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Takahashi S, Takahashi D, Kuroiwa Y, Sakurai N, Kodama N. Construction and evaluation of a neurofeedback system using finger tapping and near-infrared spectroscopy. FRONTIERS IN NEUROIMAGING 2024; 3:1361513. [PMID: 38726042 PMCID: PMC11079114 DOI: 10.3389/fnimg.2024.1361513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Neurofeedback using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been used in patients with stroke and other patients, but few studies have included older people or patients with cognitive impairment. Methods We constructed a NIRS-based neurofeedback system and used finger tapping to investigate whether neurofeedback can be implemented in older adults while finger tapping and whether brain activity improves in older adults and healthy participants. Our simple neurofeedback system was constructed using a portable wearable optical topography (WOT-HS) device. Brain activity was evaluated in 10 older and 31 healthy young individuals by measuring oxygenated hemoglobin concentration during finger tapping and neurofeedback implementation. Results During neurofeedback, the concentration of oxygenated hemoglobin increased in the prefrontal regions in both the young and older participants. Discussion The results of this study demonstrate the usefulness of neurofeedback using simple NIRS devices for older adults and its potential to mitigate cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Takahashi
- Department of Healthcare Informatics, Faculty of Health and Welfare, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki, Japan
| | - Daishi Takahashi
- Department of Healthcare Informatics, Faculty of Health and Welfare, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki, Japan
| | - Yuki Kuroiwa
- Department of Healthcare Informatics, Faculty of Health and Welfare, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki, Japan
| | - Noriko Sakurai
- Department of Radiological Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Naoki Kodama
- Department of Radiological Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
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2
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Voegtle A, Terlutter C, Nikolai K, Farahat A, Hinrichs H, Sweeney-Reed CM. Suppression of Motor Sequence Learning and Execution Through Anodal Cerebellar Transcranial Electrical Stimulation. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 22:1152-1165. [PMID: 36239839 PMCID: PMC10657296 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-022-01487-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cerebellum (CB) and primary motor cortex (M1) have been associated with motor learning, with different putative roles. Modulation of task performance through application of transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS) to brain structures provides causal evidence for their engagement in the task. Studies evaluating and comparing TDCS to these structures have provided conflicting results, however, likely due to varying paradigms and stimulation parameters. Here we applied TDCS to CB and M1 within the same experimental design, to enable direct comparison of their roles in motor sequence learning. We examined the effects of anodal TDCS during motor sequence learning in 60 healthy participants, randomly allocated to CB-TDCS, M1-TDCS, or Sham stimulation groups during a serial reaction time task. Key to the design was an equal number of repeated and random sequences. Reaction times (RTs) to implicitly learned and random sequences were compared between groups using ANOVAs and post hoc t-tests. A speed-accuracy trade-off was excluded by analogous analysis of accuracy scores. An interaction was observed between whether responses were to learned or random sequences and the stimulation group. Post hoc analyses revealed a preferential slowing of RTs to implicitly learned sequences in the group receiving CB-TDCS. Our findings provide evidence that CB function can be modulated through transcranial application of a weak electrical current, that the CB and M1 cortex perform separable functions in the task, and that the CB plays a specific role in motor sequence learning during implicit motor sequence learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Voegtle
- Department of Neurology, Neurocybernetics and Rehabilitation, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Clara Terlutter
- Department of Neurology, Neurocybernetics and Rehabilitation, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Nikolai
- Department of Neurology, Neurocybernetics and Rehabilitation, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Amr Farahat
- Department of Neurology, Neurocybernetics and Rehabilitation, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute for Neuroscience in Cooperation With Max Planck Society, Deutschordenstr. 46, 60528, Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Hermann Hinrichs
- Department of Behavioral Neurology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestr. 6, 39118, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences - CBBS, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Catherine M Sweeney-Reed
- Department of Neurology, Neurocybernetics and Rehabilitation, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences - CBBS, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany.
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3
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Baudou E, Danna J, Tallet J, Pollidoro L, Tensaouti F, Bertozzi AI, Pariente J, Courbieres N, Dufour C, Grill J, Chaix Y, Laprie A. Impact of a pediatric posterior fossa tumor and its treatments on motor procedural learning. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2023; 44:37-45. [PMID: 37060708 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Posterior fossa tumor (PFT) survivors have difficulty learning new skills. Procedural memory is a skill learning system that allows, through training, the automatization of procedures and progressive improvement of performance. It underlies most of the motor procedures in everyday life that we perform automatically, such as riding a bike or writing. Motor procedural memory is divided into two components: motor sequence learning involving mainly cortico-striatal networks, and motor adaptation involving mainly cortico-cerebellar networks. The aim of this work was to explore the impact of a tumor and its treatment during childhood on procedural learning hypothesizing that sequence learning would be impaired in PFT survivors who have been treated with radiotherapy, whereas motor adaptation would be impaired in all PFT survivors. METHOD 22 irradiated survivors of PFT, 17 non-irradiated survivors and 21 healthy controls from the IMPALA study (NCT04324450) performed a motor sequence learning task and a motor adaptation task. Doses received by striatal and cerebellar structures were reported from the initial dosimetry plans. RESULTS Sequence learning was preserved in both tumor groups, but at the individual level 7/22 irradiated, and 4/17 non-irradiated participants failed to learn the motor sequence. Motor adaptation was impaired in both tumor groups, predominantly in the irradiated group. CONCLUSION This study sheds new light on the long-term impact of PFT treatments in childhood on a rarely-studied part of memory, which is perceptual-motor procedural learning. Our results suggest that the cerebellum and striatum could be considered as organs at risk with regard to procedural learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloïse Baudou
- Toulouse Neuro-imaging Center (ToNIC), INSERM University of Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Pediatric Neurology Department, Children's Hospital, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France.
| | - Jérémy Danna
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LNC, Marseille, France
| | - Jessica Tallet
- Toulouse Neuro-imaging Center (ToNIC), INSERM University of Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Lisa Pollidoro
- Toulouse Neuro-imaging Center (ToNIC), INSERM University of Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Pediatric Neurology Department, Children's Hospital, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Fatima Tensaouti
- Toulouse Neuro-imaging Center (ToNIC), INSERM University of Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Radiation Oncology Department, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse-Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne-Isabelle Bertozzi
- Pediatric Oncology Department, Children's Hospital, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Jérémie Pariente
- Toulouse Neuro-imaging Center (ToNIC), INSERM University of Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Neurology Department, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Courbieres
- Toulouse Neuro-imaging Center (ToNIC), INSERM University of Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Christelle Dufour
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Institut Gustave Roussy, University Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Jacques Grill
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Institut Gustave Roussy, University Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France; CNRS Unit 8203, Gustave Roussy, University Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Yves Chaix
- Toulouse Neuro-imaging Center (ToNIC), INSERM University of Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Pediatric Neurology Department, Children's Hospital, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Laprie
- Toulouse Neuro-imaging Center (ToNIC), INSERM University of Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Radiation Oncology Department, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse-Oncopole, Toulouse, France
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4
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Cognitive Dysfunction following Cerebellar Stroke: Insights Gained from Neuropsychological and Neuroimaging Research. Neural Plast 2022; 2022:3148739. [PMID: 35465397 PMCID: PMC9033331 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3148739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the cerebellum has been consistently noted in the process of cognition, the pathophysiology of this link is still under exploration. Cerebellar stroke, in which the lesions are focal and limited, provides an appropriate clinical model disease for studying the role of the cerebellum in the cognitive process. This review article targeting the cerebellar stroke population (1) describes a cognitive impairment profile, (2) identifies the cerebellar structural alterations linked to cognition, and (3) reveals possible mechanisms of cerebellar cognition using functional neuroimaging. The data indicates the disruption of the cerebro-cerebellar loop in cerebellar stroke and its contribution to cognitive dysfunctions. And the characteristic of cognitive deficits are mild, span a broad spectrum, dominated by executive impairment. The consideration of these findings could contribute to deeper and more sophisticated insights into the cognitive function of the cerebellum and might provide a novel approach to cognitive rehabilitation. The goal of this review is to spread awareness of cognitive impairments in cerebellar disorders.
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5
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Wei L, Weng T, Dong H, Baeken C, Jiang T, Wu GR. The cortico-basal-cerebellar neurocircuit is linked to personality trait of novelty seeking. Neuroscience 2022; 488:96-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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6
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Giustiniani A, Tarantino V, Bracco M, Bonaventura RE, Oliveri M. Functional Role of Cerebellar Gamma Frequency in Motor Sequences Learning: a tACS Study. THE CEREBELLUM 2021; 20:913-921. [PMID: 33822311 PMCID: PMC8674154 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-021-01255-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Although the role of the cerebellum in motor sequences learning is widely established, the specific function of its gamma oscillatory activity still remains unclear. In the present study, gamma (50 Hz)-or delta (1 Hz)-transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) was applied to the right cerebellar cortex while participants performed an implicit serial reaction time task (SRTT) with their right hand. The task required the execution of motor sequences simultaneously with the presentation of a series of visual stimuli. The same sequence was repeated across multiple task blocks (from blocks 2 to 5 and from blocks 7 to 8), whereas in other blocks, new/pseudorandom sequences were reproduced (blocks 1 and 6). Task performance was examined before and during tACS. To test possible after-effects of cerebellar tACS on the contralateral primary motor cortex (M1), corticospinal excitability was assessed by examining the amplitude of motor potentials (MEP) evoked by single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Compared with delta stimulation, gamma-tACS applied during the SRTT impaired participants' performance in blocks where the same motor sequence was repeated but not in blocks where the new pseudorandom sequences were presented. Noteworthy, the later assessed corticospinal excitability was not affected. These results suggest that cerebellar gamma oscillations mediate the implicit acquisition of motor sequences but do not affect task execution itself. Overall, this study provides evidence of a specific role of cerebellar gamma oscillatory activity in implicit motor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Giustiniani
- NEUROFARBA Department, University of Firenze, 50139, Firenze, Italy.,IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, 30126, Venezia, Italy.,Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 15, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - V Tarantino
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 15, 90128, Palermo, Italy.
| | - M Bracco
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 15, 90128, Palermo, Italy.,Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QB, UK
| | - R E Bonaventura
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 15, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - M Oliveri
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 15, 90128, Palermo, Italy.,NeuroTeam Life and Science, Via Libertà 112, 90144, Palermo, Italy
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7
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Billeri L, Naro A. A narrative review on non-invasive stimulation of the cerebellum in neurological diseases. Neurol Sci 2021; 42:2191-2209. [PMID: 33759055 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-021-05187-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The cerebellum plays an important role in motor, cognitive, and affective functions owing to its dense interconnections with basal ganglia and cerebral cortex. This review aimed at summarizing the non-invasive cerebellar stimulation (NICS) approaches used to modulate cerebellar output and treat cerebellar dysfunction in the motor domain. OBSERVATION The utility of NICS in the treatment of cerebellar and non-cerebellar neurological diseases (including Parkinson's disease, dementia, cerebellar ataxia, and stroke) is discussed. NICS induces meaningful clinical effects from repeated sessions alone in both cerebellar and non-cerebellar diseases. However, there are no conclusive data on this issue and several concerns need to be still addressed before NICS could be considered a valuable, standard therapeutic tool. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Even though some challenges must be overcome to adopt NICS in a wider clinical setting, this tool might become a useful strategy to help patients with lesions in the cerebellum and cerebral areas that are connected with the cerebellum whether one could enhance cerebellar activity with the intention of facilitating the cerebellum and the entire, related network, rather than attempting to facilitate a partially damaged cortical region or inhibiting the homologs' contralateral area. The different outcome of each approach would depend on the residual functional reserve of the cerebellum, which is confirmed as a critical element to be probed preliminary in order to define the best patient-tailored NICS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Billeri
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, via Palermo, SS113, Ctr. Casazza, 98124, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonino Naro
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, via Palermo, SS113, Ctr. Casazza, 98124, Messina, Italy.
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8
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Perioperative Assessment of Cerebellar Masses and the Potential for Cerebellar Cognitive Affective Syndrome. World Neurosurg 2020; 144:222-230. [PMID: 32949806 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum was long perceived to be a region of limited importance with primary functions in the regulation of motor control. A degree of its functional topography in motor modulation has been traditionally appreciated. However, an evolving body of evidence supports its role in a range of cognitive processes, including executive decision making, language, emotional processing, and working memory. To this end, numerous studies of cerebellar stroke syndromes as well as investigations with functional magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging have given clinicians a better model of the functional topography within the cerebellum and the essential lanes of communication with the cerebrum. With this deeper understanding, neurosurgeons should integrate these domains into the perioperative evaluation and postoperative rehabilitation of patients with cerebellar tumors. This review aims to discuss these understandings and identify valuable tools for implementation into clinical practice.
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9
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Argyropoulos GPD, van Dun K, Adamaszek M, Leggio M, Manto M, Masciullo M, Molinari M, Stoodley CJ, Van Overwalle F, Ivry RB, Schmahmann JD. The Cerebellar Cognitive Affective/Schmahmann Syndrome: a Task Force Paper. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2020; 19:102-125. [PMID: 31522332 PMCID: PMC6978293 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-019-01068-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sporadically advocated over the last two centuries, a cerebellar role in cognition and affect has been rigorously established in the past few decades. In the clinical domain, such progress is epitomized by the "cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome" ("CCAS") or "Schmahmann syndrome." Introduced in the late 1990s, CCAS reflects a constellation of cerebellar-induced sequelae, comprising deficits in executive function, visuospatial cognition, emotion-affect, and language, over and above speech. The CCAS thus offers excellent grounds to investigate the functional topography of the cerebellum, and, ultimately, illustrate the precise mechanisms by which the cerebellum modulates cognition and affect. The primary objective of this task force paper is thus to stimulate further research in this area. After providing an up-to-date overview of the fundamental findings on cerebellar neurocognition, the paper substantiates the concept of CCAS with recent evidence from different scientific angles, promotes awareness of the CCAS as a clinical entity, and examines our current insight into the therapeutic options available. The paper finally identifies topics of divergence and outstanding questions for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kim van Dun
- Rehabilitation Research Center REVAL, UHasselt, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Michael Adamaszek
- Clinical and Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Center of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Klinik Bavaria Kreischa, An der Wolfsschlucht 1-2, 01703 Kreischa, Germany
| | - Maria Leggio
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Ataxia Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Manto
- Department of Neurology, CHU-Charleroi, 6000 Charleroi, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Marcella Masciullo
- SPInal REhabilitation Lab (SPIRE), IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Molinari
- Neuro-Robot Rehabilitation Lab, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Richard B. Ivry
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Jeremy D. Schmahmann
- Ataxia Unit, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
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10
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Medimorec S, Milin P, Divjak D. Working memory affects anticipatory behavior during implicit pattern learning. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2019; 85:291-301. [PMID: 31562540 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-019-01251-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the relation between implicit sequence learning and individual differences in working memory (WM) capacity. Participants performed an oculomotor version of the serial reaction time (SRT) task and three computerized WM tasks. Implicit learning was measured using anticipation measures only, as they represent strong indicators of learning. Our results demonstrate that anticipatory behavior in the SRT task changes as a function of WM capacity, such that it increases with decreased WM capacity. On the other hand, WM capacity did not affect the overall number of correct anticipations in the task. In addition, we report a positive relation between WM capacity and the number of consecutive correct anticipations (or chunks), and a negative relation between WM capacity and the overall number of errors, indicating different learning strategies during implicit sequence learning. The results of the current study are theoretically important, because they demonstrate that individual differences in WM capacity could account for differences in learning processes, and ultimately change individuals' anticipatory behavior, even when learning is implicit, without intention and awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srdan Medimorec
- Department of Modern Languages, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Petar Milin
- Department of Modern Languages, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Dagmar Divjak
- Department of Modern Languages, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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11
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Argyropoulos GPD, van Dun K, Adamaszek M, Leggio M, Manto M, Masciullo M, Molinari M, Stoodley CJ, Van Overwalle F, Ivry RB, Schmahmann JD. The Cerebellar Cognitive Affective/Schmahmann Syndrome: a Task Force Paper. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2019. [PMID: 31522332 DOI: 10.1007/s12311‐019‐01068‐8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sporadically advocated over the last two centuries, a cerebellar role in cognition and affect has been rigorously established in the past few decades. In the clinical domain, such progress is epitomized by the "cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome" ("CCAS") or "Schmahmann syndrome." Introduced in the late 1990s, CCAS reflects a constellation of cerebellar-induced sequelae, comprising deficits in executive function, visuospatial cognition, emotion-affect, and language, over and above speech. The CCAS thus offers excellent grounds to investigate the functional topography of the cerebellum, and, ultimately, illustrate the precise mechanisms by which the cerebellum modulates cognition and affect. The primary objective of this task force paper is thus to stimulate further research in this area. After providing an up-to-date overview of the fundamental findings on cerebellar neurocognition, the paper substantiates the concept of CCAS with recent evidence from different scientific angles, promotes awareness of the CCAS as a clinical entity, and examines our current insight into the therapeutic options available. The paper finally identifies topics of divergence and outstanding questions for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kim van Dun
- Rehabilitation Research Center REVAL, UHasselt, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Michael Adamaszek
- Clinical and Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Center of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Klinik Bavaria Kreischa, An der Wolfsschlucht 1-2, 01703, Kreischa, Germany
| | - Maria Leggio
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Ataxia Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Manto
- Department of Neurology, CHU-Charleroi, 6000, Charleroi, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, University of Mons, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Marcella Masciullo
- SPInal REhabilitation Lab (SPIRE), IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Molinari
- Neuro-Robot Rehabilitation Lab, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Richard B Ivry
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy D Schmahmann
- Ataxia Unit, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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12
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van Dun K, Manto M. Non-invasive Cerebellar Stimulation: Moving Towards Clinical Applications for Cerebellar and Extra-Cerebellar Disorders. THE CEREBELLUM 2019; 17:259-263. [PMID: 29282616 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-017-0908-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The field of non-invasive stimulation of the cerebellum is quickly expanding. The anatomical structure of the cerebellum with a high density of neurons in the superficial layer, its electrical properties, and its participation in numerous closed-loop circuits involved in motor, cognitive, and affective operations both in children and in adults make of the cerebellum a target with very high potential for neuromodulation of both cerebellar and extra-cerebellar disorders, in neurology, psychiatry, and neurosurgery. A common research effort is required to extract the optimal parameters of stimulation and to identify how non-invasive stimulation of the cerebellum modifies cerebellar plasticity and functional connectivity in remote cortical and subcortical areas. A patient stratification should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim van Dun
- Clinical and Experimental Neurolinguistics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Mario Manto
- FNRS, ULB-Erasme, Brussels, Belgium
- Service des Neurosciences, Université de Mons, Mons, Belgium
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13
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Abstract
Transcranial magnetic and electric stimulation of the brain are novel and highly promising techniques currently employed in both research and clinical practice. Improving or rehabilitating brain functions by modulating excitability with these noninvasive tools is an exciting new area in neuroscience. Since the cerebellum is closely connected with the cerebral regions subserving motor, associative, and affective functions, the cerebello-thalamo-cortical pathways are an interesting target for these new techniques. Targeting the cerebellum represents a novel way to modulate the excitability of remote cortical regions and their functions. This review brings together the studies that have applied cerebellar stimulation, magnetic and electric, and presents an overview of the current knowledge and unsolved issues. Some recommendations for future research are implemented as well.
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14
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Vicari S, Piccini G, Mercuri E, Battini R, Chieffo D, Bulgheroni S, Pecini C, Lucibello S, Lenzi S, Moriconi F, Pane M, D’Amico A, Astrea G, Baranello G, Riva D, Cioni G, Alfieri P. Implicit learning deficit in children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy: Evidence for a cerebellar cognitive impairment? PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191164. [PMID: 29338029 PMCID: PMC5770044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at comparing implicit sequence learning in individuals affected by Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy without intellectual disability and age-matched typically developing children. A modified version of the Serial Reaction Time task was administered to 32 Duchenne children and 37 controls of comparable chronological age. The Duchenne group showed a reduced rate of implicit learning even if in the absence of global intellectual disability. This finding provides further evidence of the involvement of specific aspects of cognitive function in Duchenne muscular dystrophy and on its possible neurobiological substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Vicari
- Department of Neuroscience, Child Neuropsychiatric Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia Piccini
- Department of Neuroscience, Child Neuropsychiatric Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Mercuri
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Catholic University and Nemo Center, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Battini
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris, Calambrone (Pisa), Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Daniela Chieffo
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Catholic University and Nemo Center, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Bulgheroni
- Developmental Neurology Division, IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Pecini
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris, Calambrone (Pisa), Italy
| | - Simona Lucibello
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Catholic University and Nemo Center, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Lenzi
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris, Calambrone (Pisa), Italy
| | - Federica Moriconi
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Catholic University and Nemo Center, Rome, Italy
| | - Marika Pane
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Catholic University and Nemo Center, Rome, Italy
| | - Adele D’Amico
- Department of Neurosciences, Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Guja Astrea
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris, Calambrone (Pisa), Italy
| | - Giovanni Baranello
- Developmental Neurology Division, IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Daria Riva
- Developmental Neurology Division, IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cioni
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris, Calambrone (Pisa), Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Alfieri
- Department of Neuroscience, Child Neuropsychiatric Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Molinari M, Masciullo M, Bulgheroni S, D'Arrigo S, Riva D. Cognitive aspects: sequencing, behavior, and executive functions. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 154:167-180. [PMID: 29903438 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63956-1.00010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The question posed today is not whether the cerebellum plays a role in cognition, but instead, how the cerebellum contributes to cognitive processes, even in the developmental age. The central role of the cerebellum in many areas of human abilities, motor as well as cognitive, in childhood as well as in adulthood, is well established but cerebellar basic functioning is still not clear and is much debated. Of particular interest is the changing face of cerebellar influence on motor, higher cognitive, and behavioral functioning when adult and developmental lesions are compared. The idea that the cerebellum might play quite different roles during development and in adulthood has been proposed, and evidence from experimental and clinical literature has been provided, including for sequencing, behavioral aspects, and executive functions Still, more data are needed to fully understand the changes of cerebrocerebellar interactions within the segregated loops which connect cerebrum and cerebellum, not only between childhood and adulthood but also in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Molinari
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
| | - Marcella Masciullo
- Translational Clinical Research Division, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Bulgheroni
- Translational Clinical Research Division, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy; Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano D'Arrigo
- Translational Clinical Research Division, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy; Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Daria Riva
- Translational Clinical Research Division, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy; Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
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16
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Linden J, Van de Beeck L, Plumier JC, Ferrara A. Procedural learning as a measure of functional impairment in a mouse model of ischemic stroke. Behav Brain Res 2016; 307:35-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Abiru M, Sakai H, Sawada Y, Yamane H. The effect of the challenging two handed rhythm tapping task to DLPFC activation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.11596/asiajot.12.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mutsumi Abiru
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, PhD program
| | - Hiroshi Sakai
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University
| | - Yasuhiro Sawada
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Life and Health Science, Chubu University
| | - Hiroshi Yamane
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University
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18
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Avanzino L, Bove M, Pelosin E, Ogliastro C, Lagravinese G, Martino D. The cerebellum predicts the temporal consequences of observed motor acts. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116607. [PMID: 25689858 PMCID: PMC4331528 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is increasingly clear that we extract patterns of temporal regularity between events to optimize information processing. The ability to extract temporal patterns and regularity of events is referred as temporal expectation. Temporal expectation activates the same cerebral network usually engaged in action selection, comprising cerebellum. However, it is unclear whether the cerebellum is directly involved in temporal expectation, when timing information is processed to make predictions on the outcome of a motor act. Healthy volunteers received one session of either active (inhibitory, 1 Hz) or sham repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation covering the right lateral cerebellum prior the execution of a temporal expectation task. Subjects were asked to predict the end of a visually perceived human body motion (right hand handwriting) and of an inanimate object motion (a moving circle reaching a target). Videos representing movements were shown in full; the actual tasks consisted of watching the same videos, but interrupted after a variable interval from its onset by a dark interval of variable duration. During the 'dark' interval, subjects were asked to indicate when the movement represented in the video reached its end by clicking on the spacebar of the keyboard. Performance on the timing task was analyzed measuring the absolute value of timing error, the coefficient of variability and the percentage of anticipation responses. The active group exhibited greater absolute timing error compared with the sham group only in the human body motion task. Our findings suggest that the cerebellum is engaged in cognitive and perceptual domains that are strictly connected to motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Avanzino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Marco Bove
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Elisa Pelosin
- Department of Neuroscience (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Carla Ogliastro
- Department of Neuroscience (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giovanna Lagravinese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Davide Martino
- Neurology Department, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woolwich, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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19
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Richards L, Senesac C, McGuirk T, Woodbury M, Howland D, Davis S, Patterson T. Response to Intensive Upper Extremity Therapy by Individuals with Ataxia from Stroke. Top Stroke Rehabil 2015; 15:262-71. [DOI: 10.1310/tsr1503-262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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20
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Laricchiuta D, Petrosini L. Individual differences in response to positive and negative stimuli: endocannabinoid-based insight on approach and avoidance behaviors. Front Syst Neurosci 2014; 8:238. [PMID: 25565991 PMCID: PMC4273613 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2014.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Approach and avoidance behaviors-the primary responses to the environmental stimuli of danger, novelty and reward-are associated with the brain structures that mediate cognitive functionality, reward sensitivity and emotional expression. Individual differences in approach and avoidance behaviors are modulated by the functioning of amygdaloid-hypothalamic-striatal and striatal-cerebellar networks implicated in action and reaction to salient stimuli. The nodes of these networks are strongly interconnected and by acting on them the endocannabinoid and dopaminergic systems increase the intensity of appetitive or defensive motivation. This review analyzes the approach and avoidance behaviors in humans and rodents, addresses neurobiological and neurochemical aspects of these behaviors, and proposes a possible synaptic plasticity mechanism, related to endocannabinoid-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression that allows responding to salient positive and negative stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Laricchiuta
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa LuciaRome, Italy
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University “Sapienza” of RomeRome, Italy
| | - Laura Petrosini
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa LuciaRome, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University “Sapienza” of RomeRome, Italy
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21
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Chamberlain R, McManus IC, Brunswick N, Rankin Q, Riley H, Kanai R. Drawing on the right side of the brain: A voxel-based morphometry analysis of observational drawing. Neuroimage 2014; 96:167-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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22
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Iglói K, Doeller CF, Paradis AL, Benchenane K, Berthoz A, Burgess N, Rondi-Reig L. Interaction Between Hippocampus and Cerebellum Crus I in Sequence-Based but not Place-Based Navigation. Cereb Cortex 2014; 25:4146-54. [PMID: 24947462 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
To examine the cerebellar contribution to human spatial navigation we used functional magnetic resonance imaging and virtual reality. Our findings show that the sensory-motor requirements of navigation induce activity in cerebellar lobules and cortical areas known to be involved in the motor loop and vestibular processing. By contrast, cognitive aspects of navigation mainly induce activity in a different cerebellar lobule (VIIA Crus I). Our results demonstrate a functional link between cerebellum and hippocampus in humans and identify specific functional circuits linking lobule VIIA Crus I of the cerebellum to medial parietal, medial prefrontal, and hippocampal cortices in nonmotor aspects of navigation. They further suggest that Crus I belongs to 2 nonmotor loops, involved in different strategies: place-based navigation is supported by coherent activity between left cerebellar lobule VIIA Crus I and medial parietal cortex along with right hippocampus activity, while sequence-based navigation is supported by coherent activity between right lobule VIIA Crus I, medial prefrontal cortex, and left hippocampus. These results highlight the prominent role of the human cerebellum in both motor and cognitive aspects of navigation, and specify the cortico-cerebellar circuits by which it acts depending on the requirements of the task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Iglói
- Collège de France, LPPA, Paris 75005, France Neuroscience Paris Seine, Cerebellum, Navigation and Memory Team, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR-S 8246/ UM CR18, Paris F-75005, France Neuroscience Paris Seine, INSERM, UMR-S 1130, Cerebellum, Navigation and Memory Team, Paris F-75005, France Neuroscience Paris Seine, CNRS, UMR 8246, Cerebellum, Navigation and Memory Team, Paris F-75005, France Laboratory of Neurology and Imaging of Cognition, Department of Neuroscience, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland Current address: Fundamental Neuroscience Department, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Christian F Doeller
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Lise Paradis
- Neuroscience Paris Seine, Cerebellum, Navigation and Memory Team, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR-S 8246/ UM CR18, Paris F-75005, France Neuroscience Paris Seine, INSERM, UMR-S 1130, Cerebellum, Navigation and Memory Team, Paris F-75005, France Neuroscience Paris Seine, CNRS, UMR 8246, Cerebellum, Navigation and Memory Team, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Karim Benchenane
- Neuroscience Paris Seine, Cerebellum, Navigation and Memory Team, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR-S 8246/ UM CR18, Paris F-75005, France Neuroscience Paris Seine, INSERM, UMR-S 1130, Cerebellum, Navigation and Memory Team, Paris F-75005, France Neuroscience Paris Seine, CNRS, UMR 8246, Cerebellum, Navigation and Memory Team, Paris F-75005, France
| | | | - Neil Burgess
- UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, UK
| | - Laure Rondi-Reig
- Collège de France, LPPA, Paris 75005, France Neuroscience Paris Seine, Cerebellum, Navigation and Memory Team, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR-S 8246/ UM CR18, Paris F-75005, France Neuroscience Paris Seine, INSERM, UMR-S 1130, Cerebellum, Navigation and Memory Team, Paris F-75005, France Neuroscience Paris Seine, CNRS, UMR 8246, Cerebellum, Navigation and Memory Team, Paris F-75005, France
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23
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Picazio S, Oliveri M, Koch G, Caltagirone C, Petrosini L. Cerebellar contribution to mental rotation: a cTBS study. THE CEREBELLUM 2014; 12:856-61. [PMID: 23771602 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-013-0494-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A cerebellar role in spatial information processing has been advanced even in the absence of physical manipulation, as occurring in mental rotation. The present study was aimed at investigating the specific involvement of left and right cerebellar hemispheres in two tasks of mental rotation. We used continuous theta burst stimulation to downregulate cerebellar hemisphere excitability in healthy adult subjects performing two mental rotation tasks: an Embodied Mental Rotation (EMR) task, entailing an egocentric strategy, and an Abstract Mental Rotation (AMR) task entailing an allocentric strategy. Following downregulation of left cerebellar hemisphere, reaction times were slower in comparison to sham stimulation in both EMR and AMR tasks. Conversely, identical reaction times were obtained in both tasks following right cerebellar hemisphere and sham stimulations. No effect of cerebellar stimulation side was found on response accuracy. The present findings document a specialization of the left cerebellar hemisphere in mental rotation regardless of the kind of stimulus to be rotated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Picazio
- Department of Psychology, University "Sapienza", Rome, Italy,
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24
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The efficacy of balance training with video game-based therapy in subacute stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:580861. [PMID: 24877116 PMCID: PMC4026958 DOI: 10.1155/2014/580861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The video game-based therapy emerged as a potential valid tool in improving balance in several neurological conditions with controversial results, whereas little information is available regarding the use of this therapy in subacute stroke patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of balance training using video game-based intervention on functional balance and disability in individuals with hemiparesis due to stroke in subacute phase. Fifty adult stroke patients participated to the study: 25 subjects were randomly assigned to balance training with Wii Fit, and the other 25 subjects were assigned to usual balance therapy. Both groups were also treated with conventional physical therapy (40 min 2 times/day). The main outcome was functional balance (Berg Balance Scale-BBS), and secondary outcomes were disability (Barthel Index-BI), walking ability (Functional Ambulation Category), and walking speed (10-meters walking test). Wii Fit training was more effective than usual balance therapy in improving balance (BBS: 53 versus 48, P = 0.004) and independency in activity of daily living (BI: 98 versus 93, P = 0.021). A balance training performed with a Wii Fit as an add on to the conventional therapy was found to be more effective than conventional therapy alone in improving balance and reducing disability in patients with subacute stroke.
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25
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Pope PA, Miall RC. Restoring cognitive functions using non-invasive brain stimulation techniques in patients with cerebellar disorders. Front Psychiatry 2014; 5:33. [PMID: 24765079 PMCID: PMC3980102 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have highlighted the possibility of modulating the excitability of cerebro-cerebellar circuits bi-directionally using transcranial electrical brain stimulation, in a manner akin to that observed using magnetic stimulation protocols. It has been proposed that cerebellar stimulation activates Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex, leading to inhibition of the dentate nucleus, which exerts a tonic facilitatory drive onto motor and cognitive regions of cortex through a synaptic relay in the ventral-lateral thalamus. Some cerebellar deficits present with cognitive impairments if damage to non-motor regions of the cerebellum disrupts the coupling with cerebral cortical areas for thinking and reasoning. Indeed, white matter changes in the dentato-rubral tract correlate with cognitive assessments in patients with Friedreich ataxia, suggesting that this pathway is one component of the anatomical substrate supporting a cerebellar contribution to cognition. An understanding of the physiology of the cerebro-cerebellar pathway previously helped us to constrain our interpretation of results from two recent studies in which we showed cognitive enhancements in healthy participants during tests of arithmetic after electrical stimulation of the cerebellum, but only when task demands were high. Others studies have also shown how excitation of the prefrontal cortex can enhance performance in a variety of working memory tasks. Thus, future efforts might be guided toward neuro-enhancement in certain patient populations, using what is commonly termed "non-invasive brain stimulation" as a cognitive rehabilitation tool to modulate cerebro-cerebellar circuits, or for stimulation over the cerebral cortex to compensate for decreased cerebellar drive to this region. This article will address these possibilities with a review of the relevant literature covering ataxias and cerebellar cognitive affective disorders, which are characterized by thalamo-cortical disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Pope
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - R Chris Miall
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
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26
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Picerni E, Petrosini L, Piras F, Laricchiuta D, Cutuli D, Chiapponi C, Fagioli S, Girardi P, Caltagirone C, Spalletta G. New evidence for the cerebellar involvement in personality traits. Front Behav Neurosci 2013; 7:133. [PMID: 24106465 PMCID: PMC3788336 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the recognition of its role in sensory-motor coordination and learning, the cerebellum has been involved in cognitive, emotional, and even personality domains. This study investigated the relationships between cerebellar macro- and micro-structural variations and temperamental traits measured by Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). High resolution T1-weighted, and Diffusion Tensor Images of 100 healthy subjects aged 18-59 years were acquired by 3 Tesla Magnetic Resonance scanner. In multiple regression analyses, cerebellar Gray Matter (GM) or White Matter (WM) volumes, GM Mean Diffusivity (MD), and WM Fractional Anisotropy (FA) were used as dependent variables, TCI scores as regressors, gender, age, and education years as covariates. Novelty Seeking scores were associated positively with the cerebellar GM volumes and FA, and negatively with MD. No significant association between Harm Avoidance, Reward Dependence or Persistence scores and cerebellar structural measures was found. The present data put toward a cerebellar involvement in the management of novelty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Picerni
- I.R.C.C.S. Santa Lucia FoundationRome, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University “Sapienza” of RomeRome, Italy
| | - Laura Petrosini
- I.R.C.C.S. Santa Lucia FoundationRome, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University “Sapienza” of RomeRome, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Laricchiuta
- I.R.C.C.S. Santa Lucia FoundationRome, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University “Sapienza” of RomeRome, Italy
| | - Debora Cutuli
- I.R.C.C.S. Santa Lucia FoundationRome, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University “Sapienza” of RomeRome, Italy
| | | | | | - Paolo Girardi
- NESMOS Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University “Sapienza” of RomeRome, Italy
| | - Carlo Caltagirone
- I.R.C.C.S. Santa Lucia FoundationRome, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Tor Vergata UniversityRome, Italy
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27
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Argyropoulos GP, Muggleton NG. Effects of cerebellar stimulation on processing semantic associations. THE CEREBELLUM 2013; 12:83-96. [PMID: 22752996 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-012-0398-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Current research in cerebellar cognitive and linguistic functions makes plausible the idea that the cerebellum is involved in processing temporally contiguous linguistic input. In order to assess this hypothesis, a lexical decision task was constructed to study the effects of cerebellar transcranial magnetic stimulation on semantic noun-to-verb priming based on association (e.g. 'soap-cleaning') or similarity (e.g. 'robbery-stealing'). The results demonstrated a selective increase in associative priming size after stimulation of a lateral cerebellar site. The findings are discussed in the contexts of a cerebellar role in linguistic expectancy generation and the corticocerebellar 'prefrontal' reciprocal loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgos P Argyropoulos
- Language Evolution and Computation Research Unit, Linguistics and English Language, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 3 Charles Street, Edinburgh, EH8 9AD, UK.
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28
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Hampe CS, Petrosini L, De Bartolo P, Caporali P, Cutuli D, Laricchiuta D, Foti F, Radtke JR, Vidova V, Honnorat J, Manto M. Monoclonal antibodies to 65kDa glutamate decarboxylase induce epitope specific effects on motor and cognitive functions in rats. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2013; 8:82. [PMID: 23738610 PMCID: PMC3680042 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-8-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Stiff Person Syndrome (SPS) is a rare autoimmune movement disorder characterized by the presence of autoantibodies specific to the smaller isoform of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD65). A pathological role of these antibodies has been suggested by their capacity to inhibit GAD65 enzyme activity and by the observation that rats receiving cerebellar injections of GAD65Ab showed cerebellar motor hyperexcitability. To assess the effect of epitope-specific GAD65Ab on cognitive and motor functions, we conducted behavioral experiments in rats that received cerebellar injections with two distinct monoclonal GAD65Ab (b96.11 and b78). Methods Rats received three injections of GAD65Ab b96.11 (5 or 7 μg), GAD65Ab b78 (5 or 7 μg), or saline at the level of three cerebellar nuclei. Animals were submitted to neurological evaluation and Morris Water Maze (MWM) test. Cellular internalization of GAD65Ab was analyzed by Flow Cytometry, Fluorescence and Bright Field microscopy. Results Monoclonal GAD65Ab induced dose-dependent and epitope-specific effects on motor and cognitive functions. Injections of the higher dose altered motor and spatial procedural behaviors, while the lower dose induced only modest cerebellar motor symptoms and did not affect MWM performances. While b96.11 provoked immediate severe effects, which rapidly decreased, b78 induced moderate but prolonged effects. Both GAD65Ab were taken up by live cells in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusions Our findings support the hypothesis that epitope-specific GAD65Ab induce cerebellar dysfunction impairing motor and procedural abilities. This is the first demonstration of a critical role of cerebellar nuclei GAD65 enzyme in procedural spatial functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane S Hampe
- University of Washington, School of Medicine, SLU S-276, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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Picazio S, Oliveri M, Koch G, Caltagirone C, Petrosini L. Continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) on left cerebellar hemisphere affects mental rotation tasks during music listening. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64640. [PMID: 23724071 PMCID: PMC3665687 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Converging evidence suggests an association between spatial and music domains. A cerebellar role in music-related information processing as well as in spatial-temporal tasks has been documented. Here, we investigated the cerebellar role in the association between spatial and musical domains, by testing performances in embodied (EMR) or abstract (AMR) mental rotation tasks of subjects listening Mozart Sonata K.448, which is reported to improve spatial-temporal reasoning, in the presence or in the absence of continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) of the left cerebellar hemisphere. In the absence of cerebellar cTBS, music listening did not influence either MR task, thus not revealing a "Mozart Effect". Cerebellar cTBS applied before musical listening made subjects faster (P = 0.005) and less accurate (P = 0.005) in performing the EMR but not the AMR task. Thus, cerebellar inhibition by TBS unmasked the effect of musical listening on motor imagery. These data support a coupling between music listening and sensory-motor integration in cerebellar networks for embodied representations.
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Abstract
AbstractPrimary isolated dystonia is a hyperkinetic movement disorder whereby involuntary muscle contractions cause twisted and abnormal postures. Dystonia of the cervical spine and upper limb may present as sustained muscle contractions or task-specific activity when using the hand or upper limb. There is little understanding of the pathophysiology underlying dystonia and this presents a challenge for clinicians and researchers alike. Emerging evidence that the cerebellum is involved in the pathophysiology of dystonia using network models presents the intriguing concept that the cerebellum could provide a novel target for non-invasive brain stimulation. Non-invasive stimulation to increase cerebellar excitability improved aspects of handwriting and circle drawing in a small cohort of people with focal hand and cervical dystonia. Mechanisms underlying the improvement in function are unknown, but putative pathways may involve the red nucleus and/or the cervical propriospinal system. Furthermore, recent understanding that the cerebellum has both motor and cognitive functions suggests that non-invasive cerebellar stimulation may improve both motor and non-motor aspects of dystonia. We propose a combination of motor and non-motor tasks that challenge cerebellar function may be combined with cerebellar non-invasive brain stimulation in the treatment of focal dystonia. Better understanding of how the cerebellum contributes to dystonia may be gained by using network models such as our putative circuits involving red nucleus and/or the cervical propriospinal system. Finally, novel treatment interventions encompassing both motor and non-motor functions of the cerebellum may prove effective for neurological disorders that exhibit cerebellar dysfunction.
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Zhang H, Lin J, Sun Y, Huang Y, Ye H, Wang X, Yang T, Jiang X, Zhang J. Compromised white matter microstructural integrity after mountain climbing: evidence from diffusion tensor imaging. High Alt Med Biol 2012; 13:118-25. [PMID: 22724615 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2011.1073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate cerebral microstructural alterations after single short-term mountain climbing. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis of gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) volumes and Tract-Based Spatial Statistics (TBSS) analysis of WM fractional anisotropy (FA) based on MRI images were carried out on 14 mountaineers before and after mountain climbing (6206 m). In addition, verbal and spatial 'two-back' tasks and serial reaction time task were also tested. No significant changes were detected in total and regional volumes of GM, WM, and cerebral spinal fluid after mountain climbing. Significant decreased FA values were found in the bilateral corticospinal tract, corpus callosum (anterior and posterior body, splenium), reticular formation of dorsal midbrain, left superior longitudinal fasciculus, right posterior cingulum bundles, and left middle cerebellar peduncle. In all the above regions, the radial diffusivity values tended to increase, except in the left superior longitudinal fasciculus the change was statistically significant. There were no significant changes in the two cognitive tests after mountain climbing. These findings indicate that short-term high-altitude exposure leads to disturbances mainly in cerebral WM, showing compromised fiber microstructural integrity, which may clarify the mechanisms underlining some cognitive and motor deficits tested previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Rampersaud N, Harkavyi A, Giordano G, Lever R, Whitton J, Whitton PS. Exendin-4 reverses biochemical and behavioral deficits in a pre-motor rodent model of Parkinson's disease with combined noradrenergic and serotonergic lesions. Neuropeptides 2012; 46:183-93. [PMID: 22921965 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Research on Parkinson's disease (PD) has mainly focused on the degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons of nigro-striatal pathway; however, post-mortem studies have demonstrated that other brain regions such as the locus coeruleus (LC) and raphe nuclei (RN) are significantly affected as well. Degeneration of these crucial neuronal cell bodies may be responsible for depressive behavior and cognitive decline present in the pre-motor stage of PD. We have thus set out to create a pre-motor rodent model of PD which mimics the early stages of the condition. N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine (DSP-4), a selective noradrenergic neurotoxin, and parachloroampetamine (pCA), a selective serotonergic neurotoxin, were utilized concomitantly with bilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) injections into the striatum to produce a pre-motor rodent model of PD with partial deficits in the dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and serotonergic systems. Our model exhibited a depressive/anhedonic condition as assessed using sucrose preference testing and the forced swim test. Our model also demonstrated deficits in object memory. These behavioral impairments were accompanied by a decline in both tissue and extracellular levels of all three neurotransmitters in both the frontal cortex and striatum. Immunohistochemistry also revealed a decrease in TH+ cells in the LC and substantia nigra. Exendin-4 (EX-4), a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist, promoted recovery of both the biochemical and behavioral dysfunction exhibited by our model. EX-4 was able to preserve the functional integrity of the dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and serotonergic systems. In conclusion, we have generated a novel animal model of PD that recapitulates certain pre-motor symptomology. These symptoms and causative physiology are ameliorated upon treatment with EX-4 and thus it could be used as a possible therapy for the non-motor symptoms prominent in the early stages of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Rampersaud
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
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Laricchiuta D, Petrosini L, Piras F, Macci E, Cutuli D, Chiapponi C, Cerasa A, Picerni E, Caltagirone C, Girardi P, Tamorri SM, Spalletta G. Linking novelty seeking and harm avoidance personality traits to cerebellar volumes. Hum Brain Mapp 2012; 35:285-96. [PMID: 22965823 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Personality traits are multidimensional traits comprising cognitive, emotional, and behavioral characteristics, and a wide array of cerebral structures mediate individual variability. Differences in personality traits covary with brain morphometry in specific brain regions, and neuroimaging studies showed structural or functional abnormalities of cerebellum in subjects with personality disorders, suggesting a cerebellar role in affective processing and an effect on personality characteristics. To test the hypothesis that cerebellar [white matter (WM) and cortex] volumes are correlated with scores obtained in the four temperamental scales of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) by Cloninger, a total of 125 healthy participants aged 18-67 years of both genders (males = 52) completed the TCI and underwent magnetic resonance imaging. The scores obtained in each temperamental scale were associated with the volumes of cerebellar WM and cortex of right and left hemispheres separately by using linear regression analyses. In line with our hypothesis, novelty seeking (NS) scores were positively associated with WM and cortex cerebellar volumes. Harm avoidance (HA) scores were negatively associated with WM and cortex cerebellar volumes. The range of individual differences in NS and HA scores reflects the range of variances of cerebellar volumes. The present data indicating a cerebellar substrate for some personality traits extend the relationship between personality and brain areas to a structure up to now thought to be involved mainly in motor and cognitive functions, much less in emotional processes and even less in personality individual differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Laricchiuta
- I.R.C.C.S. Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University "Sapienza" of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Ferraro L, Iani C, Mariani M, Nicoletti R, Gallese V, Rubichi S. Look what I am doing: does observational learning take place in evocative task-sharing situations? PLoS One 2012; 7:e43311. [PMID: 22905256 PMCID: PMC3419169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to investigate whether physical and observational practice in task-sharing entail comparable implicit motor learning. To this end, the social-transfer-of-learning (SToL) effect was assessed when both participants performed the joint practice task (Experiment 1 – complete task-sharing), or when one participant observed the other performing half of the practice task (Experiment 2 – evocative task-sharing). Since the inversion of the spatial relations between responding agent and stimulus position has been shown to prevent SToL, in the present study we assessed it in both complete and evocative task-sharing conditions either when spatial relations were kept constant or changed from the practice to the transfer session. The same pattern of results was found for both complete and evocative task-sharing, thus suggesting that implicit motor learning in evocative task-sharing is equivalent to that obtained in complete task-sharing. We conclude that this motor learning originates from the simulation of the complementary (rather than the imitative) action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Ferraro
- Department of Communication and Economics, University of Modena and Reggio, Emilia, Italy.
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Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex improves probabilistic category learning. Brain Topogr 2012; 25:443-9. [PMID: 22842936 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-012-0242-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, it has been thought that probabilistic category learning, one of the implicit memory functions, is dependent on the basal ganglia. However, there is growing evidence indicating the involvement of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in probabilistic category learning. In order to identify the causal role of DLPFC in probabilistic category learning, we investigated whether repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the left DLPFC influences the learning ability in healthy subjects using the weather prediction task (WPT). Application of 10 Hz rTMS over the left DLPFC induced significant improvement in the total hit rate during the total trials of the WPT, compared with sham stimulation. Specifically, the improvement was significant in the early and late learning blocks of the WPT, but not in the intermediate block of learning. These results indicate that the left DLPFC may play an important role in probabilistic category learning, possibly by influencing not only on embodied information application in late stage of the learning but also on memory encoding for working memory demands in early stage of the learning via frontostriatal and frontohippocampal circuits, respectively. They also may lend support to the possibility that rTMS can improve implicit learning ability in patients with basal ganglia disorders.
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O'Halloran CJ, Kinsella GJ, Storey E. The cerebellum and neuropsychological functioning: a critical review. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2011; 34:35-56. [PMID: 22047489 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2011.614599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum, while once considered a brain region principally involved in motor control and coordination, is increasingly becoming associated with a range of neuropsychological and neuropsychiatric presentations. This paper reviews the dominant neuropsychological domains and neuropsychiatric conditions for which cerebellar involvement has been demonstrated, including visuospatial functioning, learning and memory, language, executive functioning, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorders, and schizophrenia. The paper concludes with a discussion of a potential neuropsychological localization model within the cerebellum and a discussion of prognosis and rates of recovery that can be expected, following localized cerebellar lesions.
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Abstract
This series of articles for rehabilitation in practice aims to cover a knowledge element of the rehabilitation medicine curriculum. Nevertheless they are intended to be of interest to a multidisciplinary audience. The competency addressed in this article is 'The trainee consistently demonstrates a knowledge of management approaches for specific impairments including spasticity, ataxia.'
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Marsden
- School of Health Professions, Peninsula Allied Health Centre, Derriford Road, University of Plymouth, PL6 8BH, UK.
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Foti F, Petrosini L, Cutuli D, Menghini D, Chiarotti F, Vicari S, Mandolesi L. Explorative function in Williams syndrome analyzed through a large-scale task with multiple rewards. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2011; 32:972-985. [PMID: 21353462 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate spatial function in subjects with Williams syndrome (WS) by using a large-scale task with multiple rewards and comparing the spatial abilities of WS subjects with those of mental age-matched control children. In the present spatial task, WS participants had to explore an open space to search nine rewards placed in buckets arranged according to three spatial configurations: a cross, a 3 × 3 matrix and a cluster composed by three groups of three buckets each. The findings demonstrate that WS individuals were impaired in efficiently exploring the environment and in building cognitive spatial maps. In exploring the three spatial configurations, they performed worse than control subjects on all parameters analyzed. In fact, WS individuals took more time to complete the task, made more errors, performed a reduced number of error-free trials, displayed lower search efficiency, exhibited shorter spatial spans, showed a higher number of no-visits and displayed marked tendencies to perseverate and to neglect some buckets. Furthermore, WS individuals showed disorganized explorative patterns in comparison to control children. WS influenced performances differentially as a specific effect of the susceptibility of the configurations to being explored in a principled way. In the cross configuration that had strong spatial constraints, both groups exhibited their worst performances. In the matrix configuration, the altered explorative strategies of the WS subjects primarily affected their central exploration. The performances in the cluster configuration indicated that chunking was a strategy of strength in both TD and WS groups. In conclusion, WS individuals' deficits exhibited in the present explorative test may be considered an index of their difficulties in spatial orientation and motion perception displayed in the real world. The marked impairment in spatial information processing is discussed in neuro-anatomical alterations reported in WS.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Foti
- Department of Psychology, University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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Cerebellar Theta-Burst Stimulation Selectively Enhances Lexical Associative Priming. THE CEREBELLUM 2011; 10:540-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s12311-011-0269-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Galea JM, Albert NB, Ditye T, Miall RC. Disruption of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex facilitates the consolidation of procedural skills. J Cogn Neurosci 2010; 22:1158-64. [PMID: 19413472 DOI: 10.1162/jocn.2009.21259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
In explicit sequence learning tasks, an improvement in performance (skill) typically occurs after sleep-leading to the recent literature on sleep-dependent motor consolidation. Consolidation can also be facilitated during wakefulness if declarative knowledge for the sequence is reduced through a secondary cognitive task. Accordingly, declarative and procedural consolidation processes appear to mutually interact. Here we used TMS to test the hypothesis that functions in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) that support declarative memory formation indirectly reduce the formation of procedural representations. We hypothesize that disrupting the DLPFC immediately after sequence learning would degrade the retention or the consolidation of the sequence within the declarative memory system and thus facilitate consolidation within procedural memory systems, evident as wakeful off-line skill improvement. Inhibitory theta-burst TMS was applied to the left DLPFC (n = 10), to the right DLPFC (n = 10), or to an occipital cortical control site (n = 10) immediately after training on the serial reaction time task (SRTT). All groups were retested after eight daytime hours without sleep. TMS of either left or right DLPFC lead to skill improvements on the SRTT. Increase in skill was greater following right DLPFC stimulation than left DLPFC stimulation; there was no improvement in skill for the control group. Across all participants, free recall of the sequence was inversely related to the improvements in performance on the SRTT. These results support the hypothesis of interference between declarative and procedural consolidation processes and are discussed in the framework of the interactions between memory systems.
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Wilkinson L, Teo JT, Obeso I, Rothwell JC, Jahanshahi M. The Contribution of Primary Motor Cortex is Essential for Probabilistic Implicit Sequence Learning: Evidence from Theta Burst Magnetic Stimulation. J Cogn Neurosci 2010; 22:427-36. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn.2009.21208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Theta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation (TBS) is considered to produce plastic changes in human motor cortex. Here, we examined the inhibitory and excitatory effects of TBS on implicit sequence learning using a probabilistic serial reaction time paradigm. We investigated the involvement of several cortical regions associated with implicit sequence learning by examining probabilistic sequence learning in five age- and IQ-matched groups of healthy participants following continuous inhibitory TBS over primary motor cortex (M1); or the supplementary motor area (SMA) or dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) or following intermittent excitatory TBS of M1; or after sham TBS. Relative to sham TBS, probabilistic sequence learning was abolished by inhibitory TBS over M1, demonstrating that this region is critical for implicit motor sequence learning. Sequence learning was not significantly affected by inhibitory TBS over the SMA, DLPFC or excitatory TBS over M1. These results demonstrate that the M1 mediates implicit sequence learning.
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Oliveri M, Bonnì S, Turriziani P, Koch G, Lo Gerfo E, Torriero S, Vicario CM, Petrosini L, Caltagirone C. Motor and linguistic linking of space and time in the cerebellum. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7933. [PMID: 19936216 PMCID: PMC2776278 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent literature documented the presence of spatial-temporal interactions in the human brain. The aim of the present study was to verify whether representation of past and future is also mapped onto spatial representations and whether the cerebellum may be a neural substrate for linking space and time in the linguistic domain. We asked whether processing of the tense of a verb is influenced by the space where response takes place and by the semantics of the verb. Principal Findings Responses to past tense were facilitated in the left space while responses to future tense were facilitated in the right space. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the right cerebellum selectively slowed down responses to future tense of action verbs; rTMS of both cerebellar hemispheres decreased accuracy of responses to past tense in the left space and to future tense in the right space for non-verbs, and to future tense in the right space for state verbs. Conclusions The results suggest that representation of past and future is mapped onto spatial formats and that motor action could represent the link between spatial and temporal dimensions. Right cerebellar, left motor brain networks could be part of the prospective brain, whose primary function is to use past experiences to anticipate future events. Both cerebellar hemispheres could play a role in establishing the grammatical rules for verb conjugation.
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Lagarde J, Hantkie O, Hajjioui A, Yelnik A. Neuropsychological disorders induced by cerebellar damage. Ann Phys Rehabil Med 2009; 52:360-70. [PMID: 19874739 DOI: 10.1016/j.rehab.2009.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2008] [Accepted: 02/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Motor coordination disorders caused by cerebellar dysfunction are well known. However, the less known cerebellar neuropsychological disorders also merit attention, since they occur more frequently than one might imagine. CASE REPORT We describe a 66-year-old patient with severe cerebellar damage caused by hemorrhagic stroke and associated with cognitive impairments (including impaired executive function, reasoning and judgment). A review of the literature on these neuropsychological disorders revealed a set of clinical, anatomical and functional imaging arguments that prompted us to broaden our vision of the cerebellum's role by acknowledging the presence of a cognitive component as well as the well-known motility component. In fact, there is good evidence of altered executive function (including mental flexibility, scheduling capacities and verbal working memory) in cerebellar patients. Visuospatial capacities are also affected, with disorders of visual memory and construction abilities having been reported. In terms of language, we noted reports of hypospontaneity and agrammatism with syntax problems. Memory (especially verbal memory), learning (both associative and procedural), judgment and reasoning also seem to be affected. In terms of emotion, various types of abnormal behavior and psychiatric disorders have been described and range from depression to true psychoses. Even though these data are controversial and must be confirmed, they prompt us to reconsider and deepen our understanding of the cerebellum's role and the functioning and improve our approach to (and management of) patients with cerebellar damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lagarde
- Service de médecine physique et de réadaptation, groupe hospitalier Lariboisière F.-Widal, université Paris 7, 200, rue-de-Faubourg-Saint-Denis, 75475 Paris cedex 10, France
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Sleep is required for improving reaction times after training on a procedural visuo-motor task. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2008; 90:610-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2008.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2008] [Revised: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Koch G, Mori F, Marconi B, Codecà C, Pecchioli C, Salerno S, Torriero S, Lo Gerfo E, Mir P, Oliveri M, Caltagirone C. Changes in intracortical circuits of the human motor cortex following theta burst stimulation of the lateral cerebellum. Clin Neurophysiol 2008; 119:2559-69. [PMID: 18824403 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2008.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2008] [Revised: 08/09/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The cerebellum takes part in several motor functions through its influence on the motor cortex (M1). Here, we applied the theta burst stimulation (TBS) protocol, a novel form of repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) over the lateral cerebellum. The aim of this study was to test whether TBS of the lateral cerebellum could be able to modulate the excitability of the contralateral M1 in healthy subjects. METHODS Motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) amplitude, short intracortical inhibition (SICI), long intracortical inhibition (LICI) and short intracortical facilitation (SICF) were tested in the M1 before and after cerebellar continuous TBS (cTBS) or intermittent TBS (iTBS). RESULTS We found that cTBS induced a reduction of SICI and an increase of LICI. On the other hand, cerebellar iTBS reduced LICI. MEPs amplitude also differently vary following cerebellar stimulation with cTBS or iTBS, resulting in a decrease by the former and an increase by the latter. CONCLUSIONS Although the interpretation of these data remains highly speculative, these findings reveal that the cerebellar cortex undergoes bidirectional plastic changes that modulate different intracortical circuits within the contralateral primary motor cortex. SIGNIFICANCE Long-lasting modifications of these pathways could be useful to treat various pathological conditions characterized by an altered cortical excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Koch
- Laboratorio di Neurologia Clinica e Comportamentale, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Via Ardeatina, 306, 00179 Rome, Italy.
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Tadaiesky MT, Dombrowski PA, Figueiredo CP, Cargnin-Ferreira E, Da Cunha C, Takahashi RN. Emotional, cognitive and neurochemical alterations in a premotor stage model of Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience 2008; 156:830-40. [PMID: 18817851 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2008] [Revised: 08/13/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In addition to classic motor symptoms, Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by cognitive and emotional deficits, which have been demonstrated to precede motor impairments. The present study addresses the question of whether a partial degeneration of dopaminergic neurons using 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in rats is able to induce premotor behavioral signs. The time-course of nigrostriatal damage was evaluated by tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry and the levels of dopamine, noradrenaline, and 5-HT in various brain regions were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Behavioral tests that assessed a variety of psychological functions, including locomotor activity, emotional reactivity and depression, anxiety and memory were conducted on 6-OHDA lesioned rats. Bilateral infusion of 6-OHDA in the striatum of rats caused early (1 week) damage of dopaminergic terminals in striatum and in cell bodies in substantia nigra pars compacta. The nigrostriatal lesion was accompanied by early loss of dopamine in the striatum, which remained stable through a 3-week period of observation. In addition, a late (3 weeks) loss of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex, but not in the hippocampus, was seen. Additional noradrenergic and serotonergic alterations were observed after 6-OHDA administration. The results indicated that 6-OHDA lesioned rats show decreased sucrose consumption and an increased immobility time in the forced swimming test, an anhedonic-depressive-like effect. In addition, an anxiogenic-like activity in the elevated plus maze test and cognitive impairments were observed on the cued version of the Morris water maze and social recognition tests. These findings suggest that partial striatal dopaminergic degeneration and parallel dopaminergic, noradrenergic and serotonergic alterations in striatum and prefrontal cortex may have caused the emotional and cognitive deficits observed in this rat model of early phase PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Tadaiesky
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, UFSC, Campus Universitário, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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Ferrucci R, Marceglia S, Vergari M, Cogiamanian F, Mrakic-Sposta S, Mameli F, Zago S, Barbieri S, Priori A. Cerebellar Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Impairs the Practice-dependent Proficiency Increase in Working Memory. J Cogn Neurosci 2008; 20:1687-97. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn.2008.20112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
How the cerebellum is involved in the practice and proficiency of non-motor functions is still unclear. We tested whether transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the cerebellum (cerebellar tDCS) induces after-effects on the practice-dependent increase in the proficiency of a working memory (WM) task (Sternberg test) in 13 healthy subjects. We also assessed the effects of cerebellar tDCS on visual evoked potentials (VEPs) in four subjects and compared the effects of cerebellar tDCS on the Sternberg test with those elicited by tDCS delivered over the prefrontal cortex in five subjects. Our experiments showed that anodal or cathodal tDCS over the cerebellum impaired the practice-dependent improvement in the reaction times in a WM task. Because tDCS delivered over the prefrontal cortex induced an immediate change in the WM task but left the practice-dependent proficiency unchanged, the effects of cerebellar tDCS are structure-specific. Cerebellar tDCS left VEPs unaffected, its effect on the Sternberg task therefore seems unlikely to arise from visual system involvement. In conclusion, tDCS over the cerebellum specifically impairs the practice-dependent proficiency increase in verbal WM.
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Oliveri M, Torriero S, Koch G, Salerno S, Petrosini L, Caltagirone C. The role of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the study of cerebellar cognitive function. THE CEREBELLUM 2007; 6:95-101. [PMID: 17366271 DOI: 10.1080/14734220701213421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) allows non-invasive stimulation of brain structures. This technique can be used either for stimulating the motor cortex, recording motor evoked potentials from peripheral muscles, or for modulating the excitability of other non-motor areas in order to establish their necessity for a given task. TMS of the cerebellum can give interesting insights on the cerebellar functions. Paired-TMS techniques, delivering stimuli over the cerebellum followed at various interstimulus intervals by stimuli over the motor cortex, allow studying the pattern of connectivity between the cerebellum and the contralateral motor cortex in physiological as well as in pathological conditions. Repetitive TMS, delivering trains of stimuli at different frequencies, allows interfering with the function of cerebellar circuits during the execution of cognitive tasks. This application complements neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies in the study of the cerebellar involvement in a number of cognitive operations, ranging from procedural memory, working memory and learning through observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Oliveri
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Palermo, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy.
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