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Xu Y, Li H, Meng X, Yang J, Xue Y, Teng C, Lv W, Wang Z, Li X, Sun T, Meng S, Zong C. Unfolding Protein-Based Hapten Coupling via Thiol-Maleimide Click Chemistry: Enhanced Immunogenicity in Anti-Nicotine Vaccines Based on a Novel Conjugation Method and MPL/QS-21 Adjuvants. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:931. [PMID: 38611189 PMCID: PMC11013800 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccines typically work by eliciting an immune response against larger antigens like polysaccharides or proteins. Small molecules like nicotine, on their own, usually cannot elicit a strong immune response. To overcome this, anti-nicotine vaccines often conjugate nicotine molecules to a carrier protein by carbodiimide crosslinking chemistry to make them polymeric and more immunogenic. The reaction is sensitive to conditions such as pH, temperature, and the concentration of reactants. Scaling up the reaction from laboratory to industrial scales while maintaining consistency and yield can be challenging. Despite various approaches, no licensed anti-nicotine vaccine has been approved so far due to the susboptimal antibody titers. Here, we report a novel approach to conjugate maleimide-modified nicotine hapten with a disulfide bond-reduced carrier protein in an organic solvent. It has two advantages compared with other approaches: (1) The protein was unfolded to make the peptide conformation more flexible and expose more conjugation sites; (2) thiol-maleimide "click" chemistry was utilized to conjugate the disulfide bond-reduced protein and maleimide-modified nicotine due to its availability, fast kinetics, and bio-orthogonality. Various nicotine conjugate vaccines were prepared via this strategy, and their immunology effects were investigated by using MPL and QS-21 as adjuvants. The in vivo study in mice showed that the nicotine-BSA conjugate vaccines induced high anti-nicotine IgG antibody titers, compared with vaccines prepared by using traditional condensation methods, indicating the success of the current strategy for further anti-nicotine or other small-molecule vaccine studies. The enhancement was more significant by using MPL and QS-21 than that of traditional aluminum adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xu
- School of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China;
| | - Huiting Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China (Z.W.)
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214126, China
| | - Xiongyan Meng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China (Z.W.)
| | - Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China (Z.W.)
| | - Yannan Xue
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China (Z.W.)
| | - Changcai Teng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China (Z.W.)
| | - Wenxin Lv
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China (Z.W.)
| | - Zhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China (Z.W.)
| | - Xiaodan Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China (Z.W.)
| | - Tiantian Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China (Z.W.)
| | - Shuai Meng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China (Z.W.)
| | - Chengli Zong
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China (Z.W.)
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Gao X, Zhang M, Yang Z, Niu X, Zhou B, Chen J, Wang W, Wei Y, Han S, Cheng J, Zhang Y. Nicotine addiction and overweight affect intrinsic neural activity and neurotransmitter activity: A fMRI study of interaction effects. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2023; 77:178-185. [PMID: 36468828 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.13516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotine addiction and overweight often co-exist, but the neurobiological mechanism of their co-morbidity remains to be clarified. In this study, we explore how nicotine addiction and overweight affect intrinsic neural activity and neurotransmitter activity. METHODS This study included 54 overweight people and 54 age-, sex-, and handedness-matched normal-weight individuals, who were further divided into four groups based on nicotine addiction. We used a two-way factorial design to compare intrinsic neural activity (calculated by the fALFF method) in four groups based on resting-state functional magnetic resonance images (rs-fMRI). Furthermore, the correlation between fALFF values and PET- and SPECT-derived maps to examine specific neurotransmitter system changes underlying nicotine addiction and overweight. RESULTS Nicotine addiction and overweight affect intrinsic neural activity by themselves. In combination, they showed antagonistic effects in the interactive brain regions (left insula and right precuneus). Cross-modal correlations displayed that intrinsic neural activity changes in the interactive brain regions were related to the noradrenaline system (NAT). CONCLUSION Due to the existence of interaction, nicotine partially restored the changes of spontaneous activity in the interactive brain regions of overweight people. Therefore, when studying one factor alone, the other should be used as a control variable. Besides, this work links the noradrenaline system with intrinsic neural activity in overweight nicotine addicts. By examining the interactions between nicotine addiction and overweight from neuroimaging and molecular perspectives, this study provides some ideas for the treatment of both co-morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Gao
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Molecular imaging of Henan Province, Henan, China.,Engineering Technology Research Center for detection and application of brain function of Henan Province, Henan, China.,Engineering Research Center of Medical Imaging Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Henan Province, Henan, China.,Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Brain Function of Henan Province, Henan, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Cognitive Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Imaging Intelligence Research medicine of Henan Province, Henan, China.,Engineering Research Center of Brain Function Development and Application of Henan Province, Henan, China
| | - Mengzhe Zhang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Molecular imaging of Henan Province, Henan, China.,Engineering Technology Research Center for detection and application of brain function of Henan Province, Henan, China.,Engineering Research Center of Medical Imaging Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Henan Province, Henan, China.,Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Brain Function of Henan Province, Henan, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Cognitive Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Imaging Intelligence Research medicine of Henan Province, Henan, China.,Engineering Research Center of Brain Function Development and Application of Henan Province, Henan, China
| | - Zhengui Yang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Molecular imaging of Henan Province, Henan, China.,Engineering Technology Research Center for detection and application of brain function of Henan Province, Henan, China.,Engineering Research Center of Medical Imaging Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Henan Province, Henan, China.,Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Brain Function of Henan Province, Henan, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Cognitive Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Imaging Intelligence Research medicine of Henan Province, Henan, China.,Engineering Research Center of Brain Function Development and Application of Henan Province, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Niu
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Molecular imaging of Henan Province, Henan, China.,Engineering Technology Research Center for detection and application of brain function of Henan Province, Henan, China.,Engineering Research Center of Medical Imaging Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Henan Province, Henan, China.,Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Brain Function of Henan Province, Henan, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Cognitive Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Imaging Intelligence Research medicine of Henan Province, Henan, China.,Engineering Research Center of Brain Function Development and Application of Henan Province, Henan, China
| | - Bingqian Zhou
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Molecular imaging of Henan Province, Henan, China.,Engineering Technology Research Center for detection and application of brain function of Henan Province, Henan, China.,Engineering Research Center of Medical Imaging Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Henan Province, Henan, China.,Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Brain Function of Henan Province, Henan, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Cognitive Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Imaging Intelligence Research medicine of Henan Province, Henan, China.,Engineering Research Center of Brain Function Development and Application of Henan Province, Henan, China
| | - Jingli Chen
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Molecular imaging of Henan Province, Henan, China.,Engineering Technology Research Center for detection and application of brain function of Henan Province, Henan, China.,Engineering Research Center of Medical Imaging Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Henan Province, Henan, China.,Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Brain Function of Henan Province, Henan, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Cognitive Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Imaging Intelligence Research medicine of Henan Province, Henan, China.,Engineering Research Center of Brain Function Development and Application of Henan Province, Henan, China
| | - Weijian Wang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Molecular imaging of Henan Province, Henan, China.,Engineering Technology Research Center for detection and application of brain function of Henan Province, Henan, China.,Engineering Research Center of Medical Imaging Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Henan Province, Henan, China.,Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Brain Function of Henan Province, Henan, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Cognitive Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Imaging Intelligence Research medicine of Henan Province, Henan, China.,Engineering Research Center of Brain Function Development and Application of Henan Province, Henan, China
| | - Yarui Wei
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Molecular imaging of Henan Province, Henan, China.,Engineering Technology Research Center for detection and application of brain function of Henan Province, Henan, China.,Engineering Research Center of Medical Imaging Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Henan Province, Henan, China.,Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Brain Function of Henan Province, Henan, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Cognitive Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Imaging Intelligence Research medicine of Henan Province, Henan, China.,Engineering Research Center of Brain Function Development and Application of Henan Province, Henan, China
| | - Shaoqiang Han
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Molecular imaging of Henan Province, Henan, China.,Engineering Technology Research Center for detection and application of brain function of Henan Province, Henan, China.,Engineering Research Center of Medical Imaging Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Henan Province, Henan, China.,Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Brain Function of Henan Province, Henan, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Cognitive Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Imaging Intelligence Research medicine of Henan Province, Henan, China.,Engineering Research Center of Brain Function Development and Application of Henan Province, Henan, China
| | - Jingliang Cheng
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Molecular imaging of Henan Province, Henan, China.,Engineering Technology Research Center for detection and application of brain function of Henan Province, Henan, China.,Engineering Research Center of Medical Imaging Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Henan Province, Henan, China.,Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Brain Function of Henan Province, Henan, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Cognitive Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Imaging Intelligence Research medicine of Henan Province, Henan, China.,Engineering Research Center of Brain Function Development and Application of Henan Province, Henan, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Molecular imaging of Henan Province, Henan, China.,Engineering Technology Research Center for detection and application of brain function of Henan Province, Henan, China.,Engineering Research Center of Medical Imaging Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Henan Province, Henan, China.,Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Brain Function of Henan Province, Henan, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Cognitive Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Imaging Intelligence Research medicine of Henan Province, Henan, China.,Engineering Research Center of Brain Function Development and Application of Henan Province, Henan, China
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Weitzman ER, Kossowsky J, Blakemore LM, Cox R, Dowling DJ, Levy O, Needles EW, Levy S. Acceptability of a Fentanyl Vaccine to Prevent Opioid Overdose and Need for Personalized Decision-Making. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 75:S98-S109. [PMID: 35579508 PMCID: PMC9376272 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The opioid epidemic worsened during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Synthetic opioids (primarily fentanyl) comprise the most common drugs involved in overdose (OD) death. A vaccine that blocks fentanyl from reaching the brain to prevent OD is under development, and insight is needed into its acceptability. METHODS Using a semi-structured interview guide, persons with opioid use disorder (OUD), family, professionals, and the public were interviewed about attitudes and concerns regarding a fentanyl vaccine. Reactions to fictional clinical vignettes of persons at risk of OUD because of pain and/or substance use histories were collected, analyzed, and quantified for favorability. Interviews were transcribed, coded, and analyzed thematically. RESULTS Among N = 64 participants, (70.3% female, average age 32.4 years), attitudes were favorable toward a fentanyl vaccine, with preference for lifelong durability (76% of n = 55 asked). Perceived benefits centered on the potential for a life-saving intervention, suffering averted, healthcare dollars saved, and the utility of a passive harm reduction strategy. Concerns centered on uncertainty regarding vaccine safety, questions about efficacy, worry about implications for future pain management, stigma, and need for supportive counseling and guidance to personalize decision making. Reactions to vignettes revealed complex attitudes toward fentanyl vaccination when considering recipient age, health history, and future risks for addiction and pain. CONCLUSIONS Positive responses to a fentanyl vaccine were found along with appreciation for the complexity of a vaccine strategy to prevent OD in the setting of pain and uncertain durability. Further research is needed to elucidate operational, ethical, and communications strategies to advance the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissa R Weitzman
- Correspondence: E. R. Weitzman, 1 Autumn Street, Boston, MA 02215 ()
| | - Joe Kossowsky
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laura M Blakemore
- Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rachele Cox
- Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David J Dowling
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ofer Levy
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emma W Needles
- Adolescent Substance Use and Addiction Program, Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sharon Levy
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Adolescent Substance Use and Addiction Program, Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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