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Basagni B, Bosetti S, Cantelli S, Ermon S, Rovere F, Navarrete E, De Tanti A, Saviola D. Development of a generic version of the multiple errands test for severe acquired brain injuries. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2024; 31:56-63. [PMID: 34663139 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2021.1990928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impairment of executive functions is a frequent and disabling consequence of brain injury. In 1991, Shallice and Burgess elaborated the Multiple Errand Test (MET) to assess everyday troubles associated with this impairment. OBJECTIVE Our first aim was to create a generic version of MET (MET-G) readily adaptable to different settings and for retesting. The second aim was to validate the revised version to detect executive impairment in individuals with severe ABI. METHODS An inter-professional team of experts in neurorehabilitation created a revised version of MET. Twenty-one patients with sABI (severe Acquired Brain Injury) and a control group of 20 neurologically healthy subjects, took part in the testing of MET-G. RESULTS MET-G clearly distinguished people with sABI from healthy controls based on Total error score, task completion, and rule breaking. The test showed good inter-rater reliability and internal consistency. CONCLUSIONS The new, generic version of MET was able to differentiate adults with sABI from controls and proved to be a good tool for evaluating executive functions in these patients in daily-life contexts. Indications on how to adapt the test to different contexts and different scoring modalities are provided.
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Gajewski PD, Golka K, Hengstler JG, Kadhum T, Digutsch J, Genç E, Wascher E, Getzmann S. Does physical fitness affect cognitive functions differently across adulthood? An advantage of being older. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1134770. [PMID: 37397318 PMCID: PMC10312084 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1134770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction There is a large interindividual variability in cognitive functioning with increasing age due to biological and lifestyle factors. One of the most important lifestyle factors is the level of physical fitness (PF). The link between PF and brain activity is widely accepted but the specificity of cognitive functions affected by physical fitness across the adult lifespan is less understood. The present study aims to clarify whether PF is basically related to cognition and general intelligence in healthy adults, and whether higher levels of PF are associated with better performance in the same or different cognitive functions at different ages. Methods A sample of 490 participants (20-70 years) was analyzed to examine this relationship. Later, the sample was split half into the young to middle-aged group (YM; 20-45 years; n = 254), and the middleaged to older group (MO; 46-70 years; n = 236). PF was measured by a quotient of maximum power in a bicycle ergometry test PWC-130 divided by body weight (W/kg), which was supported by a self-reported level of PF. Cognitive performance was evaluated by standardized neuropsychological test batteries. Results Regression models showed a relationship between PF and general intelligence (g-factor) and its subcomponents extracted using structural equation modeling (SEM) in the entire sample. This association was moderated by age, which also moderated some specific cognitive domains such as attention, logical reasoning, and interference processing. After splitting the sample into two age groups, a significant relationship was found between cognitive status, as assessed by the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), and PF in both age groups. However, apart from cognitive failures in daily life (CFQ), no other association between PF and specific cognitive functions was found in the YM group. In contrast, several positive associations were observed in the MO group, such as with selective attention, verbal memory, working memory, logical reasoning, and interference processing. Discussion These findings show that middle-aged to older adults benefit more from PF than younger to middle-aged adults. The results are discussed in terms of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the cognitive effects of PF across the lifespan. Clinical trial registration https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05155397, identifier NCT05155397.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D. Gajewski
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo) at the Technical University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Klaus Golka
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo) at the Technical University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jan G. Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo) at the Technical University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Thura Kadhum
- Clinic for Psychosomatic Rehabilitation, Mittelrhein-Klinik, Boppard - Bad Salzig, Boppard, Germany
| | - Jan Digutsch
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo) at the Technical University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
- Institute of Behavioral Science and Technology, University of St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Erhan Genç
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo) at the Technical University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Edmund Wascher
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo) at the Technical University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stephan Getzmann
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo) at the Technical University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
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Skolasinska P, Basak C, Qin S. Influence of Strenuous Physical Activity and Cardiorespiratory Fitness on Age-Related Differences in Brain Activations During Varieties of Cognitive Control. Neuroscience 2023; 520:58-83. [PMID: 37054946 PMCID: PMC10234626 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
While there is extensive literature on the beneficial effects of physical activity on age differences in cognitive control, limited research exists on comparing the contributions of strenuous physical activity (sPA) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) to fluctuations in the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signals during varieties of cognitive control. The current study addresses this gap in knowledge by investigating BOLD signal differences between high-fit and low-fit older adults, determined by their sPA or CRF, during a novel fMRI task with a hybrid block and event-related design that included transient activations (during switching, updating and their combination trials) and sustained activations (during proactive and reactive control blocks). fBOLD signals from older (n = 25) were compared to more functionally efficient younger (n = 15) adults. High-sPA old showed higher task accuracy than Low-sPA old and similar accuracy as young. Whole-brain fMRI analyses identified higher BOLD activations (esp. dlPFC/MFG) in high-fit old during updating and combination trials that were similar to young, suggesting maintenance of BOLD signals in higher fit older adults during working memory updating. Additionally, both High-sPA and High-CRF related compensatory overactivation were observed in left parietal and occipital areas during sustained activations, which were positively correlated with older adults' accuracy. These results suggest that physical fitness is a modifier of age-related changes in BOLD signal modulation elicited in response to increasing cognitive control demands, with higher fitness in old contributing to both compensatory overactivations and maintenance of task-related brain activations during cognitive control, whereas lower fitness contributed to maladaptive overactivations during lower cognitive demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Skolasinska
- Center for Vital Longevity, Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Dallas, USA
| | - Chandramallika Basak
- Center for Vital Longevity, Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Dallas, USA.
| | - Shuo Qin
- Center for Vital Longevity, Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Dallas, USA
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Bröde P, Claus M, Gajewski PD, Getzmann S, Golka K, Hengstler JG, Wascher E, Watzl C. Calibrating a Comprehensive Immune Age Metric to Analyze the Cross Sectional Age-Related Decline in Cardiorespiratory Fitness. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:1576. [PMID: 36358277 PMCID: PMC9687950 DOI: 10.3390/biology11111576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is essential for sustained work ability in good health, but declines with aging, as does the functionality of the immune system, the latter process commonly referred to as immunosenescence. This study aimed to compare the capacity of immunosenescence biomarkers with chronological age for predicting low CRF in a cross-sectional sample recruited from the regional working population. CRF was determined by submaximal bicycle ergometer testing in a cross-sectional sample of 597 volunteers aged 20-70 years from the 'Dortmund Vital Study' (DVS, ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05155397). Low CRF was scored if the ergometer test was not completed due to medical reasons or if the power output projected to a heart rate of 130 bpm divided by body mass was below sex-specific reference values of 1.25 W/kg for females and 1.5 W/kg for males, respectively. In addition to established biomarkers of immunosenescence, we calibrated a comprehensive metric of immune age to our data and compared its predictive capacity for low CRF to chronological age, while adjusting our analysis for the influence of sex, obesity, and the level of regular physical activity, by applying univariate and multiple logistic regression. While obesity, low physical activity, chronological and immune age were all associated with increased probability for low CRF in univariate analyses, multiple logistic regression revealed that obesity and physical activity together with immune age, but not chronological age, were statistically significant predictors of low CRF outcome. Sex was non-significant due to the applied sex-specific reference values. These results demonstrate that biological age assessed by our immunological metric can outperform chronological age as a predictor for CRF and indicate a potential role for immunosenescence in explaining the inter-individual variability of the age-related decline in cardiorespiratory fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bröde
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, D-44139 Dortmund, Germany
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Beavan A, Spielmann J, Ehmann P, Mayer J. The Development of Executive Functions in High-Level Female Soccer Players. Percept Mot Skills 2022; 129:1036-1052. [PMID: 35521695 DOI: 10.1177/00315125221096989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Executive functions (EFs) are higher-level cognitive functions that help keep an individual's goal-oriented thoughts and actions aligned. While many studies have shown the importance of EFs in sport, a limitation in this literature is that female participants have been underrepresented. In this mixed-longitudinal study, we examined the development of EFs in a cohort of high performing female athletes. We collected data over five seasons in a large sample of 175 female soccer players (aged 12-29 years old) from the U14 - senior age groups of a professional German soccer club. Players undertook a large battery of cognitive tasks aimed at measuring higher-level cognitive functioning: a sustained attention task, a stop-signal task, a Go-No-go test, an N-Back Test, and both a 180°- and 360°-multiple-object tracking task. We used linear and non-linear mixed effect regressions to examine the relationship between age and EFs. Second order polynomial curves explained many of these relationships between age and EFs compared to their linear relationships. Negatively accelerated curves reveal that these players' cognitive abilities mainly developed before players reached early adulthood, with a performance plateau evident at around 21 years of age. Age explained low to moderate proportions of the variance in EFs (<1-50%), while cognitive development across playing positions was not a strong contributor to this variance (M = 2.1, SD = 2.1%). We concluded that age has a negatively accelerated relationship with EFs in female soccer players that does not differ between playing positions. These data support the idea that athletes require only a reasonable level of EF ability to perform at the highest level of their sport. Our research raises new questions regarding the validity of current EF measurement methods for inferring information about in-game use of these cognitive abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan Spielmann
- TSG ResearchLab gGmbH, Zuzenhausen, Germany.,Institute of Sports Science, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Paul Ehmann
- TSG ResearchLab gGmbH, Zuzenhausen, Germany.,153707Institute of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jan Mayer
- TSG ResearchLab gGmbH, Zuzenhausen, Germany.,Institute of Sports Science, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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Moutoussamy I, Taconnat L, Pothier K, Toussaint L, Fay S. Episodic memory and aging: Benefits of physical activity depend on the executive resources required for the task. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263919. [PMID: 35180252 PMCID: PMC8856534 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity has beneficial effects on executive functions and episodic memory, two processes affected by aging. These benefits seem to depend on the type of memory task, but only a few studies have evaluated them despite their importance in understanding aging. This study aimed to confirm that the benefits of physical activity on episodic memory in older adults vary according to the executive resources required by the memory task, comparing free recall and cued recall. Thirty-seven young adults and 37 older adults performed two memory tasks and an updating task. The two groups had a similar level of physical activity over the preceding 12 months, assessed by a questionnaire. Both the memory and the updating tasks were performed better by the younger than the older adults. A similar cueing effect was observed in the two groups. Physical activity was positively correlated with updating and free recall, but not with cued-recall, and only in older adults. Regression analyses indicated that physical activity accounted for 24% of the variance in free recall in older adults. Updating did not predict free recall (ns) when physical activity was entered in the analysis. The present results show that the benefits of physical activity vary with age and episodic memory task. Only free-recall performance, which relies on updating, seems to depend on physical activity, suggesting that the executive resources required for the task play an important role in the effect of physical activity on memory performance. This should be investigated in greater depth in subsequent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Moutoussamy
- Département de Psychologie, Université de Tours et de Poitiers, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l’Apprentissage (UMR, 7295), Tours, France
- Département de Psychologie, Université de Tours, Psychologie des Âges de la Vie et Adaptation (EA 2114), Tours, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Laurence Taconnat
- Département de Psychologie, Université de Tours et de Poitiers, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l’Apprentissage (UMR, 7295), Tours, France
| | - Kristell Pothier
- Département de Psychologie, Université de Tours, Psychologie des Âges de la Vie et Adaptation (EA 2114), Tours, France
| | - Lucette Toussaint
- Département des Sciences du sport, Université de Tours et de Poitiers, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l’Apprentissage (UMR 7295), Poitiers, France
| | - Séverine Fay
- Département de Psychologie, Université de Tours et de Poitiers, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l’Apprentissage (UMR, 7295), Tours, France
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Richardson DP, Foxe JJ, Mazurek KA, Abraham N, Freedman EG. Neural markers of proactive and reactive cognitive control are altered during walking: A Mobile Brain-Body Imaging (MoBI) study. Neuroimage 2021; 247:118853. [PMID: 34954331 PMCID: PMC8822329 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The processing of sensory information and the generation of motor commands needed to produce coordinated actions can interfere with ongoing cognitive tasks. Even simple motor behaviors like walking can alter cognitive task performance. This cognitive-motor interference (CMI) could arise from disruption of planning in anticipation of carrying out the task (proactive control) and/or from disruption of the execution of the task (reactive control). In young healthy adults, walking-induced interference with behavioral performance may not be readily observable because flexibility in neural circuits can compensate for the added demands of simultaneous loads. In this study, cognitive-motor loads were systematically increased during cued task-switching while underlying neurophysiologic changes in proactive and reactive mechanisms were measured. Brain activity was recorded from 22 healthy young adults using 64-channel electroencephalography (EEG) based Mobile Brain/Body Imaging (MoBI) as they alternately sat or walked during performance of cued task-switching. Walking altered neurophysiological indices of both proactive and reactive control. Walking amplified cue-evoked late fontal slow waves, and reduced the amplitude of target-evoked fronto-central N2 and parietal P3. The effects of walking on evoked neural responses systematically increased as the task became increasingly difficult. This may provide an objective brain marker of increasing cognitive load, and may prove to be useful in identifying seemingly healthy individuals who are currently able to disguise ongoing degenerative processes through active compensation. If, however, degeneration continues unabated these people may reach a compensatory limit at which point both cognitive performance and control of coordinated actions may decline rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Richardson
- Department of Neuroscience, The Frederick A. and Marion J. Schindler Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, The Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - John J Foxe
- Department of Neuroscience, The Frederick A. and Marion J. Schindler Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, The Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Kevin A Mazurek
- Department of Neuroscience, The Frederick A. and Marion J. Schindler Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, The Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas Abraham
- Department of Neuroscience, The Frederick A. and Marion J. Schindler Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, The Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Edward G Freedman
- Department of Neuroscience, The Frederick A. and Marion J. Schindler Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, The Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA.
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8
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Predovan D, Berryman N, Lussier M, Comte F, Vu TTM, Villalpando JM, Bherer L. Assessment of the Relationship Between Executive Function and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Healthy Older Adults. Front Psychol 2021; 12:742184. [PMID: 34803824 PMCID: PMC8595132 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.742184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Associations between cardiorespiratory fitness and brain health in healthy older adults have been reported using a variety of cardiorespiratory fitness estimates (CRFe). Using commonly used methods to determine CRF, we assessed the relationship between CRFe and executive function performance. Healthy older adults (n = 60, mean age 68 years, 77% women), underwent three CRF tests: a Maximal Graded Exercise Test performed on a cycle ergometer, the Rockport Fitness Walking Test, and a Non-Exercise Prediction Equation. Executive function was assessed by a computerized cognitive assessment using an N-Back task (updating cost) and a Stroop task (interference cost, global and local switch cost). Multiple hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to assess the relationship between different CRFe and executive function performance. Regardless of age and education, cardiorespiratory fitness estimated from the Maximal Graded Exercise Test and the Rockport Fitness Walking Test was significantly associated with the global switch cost. All CRFe were associated with the interference cost. No association was observed between CRFe and local switching costs or the updating costs. In the present study, not all subcomponents of executive function were related to CRFe. Interestingly, the executive functions that were associated with CRFe are those that are known to be the most affected by aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Predovan
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département de Psychologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche, Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Berryman
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département des Sciences de l'Activité Physique, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Maxime Lussier
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Francis Comte
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Thien Tuong Minh Vu
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Service de Gériatrie, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Louis Bherer
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche, Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Burgos PI, Cruz G, Hawkes T, Rojas-Sepúlveda I, Woollacott M. Behavioral and ERP Correlates of Long-Term Physical and Mental Training on a Demanding Switch Task. Front Psychol 2021; 12:569025. [PMID: 33708155 PMCID: PMC7940199 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.569025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical and mental training are associated with positive effects on executive functions throughout the lifespan. However, evidence of the benefits of combined physical and mental regimes over a sedentary lifestyle remain sparse. The goal of this study was to investigate potential mechanisms, from a source-resolved event-related-potential perspective, that could explain how practicing long-term physical and mental exercise can benefit neural processing during the execution of an attention switching task. Fifty-three healthy community volunteers who self-reported long-term practice of Tai Chi (n = 10), meditation + exercise (n = 16), simple aerobics (n = 15), or a sedentary lifestyle (n = 12), aged 47.8 ± 14.6 (SD) were included in this analysis. All participants undertook high-density electroencephalography recording during a switch paradigm. Our results indicate that people who practice physical and mental exercise perform better in a task-switching paradigm. Our analysis revealed an additive effect of the combined practice of physical and mental exercise over physical exercise only. In addition, we confirmed the participation of frontal, parietal and cingulate areas as generators of event-related-potential components (N2-like and P3-like) commonly associated to the performance of switch tasks. Particularly, the N2-like component of the parietal and frontal domains showed significantly greater amplitudes in the exercise and mental training groups compared with aerobics and sedentary groups. Furthermore, we showed better performance associated with greater N2-like amplitudes. Our multivariate analysis revealed that activity type was the most relevant factor to explain the difference between groups, with an important influence of age, and body mass index, and with small effects of educational years, cardiovascular capacity, and sex. These results suggest that chronic combined physical and mental training may confer significant benefits to executive function in normally aging adults, probably through more efficient early attentional processing. Future experimental studies are needed to confirm our results and understand the mechanisms on parieto-frontal networks that contribute to the cognitive improvement associated with practicing combined mental and aerobic exercise, while carefully controlling confounding factors, such as age and body mass index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo I Burgos
- Department of Neuroscience, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Physical Therapy, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gabriela Cruz
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Hawkes
- Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR, United States
| | | | - Marjorie Woollacott
- Department of Human Physiology and Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
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Xi C, Liu Z, Zhong M, Yang H, Peng W, Yi J. Impaired set-shifting in drug-naïve patients with borderline personality disorder: an event-related potentials study. J Affect Disord 2021; 280:64-71. [PMID: 33202339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.10.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurocognitive impairments might play a key role in the development of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), however, the pathophysiological mechanism underlying cognitive impairment of BPD is largely unknown. This study was aimed to examine the electrophysiological mechanism of deficits in set-shifting processing in patients with BPD. METHODS Twenty-seven drug-naïve patients with BPD and twenty-four healthy controls were recruited. Demographic variables and clinical characteristics of all subjects were collected. Behavioral data and event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded when subjects were performing the task-switching paradigm, which was applied to investigate the set-shifting function. The P2, N2 and P3 components in the task-switching paradigm would be analyzed. RESULTS Patients with BPD had significantly higher level of impulsivity, depression and anxiety than healthy controls. When performing the switching task, the BPD group had lower P2 amplitude and higher N2 amplitude than the control group. In the BPD group, the P2 latency at Fz electrode in repeat task was correlated positively with the level of depression, and P2 latency at Pz electrode in repeat task and switch task both had significantly negative relationships with the the level of anxiety. LIMITATIONS This cross-sectional designed study did not clarify the causal relationship of the electrophysiological characteristics and the development of BPD. CONCLUSIONS Patients with BPD might have abnormal brain activities when overcoming the inhibition of current task and inhibiting the effects of prior task, and their top-down control function might be impaired. These findings provide some useful clues for the underlying pathophysiological mechanism of BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Xi
- Medical Psychological Center, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Medical Psychological Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhaoxia Liu
- Medical Psychological Center, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Medical Psychological Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mingtian Zhong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huihui Yang
- Medical Psychological Center, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Medical Psychological Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wanrong Peng
- Medical Psychological Center, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Medical Psychological Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinyao Yi
- Medical Psychological Center, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Medical Psychological Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Changsha, 410011, China.
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11
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Aly M, Kojima H. Relationship of regular physical activity with neuroelectric indices of interference processing in young adults. Psychophysiology 2021; 57:e13674. [PMID: 33460156 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The relationship of physical activity with interference processing was examined using behavioral and neuroelectrical measures in young adults divided into more active and less active groups. The participants completed Stroop (i.e., color-naming) and reverse Stroop (i.e., word-meaning) tasks that differed in the level of difficulty while event-related potentials were assessed. In the low interference Stroop task, participants were asked to respond to the ink color of the word, while the meaning was either congruent or incongruent with the color. In the high interference reverse Stroop task, participants had to indicate the meaning of colored words while ignoring the color of the font. The results indicated that young adults in the more active group exhibited a shorter response time (RT) and a lower intra-individual variability of RT than did those in the less active group. These behavioral differences were associated with larger P2 and P3 and smaller N450 amplitudes in the Stroop task and with larger P2 and N2 and smaller N450 amplitudes in the reverse Stroop task. No differences were observed in the contingent negative variation (CNV) between the groups. These findings suggest that, for young adults, regular physical activity is positively associated with a better neural efficiency in resource allocation for tasks that require the ability to inhibit cognitive interference and provide evidence for the potential neural mechanisms underlying the improved Stroop performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Aly
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Human and Social Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.,Department of Physical Psychological and Education Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Haruyuki Kojima
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Human and Social Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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12
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Ludyga S, Möhring W, Budde H, Hirt N, Pühse U, Gerber M. Neurocognitive processes mediate the relation between children's motor skills, cardiorespiratory fitness and response inhibition: Evidence from source imaging. Psychophysiology 2020; 58:e13716. [PMID: 33128487 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests an association between outcomes of sports participation, such as motor skills and cardiorespiratory fitness, and aspects of inhibitory control in children. However, it remains unclear if motor skills and cardiorespiratory fitness are related to different source activity patterns and if neurophysiological indices of response inhibition mediate the relation of these constructs with behavioral performance. We examined the relative contributions of motor skills and cardiorespiratory fitness to response inhibition and a potential mediation by the neurocognitive processes indexed by the N200 and P300 components of event-related potentials. About 92 children aged 9-13 years completed the Movement ABC-2, the PWC170 and a Go/NoGo task. We employed electroencephalography (EEG) to record the N200 and P300 components elicited by the task, which are considered to reflect conflict monitoring and the allocation of attentional resources toward task-relevant stimuli, respectively. Path-anlayses revealed a moderate association between motor skills and behavioral performance on the Go/NoGo task. This association was fully mediated by the P300 amplitude in the NoGo condition. In contrast, cardiorespiratory fitness was not related to behavioral performance, but accounted for variance in N200. Source analyses supported an association between cardiorespiratory fitness and N200 source activity in prefrontal and primary motor cortex, whereas motor skills were related to P300 source activity in the posterior cingulate cortex. Our findings provide novel insights into the neural mechanisms underlying the relation between motor skills and response inhibition. Moreover, we found that the neural generators of the P300 and N200 varied as a function of children's cardiorespiratory fitness and motor skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ludyga
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wenke Möhring
- Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Henning Budde
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nick Hirt
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Uwe Pühse
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Gerber
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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13
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Yu Q, Chau BKH, Lam BYH, Wong AWK, Peng J, Chan CCH. Neural Processes of Proactive and Reactive Controls Modulated by Motor-Skill Experiences. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:404. [PMID: 31798435 PMCID: PMC6868094 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the experience of open and closed motor skills on modulating proactive and reactive control processes in task switching. Fifty-four participants who were open-skilled (n = 18) or closed-skilled athletes (n = 18) or non-athletic adults (n = 18) completed a cued task-switching paradigm task. This task tapped into proactive or reactive controls of executive functions under different validity conditions. Electroencephalograms of the participants were captured during the task. In the 100% validity condition, the open-skilled participants showed significantly lower switch cost of response time than the closed-skilled and control participants. Results showed that the open-skilled participants had less positive-going parietal cue-locked P3 in the switch than repeat trials. Participants in the control group showed more positive-going cue-locked P3 in the switch than repeat trials, whereas the closed-skilled participants had no significant differences between the two types of trials. In the 50% validity condition, the open- and closed-skilled participants had less switch cost of response time than the control participants. Participants in the open- and closed-skilled groups showed less positive-going parietal stimulus-locked P3 in the switch than repeat trials, which was not the case for those in the control group. Our findings confirm the dissociation between proactive and reactive controls in relation to their modulations by the different motor-skill experiences. Both proactive and reactive controls of executive functions could be strengthened by exposing individuals to anticipatory or non-anticipatory enriched environments, suggesting proactive and reactive controls involved in motor-skill development seem to be transferable to domain-general executive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhua Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bolton K H Chau
- Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bess Y H Lam
- Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alex W K Wong
- Program in Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Jiaxin Peng
- Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Education, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
| | - Chetwyn C H Chan
- Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.,University Research Facility in Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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14
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Kao S, Cadenas‐Sanchez C, Shigeta TT, Walk AM, Chang Y, Pontifex MB, Hillman CH. A systematic review of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness on P3b. Psychophysiology 2019; 57:e13425. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shih‐Chun Kao
- Department of Health and Kinesiology Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana
| | | | | | - Anne M. Walk
- Department of Psychology Eastern Illinois University Charleston Illinois
| | - Yu‐Kai Chang
- Department of Physical Education National Taiwan Normal University Taipei Taiwan
- Institute for Research Excellence in Learning Science National Taiwan Normal University Taipei Taiwan
| | | | - Charles H. Hillman
- Department of Psychology Northeastern University Boston Massachusetts
- Department of Physical Therapy, Movement, and Rehabilitation Sciences Northeastern University Boston Massachusetts
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15
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The Relation of Physical Activity and Self-Rated Health in Older Age - Cross Country Analysis Results from SHARE. JOURNAL OF POPULATION AGEING 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12062-019-09242-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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16
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Engeroff T, Ingmann T, Banzer W. Physical Activity Throughout the Adult Life Span and Domain-Specific Cognitive Function in Old Age: A Systematic Review of Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Data. Sports Med 2018; 48:1405-1436. [PMID: 29667159 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-0920-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing body of literature suggests that physical activity might alleviate the age-related neurodegeneration and decline of cognitive function. However, most of this evidence is based on data investigating the association of exercise interventions or current physical activity behavior with cognitive function in elderly subjects. OBJECTIVE We performed a systematic review and hypothesize that physical activity during the adult life span is connected with maintained domain-specific cognitive functions during late adulthood defined as age 60+ years. METHODS We performed a systematic literature search up to November 2017 in PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar without language limitations for studies analyzing the association of leisure physical activity during the adult life span (age 18+ years) and domain-specific cognitive functions in older adults (age 60+ years). RESULTS The literature review yielded 14,294 articles and after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, nine cross-sectional and 14 longitudinal studies were included. Moderate- and vigorous-intensity leisure physical activity was associated with global cognitive function and specific cognitive domains including executive functions and memory but not attention or working memory. Most studies assessed mid- to late-adulthood physical activity, thus information concerning the influence of young adult life-span physical activity is currently lacking. CONCLUSIONS Observational evidence that moderate- and vigorous-intensity leisure physical activity is beneficially associated with maintained cognitive functions during old age is accumulating. Further studies are necessary to confirm a causal link by assessing objective physical activity data and the decline of cognitive functions at multiple time points during old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Engeroff
- Department of Sports Medicine, Goethe University, Ginnheimer Landstrasse 39, 60487, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Tobias Ingmann
- Department of Sports Medicine, Goethe University, Ginnheimer Landstrasse 39, 60487, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Winfried Banzer
- Department of Sports Medicine, Goethe University, Ginnheimer Landstrasse 39, 60487, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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17
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Li D, Huang CJ, Liu SC, Chang KH, Hung TM. Exercise type relates to inhibitory and error processing functions in older adults. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2018; 26:865-881. [PMID: 30372660 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2018.1540688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the association between exercise type and inhibition of prepotent responses and error detection. Totally, 75 adults (M = 68.88 years) were classified into one of three exercise groups: those who were regular participants in open- or closed-skill forms of exercise, and those who exercised only irregularly. The participants completed a Stroop and task-switching tasks with event-related brain potentials (ERPs) recorded. The results revealed that regular exercisers displayed faster reaction times (RTs) in the Stroop task compared with irregular exercisers. The open-skill exercisers exhibited smaller N200 and larger P300a amplitudes in the Stroop task compared with irregular exercisers. Furthermore, the open-skill exercisers showed a tendency of shorter error-related negativity latencies at the task-witching test. The findings suggest that older adults may gain extra cognitive benefits in areas such as inhibition functioning and error processing from participating in open-skill forms of physical exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- School for Sports Humanities and Social Science, Jilin Sport University , Jilin , China
| | - Chung-Ju Huang
- Graduate Institute of Sport Pedagogy, University of Taipei , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Sin-Chi Liu
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Kung-Hung Chang
- Office of Physical Education, Tamkang University , New Taipei City , Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Min Hung
- Department of Physical Education and Institute for Research Excellence in Learning Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University , Taipei , Taiwan
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18
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Thönes S, Falkenstein M, Gajewski PD. Multitasking in aging: ERP correlates of dual-task costs in young versus low, intermediate, and high performing older adults. Neuropsychologia 2018; 119:424-433. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Gajewski PD, Ferdinand NK, Kray J, Falkenstein M. Understanding sources of adult age differences in task switching: Evidence from behavioral and ERP studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 92:255-275. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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20
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El-Sayes J, Harasym D, Turco CV, Locke MB, Nelson AJ. Exercise-Induced Neuroplasticity: A Mechanistic Model and Prospects for Promoting Plasticity. Neuroscientist 2018; 25:65-85. [PMID: 29683026 DOI: 10.1177/1073858418771538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic exercise improves cognitive and motor function by inducing neural changes detected using molecular, cellular, and systems level neuroscience techniques. This review unifies the knowledge gained across various neuroscience techniques to provide a comprehensive profile of the neural mechanisms that mediate exercise-induced neuroplasticity. Using a model of exercise-induced neuroplasticity, this review emphasizes the sequence of neural events that accompany exercise, and ultimately promote changes in human performance. This is achieved by differentiating between neuroplasticity induced by acute versus chronic aerobic exercise. Furthermore, this review emphasizes experimental considerations that influence the opportunity to observe exercise-induced neuroplasticity in humans. These include modifiable factors associated with the exercise intervention and nonmodifiable factors such as biological sex, ovarian hormones, genetic variations, and fitness level. To maximize the beneficial effects of exercise in health, disease, and following injury, future research should continue to explore the mechanisms that mediate exercise-induced neuroplasticity. This review identifies some fundamental gaps in knowledge that may serve to guide future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenin El-Sayes
- 1 Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diana Harasym
- 2 School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Claudia V Turco
- 1 Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mitchell B Locke
- 1 Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aimee J Nelson
- 1 Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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21
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Zhao Q, Li H, Hu B, Li Y, Gillebert CR, Mantini D, Liu Q. Neural Correlates of Drug-Related Attentional Bias in Heroin Dependence. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 11:646. [PMID: 29410620 PMCID: PMC5787086 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The attention of drug-dependent persons tends to be captured by stimuli associated with drug consumption. This involuntary cognitive process is considered as attentional bias (AB). AB has been hypothesized to have causal effects on drug abuse and drug relapse, but its underlying neural mechanisms are still unclear. This study investigated the neural basis of AB in abstinent heroin addicts (AHAs), combining event-related potential (ERP) analysis and source localization techniques. Electroencephalography data were collected in 21 abstinent heroin addicts and 24 age- and gender-matched healthy controls (HCs) during a dot-probe task. In the task, a pair of drug-related image and neutral image was presented randomly in left and right side of the cross fixation, followed by a dot probe replacing one of the images. Behaviorally, AHAs had shorter reaction times (RTs) for the congruent condition compared to the incongruent condition, whereas this was not the case in the HCs. This finding demonstrated the presence of AB towards drug cues in AHAs. Furthermore, the image-evoked ERPs in AHAs had significant shorter P1 latency compared to HCs, as well as larger N1, N2, and P2 amplitude, suggesting that drug-related stimuli might capture attention early and overall require more attentional resources in AHAs. The target-related P3 had significantly shorter latency and lower amplitude in the congruent than incongruent condition in AHAs compared to HCs. Moreover, source localization of ERP components revealed increased activity for AHAs as compared to HCs in the dorsal posterior cingulate cortex (dPCC), superior parietal lobule and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) for image-elicited responses, and decreased activity in the occipital and the medial parietal lobes for target-elicited responses. Overall, the results of our study confirmed that AHAs may exhibit AB in drug-related contexts, and suggested that the bias might be related to an abnormal neural activity, both in early and late attention processing stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglin Zhao
- Ubiquitous Awareness and Intelligent Solutions Lab, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hongqian Li
- Ubiquitous Awareness and Intelligent Solutions Lab, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Ubiquitous Awareness and Intelligent Solutions Lab, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yonghui Li
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Céline R. Gillebert
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Brain and Cognition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dante Mantini
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Research Centre for Motor Control and Neuroplasticity, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Neural Control of Movement Lab, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Quanying Liu
- Research Centre for Motor Control and Neuroplasticity, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Neural Control of Movement Lab, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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22
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Zeri F, Berchicci M, Naroo SA, Pitzalis S, Di Russo F. Immediate cortical adaptation in visual and non-visual areas functions induced by monovision. J Physiol 2017; 596:253-266. [PMID: 29071723 DOI: 10.1113/jp274896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Monovision is an optical correction for presbyopes that consists of correcting one eye for far distance and the other for near distance, creating a superimposition of an in-focus with a blurred image. Brain adaptation to monovision was studied in unexperienced observers by measuring visual evoked potentials from 64-channels. The first clear effect of monovision on visual evoked potentials was the C1 amplitude reduction, indicating that the unilateral blurring induced by monovision reduces feed-forward activity in primary visual area. Monovision led also to an increased amplitude of the P1 and pP1 components, with the latter originating in prefrontal regions. This effect probably works as an attentional compensatory activity used to compensate for the degraded V1 signal. ABSTRACT A common and often successful option to correct presbyopia with contact lenses is monovision. This is an unbalanced correction across the two eyes where one eye is corrected for far vision and the other eye is corrected for near vision. Monovision is therefore a form of acquired anisometropia that causes a superimposition of an in-focus image with a blurred image. In spite of this visual anisometropia, monovision has been successfully used for many decadesl however the brain mechanism supporting monovision is not well understood. The present study aimed to measure the visual evoked potentials with a high-density electrode array (64-channel) in a group of presbyopes and to provide a detailed spatiotemporal analysis of the cortical activity after a short period of adaptation to monovision with contact lenses. When compared with a balanced eye near correction, monovision produced both a clear reduction of the earliest visual evoked potential components, the C1 and the N1, and an amplitude increase of the P1 and pP1. These results indicate that the unilateral blurring induced by wearing monovision contact lenses reduces feed-forward activity in the primary visual area and feedback activity in extrastriate areas (C1 and N1 reduction). Interestingly, other brain activities in both extrastriate visual areas (the P1 component) and in the anterior insula (the pP1 component) appear to compensate for this dysfunction, increasing their activity during monovision. These changes confirm the presence of fluid brain adaptation in visual and non-visual areas during monocular interferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Zeri
- Ophthalmic Research Group, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Marika Berchicci
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome 'Foro Italico', Rome, Italy
| | - Shehzad A Naroo
- Ophthalmic Research Group, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sabrina Pitzalis
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome 'Foro Italico', Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Russo
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome 'Foro Italico', Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation Rome, Italy
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23
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Küper K, Gajewski PD, Frieg C, Falkenstein M. A Randomized Controlled ERP Study on the Effects of Multi-Domain Cognitive Training and Task Difficulty on Task Switching Performance in Older Adults. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:184. [PMID: 28446870 PMCID: PMC5388694 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Executive functions are subject to a marked age-related decline, but have been shown to benefit from cognitive training interventions. As of yet, it is, however, still relatively unclear which neural mechanism can mediate training-related performance gains. In the present electrophysiological study, we examined the effects of multi-domain cognitive training on performance in an untrained cue-based task switch paradigm featuring Stroop color words: participants either had to indicate the word meaning of Stroop stimuli (word task) or perform the more difficult task of color naming (color task). One-hundred and three older adults (>65 years old) were randomly assigned to a training group receiving a 4-month multi-domain cognitive training, a passive no-contact control group or an active (social) control group receiving a 4-month relaxation training. For all groups, we recorded performance and EEG measures before and after the intervention. For the cognitive training group, but not for the two control groups, we observed an increase in response accuracy at posttest, irrespective of task and trial type. No training-related effects on reaction times were found. Cognitive training was also associated with an overall increase in N2 amplitude and a decrease of P2 latency on single trials. Training-related performance gains were thus likely mediated by an enhancement of response selection and improved access to relevant stimulus-response mappings. Additionally, cognitive training was associated with an amplitude decrease in the time window of the target-locked P3 at fronto-central electrodes. An increase in the switch positivity during advance task preparation emerged after both cognitive and relaxation training. Training-related behavioral and event-related potential (ERP) effects were not modulated by task difficulty. The data suggest that cognitive training increased slow negative potentials during target processing which enhanced the N2 and reduced a subsequent P3-like component on both switch and non-switch trials and irrespective of task difficulty. Our findings further corroborate the effectiveness of multi-domain cognitive training in older adults and indicate that ERPs can be instrumental in uncovering the neural processes underlying training-related performance gains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Küper
- Aging Research Group, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human FactorsDortmund, Germany
| | - Patrick D Gajewski
- Aging Research Group, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human FactorsDortmund, Germany
| | - Claudia Frieg
- Aging Research Group, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human FactorsDortmund, Germany
| | - Michael Falkenstein
- Aging Research Group, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human FactorsDortmund, Germany
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24
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Gajewski PD, Freude G, Falkenstein M. Cognitive Training Sustainably Improves Executive Functioning in Middle-Aged Industry Workers Assessed by Task Switching: A Randomized Controlled ERP Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:81. [PMID: 28275347 PMCID: PMC5319973 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we reported results of a cross-sectional study investigating executive functions in dependence of aging and type of work. That study showed deficits in performance and electrophysiological activity in middle-aged workers with long-term repetitive and unchallenging work. Based on these findings, we conducted a longitudinal study that aimed at ameliorating these cognitive deficits by means of a trainer-guided cognitive training (CT) in 57 further middle-aged workers with repetitive type of work from the same factory. This study was designed as a randomized controlled trail with pre- (t1), post- (t2), and a 3-month follow-up (t3) measure. The waiting control group was trained between t2 and t3. The training lasted 3 months (20 sessions) and was evaluated with the same task switching paradigm used in the previous cross-sectional study. The CT improved performance in accuracy at the behavioral level and affected the electrophysiological correlates of retrieval of stimulus-response sets (P2), response selection (N2), and error detection (Ne), thus unveiling the neuronal background of the behavioral effects. The same training effects were observed in the waiting control group after CT at t3. Moreover, at t3, most of the behavioral and electrophysiological training-induced changes were found stable. Hence, CT appears to be an important intervention for compensating cognitive deficits in executive functions in middle-aged employees with cognitively unchallenging work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D Gajewski
- Ageing Research Group, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Technical University of Dortmund Dortmund, Germany
| | - Gabriele Freude
- Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Falkenstein
- Ageing Research Group, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Technical University of DortmundDortmund, Germany; Institute for Working, Learning and AgingBochum, Germany
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25
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Hering A, Wild-Wall N, Gajewski PD, Falkenstein M, Kliegel M, Zinke K. The role of cue detection for prospective memory development across the lifespan. Neuropsychologia 2016; 93:289-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Otto MW, Eastman A, Lo S, Hearon BA, Bickel WK, Zvolensky M, Smits JAJ, Doan SN. Anxiety sensitivity and working memory capacity: Risk factors and targets for health behavior promotion. Clin Psychol Rev 2016; 49:67-78. [PMID: 27611632 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the nature and influence of specific risk profiles is increasingly important for health behavior promotion. The purpose of this article is to document the value of two factors-anxiety sensitivity (AS) and working memory capacity (WMC)-for enhancing risk for the initiation and/or maintenance of a range of negative health behaviors. AS is a distress-related risk factor that potentiates avoidance/coping motivations for negative health behaviors. Stress provides the conditions for negative somatic and affective states, and AS amplifies the aversiveness of these experiences and correspondingly hinders adaptive functioning. In contrast, low WMC is hypothesized to exert its effect by decreasing the capacity to filter out current temptations, attenuating a focus on longer-term goals and impairing the application of relevant coping skills at times of stress. In this review, we provide conceptual models for the separate roles of high AS and low WMC in negative health behaviors, review the influence of these factors on specific health behavior exemplars (eating behaviors/obesity, physical activity, smoking, alcohol use, and sleep promotion), provide preliminary evidence for their value as independent treatment targets for health-behavior promotion, and encourage specific research directions in relation to these variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Otto
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, USA.
| | - Abraham Eastman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, USA
| | - Stephen Lo
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, USA
| | | | - Warren K Bickel
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, USA
| | - Michael Zvolensky
- University of Houston, USA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, USA
| | - Jasper A J Smits
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Mental Health Research, The University of Texas at Austin, USA
| | - Stacey N Doan
- Department of Psychology, Claremont McKenna College, USA
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Abstract
Abstract. This study aimed to assess whether brain potentials have significant influences on the relationship between aerobic fitness and cognition. Behavioral and electroencephalographic (EEG) data was collected from 48 young adults when performing a Posner task. Higher aerobic fitness is related to faster reaction times (RTs) along with greater P3 amplitude and shorter P3 latency in the valid trials, after controlling for age and body mass index. Moreover, RTs were selectively related to P3 amplitude rather than P3 latency. Specifically, the bootstrap-based mediation model indicates that P3 amplitude mediates the relationship between fitness level and attention performance. Possible explanations regarding the relationships among aerobic fitness, cognitive performance, and brain potentials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hao Wang
- Institute of Physical Education, Health & Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chun-Ming Shih
- Graduate School of Human Sexuality, Shu-Te University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chia-Liang Tsai
- Institute of Physical Education, Health & Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan, R.O.C
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28
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New insights into old waves. Matching stimulus- and response-locked ERPs on the same time-window. Biol Psychol 2016; 117:202-215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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29
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Huang P, Fang R, Li BY, Chen SD. Exercise-Related Changes of Networks in Aging and Mild Cognitive Impairment Brain. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:47. [PMID: 27014055 PMCID: PMC4779936 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are accompanied by decline of cognitive functions. Meanwhile, the most common form of dementia is Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is characterized by loss of memory and other intellectual abilities serious to make difficulties for patients in their daily life. MCI is a transition period between normal aging and dementia, which has been used for early detection of emerging dementia. It converts to dementia with an annual rate of 5-15% as compared to normal aging with 1% rate. Small decreases in the conversion rate of MCI to AD might significantly reduce the prevalence of dementia. Thus, it is important to intervene at the preclinical stage. Since there are still no effective drugs to treat AD, non-drug intervention is crucial for the prevention and treatment of cognitive decline in aging and MCI populations. Previous studies have found some cognitive brain networks disrupted in aging and MCI population, and physical exercise (PE) could effectively remediate the function of these brain networks. Understanding the exercise-related mechanisms is crucial to design efficient and effective PE programs for treatment/intervention of cognitive decline. In this review, we provide an overview of the neuroimaging studies on physical training in normal aging and MCI to identify the potential mechanisms underlying current physical training procedures. Studies of functional magnetic resonance imaging, electroencephalography, magnetoencephalography and positron emission tomography on brain networks were all included. Based on our review, the default mode network, fronto-parietal network and fronto-executive network are probably the three most valuable targets for efficiency evaluation of interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Huang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Rong Fang
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital and Ruijin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Bin-Yin Li
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Sheng-Di Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
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30
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Gajewski PD, Falkenstein M. Physical activity and neurocognitive functioning in aging - a condensed updated review. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 2016; 13:1. [PMID: 26865880 PMCID: PMC4748322 DOI: 10.1186/s11556-016-0161-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This condensed review gives an overview about two methodological approaches to study the impact of physical activity on cognition in elderly, namely cross-sectional studies and randomized controlled intervention studies with pre- and post-measures. Moreover, this review includes studies investigating different types of physical activity and their relation to cognitive functions in older age. Behavioral data are considered but the main focus lies on neuroscientific methods like event-related potentials (ERPs) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D Gajewski
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Ardeystr. 67, D-44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Michael Falkenstein
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Ardeystr. 67, D-44139 Dortmund, Germany ; Institute for Working, Learning and Aging, Bochum, Germany
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