiu M, Bala C. Affinity Assays for Cannabinoids Detection: Are They Amenable to On-Site Screening? BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:608. [PMID: 36005003 PMCID: PMC9405638 DOI: 10.3390/bios12080608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Roadside testing of illicit drugs such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) requires simple, rapid, and cost-effective methods. The need for non-invasive detection tools has led to the development of selective and sensitive platforms, able to detect phyto- and synthetic cannabinoids by means of their main metabolites in breath, saliva, and urine samples. One may estimate the time passed from drug exposure and the frequency of use by corroborating the detection results with pharmacokinetic data. In this review, we report on the current detection methods of cannabinoids in biofluids. Fluorescent, electrochemical, colorimetric, and magnetoresistive biosensors will be briefly overviewed, putting emphasis on the affinity formats amenable to on-site screening, with possible applications in roadside testing and anti-doping control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Puiu
- R&D Center LaborQ, University of Bucharest, 4-12 Regina Elisabeta Blvd., 030018 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Camelia Bala
- R&D Center LaborQ, University of Bucharest, 4-12 Regina Elisabeta Blvd., 030018 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 4-12 Regina Elisabeta Blvd., 030018 Bucharest, Romania
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7
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Markham J, Sparkes E, Boyd R, Chen S, Manning JJ, Finlay D, Lai F, McGregor E, Maloney CJ, Gerona RR, Connor M, McGregor IS, Hibbs DE, Glass M, Kevin RC, Banister SD. Defining Steric Requirements at CB 1 and CB 2 Cannabinoid Receptors Using Synthetic Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists 5F-AB-PINACA, 5F-ADB-PINACA, PX-1, PX-2, NNL-1, and Their Analogues. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:1281-1295. [PMID: 35404067 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) are a diverse class of new psychoactive substances (NPS). They commonly comprise N-alkylated indole, indazole, or 7-azaindole scaffolds with amide-linked pendant amino acid groups. To explore the contribution of the amino acid side chain to the cannabinoid pharmacology of SCRA NPS, a systematic library of side chain-modified SCRAs was prepared based on the recent detections of amino acid derivatives 17 (5F-AB-PINACA), 18 (5F-ADB-PINACA), 15 (PX-1), 19 (PX-2), and 20 (NNL-1). In vitro binding affinities and functional activities at cannabinoid type 1 and 2 receptors (CB1 and CB2, respectively) were determined for all the library members using radioligand competition experiments and a fluorescence-based membrane potential assay. Binding affinities and functional activities varied widely across compounds (Ki = 0.32 to >10 000 nM, EC50 = 0.24-1259 nM), with several clear structure-activity relationships (SARs) emerging. Affinity and potency at CB1 changed as a function of the heterocyclic core (indazole > indole > 7-azaindole) and the pendant amino acid side chain (tert-butyl > iso-propyl > iso-butyl > benzyl > ethyl > methyl > hydrogen). Ensemble docking at CB1 revealed a clear steric basis for observed SAR trends. Interestingly, although 15 (PX-1) and 19 (PX-2) have been detected in recreational drug markets, they failed to induce centrally CB1-mediated effects (e.g., hypothermia) in mice using radiobiotelemetry. Together, these data provide insights regarding structural contributions to the cannabimimetic profiles of 17 (5F-AB-PINACA), 18 (5F-ADB-PINACA), 15 (PX-1), 19 (PX-2), 20 (NNL-1), and other SCRA NPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Markham
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eric Sparkes
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rochelle Boyd
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shuli Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Jamie J. Manning
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - David Finlay
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Felcia Lai
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eila McGregor
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2005, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Callan J. Maloney
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Roy R. Gerona
- Clinical Toxicology and Environmental Biomonitoring Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Mark Connor
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Iain S. McGregor
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2005, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David E. Hibbs
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michelle Glass
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Richard C. Kevin
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Samuel D. Banister
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, New South Wales, Australia
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Glatfelter GC, Partilla JS, Baumann MH. Structure-activity relationships for 5F-MDMB-PICA and its 5F-pentylindole analogs to induce cannabinoid-like effects in mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:924-932. [PMID: 34802041 PMCID: PMC8882184 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01227-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) are an evolving class of new psychoactive substances found on recreational drug markets worldwide. The indole-containing compound, 5F-MDMB-PICA, is a popular SCRA associated with serious medical consequences, including overdose and hospitalizations. In vitro studies reveal that 5F-MDMB-PICA is a potent agonist at cannabinoid type 1 receptors (CB1), but little information exists regarding in vivo pharmacology of the drug. To this end, we examined the in vitro and in vivo cannabinoid-like effects produced by 5F-MDMB-PICA and related 5F-pentylindole analogs with differing composition of the head group moiety (i.e., 5F-NNEI, 5F-SDB-006, 5F-CUMYL-PICA, 5F-MMB-PICA). In mouse brain membranes, 5F-MDMB-PICA and its analogs inhibited binding to [3H]rimonabant-labeled CB1 and displayed agonist actions in [35S]GTPγS functional assays. 5F-MDMB-PICA exhibited the highest CB1 affinity (Ki = 1.24 nM) and functional potency (EC50 = 1.46 nM), but head group composition markedly influenced activity in both assays. For example, the 3,3-dimethylbutanoate (5F-MDMB-PICA) and cumyl (5F-CUMYL-PICA) head groups engendered high CB1 affinity and potency, whereas a benzyl (5F-SDB-006) head group did not. In C57BL/6J mice, all 5F-pentylindole SCRAs produced dose- and time-dependent hypothermia, catalepsy, and analgesia that were reversed by rimonabant, indicating CB1 involvement. In vitro Ki and EC50 values were positively correlated with in vivo ED50 potency estimates. Our findings demonstrate that 5F-MDMB-PICA is a potent SCRA, and subtle alterations to head group composition can have profound influence on pharmacological effects at CB1. Importantly, measures of CB1 binding and efficacy in mouse brain tissue seem to accurately predict in vivo drug potency in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant C. Glatfelter
- grid.420090.f0000 0004 0533 7147Designer Drug Research Unit (DDRU), National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), Intramural Research Program (IRP), Baltimore, MD USA
| | - John S. Partilla
- grid.420090.f0000 0004 0533 7147Designer Drug Research Unit (DDRU), National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), Intramural Research Program (IRP), Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Michael H. Baumann
- grid.420090.f0000 0004 0533 7147Designer Drug Research Unit (DDRU), National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), Intramural Research Program (IRP), Baltimore, MD USA
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9
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Coronado-Álvarez A, Romero-Cordero K, Macías-Triana L, Tatum-Kuri A, Vera-Barrón A, Budde H, Machado S, Yamamoto T, Imperatori C, Murillo-Rodríguez E. The synthetic CB 1 cannabinoid receptor selective agonists: Putative medical uses and their legalization. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 110:110301. [PMID: 33741446 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
More than 500 molecules have been identified as components of Cannabis sativa (C. sativa), of which the most studied is Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC). Several studies have suggested that Δ9-THC exerts diverse biological effects, ranging from fragmentation of DNA to behavioral disruptions. Currently, it is accepted that most of the pharmacological properties of Δ9-THC engage the activation of the cannabinoid receptors, named CB1 and CB2. Interestingly, multiple pieces of evidence have suggested that the cannabinoid receptors play an active role in the modulation of several diseases leading to the design of synthetic cannabinoid-like compounds. Advances in the development of synthetic CB1 cannabinoid receptor selective agonists as therapeutical approaches are, however, limited. This review focuses on available evidence searched in PubMed regarding the synthetic CB1 cannabinoid receptor selective agonists such as AM-1235, arachidonyl-2' chloroethylamide (ACEA), CP 50,556-1 (Levonantradol), CP-55,940, HU-210, JWH-007, JWH-018, JWH-200 (WIN 55,225), methanandamide, nabilone, O-1812, UR-144, WIN 55,212-2, nabiximols, and dronabinol. Indeed, it would be ambitious to describe all available evidence related to the synthetic CB1 cannabinoid receptor selective agonists. However, and despite the positive evidence on the positive results of using these compounds in experimental models of health disturbances and preclinical trials, we discuss evidence in regards some concerns due to side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Coronado-Álvarez
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico; Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico
| | - Karen Romero-Cordero
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico; Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico
| | - Lorena Macías-Triana
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico; Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico
| | - Agnes Tatum-Kuri
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico; Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico
| | - Alba Vera-Barrón
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico; Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico
| | - Henning Budde
- Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico; Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sérgio Machado
- Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico; Laboratory of Physical Activity Neuroscience, Physical Activity Sciences Postgraduate Program, Salgado de Oliveira University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Tetsuya Yamamoto
- Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico; Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Claudio Imperatori
- Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico; Cognitive and Clinical Psychology Laboratory, Department of Human Sciences, European University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Eric Murillo-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico; Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico.
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Walsh KB, Andersen HK. Molecular Pharmacology of Synthetic Cannabinoids: Delineating CB1 Receptor-Mediated Cell Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6115. [PMID: 32854313 PMCID: PMC7503917 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) are a class of new psychoactive substances (NPSs) that exhibit high affinity binding to the cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors and display a pharmacological profile similar to the phytocannabinoid (-)-trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). SCs are marketed under brand names such as K2 and Spice and are popular drugs of abuse among male teenagers and young adults. Since their introduction in the early 2000s, SCs have grown in number and evolved in structural diversity to evade forensic detection and drug scheduling. In addition to their desirable euphoric and antinociceptive effects, SCs can cause severe toxicity including seizures, respiratory depression, cardiac arrhythmias, stroke and psychosis. Binding of SCs to the CB1 receptor, expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems, stimulates pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins (Gi/Go) resulting in the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase, a decreased opening of N-type Ca2+ channels and the activation of G protein-gated inward rectifier (GIRK) channels. This combination of signaling effects dampens neuronal activity in both CNS excitatory and inhibitory pathways by decreasing action potential formation and neurotransmitter release. Despite this knowledge, the relationship between the chemical structure of the SCs and their CB1 receptor-mediated molecular actions is not well understood. In addition, the potency and efficacy of newer SC structural groups has not been determined. To address these limitations, various cell-based assay technologies are being utilized to develop structure versus activity relationships (SAR) for the SCs and to explore the effects of these compounds on noncannabinoid receptor targets. This review focuses on describing and evaluating these assays and summarizes our current knowledge of SC molecular pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth B. Walsh
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, University of South Carolina, School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29208, USA;
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11
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Eichler J, Rehm M, Azad SC. „Legal Highs“ (neue psychoaktive Substanzen). Anaesthesist 2020; 69:599-608. [DOI: 10.1007/s00101-020-00790-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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Alves VL, Gonçalves JL, Aguiar J, Teixeira HM, Câmara JS. The synthetic cannabinoids phenomenon: from structure to toxicological properties. A review. Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 50:359-382. [PMID: 32530350 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1762539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The word "cannabinoid" refers to every chemical substance, regardless of structure or origin, that joins the cannabinoid receptors of the body and brain and that have similar effects to those produced by the Cannabis plant and based on their source of production, cannabinoids can be classified into endocannabinoids, phytocannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoids. Synthetic cannabinoids represent the largest class of drugs detected through the EU Early Warning System with a total of 190 substances notified from 2008 to 2018 and about 280 have been reported worldwide to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Sprayed on natural herb mixtures with the aim to mimic the euphoria effect of cannabis and sold as "herbal smoking blends" or "herbal incense" under brand names like "Spice" or "K2", synthetic cannabinoids are available from websites for the combination with herbal materials or more recently, for the use in e-cigarettes. Currently labeled as "not for human consumption" to circumvent legislation, their legal status varies by country with many government institutions currently pushing for their control. However, due to the emergence of new substances, it requires a constant update of the list of controlled drugs. Little is known about how these substances work and their toxic effects in humans and the same product could vary not only in the amount and in the type of substance added. In the last years, synthetic cannabinoids have been associated with deaths and acute intoxications in Europe and, despite a range of new measures introduced in this area, continue to represent a challenge to current drug policy models. These synthetic substances are much more potent than natural cannabis, as well as displayed greater efficacy, acting as full agonists at the cannabinoid receptors. It is possible that, along with being highly potent, some may also have long half-lives, potentially leading to a prolonged psychoactive effect. The present work provides a review on existing literature about the development of synthetic cannabinoids as substances of abuse, current patterns of abuse and their legal status, chemical classification, and some pharmacological and toxicological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera L Alves
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
| | - João L Gonçalves
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Joselin Aguiar
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Helena M Teixeira
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Coimbra, Portugal.,Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José S Câmara
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Funchal, Portugal.,Faculdade de Ciências Exactas e da Engenharia, Universidade da Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
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13
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Gamage TF, Barrus DG, Kevin RC, Finlay DB, Lefever TW, Patel PR, Grabenauer MA, Glass M, McGregor IS, Wiley JL, Thomas BF. In vitro and in vivo pharmacological evaluation of the synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist EG-018. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 193:172918. [PMID: 32247816 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) possess high abuse liability and complex toxicological profiles, making them serious threats to public health. EG-018 is a SCRA that has been detected in both illicit products and human samples, but it has received little attention to date. The current studies investigated EG-018 at human CB1 and CB2 receptors expressed in HEK293 cells in [3H]CP55,940 competition binding, [35S]GTPγS binding and forskolin-stimulated cAMP production. EG-018 was also tested in vivo for its ability to produce cannabimimetic and abuse-related effects in the cannabinoid tetrad and THC drug discrimination, respectively. EG-018 exhibited high affinity at CB1 (21 nM) and at CB2 (7 nM), but in contrast to typical SCRAs, behaved as a weak partial agonist in [35S]GTPγS binding, exhibiting lower efficacy but greater potency, than that of THC at CB1 and similar potency and efficacy at CB2. EG-018 inhibited forskolin-stimulated cAMP with similar efficacy but lower potency, compared to THC, which was likely due to high receptor density facilitating saturation of this signaling pathway. In mice, EG-018 (100 mg/kg, 30 min) administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) did not produce effects in the tetrad or drug discrimination nor did it shift THC's ED50 value in drug discrimination when administered before THC, suggesting EG-018 has negligible occupancy of brain CB1 receptors following i.p. administration. Following intravenous (i.v.) administration, EG-018 (56 mg/kg) produced hypomotility, catalepsy, and hypothermia, but only catalepsy was blocked by the selective CB1 antagonist rimonabant (3 mg/kg, i.v.). Additional studies of EG-018 and its structural analogues could provide further insight into how cannabinoids exert efficacy through the cannabinoid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Gamage
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Daniel G Barrus
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Richard C Kevin
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - David B Finlay
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Timothy W Lefever
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Purvi R Patel
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Megan A Grabenauer
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Michelle Glass
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Iain S McGregor
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jenny L Wiley
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Brian F Thomas
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Cannabinoids in the Pathophysiology of Skin Inflammation. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030652. [PMID: 32033005 PMCID: PMC7037408 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids are increasingly-used substances in the treatment of chronic pain, some neuropsychiatric disorders and more recently, skin disorders with an inflammatory component. However, various studies cite conflicting results concerning the cellular mechanisms involved, while others suggest that cannabinoids may even exert pro-inflammatory behaviors. This paper aims to detail and clarify the complex workings of cannabinoids in the molecular setting of the main dermatological inflammatory diseases, and their interactions with other substances with emerging applications in the treatment of these conditions. Also, the potential role of cannabinoids as antitumoral drugs is explored in relation to the inflammatory component of skin cancer. In vivo and in vitro studies that employed either phyto-, endo-, or synthetic cannabinoids were considered in this paper. Cannabinoids are regarded with growing interest as eligible drugs in the treatment of skin inflammatory conditions, with potential anticancer effects, and the readiness in monitoring of effects and the facility of topical application may contribute to the growing support of the use of these substances. Despite the promising early results, further controlled human studies are required to establish the definitive role of these products in the pathophysiology of skin inflammation and their usefulness in the clinical setting.
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Sanli S, Ghorbani-Zamani F, Moulahoum H, Gumus ZP, Coskunol H, Odaci Demirkol D, Timur S. Application of Biofunctionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles Based-Sensing in Abused Drugs Diagnostics. Anal Chem 2019; 92:1033-1040. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Serdar Sanli
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35100-Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Faezeh Ghorbani-Zamani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35100-Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Hichem Moulahoum
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35100-Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Zinar Pinar Gumus
- Central Research Test and Analysis Laboratory Application and Research Center, Ege University, 35100-Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Hakan Coskunol
- Ege University, Faculty of Medicine, 35100-Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Dilek Odaci Demirkol
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35100-Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Suna Timur
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35100-Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
- Central Research Test and Analysis Laboratory Application and Research Center, Ege University, 35100-Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
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Wouters E, Walraed J, Banister SD, Stove CP. Insights into biased signaling at cannabinoid receptors: synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 169:113623. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Hobbs M, Kalk NJ, Morrison PD, Stone JM. Spicing it up - synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists and psychosis - a systematic review. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 28:1289-1304. [PMID: 30454908 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) are suggested to have increased potential to induce psychosis compared to natural cannabis (NC). In this review we synthesise current knowledge about the association of SCRA use with psychotic symptoms. Following a literature search we identified 2 toxicology reports, 4 case-control studies, 3 cross-sectional studies and 15 case reports. In each of the case reports, we identified the presence or absence of symptoms based on the items of the Postitive and Negative Syndrome Scele (PANSS). The toxicology reports highlighted the main presenting features as being toxic psychosis and delirium (40%), agitation (10%) and hallucinations (4-7%). The median age was 25 years, and around 80% cases were male. Cross-sectional studies reported that SCRA use was present in approximately 10-13% patients presenting to acute psychiatric services, and was often the cause of their presentation, and that psychotic symptoms were present in 15% patients attending emergency departments following SCRA use. Case-control studies reported that SCRA use was significantly associated with psychotic symptoms and that SCRA users had higher levels of positive psychotic symptoms than NC users. The case reports supported the association of SCRA use with a wide range of positive and negative psychotic symptoms as well as with self-harm, agitation and aggressive behaviour. SCRA use is relatively prevalent in patients with psychosis and may lead to psychotic symptoms in individuals with no past psychiatric history. Further work is required to understand the long term risks of SCRA use and optimal management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Hobbs
- King's College London Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J Kalk
- King's College London Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, United Kingdom
| | - Paul D Morrison
- King's College London Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, United Kingdom
| | - James M Stone
- King's College London Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, United Kingdom.
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Synthetic cannabinoids are substrates and inhibitors of multiple drug-metabolizing enzymes. Arch Pharm Res 2018; 41:691-710. [PMID: 30039377 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-018-1055-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids, a new class of psychoactive substances, are potent agonists of cannabinoid receptors, which mimic the psychoactive effects of the principal psychoactive component of cannabis, ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Despite governmental scheduling as illicit drugs, new synthetic cannabinoids are being produced. The abuse of synthetic cannabinoids with several drugs containing different chemical groups has resulted in large numbers of poisonings. This has increased the urgency for forensic and public health laboratories to identify the metabolites of synthetic cannabinoids and apply this knowledge to the development of analytical methods and for toxicity prediction. It is necessary to determine whether synthetic cannabinoids are involved in drug-metabolizing enzyme-mediated drug-drug interactions. This review describes the metabolic pathways of 13 prevalent synthetic cannabinoids and various drug-metabolizing enzymes responsible for their metabolism, including cytochrome P450 (CYP), UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), and carboxylesterases. The inhibitory effects of synthetic cannabinoids on CYP and UGT activities are also reviewed to predict the potential of synthetic cannabinoids for drug-drug interactions. The drug-metabolizing enzymes responsible for metabolism of synthetic cannabinoids should be characterized and the effects of synthetic cannabinoids on CYP and UGT activities should be determined to predict the pharmacokinetics of synthetic cannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoid-induced drug-drug interactions in the clinic.
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In Vitro Inhibitory Effects of Synthetic Cannabinoid EAM-2201 on Cytochrome P450 and UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase Enzyme Activities in Human Liver Microsomes. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23040920. [PMID: 29659506 PMCID: PMC6017357 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
EAM-2201, a synthetic cannabinoid, is a potent agonist of the cannabinoid receptors that is widely abused as an illicit recreational drug in combination with other drugs. To evaluate the potential of EAM-2201 as a perpetrator of drug–drug interactions, the inhibitory effects of EAM-2201 on major drug-metabolizing enzymes, cytochrome P450s (CYPs) and uridine 5′-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) were evaluated in pooled human liver microsomes using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). EAM-2201 at doses up to 50 µM negligibly inhibited the activities of eight major human CYPs (1A2, 2A6, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6 and 3A4) and five UGTs (1A1, 1A4, 1A6, 1A9 and 2B7) in human liver microsomes. EAM-2201 exhibited time-dependent inhibition of CYP2C8-catalyzed amodiaquine N-deethylation, CYP2C9-catalyzed diclofenac 4′-hydroxylation, CYP2C19-catalyzed [S]-mephenytoin 4′-hydroxylation and CYP3A4-catalyzed midazolam 1′-hydroxylation with Ki values of 0.54 µM (kinact: 0.0633 min−1), 3.0 µM (kinact: 0.0462 min−1), 3.8 µM (kinact: 0.0264 min−1) and 4.1 µM (kinact: 0.0250 min−1), respectively and competitively inhibited UGT1A3-catalyzed chenodeoxycholic acid 24-acyl-glucuronidation, with a Ki value of 2.4 µM. Based on these in vitro results, we conclude that EAM-2201 has the potential to trigger in vivo pharmacokinetic drug interactions when co-administered with substrates of CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP3A4 and UGT1A3.
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Gamage TF, Farquhar CE, Lefever TW, Marusich JA, Kevin RC, McGregor IS, Wiley JL, Thomas BF. Molecular and Behavioral Pharmacological Characterization of Abused Synthetic Cannabinoids MMB- and MDMB-FUBINACA, MN-18, NNEI, CUMYL-PICA, and 5-Fluoro-CUMYL-PICA. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 365:437-446. [PMID: 29549157 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.246983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids are a class of novel psychoactive substances that exhibit high affinity at the cannabinoid type-1 (CB1) receptor and produce effects similar to those of Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary psychoactive constituent of cannabis. Illicit drug manufacturers are continually circumventing laws banning the sale of synthetic cannabinoids by synthesizing novel structures and doing so with little regard for the potential impact on pharmacological and toxicological effects. Synthetic cannabinoids produce a wide range of effects that include cardiotoxicity, seizure activity, and kidney damage, and they can cause death. Six synthetic cannabinoids, recently detected in illicit preparations, MMB-FUBINACA, MDMB-FUBINACA, CUMYL-PICA, 5F-CUMYL-PICA, NNEI, and MN-18 were assessed for: 1) receptor binding affinity at the human CB1 and human CB2 receptors, 2) function in [35S]GTPγS and cAMP signaling, and 3) THC-like effects in a mouse drug discrimination assay. All six synthetic cannabinoids exhibited high affinity for human cannabinoid receptors type-1 and type-2 and produced greater maximal effects than THC in [35S]GTPγS and cAMP signaling. Additionally, all six synthetic cannabinoids substituted for THC in drug discrimination, suggesting they probably possess subjective effects similar to those of cannabis. Notably, MDMB-FUBINACA, a methylated analog of MMB-FUBINACA, had higher affinity for CB1 than the parent, showing that minor structural modifications being introduced can have a large impact on the pharmacological properties of these drugs. This study demonstrates that novel structures being sold and used illicitly as substitutes for cannabis are retaining high affinity at the CB1 receptor, exhibiting greater efficacy than THC, and producing THC-like effects in models relevant to subjective effects in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jenny L Wiley
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Brian F Thomas
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina;
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