1
|
Fjell AM. Aging Brain from a Lifespan Perspective. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2024. [PMID: 38797799 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2024_476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Research during the last two decades has shown that the brain undergoes continuous changes throughout life, with substantial heterogeneity in age trajectories between regions. Especially, temporal and prefrontal cortices show large changes, and these correlate modestly with changes in the corresponding cognitive abilities such as episodic memory and executive function. Changes seen in normal aging overlap with changes seen in neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease; differences between what reflects normal aging vs. a disease-related change are often blurry. This calls for a dimensional view on cognitive decline in aging, where clear-cut distinctions between normality and pathology cannot be always drawn. Although much progress has been made in describing typical patterns of age-related changes in the brain, identifying risk and protective factors, and mapping cognitive correlates, there are still limits to our knowledge that should be addressed by future research. We need more longitudinal studies following the same participants over longer time intervals with cognitive testing and brain imaging, and an increased focus on the representativeness vs. selection bias in neuroimaging research of aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Martin Fjell
- Department of Psychology, Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Apa Z, Gilsoul J, Dideberg V, Collette F. Association between executive functions and COMT Val108/158Met polymorphism among healthy younger and older adults: A preliminary study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303343. [PMID: 38739620 PMCID: PMC11090336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Genetic variability in the dopaminergic system could contribute to age-related impairments in executive control. In this study, we examined whether genetic polymorphism for catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT Val158Met) is related to performance on updating, shifting and inhibition tasks. METHODS We administered a battery of executive tasks assessing updating, shifting and inhibition functions to 45 older and 55 younger healthy participants, and created composite z-scores associated to each function. Six groups were created based on genetic alleles (Val/Val, Val/Met, Met/Met) derived from the COMT gene and age (younger, older). Age and genotype effects were assessed with t-test and ANOVA (p<0.05). RESULTS A lower performance was observed in the older group for the three executive processes, and more particularly for inhibition. Moreover, older participants homozygous for the Val allele have a lower performance on the inhibition composite in comparison to younger Val/Val. CONCLUSIONS These results confirm presence of executive performance decrease in healthy aging. With regard to genetic effect, older participants seem particularly disadvantaged when they have a lower baseline dopamine level (i.e., Val/Val homozygous) that is magnified by aging, and when the executive measure emphasize the need of stable representations (as in inhibition task requiring to maintain active the instruction to not perform an automated process).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Apa
- GIGA-CRC In Vivo Imaging, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgique
- Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgique
| | - Jessica Gilsoul
- GIGA-CRC In Vivo Imaging, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgique
- Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgique
| | | | - Fabienne Collette
- GIGA-CRC In Vivo Imaging, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgique
- Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgique
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Alizadeh Mansouri F, Buckley MJ, Tanaka K. Mapping causal links between prefrontal cortical regions and intra-individual behavioral variability. Nat Commun 2024; 15:140. [PMID: 38168052 PMCID: PMC10762061 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44341-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Intra-individual behavioral variability is significantly heightened by aging or neuropsychological disorders, however it is unknown which brain regions are causally linked to such variabilities. We examine response time (RT) variability in 21 macaque monkeys performing a rule-guided decision-making task. In monkeys with selective-bilateral lesions in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) or in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, cognitive flexibility is impaired, but the RT variability is significantly diminished. Bilateral lesions within the frontopolar cortex or within the mid-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, has no significant effect on cognitive flexibility or RT variability. In monkeys with lesions in the posterior cingulate cortex, the RT variability significantly increases without any deficit in cognitive flexibility. The effect of lesions in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is unique in that it leads to deficits in cognitive flexibility and a significant increase in RT variability. Our findings indicate remarkable dissociations in contribution of frontal cortical regions to behavioral variability. They suggest that the altered variability in OFC-lesioned monkeys is related to deficits in assessing and accumulating evidence to inform a rule-guided decision, whereas in ACC-lesioned monkeys it results from a non-adaptive decrease in decision threshold and consequently immature impulsive responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farshad Alizadeh Mansouri
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Mark J Buckley
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford University, Oxford, OX1 3UD, UK
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Noh SM, Singla UK, Bennett IJ, Bornstein AM. Memory precision and age differentially predict the use of decision-making strategies across the lifespan. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17014. [PMID: 37813942 PMCID: PMC10562379 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44107-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory function declines in normal aging, in a relatively continuous fashion following middle-age. The effect of aging on decision-making is less well-understood, with seemingly conflicting results on both the nature and direction of these age effects. One route for clarifying these mixed findings is to understand how age-related differences in memory affect decisions. Recent work has proposed memory sampling as a specific computational role for memory in decision-making, alongside well-studied mechanisms of reinforcement learning (RL). Here, we tested the hypothesis that age-related declines in episodic memory alter memory sampling. Participants (total N = 361; ages 18-77) performed one of two variants of a standard reward-guided decision experiment with additional trial-unique mnemonic content and a separately-administered task for assessing memory precision. When we fit participants' choices with a hybrid computational model implementing both memory-based and RL-driven valuation side-by-side, we found that memory precision tracked the contribution of memory sampling to choice. At the same time, age corresponded to decreasing influence of RL and increasing perseveration. A second experiment confirmed these results and further revealed that memory precision tracked the specificity of memories selected for sampling. Together, these findings suggest that differences in decision-making across the lifespan may be related to memory function, and that interventions which aim to improve the former may benefit from targeting the latter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon M Noh
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, The University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Umesh K Singla
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ilana J Bennett
- Department of Psychology, The University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Aaron M Bornstein
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, The University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, The University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Vanderlip CR, Asch PA, Reynolds JH, Glavis-Bloom C. Domain-Specific Cognitive Impairment Reflects Prefrontal Dysfunction in Aged Common Marmosets. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0187-23.2023. [PMID: 37553239 PMCID: PMC10444537 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0187-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related cognitive impairment is not expressed uniformly across cognitive domains. Cognitive functions that rely on brain areas that undergo substantial neuroanatomical changes with age often show age-related impairment, whereas those that rely on brain areas with minimal age-related change typically do not. The common marmoset has grown in popularity as a model for neuroscience research, but robust cognitive phenotyping, particularly as a function of age and across multiple cognitive domains, is lacking. This presents a major limitation for the development and evaluation of the marmoset as a model of cognitive aging and leaves open the question of whether they exhibit age-related cognitive impairment that is restricted to some cognitive domains, as in humans. In this study, we characterized stimulus-reward association learning and cognitive flexibility in young adults to geriatric marmosets using a Simple Discrimination task and a Serial Reversal task, respectively. We found that aged marmosets show transient impairment in learning-to-learn but have conserved ability to form stimulus-reward associations. Furthermore, aged marmosets have impaired cognitive flexibility driven by susceptibility to proactive interference. As these impairments are in domains critically dependent on the prefrontal cortex, our findings support prefrontal cortical dysfunction as a prominent feature of neurocognitive aging. This work positions the marmoset as a key model for understanding the neural underpinnings of cognitive aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Casey R Vanderlip
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Payton A Asch
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - John H Reynolds
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Courtney Glavis-Bloom
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Marie D, Müller CA, Altenmüller E, Van De Ville D, Jünemann K, Scholz DS, Krüger TH, Worschech F, Kliegel M, Sinke C, James CE. Music interventions in 132 healthy older adults enhance cerebellar grey matter and auditory working memory, despite general brain atrophy. NEUROIMAGE: REPORTS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ynirp.2023.100166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
|
7
|
Glavis-Bloom C, Vanderlip CR, Asch PA, Reynolds JH. Domain-specific cognitive impairment reflects prefrontal dysfunction in aged common marmosets. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.22.541766. [PMID: 37292989 PMCID: PMC10245905 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.22.541766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Age-related cognitive impairment is not expressed uniformly across cognitive domains. Cognitive functions that rely on brain areas that undergo substantial neuroanatomical changes with age often show age-related impairment, while those that rely on brain areas with minimal age-related change typically do not. The common marmoset has grown in popularity as a model for neuroscience research, but robust cognitive phenotyping, particularly as a function of age and across multiple cognitive domains, is lacking. This presents a major limitation for the development and evaluation of the marmoset as a model of cognitive aging, and leaves open the question of whether they exhibit age-related cognitive impairment that is restricted to some cognitive domains, as in humans. In this study, we characterized stimulus-reward association learning and cognitive flexibility in young adults to geriatric marmosets using a Simple Discrimination and a Serial Reversal task, respectively. We found that aged marmosets show transient impairment in "learning-to-learn" but have conserved ability to form stimulus-reward associations. Furthermore, aged marmosets have impaired cognitive flexibility driven by susceptibility to proactive interference. Since these impairments are in domains critically dependent on the prefrontal cortex, our findings support prefrontal cortical dysfunction as a prominent feature of neurocognitive aging. This work positions the marmoset as a key model for understanding the neural underpinnings of cognitive aging. Significance Statement Aging is the greatest risk factor for neurodegenerative disease development, and understanding why is critical for the development of effective therapeutics. The common marmoset, a short-lived non-human primate with neuroanatomical similarity to humans, has gained traction for neuroscientific investigations. However, the lack of robust cognitive phenotyping, particularly as a function of age and across multiple cognitive domains limits their validity as a model for age-related cognitive impairment. We demonstrate that aging marmosets, like humans, have impairment that is specific to cognitive domains reliant on brain areas that undergo substantial neuroanatomical changes with age. This work validates the marmoset as a key model for understanding region-specific vulnerability to the aging process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Glavis-Bloom
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Casey R Vanderlip
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Payton A Asch
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - John H Reynolds
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fijałkiewicz A, Batko K, Gruszka A. Learned Irrelevance, Perseveration, and Cognitive Aging: A Cross-Sectional Study of Cognitively Unimpaired Older Adults. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13030473. [PMID: 36979283 PMCID: PMC10046615 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13030473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of natural aging on physiologic mechanisms that regulate attentional set-shifting represents an area of high interest in the study of cognitive function. In visual discrimination learning, reward contingency changes in categorization tasks impact individual performance, which is constrained by attention-shifting costs. Perseveration (PE) and learned irrelevance (LI) are viewed as two different mechanisms that shape responses to stimuli, which are predicated on the shift in stimulus form. To date, only studies examining patients with Parkinson’s disease have provided some insight into the relationship between individual age and performance in PE and LI tasks. We enrolled 60 healthy individuals (mean [SD] age, 63.0 [12.6]) without a history of dementia, a cerebrovascular incident, or a neurodegenerative disease. No association was observed between crystallized intelligence or verbal fluency scores and reaction time in both PE (r = 0.074, p = 0.603; r = −0.124, p = 0.346) and LI (r = −0.076, p = 0.562; r = −0.081, p = 0.536) task conditions, respectively. In contrast, a statistically significant linear relationship was observed between age and reaction time (RT) for PE (r = 0.259, p = 0.046) but not for LI (r = 0.226, p = 0.083). No significant linear relationship was observed for changing RTs in PE and LI (r = 0.209, p = 0.110). The present study is the first report that provides a descriptive overview of age-related differences in PE and LI in a sample of cognitively unimpaired middle- to older-aged adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Fijałkiewicz
- Doctoral School in the Social Sciences, Jagiellonian University, 30-010 Cracow, Poland
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, 30-060 Cracow, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-12-663-39-95
| | - Krzysztof Batko
- Department of Research and Design, Medicine Economy Law Society (MELS) Foundation, 30-040 Cracow, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zabag R, Azoulay R, Rinck M, Becker E, Levy-Gigi E, Gilboa-Schechtman E. You never get a chance to undo a negative first impression: Social anxiety is associated with impaired positive updating of social information. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2022.111993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
|
10
|
Matzel LD, Sauce B. A multi-faceted role of dual-state dopamine signaling in working memory, attentional control, and intelligence. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1060786. [PMID: 36873775 PMCID: PMC9978119 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1060786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic evidence strongly suggests that individual differences in intelligence will not be reducible to a single dominant cause. However, some of those variations/changes may be traced to tractable, cohesive mechanisms. One such mechanism may be the balance of dopamine D1 (D1R) and D2 (D2R) receptors, which regulate intrinsic currents and synaptic transmission in frontal cortical regions. Here, we review evidence from human, animal, and computational studies that suggest that this balance (in density, activity state, and/or availability) is critical to the implementation of executive functions such as attention and working memory, both of which are principal contributors to variations in intelligence. D1 receptors dominate neural responding during stable periods of short-term memory maintenance (requiring attentional focus), while D2 receptors play a more specific role during periods of instability such as changing environmental or memory states (requiring attentional disengagement). Here we bridge these observations with known properties of human intelligence. Starting from theories of intelligence that place executive functions (e.g., working memory and attentional control) at its center, we propose that dual-state dopamine signaling might be a causal contributor to at least some of the variation in intelligence across individuals and its change by experiences/training. Although it is unlikely that such a mechanism can account for more than a modest portion of the total variance in intelligence, our proposal is consistent with an array of available evidence and has a high degree of explanatory value. We suggest future directions and specific empirical tests that can further elucidate these relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louis D Matzel
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Bruno Sauce
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lenze EJ, Voegtle M, Miller JP, Ances BM, Balota DA, Barch D, Depp CA, Diniz BS, Eyler LT, Foster ER, Gettinger TR, Head D, Hershey T, Klein S, Nichols JF, Nicol GE, Nishino T, Patterson BW, Rodebaugh TL, Schweiger J, Shimony JS, Sinacore DR, Snyder AZ, Tate S, Twamley EW, Wing D, Wu GF, Yang L, Yingling MD, Wetherell JL. Effects of Mindfulness Training and Exercise on Cognitive Function in Older Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2022; 328:2218-2229. [PMID: 36511926 PMCID: PMC9856438 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2022.21680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Episodic memory and executive function are essential aspects of cognitive functioning that decline with aging. This decline may be ameliorable with lifestyle interventions. OBJECTIVE To determine whether mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), exercise, or a combination of both improve cognitive function in older adults. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This 2 × 2 factorial randomized clinical trial was conducted at 2 US sites (Washington University in St Louis and University of California, San Diego). A total of 585 older adults (aged 65-84 y) with subjective cognitive concerns, but not dementia, were randomized (enrollment from November 19, 2015, to January 23, 2019; final follow-up on March 16, 2020). INTERVENTIONS Participants were randomized to undergo the following interventions: MBSR with a target of 60 minutes daily of meditation (n = 150); exercise with aerobic, strength, and functional components with a target of at least 300 minutes weekly (n = 138); combined MBSR and exercise (n = 144); or a health education control group (n = 153). Interventions lasted 18 months and consisted of group-based classes and home practice. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The 2 primary outcomes were composites of episodic memory and executive function (standardized to a mean [SD] of 0 [1]; higher composite scores indicate better cognitive performance) from neuropsychological testing; the primary end point was 6 months and the secondary end point was 18 months. There were 5 reported secondary outcomes: hippocampal volume and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex thickness and surface area from structural magnetic resonance imaging and functional cognitive capacity and self-reported cognitive concerns. RESULTS Among 585 randomized participants (mean age, 71.5 years; 424 [72.5%] women), 568 (97.1%) completed 6 months in the trial and 475 (81.2%) completed 18 months. At 6 months, there was no significant effect of mindfulness training or exercise on episodic memory (MBSR vs no MBSR: 0.44 vs 0.48; mean difference, -0.04 points [95% CI, -0.15 to 0.07]; P = .50; exercise vs no exercise: 0.49 vs 0.42; difference, 0.07 [95% CI, -0.04 to 0.17]; P = .23) or executive function (MBSR vs no MBSR: 0.39 vs 0.31; mean difference, 0.08 points [95% CI, -0.02 to 0.19]; P = .12; exercise vs no exercise: 0.39 vs 0.32; difference, 0.07 [95% CI, -0.03 to 0.18]; P = .17) and there were no intervention effects at the secondary end point of 18 months. There was no significant interaction between mindfulness training and exercise (P = .93 for memory and P = .29 for executive function) at 6 months. Of the 5 prespecified secondary outcomes, none showed a significant improvement with either intervention compared with those not receiving the intervention. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among older adults with subjective cognitive concerns, mindfulness training, exercise, or both did not result in significant differences in improvement in episodic memory or executive function at 6 months. The findings do not support the use of these interventions for improving cognition in older adults with subjective cognitive concerns. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02665481.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric J. Lenze
- Healthy Mind Lab, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Michelle Voegtle
- Healthy Mind Lab, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - J. Philip Miller
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Beau M. Ances
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - David A. Balota
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Deanna Barch
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Colin A. Depp
- VA San Diego Healthcare System Mental Health Division, San Diego, California
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego
| | - Breno Satler Diniz
- The University of Connecticut Center on Aging & Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington
| | - Lisa T. Eyler
- VA San Diego Healthcare System Mental Health Division, San Diego, California
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego
| | - Erin R. Foster
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Torie R. Gettinger
- Healthy Mind Lab, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Denise Head
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Tamara Hershey
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Samuel Klein
- Department of Medicine and Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Jeanne F. Nichols
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health, University of California, San Diego
| | - Ginger E. Nicol
- Healthy Mind Lab, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Tomoyuki Nishino
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Bruce W. Patterson
- The University of Connecticut Center on Aging & Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington
| | - Thomas L. Rodebaugh
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Julie Schweiger
- Healthy Mind Lab, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Joshua S. Shimony
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - David R. Sinacore
- Department of Physical Therapy, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina
| | - Abraham Z. Snyder
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Susan Tate
- Health Sciences, University of California, San Diego
| | - Elizabeth W. Twamley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System
| | - David Wing
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health, University of California, San Diego
| | - Gregory F. Wu
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Lei Yang
- Healthy Mind Lab, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Michael D. Yingling
- Healthy Mind Lab, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Julie Loebach Wetherell
- VA San Diego Healthcare System Mental Health Division, San Diego, California
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Corriveau-Lecavalier N, Machulda MM, Botha H, Graff-Radford J, Knopman DS, Lowe VJ, Fields JA, Stricker NH, Boeve BF, Jack CR, Petersen RC, Jones DT. Phenotypic subtypes of progressive dysexecutive syndrome due to Alzheimer's disease: a series of clinical cases. J Neurol 2022; 269:4110-4128. [PMID: 35211780 PMCID: PMC9308626 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11025-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Diagnostic criteria for a progressive dysexecutive syndrome due to Alzheimer's disease (dAD) were proposed. Clinical observations suggest substantial variability in the clinico-radiological profiles within this syndrome. We report a case series of 6 patients with dAD highlighting this heterogeneity. Average age at diagnosis was 57.3 years, and patients were followed annually with clinical, cognitive, and multimodal imaging assessments for an average of 3.7 years. Cases were divided based into three subtypes based on their pattern of FDG-PET hypometabolism: predominantly left parieto-frontal (ldAD), predominantly right parieto-frontal (rdAD), or predominantly biparietal (bpdAD) (n = 2 for each). Prominent executive dysfunction was evidenced in all patients. ldAD cases showed greater impairment on measures of verbal working memory and verbal fluency compared to other subtypes. rdAD cases showed more severe alterations in measures of visual abilities compared to language-related domains and committed more perseverative errors on a measure of cognitive flexibility. bpdAD cases presented with predominant cognitive flexibility and inhibition impairment with relative sparing of working memory and a slower rate of clinical progression. rdAD and bpdAD patients developed neuropsychiatric symptoms, whereas none of the ldAD patients did. For each subtype, patterns of tau deposition relatively corresponded to the spatial pattern of FDG hypometabolism. dAD cases could be differentiated from two clinical cases of atypical AD variants (language and visual) in terms of clinical, cognitive and neuroimaging profiles, suggesting that dAD subtypes represent clinical entities separable from other variants of the disease. The recognition of distinct dAD phenotypes has clinical relevance for diagnosis, prognosis, and symptom management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary M Machulda
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Hugo Botha
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | | | - David S Knopman
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Val J Lowe
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Julie A Fields
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Nikki H Stricker
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Bradley F Boeve
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Clifford R Jack
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Ronald C Petersen
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - David T Jones
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Grant KA, Newman N, Lynn C, Davenport C, Gonzales S, Cuzon Carlson VC, Kroenke CD. Brain Functional Connectivity Mapping of Behavioral Flexibility in Rhesus Monkeys. J Neurosci 2022; 42:4867-4878. [PMID: 35552233 PMCID: PMC9188385 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0816-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The predisposition to engage in autonomous habitual behaviors has been associated with behavioral disorders, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder and addiction. Attentional set-shifting tasks (ASSTs), which incorporate changes governing the association of discriminative stimuli with contingent reinforcement, are commonly used to measure underlying processes of cognitive/behavioral flexibility. The purpose of this study was to identify primate brain networks that mediate trait-like deficits in ASST performance using resting-state fMRI. A self-pacing ASST was administered to three cohorts of rhesus monkeys (total n = 35, 18 female). Increased performance over 30 consecutive sessions segregated the monkeys into two populations, termed High Performers (HP, n = 17) and Low Performers (LP, n = 17), with one anomaly. Compared with LPs, HPs had higher rates of improving performance over sessions and completed the 8 sets/sessions with fewer errors. LP monkeys, on the other hand, spent most of each session in the first set and often did not acquire the first reversal. A whole-brain independent components analysis of resting-state fMRI under isoflurane identified four strong networks. Of these, a dual regression analysis revealed that a designated "executive control network," differed between HPs and LPs. Specific areas of connectivity in the rhesus executive control network, including frontal cortices (ventrolateral, ventromedial, and orbital) and the dorsal striatum (caudate, putamen) correlated with perseverative errors and response latency. Overall, the results identify trait-like characteristics of behavioral flexibility that are associated with correlated brain activity involving specific nuclei of frontostriatal networks.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Resting state functional connectivity MRI in rhesus monkeys identified specific nuclei in frontostriatal circuitry that were associated with population differences in perseverative and impulsive aspects of cognitive flexibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A Grant
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
- Portland Alcohol Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Natali Newman
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006
| | - Colton Lynn
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006
| | - Conor Davenport
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006
| | - Steven Gonzales
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006
| | - Verginia C Cuzon Carlson
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
- Portland Alcohol Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Christopher D Kroenke
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sánchez-Rodríguez JL, Juárez-Vela R, Santolalla-Arnedo I, Ruiz de Viñaspre-Hernandez R, Sánchez-González JL. An Item Response Theory Analysis of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in Normal Aging, Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease: Neurophysiological Approach. J Pers Med 2022; 12:539. [PMID: 35455655 PMCID: PMC9028972 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12040539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) is widely used to assess executive function, specifically mental flexibility. Item Response Theory (IRT) has several advantages over classical test theory, including the invariance of the measure. This study aimed to apply IRT to study the psychometric properties of WCST in control subjects and patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The sample consisted of 86 controls, 77 Parkinson's disease subjects, and 155 AD subjects. The Rasch model was applied to binary data from the conversion to percentiles adjusted for age and schooling. The R program was used to calibrate the difficulty parameter. The characteristic curves of the items and the estimation of the difficulty parameter for each diagnostic group were obtained. WCST makes it possible to separate between different skill levels among the three diagnostic entities and its application may be useful for other neuropsychological tests. In conclusion, WCST has good clinical sensitivity and excellent discriminant validity in the groups under study, making it possible to separate them between different levels of ability or latent trait. Its application may be useful for other neuropsychological tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Luis Sánchez-Rodríguez
- Department of Basic Psychology, Psychobiology and Methodology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Salamanca, 37005 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - Raúl Juárez-Vela
- Department of Nursing, Research Group in Care, GRUPAC, 26004 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain;
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Politakis VA, Slana Ozimič A, Repovš G. Cognitive Control Challenge Task Across the Lifespan. Front Psychol 2022; 12:789816. [PMID: 35222153 PMCID: PMC8864288 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.789816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Meeting everyday challenges and responding in a goal-directed manner requires both the ability to maintain the current task set in face of distractors-stable cognitive control, and the ability to flexibly generate or switch to a new task set when environmental requirements change-flexible cognitive control. While studies show that the development varies across individual component processes supporting cognitive control, little is known about changes in complex stable and flexible cognitive control across the lifespan. In the present study, we used the newly developed Cognitive Control Challenge Task (C3T) to examine the development of complex stable and flexible cognitive control across the lifespan and to gain insight into their interdependence. A total of 340 participants (229 women, age range 8-84 years) from two samples participated in the study, in which they were asked to complete the C3T along with a series of standard tests of individual components of cognitive control. The results showed that the development of both stable and flexible complex cognitive control follows the expected inverted U-curve. In contrast, the indeces of task set formation and task set switching cost increase linearly across the lifespan, suggesting that stable and flexible complex cognitive control are subserved by separable cognitive systems with different developmental trajectories. Correlations with standard cognitive tests indicate that complex cognitive control captured by the C3T engages a broad range of cognitive abilities, such as working memory and planning, and reflects global processing speed, jointly suggesting that the C3T is an effective test of complex cognitive control that has both research and diagnostic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vida Ana Politakis
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anka Slana Ozimič
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Grega Repovš
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cammarata C, De Rosa ED. Interaction of cholinergic disruption and age on cognitive flexibility in rats. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:2989-2997. [PMID: 36198843 PMCID: PMC9587929 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06472-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Healthy aging is associated with a functional reduction of the basal forebrain (BF) system that supplies the neurochemical acetylcholine (ACh) to the cortex, and concomitant challenges to cognition. It remains unclear how aging and ACh loss interact to shape cognition in the aging brain. We used a proactive interference (PI) odor discrimination task, shown to depend on the BF in young adults, wherein rats acquired new associations that conflicted with past learning or associations that did not conflict. This manipulation allowed independent assessment of encoding alone vs. encoding in the face of interference. Adult (9.8 ± 1.3 months) or aged male Long-Evans rats (20.7 ± 0.5 months) completed the PI task with systemic administration of a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist, scopolamine, or a pharmacological control. Aged rats were less able to resolve PI than adult rats. Moreover, while scopolamine reduced efficient PI resolution in adult rats, this cholinergic antagonism had no additional effect on aged rat performance, counter to our expectation that scopolamine would further increase perseveration in the aged group. Scopolamine did not impair encoding of non-interfering associations regardless of age. These data suggest that natural aging changes the effect of cholinergic pharmacology on encoding efficiency when past learning interferes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celine Cammarata
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA ,Human Neuroscience Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA ,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Eve D. De Rosa
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA ,Human Neuroscience Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Boenniger MM, Staerk C, Coors A, Huijbers W, Ettinger U, Breteler MMB. Ten German versions of Rey's auditory verbal learning test: Age and sex effects in 4,000 adults of the Rhineland Study. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2021; 43:637-653. [PMID: 34636711 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2021.1984398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Detecting early pathological cognitive decline is critical for dementia and aging-related research and clinical diagnostics. Rey's Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT) is commonly used to measure episodic verbal memory. The test requires participants to learn a list of 15 words over several trials. Since multiple testing is often required to detect cognitive decline, but repeating the same test can bias results, we developed 10 German AVLT word lists. METHOD We randomly assigned the lists to 4,000 participants (aged 30-94 years) from a population-based cohort to test their comparability, as well as aging effects and sex differences. RESULTS Nine lists were highly comparable, with only one being slightly more difficult. Recall performance decreased on average by 0.6-1.1 words per trial per decade of age. Perseveration errors decreased with increasing age. Women remembered on average between 0.8 and 1.5 words per trial more than men, regardless of age. Women also outperformed men in the sum of Trials 1-5, learning over trials, retroactive inhibition, and false-positive and interference errors. Proactive inhibition remained stable across age and was unaffected by sex. CONCLUSION This German AVLT version presents comparable lists including detailed age and sex references and therefore allows test repetition excluding training effects. These versions are a valuable resource for research and clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meta M Boenniger
- Population Health Sciences, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Staerk
- Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology (IMBIE), Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Annabell Coors
- Population Health Sciences, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Willem Huijbers
- Population Health Sciences, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Monique M B Breteler
- Population Health Sciences, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology (IMBIE), Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hilal S, Liu S, Wong TY, Vrooman H, Cheng CY, Venketasubramanian N, Chen CL, Zhou JH. White matter network damage mediates association between cerebrovascular disease and cognition. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:1858-1872. [PMID: 33530830 PMCID: PMC8327109 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x21990980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To determine whether white matter network disruption mediates the association between MRI markers of cerebrovascular disease (CeVD) and cognitive impairment. Participants (n = 253, aged ≥60 years) from the Epidemiology of Dementia in Singapore study underwent neuropsychological assessments and MRI. CeVD markers were defined as lacunes, white matter hyperintensities (WMH), microbleeds, cortical microinfarcts, cortical infarcts and intracranial stenosis (ICS). White matter microstructure damage was measured as fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity by tract based spatial statistics from diffusion tensor imaging. Cognitive function was summarized as domain-specific Z-scores.Lacunar counts, WMH volume and ICS were associated with worse performance in executive function, attention, language, verbal and visual memory. These three CeVD markers were also associated with white matter microstructural damage in the projection, commissural, association, and limbic fibers. Path analyses showed that lacunar counts, higher WMH volume and ICS were associated with executive and verbal memory impairment via white matter disruption in commissural fibers whereas impairment in the attention, visual memory and language were mediated through projection fibers.Our study shows that the abnormalities in white matter connectivity may underlie the relationship between CeVD and cognition. Further longitudinal studies are needed to understand the cause-effect relationship between CeVD, white matter damage and cognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saima Hilal
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Memory Aging & Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Singapore.,Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Siwei Liu
- Department of Medicine, Center for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Center for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tien Yin Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Henri Vrooman
- Departments of Radiology & Medical Informatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | | | - Christopher Lh Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Juan Helen Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Center for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Center for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Juszczak GR, Bobrowska A. Assessment of Problem-Solving Skills and Inhibitory Control in Mice Using Water Escape Detour Test. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 10:e82. [PMID: 32870595 DOI: 10.1002/cpmo.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the importance of emotional intelligence, its biological mechanism is still not well understood. For this reason, we have developed a rodent detour task which requires an animal to reach a highly desired object placed directly behind a transparent barrier that blocks the direct route to the target. This apparently simple task is highly dependent on the emotional control that is necessary to inhibit prepotent and counterproductive responses driven by the sight of a desired object. The water escape detour task designed for mice enables testing the ability to solve emotionally challenging problems, as well as identification of an impairment termed perseveration. Such a maladaptive reaction to a challenging situation is characterized by difficulty in terminating an unsuccessful response, leading to persistent repetition of inappropriate behavior. This issue is important because perseveration is associated with schizophrenia, drug abuse, and aging. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol: Water escape detour task Support Protocol 1: Preparation of escape platform Support Protocol 2: Preparation of the transparent barrier Alternate Protocol: Water escape detour task for testing acute effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz R Juszczak
- Department of Animal Behavior and Welfare, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Anna Bobrowska
- Department of Animal Behavior and Welfare, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Magdalenka, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Vasileva TP, Yakushin MA, Makarova EV, Reshetnikova PI, Shukurlaeva GE, Vasilev MD. The Russian scientists' quality of life and cognitive status. Eur J Transl Myol 2021; 31. [PMID: 34148336 PMCID: PMC8274221 DOI: 10.4081/ejtm.2021.9744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim of the study was assessment of executive functions and quality of life (QoL) among scientists aged 22-80 years working in state research centers. The screening test included several questionnairs: “Cognitive screening”, “Age is not a barrier”, “Geriatric Depression Scale" (GDS) and Social Functioning 36 (SF-36) survey. According to the assessment, the group of scientists showed problems related to physical health disorders and presence of numerous risk factors for professional efficiency decline. High rate of preasthenia (39.62%) and asthenia syndrome (11.32%) was identified. This might be due to high level of stress and informational load that causes depletion of functional organism reserves. The rate of cognitive executive functions decline was low (3.77%), stated in young age and possibly associated with depression and asthenia. In comparison to general population, Russian scientists showed a generally high level of quality of life (more than 70% in all domains), best indicators on the scales of "Body Pain" and "Vitality", but lower indicators of "Role functioning” due to the emotional state. In general, scientists’ quality of life decreased with age, especially "Physical Functioning" and "Body Pain" scales. Social skills such as "Role functioning due to emotional state" increased with age. In the scientists group, connection between cognitive functions and the quality of life was observed. Specifically, between "Physical Functioning", "General Health", "Vitality", "Social Functioning" and "Mental Health".
Collapse
|
21
|
Fletcher E, Gavett B, Crane P, Soldan A, Hohman T, Farias S, Widaman K, Groot C, Renteria MA, Zahodne L, DeCarli C, Mungas D. A robust brain signature region approach for episodic memory performance in older adults. Brain 2021; 144:1089-1102. [PMID: 33895818 PMCID: PMC8105039 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain signature concept aims to characterize brain regions most strongly associated with an outcome of interest. Brain signatures derive their power from data-driven searches that select features based solely on performance metrics of prediction or classification. This approach has important potential to delineate biologically relevant brain substrates for prediction or classification of future trajectories. Recent work has used exploratory voxel-wise or atlas-based searches, with some using machine learning techniques to define salient features. These have shown undoubted usefulness, but two issues remain. The preponderance of recent work has been aimed at categorical rather than continuous outcomes, and it is rare for non-atlas reliant voxel-based signatures to be reported that would be useful for modelling and hypothesis testing. We describe a cross-validated signature region model for structural brain components associated with baseline and longitudinal episodic memory across cognitively heterogeneous populations including normal, mild impairment and dementia. We used three non-overlapping cohorts of older participants: from the UC Davis Aging and Diversity cohort (n = 255; mean age 75.3 ± 7.1 years; 128 cognitively normal, 97 mild cognitive impairment, 30 demented and seven unclassified); from Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) 1 (n = 379; mean age 75.1 ± 7.2; 82 cognitively normal, 176 mild cognitive impairment, 121 Alzheimer's dementia); and from ADNI2/GO (n = 680; mean age 72.5 ± 7.1; 220 cognitively normal, 381 mild cognitive impairment and 79 Alzheimer's dementia). We used voxel-wise regression analysis, correcting for multiple comparisons, to generate an array of regional masks corresponding to different association strength levels of cortical grey matter with baseline memory and brain atrophy with memory change. Cognitive measures were episodic memory using Spanish and English Neuropsychological Assessment Scales instruments for UC Davis and ADNI-Mem for ADNI 1 and ADNI2/GO. Performance metric was the adjusted R2 coefficient of determination of each model explaining outcomes in two cohorts other than where it was computed. We compared within-cohort performances of signature models against each other and against other recent signature models of episodic memory. Findings were: (i) two independently generated signature region of interest models performed similarly in a third separate cohort; (ii) a signature region of interest generated in one imaging cohort replicated its performance level when explaining cognitive outcomes in each of other, separate cohorts; and (iii) this approach better explained baseline and longitudinal memory than other recent theory-driven and data-driven models. This suggests our approach can generate signatures that may be easily and robustly applied for modelling and hypothesis testing in mixed cognition cohorts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evan Fletcher
- Department of Neurology, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Brandon Gavett
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Paul Crane
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anja Soldan
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Timothy Hohman
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer’s Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sarah Farias
- Department of Neurology, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Keith Widaman
- Graduate School of Education, UC Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Colin Groot
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Laura Zahodne
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Charles DeCarli
- Department of Neurology, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Dan Mungas
- Department of Neurology, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sombric CJ, Torres-Oviedo G. Cognitive and Motor Perseveration Are Associated in Older Adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:610359. [PMID: 33986654 PMCID: PMC8110726 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.610359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging causes perseveration (difficulty to switch between actions) in motor and cognitive tasks, suggesting that the same neural processes could govern these abilities in older adults. To test this, we evaluated the relation between independently measured motor and cognitive perseveration in young (21.4 ± 3.7 y/o) and older participants (76.5 ± 2.9 y/o). Motor perseveration was measured with a locomotor task in which participants had to transition between distinct walking patterns. Cognitive perseveration was measured with a card matching task in which participants had to switch between distinct matching rules. We found that perseveration in the cognitive and motor domains were positively related in older, but not younger individuals, such that participants exhibiting greater perseveration in the motor task also perseverated more in the cognitive task. Additionally, exposure reduces motor perseveration: older adults who had practiced the motor task could transition between walking patterns as proficiently as naïve, young individuals. Our results suggest an overlap in neural processes governing cognitive and motor perseveration with aging and that exposure can counteract the age-related motor perseveration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gelsy Torres-Oviedo
- Sensorimotor Learning Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Li X, Xia J, Ma C, Chen K, Xu K, Zhang J, Chen Y, Li H, Wei D, Zhang Z. Accelerating Structural Degeneration in Temporal Regions and Their Effects on Cognition in Aging of MCI Patients. Cereb Cortex 2021; 30:326-338. [PMID: 31169867 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Age is the major risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and for mild cognitive impairment (MCI). However, there is limited evidence about MCI-specific aging-related simultaneous changes of the brain structure and their impact on cognition. We analyzed the brain imaging data from 269 subjects (97 MCI patients and 172 cognitively normal [CN] elderly) using voxel-based morphometry and tract-based spatial statistics procedures to explore the special structural pattern during aging. We found that the patients with MCI showed accelerated age-related reductions in gray matter volume in the left planum temporale, thalamus, and posterior cingulate gyrus. The similar age×group interaction effect was found in the fractional anisotropy of the bilateral parahippocampal cingulum white matter tract, which connects the temporal regions. Importantly, the age-related temporal gray matter and white matter alterations were more significantly related to performance in memory and attention tasks in MCI patients. The accelerated degeneration patterns in the brain structure provide evidence for different neural mechanisms underlying aging in MCI patients. Temporal structural degeneration may serve as a potential imaging marker for distinguishing the progression of the preclinical AD stage from normal aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China.,BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jianan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China.,BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Chao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China.,BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China.,School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Kewei Chen
- BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China.,Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Kai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China.,BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Junying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China.,BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China.,Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yaojing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China.,BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - He Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China.,BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China.,Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Dongfeng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China.,BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China.,Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China.,BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lacreuse A, Raz N, Schmidtke D, Hopkins WD, Herndon JG. Age-related decline in executive function as a hallmark of cognitive ageing in primates: an overview of cognitive and neurobiological studies. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190618. [PMID: 32951543 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Executive function (EF) is a complex construct that reflects multiple higher-order cognitive processes such as planning, updating, inhibiting and set-shifting. Decline in these functions is a hallmark of cognitive ageing in humans, and age differences and changes in EF correlate with age-related differences and changes in association cortices, particularly the prefrontal areas. Here, we review evidence for age-related decline in EF and associated neurobiological changes in prosimians, New World and Old World monkeys, apes and humans. While EF declines with age in all primate species studied, the relationship of this decline with age-related alterations in the prefrontal cortex remains unclear, owing to the scarcity of neurobiological studies focusing on the ageing brain in most primate species. In addition, the influence of sex, vascular and metabolic risk, and hormonal status has rarely been considered. We outline several methodological limitations and challenges with the goal of producing a comprehensive integration of cognitive and neurobiological data across species and elucidating how ageing shapes neurocognitive trajectories in primates with different life histories, lifespans and brain architectures. Such comparative investigations are critical for fostering translational research and understanding healthy and pathological ageing in our own species. This article is part of the theme issue 'Evolution of the primate ageing process'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Lacreuse
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Tobin Hall, 135 Hicks Way, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Naftali Raz
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Schmidtke
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - William D Hopkins
- Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX, USA
| | - James G Herndon
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
van de Vijver I, Ligneul R. Relevance of working memory for reinforcement learning in older adults varies with timescale of learning. NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT, AND COGNITION. SECTION B, AGING, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2020; 27:654-676. [PMID: 31544587 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2019.1664389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In young adults, individual differences in working memory (WM) contribute to reinforcement learning (RL). Age-related RL changes, however, are mostly attributed to decreased reward prediction-error (RPE) signaling. Here, we investigated the contribution of WM to RL in young (18-35) and older (≥65) adults. Because WM supports maintenance across a limited timescale, we only expected a relation between RL and WM with short delays between stimulus repetitions. Our results demonstrated better learning with short than long delays. A week later, however, long-delay associations were remembered better. Computational modeling corroborated that during learning, WM was more engaged by young adults in the short-delay condition than in any other age-condition combination. Crucially, both model-derived and neuropsychological assessments of WM predicted short-delay learning in older adults, who further benefitted from using self-conceived learning strategies. Thus, depending on the timescale of learning, age-related RL changes may not only reflect decreased RPE signaling but also WM decline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene van de Vijver
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Romain Ligneul
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Program, Champalimaud Foundation , Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Frontoparietal structural properties mediate adult life span differences in executive function. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9066. [PMID: 32494018 PMCID: PMC7271169 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66083-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Executive function (EF) refers to a set of cognitive functions that support goal-directed behaviors. Recent findings have suggested that the frontoparietal network (FPN) subserves neural processes that are related to EF. However, the FPN structural and functional network properties that mediate age-related differences in EF components remain unclear. To this end, we used three experimental tasks to test the component processes of EF based on Miyake and Friedman’s model: one common EF component process (incorporating inhibition, shifting, and updating) and two specific EF component processes (shifting and updating). We recruited 126 healthy participants (65 females; 20 to 78 years old) who underwent both structural and functional MRI scanning. We tested a mediation path model of three structural and functional properties of the FPN (i.e., gray matter volume, white matter fractional anisotropy, and intra/internetwork functional connectivity) as mediators of age-related differences in the three EF components. The results indicated that age-related common EF component differences are mediated by regional gray matter volume changes in both hemispheres of the frontal lobe, which suggests that structural changes in the frontal lobe may have an indirect influence on age-related general elements of EF. These findings suggest that the FPN mediates age-related differences in specific components of EF.
Collapse
|
27
|
Gür E, Duyan YA, Arkan S, Karson A, Balcı F. Interval timing deficits and their neurobiological correlates in aging mice. Neurobiol Aging 2020; 90:33-42. [PMID: 32220513 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Age-related neurobiological and cognitive alterations suggest that interval timing (as a related function) is also altered in aging, which can, in turn, disrupt timing-dependent functions. We investigated alterations in interval timing with aging and accompanying neurobiological changes. We tested 4-6, 10-12, and 18-20 month-old mice on the dual peak interval procedure. Results revealed a specific deficit in the termination of timed responses (stop-times). The decision processes contributed more to timing variability (vs. clock/memory process) in the aged mice. We observed age-dependent reductions in the number of dopaminergic neurons in the VTA and SNc, cholinergic neurons in the medial septum/diagonal band (MS/DB) complex, and density of dopaminergic axon terminals in the DLS/DMS. Negative correlations were found between the number of dopaminergic neurons in the VTA and stop times, and the number of cholinergic neurons in MS/DB complex and the acquisition of stop times. Our results point at age-dependent changes in the decisional components of interval timing and the role of dopaminergic and cholinergic functions in these behavioral alterations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Gür
- Timing and Decision-Making Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey; Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yalçın Akın Duyan
- Timing and Decision-Making Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey; Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sertan Arkan
- Timing and Decision-Making Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey; Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey; Kocaeli University, Physiology Department, Umuttepe Campus, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Karson
- Kocaeli University, Physiology Department, Umuttepe Campus, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Fuat Balcı
- Timing and Decision-Making Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey; Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Fluid intelligence is associated with cortical volume and white matter tract integrity within multiple-demand system across adult lifespan. Neuroimage 2020; 212:116576. [PMID: 32105883 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fluid intelligence (Gf) is the innate ability of an individual to respond to complex and unexpected situations. Although some studies have considered that the multiple-demand (MD) system of the brain was the biological foundation for Gf, further characterization of their relationships in the context of aging is limited. The present study hypothesized that the structural metrics of the MD system, including cortical thickness, cortical volumes, and white matter (WM) tract integrity, was the brain correlates for Gf across the adult life span. Partial correlation analysis was performed to investigate whether the MD system could still explain Gf independent of the age effect. Moreover, the partial correlations between Gf and left/right structural metrics within the MD regions were compared to test whether the correlations displayed distinct lateralization. METHODS The participants were recruited from the Cambridge Centre for Ageing and Neuroscience (Cam-CAN) databank, comprising the images of 603 healthy participants aged 18-88 years acquired on a 3-T system. The MRI data included high-resolution T1-weighted and diffusion-weighted images, from which gray matter and WM structural metrics of the MD system were analyzed, respectively. The structural metrics of gray matter were quantified in terms of cortical volume/thickness of five pairs of cortical regions, and those of WM were quantified in terms of the mean axial diffusivity (DA), radial diffusivity (DR), mean diffusivity (DM), and generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) on five pairs of tracts. Partial correlation controlling for age and sex effects, was performed to investigate the associations of Gf scores with the mean DA, DR, DM and GFA of all tracts in the MD system, those of left and right hemispheric tracts, and those of each tract. Fisher's exact test was used to compare the partial correlations between left and right MD regions. RESULTS The linear relationship between cortical volumes and Gf was evident across all levels of the MD system even after controlling for age and sex. For the WM integrity, diffusion indices including DA, DR, DM and GFA displayed linear relationships with Gf scores at various levels of the MD system. Among the 10 WM tracts connecting the MD regions, bilateral superior longitudinal fasciculus I and bilateral frontal aslant tracts exhibited the strongest and significant associations. Our results did not show significant inter-hemispheric differences in the associations between structural metrics of the MD system and Gf. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate significant associations between Gf and both cortical volumes and tract integrity of the MD system across the adult lifespan in a population-based cohort. We found that the association remained significant in the entire adult lifespan despite simultaneous decline of Gf and the MD system. Our results suggest that the MD system might be a structural underpinning of Gf and support the fronto-parietal model of cognitive aging. However, we did not find hemispheric differences in the Gf-MD correlations, not supporting the hemi-aging hypothesis.
Collapse
|
29
|
Bohon C, Weinbach N, Lock J. Performance and brain activity during the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder and adolescents with weight-restored anorexia nervosa. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2020; 29:217-226. [PMID: 31114967 PMCID: PMC6868308 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-019-01350-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) both show a peak age of onset during adolescence and share a number of phenotypic features, such as rigid rule-bound behavior and perseverative thinking. There is evidence of difficulties with set shifting or task switching in adults with each disorder, but evidence in adolescents is limited. Furthermore, no studies have previously directly compared AN and OCD on this cognitive process or examined comparative neural correlates. This study provides exploratory analyses to address this gap by measuring brain activity with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during a computerized version of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) in female adolescents with weight-restored AN (WR-AN) (n = 14), OCD (n = 11), and healthy controls (n = 24). Results revealed greater perseverative errors in the OCD group than healthy controls and WR-AN, but no difference between WR-AN and healthy controls. Greater activity in the right front pole, inferior frontal gyrus, and middle frontal gyrus during the task (compared to a control matching task) was associated with more perseverative errors in the OCD group, but not healthy controls. The correlation between perseverative errors and brain response to the task in the WR-AN group was not different from either comparison group. These findings propose a hypothesis that behavioral similarities between OCD and AN, as well as difficulties with set shifting in adults with AN, are driven by obsessive-compulsive features present in AN rather than a shared underlying neurocognitive signature. This notion should be tested in larger samples in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cara Bohon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA, 94305-5719, USA.
| | - Noam Weinbach
- Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - James Lock
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA, 94305-5719, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Suzin G, Ravona-Springer R, Ash EL, Davelaar EJ, Usher M. Differences in Semantic Memory Encoding Strategies in Young, Healthy Old and MCI Patients. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:306. [PMID: 31780920 PMCID: PMC6861178 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Associative processes, such as the encoding of associations between words in a list, can enhance episodic memory performance and are thought to deteriorate with age. Here, we examine the nature of age-related deficits in the encoding of associations, by using a free recall paradigm with visual arrays of objects. Fifty-five participants (26 young students; 20 cognitive healthy older adults; nine patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment, MCI) were shown multiple slides (experimental trials), each containing an array of nine common objects for recall. Most of the arrays contained three objects from three semantic categories, each. In the remaining arrays, the nine objects were unrelated. Eye fixations were also monitored during the viewing of the arrays, in a subset of the participants. While for young participants the immediate recall was higher for the semantically related arrays, this effect was diminished in healthy elderly and totally absent in MCI patients. Furthermore, only in the young group did the sequence of eye fixations show a semantic scanning pattern during encoding, even when the related objects were non- adjacent in the array. Healthy elderly and MCI patients were not influenced by the semantic relatedness of items during the array encoding, to the same extent as young subjects, as observed by a lack of (or reduced) semantic scanning. The results support a version of the encoding of the association aging-deficit hypothesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gil Suzin
- The School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,The Sagol Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Research, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Ramit Ravona-Springer
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Memory and Psychogeriatric Clinics, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Elissa L Ash
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eddy J Davelaar
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marius Usher
- The School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Schwarb H, Johnson CL, Dulas MR, McGarry MDJ, Holtrop JL, Watson PD, Wang JX, Voss JL, Sutton BP, Cohen NJ. Structural and Functional MRI Evidence for Distinct Medial Temporal and Prefrontal Roles in Context-dependent Relational Memory. J Cogn Neurosci 2019; 31:1857-1872. [PMID: 31393232 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Declarative memory is supported by distributed brain networks in which the medial-temporal lobes (MTLs) and pFC serve as important hubs. Identifying the unique and shared contributions of these regions to successful memory performance is an active area of research, and a growing literature suggests that these structures often work together to support declarative memory. Here, we present data from a context-dependent relational memory task in which participants learned that individuals belonged in a single room in each of two buildings. Room assignment was consistent with an underlying contextual rule structure in which male and female participants were assigned to opposite sides of a building and the side assignment switched between buildings. In two experiments, neural correlates of performance on this task were evaluated using multiple neuroimaging tools: diffusion tensor imaging (Experiment 1), magnetic resonance elastography (Experiment 1), and functional MRI (Experiment 2). Structural and functional data from each individual modality provided complementary and consistent evidence that the hippocampus and the adjacent white matter tract (i.e., fornix) supported relational memory, whereas the ventromedial pFC/OFC (vmPFC/OFC) and the white matter tract connecting vmPFC/OFC to MTL (i.e., uncinate fasciculus) supported memory-guided rule use. Together, these data suggest that MTL and pFC structures differentially contribute to and support contextually guided relational memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Joel L Voss
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Hemmer BM, Parrish AE, Wise TB, Davis M, Branham M, Martin DE, Templer VL. Social vs. Nonsocial Housing Differentially Affects Perseverative Behavior in Rats ( Ratus norvegicus). ANIMAL BEHAVIOR AND COGNITION 2019; 6:168-178. [PMID: 34056075 DOI: 10.26451/abc.06.03.02.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Perseverance, also commonly referred to as grit or industriousness, is the continued effort exerted to complete goal-directed tasks. Many factors, such as stress, can contribute to perseverative behavior, but the role of sociality on perseverance in animal models has not been studied. In this experiment, perseverance was measured in Long-Evans rats; half of which were socially housed (SH) and the other half were nonsocially housed (NSH). Rats were placed in a continuous T-maze; one arm of the maze contained an unobstructed low value reward and the other arm contained a high value reward blocked by a barrier that progressively increased in height across testing sessions. We will hereon refer to the low value reward and high value reward as the low reward and the high reward, respectively. Perseverative behavior was assessed by time spent interacting with the barrier and trials were characterized as either adaptive perseverative trials (high reward obtainment) and maladaptive perseverative trials (low reward obtainment after abandoning attempts to overcome the high reward barrier). SH and NSH rats were equally proficient at overcoming a physical barrier to obtain a higher-valued reward, but the NSH rats spent more time interacting with the barriers during maladaptive perseverative trials than SH rats. NSH rats thus exhibited prolonged efforts to overcome the barrier only to ultimately travel to the low reward option. In contrast, SH rats selected the low reward option earlier in the trial and did not maladaptively perseverate without obtaining the high reward. Putative evidence for increased perseverance in NSH rats is explained in the context of maladaptive perseverative behavior rather than perseverance per se. Increased adaptability and acquisition of task-set in SH rats suggests a role of social housing in advantageous decision making.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Taylor B Wise
- Department of Psychology, Providence College, Providence, RI USA
| | - Marc Davis
- Department of Psychology, Providence College, Providence, RI USA
| | - Margaret Branham
- Department of Psychology, Providence College, Providence, RI USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Vandevoorde K, Orban de Xivry JJ. Internal model recalibration does not deteriorate with age while motor adaptation does. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 80:138-153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
34
|
Dehais F, Hodgetts HM, Causse M, Behrend J, Durantin G, Tremblay S. Momentary lapse of control: A cognitive continuum approach to understanding and mitigating perseveration in human error. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 100:252-262. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
35
|
Structural and molecular correlates of cognitive aging in the rat. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2005. [PMID: 30765864 PMCID: PMC6376121 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39645-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with cognitive decline. Herein, we studied a large cohort of old age and young adult male rats and confirmed that, as a group, old rats display poorer spatial learning and behavioral flexibility than younger adults. Surprisingly, when animals were clustered as good and bad performers, our data revealed that while in younger animals better cognitive performance was associated with longer dendritic trees and increased levels of synaptic markers in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, the opposite was found in the older group, in which better performance was associated with shorter dendrites and lower levels of synaptic markers. Additionally, in old, but not young individuals, worse performance correlated with increased levels of BDNF and the autophagy substrate p62, but decreased levels of the autophagy complex protein LC3. In summary, while for younger individuals “bigger is better”, “smaller is better” is a more appropriate aphorism for older subjects.
Collapse
|
36
|
Scopolamine increases perseveration in mice subjected to the detour test. Behav Brain Res 2019; 356:71-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
37
|
Huang F, Zhang M, Wang S. Changes in cognitive function among older adults: A latent profile transition analysis. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2019; 80:12-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
38
|
Aging, neurocognitive reserve, and the healthy brain. PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.plm.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
39
|
The contemplative exercise through the lenses of predictive processing: A promising approach. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2019; 244:299-322. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
40
|
Sadat-Shirazi MS, Ashabi G, Hessari MB, Khalifeh S, Neirizi NM, Matloub M, Safarzadeh M, Vousooghi N, Zarrindast MR. NMDA receptors of blood lymphocytes anticipate cognitive performance variations in healthy volunteers. Physiol Behav 2018; 201:53-58. [PMID: 30553898 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Working memory (WM) system, temporarily stores information and uses this information for complex cognitive tasks. WM connects memory, emotional feelings and perception. Evidence compelling that N-methyl d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) expression relatively affect WM performance in animal models. It has been suggested some peripheral blood lymphocyte's (PBL) receptors are similar with neuronal receptors in the brain, so we measured PBL's receptors changes as a marker of the neuronal receptor. In this study, we examined one hundred adult men with Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) as a tool for primary screening for executive function (EF) which include WM. Then, we selected fifty individuals with high and low WCST scores. With digit span and symmetry span tasks, we screened 20 samples for high WM group and 19 samples for low WM group. After separating PBL, we measured mRNA expression level changes in NMDAR subunits with Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction method. We demonstrated that GluN2D increased and GluN3A decreased in individuals with high WM compared with the low WM (P < .01 and P < .001, respectively). The expression levels of GluN2A, GluN2B, and GluN3B were not altered between two groups (P > .05). Modifying the PBL receptors could be future approaches to defend memory loss and concentrate the senses over WM-related processes in physiological and pathological statuses. We hypothesized that increasing in GluN2 subunits and decreasing in GluN3 subunits led to improving current via NMDAR and subsequently affect WM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitra-Sadat Sadat-Shirazi
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghorbangol Ashabi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Solmaz Khalifeh
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Amir-Almomenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazanin Monfared Neirizi
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maral Matloub
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Safarzadeh
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasim Vousooghi
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Zarrindast
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS), Tehran, Iran; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Lacreuse A, Parr L, Chennareddi L, Herndon JG. Age-related decline in cognitive flexibility in female chimpanzees. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 72:83-88. [PMID: 30237074 PMCID: PMC6215734 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Data on cognitive aging in chimpanzees are extremely sparse, yet can provide an invaluable phylogenetic perspective, especially because Alzheimer disease (AD)-like neuropathology has recently been described in the oldest chimpanzee brains. This finding underscores the importance of data on cognitive aging in this fellow hominin, our closest biological relative. We tested 30 female chimpanzees, 12-56 years old, on a computerized analog of the Wisconsin Card Sort test. This test assesses cognitive flexibility, which is severely impaired in normal aging and AD. Subjects selected stimuli according to color or shape; the rewarded dimension (i.e., color or shape) switched without warning and the chimpanzee had to adapt her responses accordingly. We found that increasing age was associated with an increased number of perseverative errors and an increased number of trials to reach criterion in each switching dimension. The number of aborted trials was similar across age groups. These data show that similar to humans, chimpanzees show a clear age-related decline in cognitive flexibility that is already observed at middle age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Lacreuse
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst MA, USA
| | - Lisa Parr
- Division of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Emory University, Atlanta GA, USA; Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta GA, USA
| | | | - James G Herndon
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta GA, USA; Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta GA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impulsivity is considered to be a vulnerability marker for substance use disorders, including alcoholism, in offspring with familial alcoholism. However, it is not adequately explored whether different age groups offspring at high risk for alcoholism differ in their impulsivity. The present study examined trait impulsivity in offspring at high risk for alcoholism, and further examined impulsivity by categorizing these offspring into different age groups. The study also examined the association between impulsivity and age, and the association of executive functions with age and education. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sample consisted of alcohol-naïve offspring at high (n = 34) and low (n = 34) risk for alcoholism. Participants were matched on age (±1 year), education (±1 year), and gender. The measures included were: Mini-international neuropsychiatric interview, family interview for genetic studies, sociodemographic data sheet, Annett's handedness questionnaire, Barratt's Impulsiveness Scale-version 11, and tests assessing executive functions. RESULTS Offspring at high risk for alcoholism demonstrated significantly high impulsivity. Furthermore, offspring at high risk were categorized into three subgroups with age. Results showed no significant difference between the subgroups with respect to impulsivity. Correlation analysis revealed no significant association between impulsivity and age. However, executive functions (concept formation, working memory, and safe decision-making) showed significant positive association, while perseveration and risky decision-making showed a negative association with age and education in both the groups. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates high impulsivity trait in offspring at high risk for alcoholism. The high impulsivity could pose a risk for addiction and may require preventive intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Clinical Psychology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Keshav J Kumar
- Department of Clinical Psychology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Vivek Benegal
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Leon SA, Altmann LJP, Abrams L, Gonzalez Rothi LJ, Heilman KM. Novel associative processing and aging: effect on creative production. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2018; 26:807-822. [PMID: 30322318 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2018.1532067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Creative production has been reported to decline with age. This study investigated age-related differences in creative verbal production. Participants were 30 younger and 30 older adults. Study testing included language and cognitive assessments and the experimental task wherein participants created short stories incorporating words that are not commonly related, semantically or associatively. The resulting stories were rated by independent blinded judges for originality, cohesion, appropriateness, and organization. Younger adults' stories were rated as being significantly more original and more appropriate. Integrating unrelated words to create original stories requires activating widely distributed lexical-semantic networks to develop novel associations. Potential decreased neural network connectivity due to white matter degradation, commonly seen in normal aging, as well as decrements in front-executive disengagement may have affected older adults' performance on this story creation task. Future research using neuroimaging may elucidate possible neuroanatomic correlates of age-related changes in associative creative production..
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Leon
- RR&D Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System , Gainesville.,Department of Neurology, University of Florida , Gainesville , USA
| | - Lori J P Altmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida , Gainesville , USA
| | - Lise Abrams
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida , Gainesville , USA
| | | | - Kenneth M Heilman
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida , Gainesville , USA.,Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC) , Gainesville
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Ilieva IP, Alexopoulos GS, Dubin MJ, Morimoto SS, Victoria LW, Gunning FM. Age-Related Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Effects on Executive Function in Depression: A Systematic Review. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2018; 26:334-346. [PMID: 29111132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aims of the current review were to: 1) examine whether the rTMS effects on executive function increase as age advances; 2) to examine the potential of rTMS to remediate executive function in older depressed patients; and 3) to assess the relationship between the executive function and mood benefits from rTMS in depression. METHODS Randomized or matched-groups, blind, sham-controlled studies (12 studies, 347 participants) on excitatory rTMS applied to left DLPFC in depression were reviewed. RESULTS A series of meta-regressions found no evidence of greater rTMS effects on executive functions as age advances. Similarly, meta-analyses showed no significant rTMS effects on executive functions in older depressed individuals. However, meta-regression analyses showed that the size of the executive function benefits from rTMS in depression are positively related to the effect size of mood symptom reduction. Despite its correlational nature, this finding is consistent with the idea that improvement in executive function may play a critical role in depression recovery. CONCLUSIONS The authors consider these findings preliminary because of the modest number of available studies. Based on a qualitative review, the authors describe methodologic modifications that may increase rTMS efficacy for both executive functions and mood in late-life depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irena P Ilieva
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY; Institute of Geriatric Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY.
| | - George S Alexopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY; Institute of Geriatric Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY
| | - Marc J Dubin
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY; Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY
| | - S Shizuko Morimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY; Institute of Geriatric Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY
| | - Lindsay W Victoria
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY; Institute of Geriatric Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY
| | - Faith M Gunning
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY; Institute of Geriatric Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Campanholo KR, Boa INF, Hodroj FCDSA, Guerra GRB, Miotto EC, de Lucia MCS. Impact of sociodemographic variables on executive functions. Dement Neuropsychol 2017; 11:62-68. [PMID: 29213495 PMCID: PMC5619216 DOI: 10.1590/1980-57642016dn11-010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Executive functions (EFs) regulate human behavior and allow individuals to
interact and act in the world. EFs are sensitive to sociodemographic variables
such as age, which promotes their decline, and to others that can exert a
neuroprotective effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenia Repiso Campanholo
- Division of Psychology, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Izadora Nogueira Fonte Boa
- Division of Psychology, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | | | - Glaucia Rosana Benute Guerra
- Division of Psychology, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Eliane Correa Miotto
- Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Mara Cristina Souza de Lucia
- Division of Psychology, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Wilson CG, Nusbaum AT, Whitney P, Hinson JM. Age-differences in cognitive flexibility when overcoming a preexisting bias through feedback. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2017; 40:586-594. [PMID: 29161963 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2017.1398311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Older adults are often worse than younger adults at adapting to changing situational demands, and this difference is commonly attributed to an age-related decline in acquiring and updating information. Previous research on aging and cognitive flexibility has used measures that require adapting to novel associations learned during a laboratory task (e.g., choice X led to positive outcomes but now leads to negative outcomes). However, in everyday life people must frequently overcome associations based on preexisting beliefs and biases (e.g., you like to eat cake, but your doctor said to limit your sugar intake). The goal of the present study was to examine possible age-differences in overcoming a preexisting bias and determine whether age-related changes in the acquisition and updating of information influence this form of flexibility. METHOD Older (n = 20) and younger (n = 20) adults completed a novel task in which repeated choices were made between a sure option (gain or loss) and one of two risky options that were initially ambiguous. Optimal performance required overcoming a framing bias toward being risk seeking to avoid a sure loss and risk averse when offered a sure gain. Probe questions assessed knowledge of choice outcomes, while skin conductance assessed physiological reactions to choices and choice outcomes. RESULTS Both older and younger adults demonstrated flexibility by reducing the impact of bias over trials, but younger adults had better performance overall. Age-differences were associated with distinct aspects of processing. Young adults had more precise knowledge of choice outcomes and developed skin conductance responses in anticipation of bad choices that were not apparent in older adults. CONCLUSIONS Older adults showed significant improvement over trials in their ability to decrease bias-driven choices, but younger showed greater flexibility. Age-differences in task performance were based on differences in learning and corresponding representations of task-relevant information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina G Wilson
- a Department of Psychology , Washington State University , Pullman , WA , USA
| | - Amy T Nusbaum
- a Department of Psychology , Washington State University , Pullman , WA , USA
| | - Paul Whitney
- a Department of Psychology , Washington State University , Pullman , WA , USA
| | - John M Hinson
- a Department of Psychology , Washington State University , Pullman , WA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Subramaniapillai M, Tremblay L, Grassmann V, Remington G, Faulkner G. The effect of an acute bout of exercise on executive function among individuals with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2016; 246:637-643. [PMID: 27838019 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.10.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment represents a significant source of disability among individuals with schizophrenia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate, at a proof-of-concept level, whether one single bout of exercise can improve executive function among these individuals. In this within-participant, counterbalanced experiment, participants with schizophrenia (n=36) completed two sessions (cycling at moderate-intensity and passively sitting) for 20min, with a one-week washout period between the two sessions. Participants completed the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) before and after each session to measure changes in executive function. The inclusion of both sessions completed by each participant in the analyses revealed a significant carryover effect. Consequently, only the WCST scores from the first session completed by each participant was analyzed. There was a significant time by session interaction effect for non-perseverative errors. Post-hoc Tukey's HSD contrasts revealed a significant reduction in non-perseverative errors in the exercise group that was of moderate-to-large effect. Furthermore, there was also a moderate between-group difference at post-testing. Therefore, an acute bout of exercise can improve performance on an executive function task in individuals with schizophrenia. Specifically, the reduction in non-perseverative errors on the WCST may reflect improved attention, inhibition and overall working memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehala Subramaniapillai
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luc Tremblay
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Viviane Grassmann
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gary Remington
- Schizophrenia Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Guy Faulkner
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Walker JA, Low KA, Fletcher MA, Cohen NJ, Gratton G, Fabiani M. Hippocampal structure predicts cortical indices of reactivation of related items. Neuropsychologia 2016; 95:182-192. [PMID: 27939369 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
One of the key components of relational memory is the ability to bind together the constituent elements of a memory experience, and this ability is thought to be supported by the hippocampus. Previously we had shown that these relational bindings can be used to reactivate the cortical processors of an absent item in the presence of a relationally bound associate (Walker et al., 2014). Specifically, we recorded the event-related optical signal (EROS) when presenting the scene of a face-scene pair during a preview period immediately preceding a test display, and demonstrated reactivation of a face-processing cortical area (the superior temporal sulcus, STS) for scenes that had been previously paired with faces, relative to scenes that had not. Here we combined the EROS measures during the same preview paradigm with anatomical estimates of hippocampal integrity (structural MRI measures of hippocampal volume and diffusion tensor imaging measures of mean fractional anisotropy and diffusivity) to provide evidence that the hippocampus is mediating this reactivation phenomenon. The study was run in a sample of older adults aged 55-87, taking advantage of the high amount of hippocampal variability present in aging. We replicated the functional reactivation of STS during the preview period, specific to scenes previously paired with faces. Crucially, we also found that this phenomenon is correlated with structural hippocampus integrity. Both STS reactivation and hippocampal structure predicted subsequent recognition performance. These data support the theory that relational memory is sustained by an interaction between hippocampal and cortical sensory processing regions, and that these functions may be at the basis of episodic memory changes in normal aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John A Walker
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Psychology Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA.
| | - Kathy A Low
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Mark A Fletcher
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Neal J Cohen
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Psychology Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Gabriele Gratton
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Psychology Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Monica Fabiani
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Psychology Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
El entrenamiento cognitivo en los ancianos y efectos en las funciones ejecutivas. ACTA COLOMBIANA DE PSICOLOGIA 2016. [DOI: 10.14718/acp.2016.19.2.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
El envejecimiento se asocia comúnmente con el deterioro cognitivo y la pérdida de otras capacidades, lo cual conlleva la necesidad de investigar elementos que puedan contribuir a las intervenciones preventivas de rehabilitación cognitiva y que tienen como objetivo garantizar la calidad de vida de los ancianos. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar ancianos que se inscribieron en esta intervención, para medir los efectos del entrenamiento cognitivo, con énfasis en las funciones ejecutivas, comparando un grupo experimental con un grupo control. Se trata de una investigación cuantitativa, con un diseño cuasi-experimental; es correlacional y comparativa, con pre y post-test e intervención. La muestra estuvo conformada por 83 ancianos, dividida en un grupo experimental (GE) (45 personas) y un grupo control (GC) (38 personas). Se utilizaron los siguientes instrumentos: entrevista neuropsicológica semiestructurada sobre características sociodemográficas; Examen Mínimo del Estado Mental (Mini Mental State o MMSE, por sus siglas en inglés); Inventario de Ansiedad Beck (BAI, por sus siglas en inglés); Escala de Depresión Geriátrica (GDS, por sus siglas en inglés); subpruebas WAIS-III: prueba de amplitud de dígitos (Digit Span), vocabulario, diseño con bloques, codificación, Secuenciación de Letras y Números (LNS por sus siglas en inglés), y la búsqueda de símbolos; Test de Trazos (TMT por sus siglas en inglés); Figuras Complejas de Rey; Paradigma de Sternberg; tareas de fluidez verbal sobre semántica (animales) y fonemas (F-A-S); Prueba de Aprendizaje Verbal-auditiva de Rey (RVLT por sus siglas en inglés); Prueba de Stroop: colores y palabras; tareas ir/no ir; y Test Wisconsin de Clasificación de Cartas (WCST por sus siglas en inglés). Los resultados de la comparación entre los grupos mostraron que hubo una diferencia significativa en cuanto al número de errores en el Paradigma de Sternberg y las categorías completas del WCST. Las comparaciones intragrupales mostraron que el GE tuvo mejores resultados después de la intervención en las siguientes pruebas: GDS, RAVLT, Figuras Complejas de Rey (memoria), prueba de amplitud de dígitos y vocabulario.
Collapse
|
50
|
Manard M, Bahri MA, Salmon E, Collette F. Relationship between grey matter integrity and executive abilities in aging. Brain Res 2016; 1642:562-580. [PMID: 27107940 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study was designed to investigate grey matter changes that occur in healthy aging and the relationship between grey matter characteristics and executive functioning. Thirty-six young adults (18-30 years old) and 43 seniors (60-75 years old) were included. A general executive score was derived from a large battery of neuropsychological tests assessing three major aspects of executive functioning (inhibition, updating and shifting). Age-related grey matter changes were investigated by comparing young and older adults using voxel-based morphometry and voxel-based cortical thickness methods. A widespread difference in grey matter volume was found across many brain regions, whereas cortical thinning was mainly restricted to central areas. Multivariate analyses showed age-related changes in relatively similar brain regions to the respective univariate analyses but appeared more limited. Finally, in the older adult sample, a significant relationship between global executive performance and decreased grey matter volume in anterior (i.e. frontal, insular and cingulate cortex) but also some posterior brain areas (i.e. temporal and parietal cortices) as well as subcortical structures was observed. Results of this study highlight the distribution of age-related effects on grey matter volume and show that cortical atrophy does not appear primarily in "frontal" brain regions. From a cognitive viewpoint, age-related executive functioning seems to be related to grey matter volume but not to cortical thickness. Therefore, our results also highlight the influence of methodological aspects (from preprocessing to statistical analysis) on the pattern of results, which could explain the lack of consensus in literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marine Manard
- GIGA-Cyclotron Research Centre: In vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Allée du 6 Août 8, Bât B30, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit, University of Liège, Boulevard du Rectorat 3, Bât B33, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Mohamed Ali Bahri
- GIGA-Cyclotron Research Centre: In vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Allée du 6 Août 8, Bât B30, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Eric Salmon
- GIGA-Cyclotron Research Centre: In vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Allée du 6 Août 8, Bât B30, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Fabienne Collette
- GIGA-Cyclotron Research Centre: In vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Allée du 6 Août 8, Bât B30, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit, University of Liège, Boulevard du Rectorat 3, Bât B33, B-4000 Liège, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|