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Riebel M, Brunner LM, Nothdurfter C, Wein S, Schwarzbach J, Liere P, Schumacher M, Rupprecht R. Neurosteroids and translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) ligands as novel treatment options in depression. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2024:10.1007/s00406-024-01843-7. [PMID: 38976049 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-024-01843-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Recently, the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system has come into focus for the treatment of anxiety, postpartum depression, and major depressive disorder. Endogenous 3α-reduced steroids such as allopregnanolone are potent positive allosteric modulators of GABAA receptors and have been known for decades. Current industry developments and first approvals by the U.S. food and drug administration (FDA) for the treatment of postpartum depression with exogenous analogues of these steroids represent a major step forward in the field. 3α-reduced steroids target both synaptic and extrasynaptic GABAA receptors, unlike benzodiazepines, which bind to synaptic receptors. The first FDA-approved 3α-reduced steroid for postpartum depression is brexanolone, an intravenous formulation of allopregnanolone. It has been shown to provide rapid relief of depressive symptoms. An orally available 3α-reduced steroid is zuranolone, which also received FDA approval in 2023 for the treatment of postpartum depression. Although a number of studies have been conducted, the efficacy data were not sufficient to achieve approval of zuranolone in major depressive disorder by the FDA in 2023. The most prominent side effects of these 3α-reduced steroids are somnolence, dizziness and headache. In addition to the issue of efficacy, it should be noted that current data limit the use of these compounds to two weeks. An alternative to exogenous 3α-reduced steroids may be the use of substances that induce endogenous neurosteroidogenesis, such as the translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) ligand etifoxine. TSPO has been extensively studied for its role in steroidogenesis, in addition to other functions such as anti-inflammatory and neuroregenerative properties. Currently, etifoxine is the only clinically available TSPO ligand in France for the treatment of anxiety disorders. Studies are underway to evaluate its antidepressant potential. Hopefully, neurosteroid research will lead to the development of fast-acting antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Riebel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 84, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Lisa-Marie Brunner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 84, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Caroline Nothdurfter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 84, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Simon Wein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 84, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jens Schwarzbach
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 84, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Philippe Liere
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, 94276, France
| | - Michael Schumacher
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, 94276, France
| | - Rainer Rupprecht
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 84, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
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Avgana H, Toledano RS, Akirav I. Examining the Role of Oxytocinergic Signaling and Neuroinflammatory Markers in the Therapeutic Effects of MDMA in a Rat Model for PTSD. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:846. [PMID: 39065697 PMCID: PMC11279644 DOI: 10.3390/ph17070846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy has shown potential as an effective treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Preclinical studies involving rodents have demonstrated that MDMA can facilitate the extinction of fear memories. It has been noted that MDMA impacts oxytocin neurons and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore the role of oxytocinergic signaling and neuroinflammatory markers in the therapeutic effects of MDMA. To achieve this, male rats were subjected to a model of PTSD involving exposure to shock and situational reminders. MDMA was microinjected into the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) before extinction training, followed by behavioral tests assessing activity levels, anxiety, and social function. Our findings indicate that MDMA treatment facilitated fear extinction and mitigated the shock-induced increase in freezing, as well as deficits in social behavior. Shock exposure led to altered expression of the gene coding for OXT-R and neuroinflammation in the mPFC and basolateral amygdala (BLA), which were restored by MDMA treatment. Importantly, the OXT-R antagonist L-368,899 prevented MDMA's therapeutic effects on extinction and freezing behavior. In conclusion, MDMA's therapeutic effects in the PTSD model are associated with alterations in OXT-R expression and neuroinflammation, and MDMA's effects on extinction and anxiety may be mediated by oxytocinergic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haron Avgana
- Department of Psychology, School of Psychological Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel; (H.A.); (R.S.T.)
- The Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center (IBBRC), University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | - Roni Shira Toledano
- Department of Psychology, School of Psychological Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel; (H.A.); (R.S.T.)
- The Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center (IBBRC), University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | - Irit Akirav
- Department of Psychology, School of Psychological Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel; (H.A.); (R.S.T.)
- The Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center (IBBRC), University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel
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Zhao M, Xu X, Xu H, Yang S, Li M, Wang W. The regulation of social factors on anxiety and microglial activity in nucleus accumbens of adolescent male mice: Influence of social interaction strategy. J Affect Disord 2024; 352:525-535. [PMID: 38403135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.02.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescence is a period characterized by a high vulnerability to emotional disorders, which are modulated by biological, psychological, and social factors. However, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. METHODS Combining physical or emotional social defeat stress (PS and ES) and pair or isolation rearing conditions, we investigated the effects of stress type and social support on emotional behavior and central immune molecules in adolescent mice, including anxiety, social fear, and social interaction strategies, as well as changes in microglia-specific molecules (ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1) and a cluster of differentiation molecule 11b (CD11b)) in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), hippocampus (HIP), amygdala (AMY), and nucleus accumbens (NAc). RESULTS Mice exposed to both physical stress and isolated rearing condition exhibited the highest levels of anxiety, social fear, and microglial CD11b expression in the NAc. In terms of social support, pair-housing with siblings ameliorated social fear and NAc molecular changes in ES mice, but not in PS mice. The reason for the differential benefit from social support was attributed to the fact that ES mice exhibited more active and less passive social strategies in social environment compared to PS mice. Further, the levels of stress-induced social fear were positively associated with the expression of microglial CD11b in the NAc. CONCLUSION These findings offer extensive evidence regarding the intricate effects of multiple social factors on social anxiety and immune alteration in the NAc of adolescent mice. Additionally, they suggest potential behavioral and immune intervention strategies for anxiety-related disorders in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xueping Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, College of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Hang Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuming Yang
- Division of Clinical Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510062, China
| | - Man Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Weiwen Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Brunner LM, Riebel M, Wein S, Koller M, Zeman F, Huppertz G, Emmer T, Eberhardt Y, Schwarzbach J, Rupprecht R, Nothdurfter C. The translocator protein 18kDa ligand etifoxine in the treatment of depressive disorders-a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled proof-of-concept study. Trials 2024; 25:274. [PMID: 38650030 PMCID: PMC11034134 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-024-08120-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent developments suggest that neurosteroids may achieve rapid antidepressant effects. As such, neurosteroidogenesis mediated by the translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) might constitute a promising option for the treatment of depression. Therefore, the current clinical trial aims to get the first evidence of whether TPSO ligands promote rapid antidepressant effects. Furthermore, we study which mechanisms of action, e.g., modulation of distinct neuronal networks, neurosteroidogenesis, endocrinological mechanisms, TSPO expression or microbiome composition, contribute to their putative antidepressant effects. METHODS This is a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind single-center trial of 2-week treatment with the TSPO ligand etifoxine versus placebo in depressive patients. Main eligibility criteria: male or female individuals aged 18 to 65 years with unipolar/bipolar depressive disorder with no other psychiatric main diagnosis or acute neurological/somatic disorder or drug/alcohol dependence during their lifetime. The primary endpoint is the time point at which 50% of the maximal effect has occurred (ET50) estimated by the scores of the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD-21). A total of 20 patients per group are needed to detect changes of therapeutic efficacy about 5% and changes of ET50 about 10% with a power of 70%. Assuming a drop-out rate of 10-20%, 50 patients will be randomized in total. The study will be conducted at the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy of the University of Regensburg. DISCUSSION This study will provide a first proof-of-concept on the potential of the TSPO ligand etifoxine in the treatment of depressive disorders. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical Trials Register (EudraCT number: 2021-006773-38 , registration date: 14 September 2022) and German Register of Clinical Studies (DRKS number: DRKS00031099 , registration date: 23 January 2023).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa-Marie Brunner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Marco Riebel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Simon Wein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Koller
- Center for Clinical Studies, University Hospital of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Florian Zeman
- Center for Clinical Studies, University Hospital of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gunnar Huppertz
- Center for Clinical Studies, University Hospital of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Emmer
- Center for Clinical Studies, University Hospital of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Yvonne Eberhardt
- Center for Clinical Studies, University Hospital of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jens Schwarzbach
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Rupprecht
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Caroline Nothdurfter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Ito M, Ito H, Miyoshi K, Kanai-Azuma M. Chronic non-discriminatory social defeat stress during the perinatal period induces depressive-like outcomes in female mice. Brain Res 2024; 1825:148734. [PMID: 38110072 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Depression is more prevalent in women than in men. Perinatal stress is one of the main risk factors for depression in women. However, there is no suitable female model for perinatal depression that uses the social defeat stress (SDS) paradigm. The standard chronic SDS protocol, which is the most useful method for developing a depression-like model, is effective only in male mice. Thus, this study aimed to characterize a novel SDS method for producing a perinatal depression-like model mouse. We induced chronic SDS in perinatal female mice, wherein chronic non-discriminatory SDS (ND-SDS) was used to induce substantial stress in female mice. The female mice were placed in aggressive ICR mouse cages with sentinel male mice under ND-SDS conditions. Stressed female mice subjected to ND-SDS during the perinatal period efficiently exhibited stress-susceptible phenotypes, such as a social avoidance phenotype and anhedonic behavior, whereas stressed female mice subjected to SDS did not show depressive-like behaviors. These results indicate that chronic ND-SDS in perinatal females could be used to develop a female perinatal depression-like model that can be used to study women's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masumi Ito
- Department of Basic Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, 761-0793 Japan; Research Facility Center for Science and Technology, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, 761-0793 Japan
| | - Hikaru Ito
- Department of Basic Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, 761-0793 Japan; Research Facility Center for Science and Technology, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, 761-0793 Japan; Department of Experimental Animal Model for Human Disease, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510 Japan; Center for Experimental Animals, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510 Japan.
| | - Kaori Miyoshi
- Department of Experimental Animal Model for Human Disease, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510 Japan; Center for Experimental Animals, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510 Japan
| | - Masami Kanai-Azuma
- Department of Experimental Animal Model for Human Disease, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510 Japan; Center for Experimental Animals, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510 Japan
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Mahemuti Y, Kadeer K, Su R, Abula A, Aili Y, Maimaiti A, Abulaiti S, Maimaitituerxun M, Miao T, Jiang S, Axier A, Aisha M, Wang Y, Cheng X. TSPO exacerbates acute cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by inducing autophagy dysfunction. Exp Neurol 2023; 369:114542. [PMID: 37717810 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is considered a double-edged sword, with a role in the regulation of the pathophysiological processes of the central nervous system (CNS) after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI). The 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) is a highly conserved protein, with its expression level in the nervous system closely associated with the regulation of pathophysiological processes. In addition, the ligand of TSPO reduces neuroinflammation in brain diseases, but the potential role of TSPO in CIRI is largely undiscovered. On this basis, we investigated whether TSPO regulates neuroinflammatory response by affecting autophagy in microglia. In our study, increased expression of TSPO was detected in rat brain tissues with transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) and in BV2 microglial cells exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation or reoxygenation (OGD/R) treatment, respectively. In addition, we confirmed that autophagy was over-activated during CIRI by increased expression of autophagy activation related proteins with Beclin-1 and LC3B, while the expression of p62 was decreased. The degradation process of autophagy was inhibited, while the expression levels of LAMP-1 and Cathepsin-D were significantly reduced. Results of confocal laser microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicated that autophagy flux was disordered. In contrast, inhibition of TSPO prevented autophagy over-activation both in vivo and in vitro. Interestingly, suppression of TSPO alleviated nerve cell damage by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and pro-inflammatory factors, including TNF-α and IL-6 in microglia cells. In summary, these results indicated that TSPO might affect CIRI by mediating autophagy dysfunction and thus might serve as a potential target for ischemic stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusufu Mahemuti
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China; School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, PR China; Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, PR China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Kaheerman Kadeer
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Riqing Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Abudureheman Abula
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Yirizhati Aili
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Aierpati Maimaiti
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Subinuer Abulaiti
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | | | - Tong Miao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Shihao Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Aximujiang Axier
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Maimaitili Aisha
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Yongxin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Xiaojiang Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China.
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Rupprecht R, Pradhan AK, Kufner M, Brunner LM, Nothdurfter C, Wein S, Schwarzbach J, Puig X, Rupprecht C, Rammes G. Neurosteroids and translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) in depression: implications for synaptic plasticity, cognition, and treatment options. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2023; 273:1477-1487. [PMID: 36574032 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-022-01532-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
There is need for novel fast acting treatment options in affective disorders. 3α-reduced neurosteroids such as allopregnanolone are powerful positive allosteric modulators of GABAA receptors and target also extrasynaptic receptors. Their synthesis is mediated by the translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO). TSPO ligands not only promote endogenous neurosteroidogenesis, but also exert a broad spectrum of functions involving modulation of mitochondrial activity and acting as anti-inflammatory and neuroregenerative agents. Besides affective symptoms, in depression cognitive impairment can be frequently observed, which may be ameliorated through targeting of extrasynaptic GABAA receptors either via TSPO ligands or exogenously administered 3α-reduced neurosteroids. Interestingly, recent findings indicate an enhanced activation of the complement system, e.g., enhanced expression of C1q, both in depression and dementia. It is of note that benzodiazepines have been shown to reduce long-term potentiation and to cause cognitive decline. Intriguingly, TSPO may be crucial in mediating the effects of benzodiazepines on synaptic pruning. Here, we discuss how benzodiazepines and TSPO may interfere with synaptic pruning. Moreover, we highlight recent developments of TSPO ligands and 3α-reduced neurosteroids as therapeutic agents. Etifoxine is the only clinically available TSPO ligand so far and has been studied in anxiety disorders. Regarding 3α-reduced neurosteroids, brexanolone, an intravenous formulation of allopregnanolone, has been approved for the treatment of postpartum depression and zuranolone, an orally available 3α-reduced neurosteroid, is currently being studied in major depressive disorder and postpartum depression. As such, 3α-reduced neurosteroids and TSPO ligands may constitute promising treatment approaches for affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Rupprecht
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 84, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Arpit Kumar Pradhan
- Experimental Neuropharmacology, Department of Anesthesiology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marco Kufner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 84, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Marie Brunner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 84, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Caroline Nothdurfter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 84, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Simon Wein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 84, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jens Schwarzbach
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 84, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Xenia Puig
- Experimental Neuropharmacology, Department of Anesthesiology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Rupprecht
- Experimental Neuropharmacology, Department of Anesthesiology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gerhard Rammes
- Experimental Neuropharmacology, Department of Anesthesiology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
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8
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Royse SK, Lopresti BJ, Mathis CA, Tollefson S, Narendran R. Beyond monoamines: II. Novel applications for PET imaging in psychiatric disorders. J Neurochem 2023; 164:401-443. [PMID: 35716057 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Early applications of positron emission tomography (PET) in psychiatry sought to identify derangements of cerebral blood flow and metabolism. The need for more specific neurochemical imaging probes was soon evident, and these probes initially targeted the sites of action of neuroleptic (dopamine D2 receptors) and psychoactive (serotonin receptors) drugs. For nearly 30 years, the centrality of monoamine dysfunction in psychiatric disorders drove the development of an armamentarium of monoaminergic PET radiopharmaceuticals and imaging methodologies. However, continued investments in monoamine-enhancing drug development realized only modest gains in efficacy and tolerability. As patent protection for many widely prescribed and profitable psychiatric drugs lapsed, drug development pipelines shifted away from monoamines in search of novel targets with the promises of improved efficacy, or abandoned altogether. Over this period, PET radiopharmaceutical development activities closely parallelled drug development priorities, resulting in the development of new PET imaging agents for non-monoamine targets. In part two of this review, we survey clinical research studies using the novel targets and radiotracers described in part one across major psychiatric application areas such as substance use disorders, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, personality disorders, mood disorders, and schizophrenia. Important limitations of the studies described are discussed, as well as key methodologic issues, challenges to the field, and the status of clinical trials seeking to exploit these targets for novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Royse
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brian J Lopresti
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Chester A Mathis
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Savannah Tollefson
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rajesh Narendran
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Kaplan GB, Dadhi NA, Whitaker CS. Mitochondrial dysfunction in animal models of PTSD: Relationships between behavioral models, neural regions, and cellular maladaptation. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1105839. [PMID: 36923289 PMCID: PMC10009692 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1105839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a trauma-related condition that produces distressing fear memory intrusions, avoidance behaviors, hyperarousal, stress responses, insomnia and other symptoms. This review of rodent models of PTSD examines trauma effects on fear-related learning, cognition, and avoidance, emotional and arousal behaviors and on mitochondrial dysfunction in relevant neural pathways. The review focuses on research that includes four elements: consensus PTSD rodent models, behavioral phenotyping, mitochondrial dysfunction within key neural regions. This approach allows for the integration of behavioral, neural and cellular findings in PTSD models. The PTSD models reviewed include fear conditioning, predator/social stress, chronic restraint stress, single prolonged stress, social isolation, chronic unpredictable stress and early life stress. These models produce a variety of PTSD-related behaviors that include associative and non-associative fear- and stress-related responses, hyperarousal, avoidance behaviors, cognitive disturbances, social withdrawal, compulsive behaviors, anhedonia-, anxiety- and depression-related behaviors. Neural regions included fear- and stress-related regions of the prefrontal cortex, hippocampal, amygdala, nucleus accumbens and hypothalamus. PTSD models produced mitochondrial dysfunction that includes dysregulation of oxidative phosphorylation and other metabolic pathways including β-oxidation of fatty acids and the tricarboxylic acid pathway. These models generated neural reactive oxygen species that damage DNA, proteins, and lipids. Trauma models further altered mitochondrial structure and replication and affected neuroinflammatory responses, signal transduction and apoptosis. Antidepressant medications used for the treatment of PTSD reversed stress-induced changes in some PTSD-like behaviors and many elements of brain mitochondrial dysfunction. Future studies can develop PTSD models which are ecologically valid and result in a broader manifestation of PTSD-related behaviors as it is clinically defined. This review highlights mitochondrial mechanisms associated with PTSD-like behaviors that have been produced in an array of consensus PTSD models and identifies putative circuit-based targets for more effective treatment for this debilitating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary B Kaplan
- Mental Health Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
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10
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Kikutani K, Hosokawa K, Giga H, Ota K, Matsumata M, Zhu M, Takemoto H, Ji B, Ohshimo S, Shime N, Aizawa H. GENETIC DELETION OF TRANSLOCATOR PROTEIN EXACERBATES POST-SEPSIS SYNDROME WITH ACTIVATION OF THE C1Q PATHWAY IN SEPTIC MOUSE MODEL. Shock 2023; 59:82-90. [PMID: 36703279 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000002030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Significant numbers of patients who survive sepsis exhibit psychiatric and cognitive impairments, termed post-sepsis syndrome. Understanding the underlying pathophysiology is essential to develop effective therapies. Translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) is a multifaceted mitochondrial protein implicated in inflammation, oxidative stress, and steroidogenesis in the central nervous system. Despite accumulated evidence demonstrating TSPO is a biomarker in psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, the role of this protein in post-sepsis syndrome remains elusive. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of TSPO in the long-term impairment of mouse behavior associated with psychiatric and cognitive impairments following sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) surgery. Animals were divided into three groups: (i) wild type (WT) + sham, (ii) WT + CLP, and (iii) TSPO knock out + CLP. Survival rate and body weight change were assessed up to 17 days after surgeries. Then, we also assessed anxiety-like behavior, depression-like behavior, cognitive function, locomotor activity, and forelimb muscle strength in surviving mice by elevated plus maze, tail suspension test, y-maze, open field test, and grip strength test, respectively. Deletion of the TSPO gene led to high mortality and prolonged weight loss and exacerbated anxiety-like and depressive-like behavior with cognitive impairment 17 days after, but not before, CLP surgery. RNA-seq analysis of the hippocampus revealed the upregulation of genes (C1qb, C1qc, and Tyrobp) in C1q complement pathways correlated significantly with anxiety-like behavior that appeared long after CLP surgery. The expressions of these genes predicted other behavioral traits, including depressive-like behavior in the tail suspension test and grip power impairment, supporting the role of the C1q pathway in post-sepsis syndrome. Because the C1q pathway has recently attracted interest as a tag for pathological synaptic elimination, the current study suggests the C1q pathway is involved in the psychiatric and cognitive impairments observed in post-sepsis syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Koji Hosokawa
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimatology, Faculty of Medicine Sciences, University of Fukui, Japan
| | | | - Kohei Ota
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Miho Matsumata
- Department of Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Meina Zhu
- Department of Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | | | | | - Shinichiro Ohshimo
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Shime
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Hidenori Aizawa
- Department of Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
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11
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Reguilón MD, Ballestín R, Miñarro J, Rodríguez-Arias M. Resilience to social defeat stress in adolescent male mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2022; 119:110591. [PMID: 35697171 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adverse social experiences during adolescence are associated with the appearance of mental illness in adulthood. Social defeat (SD) is an ethologically valid murine model to study the consequences of social stress. In adolescent mice, SD induces depressive-like behaviors, increased anxiety and potentiates the reinforcing effects of cocaine and alcohol. However, not all mice exposed to SD will be susceptible to these effects. Adult mice resilient to the effects of SD show a consistent phenotype being resilient to depressive-like behaviors and to the increase in cocaine and alcohol consumption. The aim of the present study was to characterize the resilient phenotype to depressive-like behaviors and increase cocaine and ethanol rewarding effects of mice socially defeated during adolescence. To that end, adolescent mice were exposed to repeated SD, and 24 h after the last encounter, they underwent a social interaction test (SIT) in order to evaluate depressive-like behaviors. Cocaine-induced reward conditioning and ethanol intake was evaluated in two different sets of mice 3 weeks after the last SD using cocaine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) and oral ethanol self-administration (SA). The neuroinflammation response was measured at the end of the experimental procedure by measuring striatal and cortical levels of IL-6 and CX3CL1. The results confirmed that a comparable percentage of adolescent mice develop resilience to depressive-like behaviors to that observed in adult mice. However, increased anxiety was more severe in resilient mice. Likewise, an increased preference for an ineffective dose of cocaine and an increased ethanol consumption was observed in resilient mice compared to controls. The increase in IL-6 and CX3CL1 was mainly observed in the striatum of susceptible mice compared to that of control mice. Our results confirm that, contrary to prior assumptions in adults, responses to SD stress are more complex and singular in adolescents, and caution should be taken for the correct interpretation and translation of those phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina D Reguilón
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de València, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Raúl Ballestín
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de València, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Miñarro
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de València, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Rodríguez-Arias
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de València, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
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12
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Hu P, Lu Y, Pan BX, Zhang WH. New Insights into the Pivotal Role of the Amygdala in Inflammation-Related Depression and Anxiety Disorder. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911076. [PMID: 36232376 PMCID: PMC9570160 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression and anxiety disorders are the two most prevalent psychiatric diseases that affect hundreds of millions of individuals worldwide. Understanding the etiology and related mechanisms is of great importance and might yield new therapeutic strategies to treat these diseases effectively. During the past decades, a growing number of studies have pointed out the importance of the stress-induced inflammatory response in the amygdala, a kernel region for processing emotional stimuli, as a potentially critical contributor to the pathophysiology of depression and anxiety disorders. In this review, we first summarized the recent progress from both animal and human studies toward understanding the causal link between stress-induced inflammation and depression and anxiety disorders, with particular emphasis on findings showing the effect of inflammation on the functional changes in neurons in the amygdala, at levels ranging from molecular signaling, cellular function, synaptic plasticity, and the neural circuit to behavior, as well as their contributions to the pathology of inflammation-related depression and anxiety disorders. Finally, we concluded by discussing some of the difficulties surrounding the current research and propose some issues worth future study in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Hu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330001, China
| | - Ying Lu
- Department of Biological Science, School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
- Laboratory of Fear and Anxiety Disorders, Institutes of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Bing-Xing Pan
- Department of Biological Science, School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
- Laboratory of Fear and Anxiety Disorders, Institutes of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
- Correspondence: (B.-X.P.); (W.-H.Z.)
| | - Wen-Hua Zhang
- Department of Biological Science, School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
- Laboratory of Fear and Anxiety Disorders, Institutes of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
- Correspondence: (B.-X.P.); (W.-H.Z.)
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13
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Hasegawa M, Piriyaprasath K, Otake M, Kamimura R, Saito I, Fujii N, Yamamura K, Okamoto K. Effect of daily treadmill running exercise on masseter muscle nociception associated with social defeat stress in mice. Eur J Oral Sci 2022; 130:e12882. [DOI: 10.1111/eos.12882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mana Hasegawa
- Division of Oral Physiology Faculty of Dentistry and Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Niigata University Niigata City Japan
- Division of General Dentistry and Dental Clinical Education Unit Faculty of Dentistry and Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Niigata University Niigata City Japan
| | - Kajita Piriyaprasath
- Division of Oral Physiology Faculty of Dentistry and Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Niigata University Niigata City Japan
- Department of Restorative Dentistry Faculty of Dentistry Naresuan University Phitsanulok Thailand
| | - Masanori Otake
- Division of Orthodontics Faculty of Dentistry and Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Niigata University Niigata City Japan
| | - Rantaro Kamimura
- Division of Orthodontics Faculty of Dentistry and Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Niigata University Niigata City Japan
| | - Isao Saito
- Division of Orthodontics Faculty of Dentistry and Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Niigata University Niigata City Japan
| | - Noritaka Fujii
- Division of General Dentistry and Dental Clinical Education Unit Faculty of Dentistry and Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Niigata University Niigata City Japan
| | - Kensuke Yamamura
- Division of Oral Physiology Faculty of Dentistry and Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Niigata University Niigata City Japan
| | - Keiichiro Okamoto
- Division of Oral Physiology Faculty of Dentistry and Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Niigata University Niigata City Japan
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14
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Wang H, He Y, Sun Z, Ren S, Liu M, Wang G, Yang J. Microglia in depression: an overview of microglia in the pathogenesis and treatment of depression. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:132. [PMID: 35668399 PMCID: PMC9168645 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02492-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is a highly debilitating psychiatric disorder involving the dysfunction of different cell types in the brain. Microglia are the predominant resident immune cells in the brain and exhibit a critical role in depression. Recent studies have suggested that depression can be regarded as a microglial disease. Microglia regulate inflammation, synaptic plasticity, and the formation of neural networks, all of which affect depression. In this review, we highlighted the role of microglia in the pathology of depression. First, we described microglial activation in animal models and clinically depressed patients. Second, we emphasized the possible mechanisms by which microglia recognize depression-associated stress and regulate conditions. Third, we described how antidepressants (clinical medicines and natural products) affect microglial activation. Thus, this review aimed to objectively analyze the role of microglia in depression and focus on potential antidepressants. These data suggested that regulation of microglial actions might be a novel therapeutic strategy to counteract the adverse effects of devastating mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Wang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, 5 Ankang Lane, Dewai Avenue, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100088, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, 10 Xi tou tiao, You An Men Wai, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yi He
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, 5 Ankang Lane, Dewai Avenue, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100088, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, 10 Xi tou tiao, You An Men Wai, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Zuoli Sun
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, 5 Ankang Lane, Dewai Avenue, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100088, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, 10 Xi tou tiao, You An Men Wai, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Siyu Ren
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, 5 Ankang Lane, Dewai Avenue, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100088, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, 10 Xi tou tiao, You An Men Wai, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Mingxia Liu
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, 5 Ankang Lane, Dewai Avenue, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100088, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, 10 Xi tou tiao, You An Men Wai, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Gang Wang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, 5 Ankang Lane, Dewai Avenue, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100088, China. .,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, 10 Xi tou tiao, You An Men Wai, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Jian Yang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, 5 Ankang Lane, Dewai Avenue, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100088, China. .,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, 10 Xi tou tiao, You An Men Wai, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China.
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15
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Rupprecht R, Rupprecht C, Di Benedetto B, Rammes G. Neuroinflammation and psychiatric disorders: Relevance of C1q, translocator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO), and neurosteroids. World J Biol Psychiatry 2022; 23:257-263. [PMID: 34320915 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2021.1961503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that neuroinflammatory processes may play a role in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. Recently, the complement protein C1q and the translocator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO) have attracted considerable interest in this context. C1q is a small molecule which is involved into synaptic pruning mechanisms, increases during ageing and may contribute to neurodegenerative disorders. TSPO is a transmembrane channel protein and mediates numerous biological functions such as bioenergetics and steroid synthesis. Meanwhile, there is evidence that both C1q and TSPO may be elevated in psychiatric disorders, e.g. major depression. Moreover, preclinical and first clinical studies suggest that TSPO ligands may exert antidepressant and anxiolytic properties by promoting endogenous neurosteroid synthesis. In addition, certain neurosteroids, e.g. allopregnanolone, are potent positive allosteric modulators of GABAA receptors and their composition is altered in depression and anxiety disorders. Recently, neurosteroid compounds such as brexanolone or zuranolone have been reported to reduce depressive and anxiety symptoms in postpartum depression and major depressive disorder. In conclusion, compounds enhancing GABAergic neurotransmission such as neurosteroids and TSPO ligands, which also may exert anti-inflammatory properties in concert with immunomodulators such as C1q may open new avenues for the treatment of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Rupprecht
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christian Rupprecht
- Experimental Neuropharmacology, Department of Anesthesiology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara Di Benedetto
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Rammes
- Experimental Neuropharmacology, Department of Anesthesiology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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16
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Innate immune stimulation prevents the development of anxiety-like behaviors in chronically stressed mice. Neuropharmacology 2022; 207:108950. [PMID: 35074304 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.108950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety is a common psychological disease which can induce severe social burdens. Searching methods that prevent the onset of anxiety is of great significance for ameliorating the social and individual problems induced by this type of disease. In this study, we investigated how innate immune pre-stimulation influences the anxiety-like behaviors in chronically stressed mice. Our results showed that a single injection of an innate immune stimulant lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at the dose of 50, 100, and 500 μg/kg 1 day before stress exposure prevented chronic social defeat stress (CSDS)-induced anxiety-like behaviors in mice. A single injection of LPS (100 μg/kg) 5 days before stress exposure produced similar preventive effects on CSDS-induced anxiety-like behaviors, while similar effects were not observed at the condition of 10-days interval between LPS injection and stress exposure. A second LPS injection 10 days after the first LPS injection or a 4 × LPS injection 10 days before stress exposure also prevented CSDS-induced anxiety-like behaviors. Moreover, a single injection of LPS (100 μg/kg) 1 day before stress exposure prevented the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of CSDS mice. Suppression of innate immune stimulation by minocycline pretreatment simultaneously abrogated the preventive effect of LPS pre-injection (100 μg/kg) on CSDS-induced anxiety-like behaviors and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in the brain. Our results demonstrated that the pre-stimulation of the innate immune system can prevent the development of anxiety-like behaviors and the progression of the neuroinflammatory responses in the brain in chronically stressed mice.
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17
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Hollis F, Pope BS, Gorman-Sandler E, Wood SK. Neuroinflammation and Mitochondrial Dysfunction Link Social Stress to Depression. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 54:59-93. [PMID: 35184261 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2021_300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is a debilitating mental illness and a leading cause of global disease burden. While many etiological factors have been identified, social stress is a highly prevalent causative factor for the onset of depression. Unfortunately, rates of depression continue to increase around the world, and the recent COVID-19 pandemic has further exacerbated this mental health crisis. Though several therapeutic strategies are available, nearly 50% of patients who receive treatment never reach remission. The exact mechanisms by which social stress exposure promotes the development of depression are unclear, making it challenging to develop novel and more effective therapeutics. However, accumulating evidence points to a role for stress-induced neuroinflammation, particularly in treatment-resistant patients. Moreover, recent evidence has expanded the concept of the pathogenesis of depression to mitochondrial dysfunction, suggesting that the combined effects of social stress on mitochondria and inflammation may synergize to facilitate stress-related depression. In this chapter, we review evidence for neuroinflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of social stress-induced depression and discuss these in the context of novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Hollis
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Brittany S Pope
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Erin Gorman-Sandler
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Susan K Wood
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA.
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18
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Montagud-Romero S, Miñarro J, Rodríguez-Arias M. Unravelling the Neuroinflammatory Mechanisms Underlying the Effects of Social Defeat Stress on Use of Drugs of Abuse. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2021; 54:153-180. [PMID: 34628585 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2021_260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The immune system provides the first line of the organism's defenses, working to maintain homeostasis against external threats and respond also to internal danger signals. There is much evidence to suggest that modifications of inflammatory parameters are related to vulnerability to develop mental illnesses, such as depression, autism, schizophrenia, and substance use disorders. In addition, not only are inflammatory parameters related to these disorders, but stress also induces the activation of the immune system, as recent preclinical research demonstrates. Social stress activates the immune response in the central nervous system through a number of mechanisms; for example, by promoting microglial stimulation, modifying peripheral and brain cytokine levels, and altering the blood brain barrier, which allows monocytes to traffic into the brain. In this chapter, we will first deal with the most important short- and long-term consequences of social defeat (SD) stress on the neuroinflammatory response. SD experiences (brief episodes of social confrontations during adolescence and adulthood) induce functional modifications in the brain, which are accompanied by an increase in proinflammatory markers. Most importantly, inflammatory mechanisms play a significant role in mediating the process of adaptation in the face of adversity (resilience vs susceptibility), allowing us to understand individual differences in stress responses. Secondly, we will address the role of the immune system in the vulnerability and enhanced sensitivity to drugs of abuse after social stress. We will explore in depth the effects seen in the inflammatory system in response to social stress and how they enhance the rewarding effects of drugs such as alcohol or cocaine. To conclude, we will consider pharmacological and environmental interventions that seek to influence the inflammatory response to social stress and diminish increased drug intake, as well as the translational potential and future directions of this exciting new field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Montagud-Romero
- Department of Psychology and Sociology, University of Zaragoza, Teruel, Spain
| | - J Miñarro
- Department of Psychobiology, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud (RETICS-Trastornos Adictivos), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Rodríguez-Arias
- Department of Psychobiology, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain. .,Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud (RETICS-Trastornos Adictivos), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid, Spain.
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19
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Mokrov G, Pantileev A, Yarkova M, Gudasheva T, Seredenin S. Design, synthesis, and pharmacological activity of new pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine translocator protein (tspo) ligands. Med Chem 2021; 18:497-508. [PMID: 34365957 DOI: 10.2174/1573406417666210806095051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) is a promising target for the creation of effective and safe neuropsychotropic drugs. The ligands of TSPO exhibit anxiolytic, antidepressant, neuroprotective and other activities without the side effects of benzodiazepines. METHODS New TSPO ligands in the series of N,1-diphenylpyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-3-carboxamides derivatives were designed using calculated pharmacophore model and molecular docking analysis. The synthesis of new compounds was carried out by two schemes using [3+3]-cycloaddition reaction of 2-azidoacrylic acid derivatives with pyrrolphenylketone as a key stage. The anxiolytic activity of new substances has been established using open field test with flash. RESULTS Several synthesized N,1-diphenylpyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-3-carboxamides derivatives significantly increased the total motor activity of Balb/c mice compared to the control. The structure-activity relationship was investigated. The most effective compound was found to be GML-11 (N-benzyl-N,1-diphenylpyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-3-carboxamide), which had anxiolytic action in the dose range from 0.001 to 0.100 mg/kg (Balb/c, i.p.). This compound is two orders of magnitude higher in dose activity than all other pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine TSPO ligands. CONCLUSION Molecular modelling methods allowed us to create new TSPO ligands in the series of N,1-diphenylpyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-3-carboxamides with high anxiolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grigory Mokrov
- FSBI Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology, Baltiyskaya 8, Moscow, 125315. Russian Federation
| | - Andry Pantileev
- FSBI Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology, Baltiyskaya 8, Moscow, 125315. Russian Federation
| | - Milada Yarkova
- FSBI Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology, Baltiyskaya 8, Moscow, 125315. Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana Gudasheva
- FSBI Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology, Baltiyskaya 8, Moscow, 125315. Russian Federation
| | - Sergei Seredenin
- FSBI Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology, Baltiyskaya 8, Moscow, 125315. Russian Federation
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20
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Giordani A, Menziani MC, Moresco RM, Matarrese M, Paolino M, Saletti M, Giuliani G, Anzini M, Cappelli A. Exploring Translocator Protein (TSPO) Medicinal Chemistry: An Approach for Targeting Radionuclides and Boron Atoms to Mitochondria. J Med Chem 2021; 64:9649-9676. [PMID: 34254805 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Translocator protein 18 kDa [TSPO or peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor (PBR)] was identified in the search of binding sites for benzodiazepine anxiolytic drugs in peripheral regions. In these areas, binding sites for TSPO ligands were recognized in steroid-producing tissues. TSPO plays an important role in many cellular functions, and its coding sequence is highly conserved across species. TSPO is located predominantly on the membrane of mitochondria and is overexpressed in several solid cancers. TSPO basal expression in the CNS is low, but it becomes high in neurodegenerative conditions. Thus, TSPO constitutes not only as an outstanding drug target but also as a valuable marker for the diagnosis of a number of diseases. The aim of the present article is to show the lesson we have learned from our activity in TSPO medicinal chemistry and in approaching the targeted delivery to mitochondria by means of TSPO ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Giordani
- Rottapharm Biotech S.p.A., Via Valosa di Sopra 9, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Menziani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Moresco
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, IBFM-CNR, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Mario Matarrese
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, IBFM-CNR, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Paolino
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Mario Saletti
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Germano Giuliani
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Maurizio Anzini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Andrea Cappelli
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
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21
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Picard K, St-Pierre MK, Vecchiarelli HA, Bordeleau M, Tremblay MÈ. Neuroendocrine, neuroinflammatory and pathological outcomes of chronic stress: A story of microglial remodeling. Neurochem Int 2021; 145:104987. [PMID: 33587954 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.104987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microglia, the resident macrophage cells of the central nervous system (CNS), are involved in a myriad of processes required to maintain CNS homeostasis. These cells are dynamic and can adapt their phenotype and functions to the physiological needs of the organism. Microglia rapidly respond to changes occurring in their microenvironment, such as the ones taking place during stress. While stress can be beneficial for the organism to adapt to a situation, it can become highly detrimental when it turns chronic. Microglial response to prolonged stress may lead to an alteration of their beneficial physiological functions, becoming either maladaptive or pro-inflammatory. In this review, we aim to summarize the effects of chronic stress exerted on microglia through the neuroendocrine system and inflammation at adulthood. We also discuss how these effects of chronic stress could contribute to microglial involvement in neuropsychiatric and sleep disorders, as well as neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Picard
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Kim St-Pierre
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | | | - Maude Bordeleau
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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22
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Kubo H, Setoyama D, Watabe M, Ohgidani M, Hayakawa K, Kuwano N, Sato-Kasai M, Katsuki R, Kanba S, Kang D, Kato TA. Plasma acetylcholine and nicotinic acid are correlated with focused preference for photographed females in depressed males: an economic game study. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2199. [PMID: 33500434 PMCID: PMC7838250 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75115-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interpersonal difficulties are often observed in major depressive disorder (MDD), while the underlying psychological and biological mechanisms have not yet been elucidated. In the present case–control study, a PC-based trust game was conducted for 38 drug-free MDD patients and 38 healthy controls (HC). In the trust game, participants invested money in a partner (trusting behaviors), and also rated each partner’s attractiveness (preference for others). In addition, blood biomarkers including metabolites were measured. Both MDD and HC males exhibited more trusting behaviors compared to females. MDD males’ preference for ordinary-attractive partners (lay-person photographs) was lower than HC males, whereas their preference for high-attractive females (fashion-model photographs) was similar levels to HC males. This tendency in MDD males could reflect a “focused (narrowed) preference for females”. As for blood biomarker analysis, the levels of 37 metabolites including acetylcholine, AMP, GMP, nicotinic acid and tryptophan were significantly different between two groups. Interestingly, among male participants, acetylcholine and nicotinic acid were negatively correlated with the level of focused preference for photographed females. In sum, we have revealed some behavioral, psychological and biological traits of trusting behaviors and preference for others especially in MDD males. Larger studies should be conducted to validate our preliminary findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kubo
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Daiki Setoyama
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Motoki Watabe
- School of Business, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 46150, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Masahiro Ohgidani
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kohei Hayakawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Nobuki Kuwano
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Mina Sato-Kasai
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ryoko Katsuki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Kanba
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Dongchon Kang
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takahiro A Kato
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
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23
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Gu Y, Ye T, Tan P, Tong L, Ji J, Gu Y, Shen Z, Shen X, Lu X, Huang C. Tolerance-inducing effect and properties of innate immune stimulation on chronic stress-induced behavioral abnormalities in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 91:451-471. [PMID: 33157258 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Over-activation of the innate immune system constitutes a risk factor for the development of nervous system disorders but may reduce the severity of these disorders by inducing tolerance effect. Here, we studied the tolerance-inducing effect and properties of innate immune stimulation on chronic social defeat stress (CSDS)-induced behavioral abnormalities in mice. A single injection of the innate immune enhancer lipopolysaccharide (LPS) one day before stress exposure prevented CSDS-induced impairment in social interaction and increased immobility time in the tail suspension test and forced swimming test. This effect was observed at varying doses (100, 500, and 1000 μg/kg) and peaked at 100 μg/kg. A single LPS injection (100 μg/kg) either one or five but not ten days before stress exposure prevented CSDS-induced behavioral abnormalities. A second LPS injection ten days after the first LPS injection, or a 2 × or 4 × LPS injections ten days before stress exposure also induced tolerance against stress-induced behavioral abnormalities. Our results furthermore showed that a single LPS injection one day before stress exposure skewed the neuroinflammatory response in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of CSDS-exposed mice toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Inhibiting the central innate immune response by pretreatment with minocycline or PLX3397 abrogated the tolerance-inducing effect of LPS preconditioning on CSDS-induced behavioral abnormalities and neuroinflammatory responses in the brain. These results provide evidence for a prophylactic effect of innate immune stimulation on stress-induced behavioral abnormalities via changes in microglial activation, which may help develop novel strategies for the prevention of stress-induced psychological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Gu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pingping Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lijuan Tong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianlin Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yiming Gu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhongxia Shen
- Department of Psychosomatic and Psychiatric Diseases, Huzhou Third Municipal Hospital Huzhou, the Affiliated Hospital of Huzhou University, #2088 Tiaoxi East Road, Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinhua Shen
- Department of Psychosomatic and Psychiatric Diseases, Huzhou Third Municipal Hospital Huzhou, the Affiliated Hospital of Huzhou University, #2088 Tiaoxi East Road, Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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24
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Enomoto S, Kato TA. Involvement of microglia in disturbed fear memory regulation: Possible microglial contribution to the pathophysiology of posttraumatic stress disorder. Neurochem Int 2020; 142:104921. [PMID: 33232758 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microglia, immune cells in the brain, play a crucial role in brain inflammation and synaptic plasticity by releasing inflammatory mediators and neurotrophic factors as well as, phagocytosing synaptic elements. Recent studies have shown peripheral inflammation, immune alteration in the brain are associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in humans. Several preclinical studies using Pavlovian fear conditioning have suggested that microglia are involved in fear memory dysregulation and altered fear neuronal networks. Microglial priming resulting from previous stressful experiences may also have an effect. This review will introduce the current knowledge of microglial contribution to disturbed fear memory regulation, a fundamental feature of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Enomoto
- Self Defense Force, Fukuoka Hospital, 1-61 Kokura Higashi, Kasuga-Si, Fukuoka, 816-0826, Japan; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takahiro A Kato
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
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25
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Kikutani K, Giga H, Hosokawa K, Shime N, Aizawa H. Microglial translocator protein and stressor-related disorder. Neurochem Int 2020; 140:104855. [PMID: 32980493 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite the prevalence of neuroinflammation in psychiatric disorders, molecular mechanism underlying it remains elusive. Translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO), also known as peripheral benzodiazepine receptor, is a mitochondrial protein implicated in the synthesis of steroids in a variety of tissues. Multiple reports have shown increased expression of TSPO in the activated microglia in the CNS. Radioactive probes targeting TSPO have been developed and used for imaging assessment in neurological and psychiatric disorders to examine neuroinflammation. Recent studies revealed that the wide range of stressors ranging from psychological to physical insults induced TSPO in human, suggesting that this protein could be an important tool to explore the contribution of microglia in stressor-related disorders. In this review, we first overview the microglial activation with TSPO in a wide range of stressors in human and animal models to discuss prevalent roles of TSPO in response of CNS to stressors. With recent update of the signaling pathway revealing link connecting TSPO with neuroinflammatory effectors such as reactive oxygen species, we discuss TSPO as a therapeutic targeting tool for suppression of adverse effect of stressors on long-lasting changes in animal behaviors and activities. Targeting TSPO which mediates neuroinflammation under the stress might pave the way to develop therapeutic intervention and prophylaxis of stressor-related disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Kikutani
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Giga
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Koji Hosokawa
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Shime
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Hidenori Aizawa
- Department of Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan.
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26
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Rooney S, Sah A, Unger MS, Kharitonova M, Sartori SB, Schwarzer C, Aigner L, Kettenmann H, Wolf SA, Singewald N. Neuroinflammatory alterations in trait anxiety: modulatory effects of minocycline. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:256. [PMID: 32732969 PMCID: PMC7393101 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-00942-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
High trait anxiety is a substantial risk factor for developing anxiety disorders and depression. While neuroinflammation has been identified to contribute to stress-induced anxiety, little is known about potential dysregulation in the neuroinflammatory system of genetically determined pathological anxiety or high trait anxiety individuals. We report microglial alterations in various brain regions in a mouse model of high trait anxiety (HAB). In particular, the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus of HABs exhibited enhanced density and average cell area of Iba1+, and density of phagocytic (CD68+/Iba1+) microglia compared to normal anxiety (NAB) controls. Minocycline was used to assess the capacity of a putative microglia 'inhibitor' in modulating hyperanxiety behavior of HABs. Chronic oral minocycline indeed reduced HAB hyperanxiety, which was associated with significant decreases in Iba1+ and CD68+Iba1+ cell densities in the DG. Addressing causality, it was demonstrated that longer (10 days), but not shorter (5 days), periods of minocycline microinfusions locally into the DG of HAB reduced Iba-1+ cell density and attenuated hyperanxiety-related behavior, indicating that neuroinflammation in the DG is at least partially involved in the maintenance of pathological anxiety. The present data reveal evidence of disturbances in the microglial system of individuals with high trait anxiety. Minocycline attenuated HAB hyperanxiety, likely by modulation of microglial activity within the DG. Thus, the present data suggest that drugs with microglia-targeted anti-inflammatory properties could be promising as novel alternative or complimentary anxiolytic therapeutic approaches in specific subgroups of individuals genetically predisposed to hyperanxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinead Rooney
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anupam Sah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael S Unger
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Maria Kharitonova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Simone B Sartori
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph Schwarzer
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ludwig Aigner
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Helmut Kettenmann
- Department of Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne A Wolf
- Department of Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicolas Singewald
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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